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HILL'S  MANUAL. 


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HILL'S  MANUAL 


Social  and  Business  Forms: 


GUIDE  TO  CORRECT  WRITING 


■UTjib  ^I'l'i'Ducb  Qjctlja&s  in  .Sneaking  una  ^eiinn.  in  the  Various  Relations  Df  Jjifc, 


EMBRACING  INSTRUCTION  AND   EXAMPLES  IN 

Penmanship,  Spelling,  Use  of  Capital  Letters,  Punctuation,  Composition,  Writing  for  the  Press,  Proofreading, 
Epistolary  Correspondence,  Notes  of  Invitation,  Cards,  Commercial  Forms,  Legal  Business  Forms, 
Family  Records,  Synonyms,  Short-Hand  Writing,  Duties  of  Secretaries,  Parlia- 
mentary Rules,  Sign  Writing,  Epitaphs,  The  Laws  of  Etiquette, 
Book-Keeping,  Valuable  Tables  of  Reference, 
Writing   Poetry,  Etc.,  Etc. 
Greatly  Enlarged  and  Profusely  Illustrated  Since   the  Early   Editions,  the  Whole  Revised  and 

Corrected  to  the  Latest  Dates. 


IBY    TIHZOS.    E.    HILL, 

AUTHOR  of  "  HILL'S  AI.BTO  OF  BIOGRAPHY  AND  ART."  "  MORALS  AVT>  MAWFRS,  ILLUSTRATED. ' 


CHICAGO: 
HILL  STAXDARD  BOOK  CO.,  Publishers. 
L887. 


COP!  RIGHT, 

I  B86, 
BY  Tllus    E.  HILL. 


I  tit .  red   MOOrdlag    to   Act    of  Congress,  In   the   year  eighteen    hundred   and  eighty-four,  by 

THOM  \S.  E.  MILL, 
In  tlu-  Office  »t  the  Librarian  of  Cungre^,  at  Washington. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,   in    the  year  efgliU-en    hundred   and   eighty-three,   by 

THOMAS-   K.   HILL. 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washing-ton. 

Entered    according-    to   Act  of    Congress,    in    the    year  eighteen    hundred    and    eighty-two,  by 

THOMAS  E,   HILL, 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 

Entered   according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in   the   year  eighteen   hundred   and   eighty-one,  by 

THOM  \s  E.  KILL, 
In  the  Hitter  <il  I  In    Lib]  Lri;i  u  uf  <  'or.gress,  at  Wnshing-ton. 

Entered    according    to    Act   of    Congress,    in    the    year    eighteen    hundred    and   eighty,   by 

Mi'SKs  WAKREN  £  CO., 

In   th*  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Confess,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy  eight,  by 

MOSES  WAKREN  &  CO., 

In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-  seven,  by 
MOSES  WARREN  &  CO., 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-five,  by 

MOSES  WARREN  &  CO., 

In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-fouv,  oy 

MOSES  WARREN  &  CO., 

In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-three,  by 

MOSES  WARREN  &  CO., 

In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


toned  by  subscription  only,  and  not  for  sale  la  the  bookstores.    Residents  of  say  State  deiiring  a  copy  should  address  tbe  Publishers,  sod  ir  Agent  will  call  opon  tbir- 


THREE  HUNDRED  AND  TENTH  THOUSAND. 


All  portions  of  this  book  are  protected  by  copyright,  and  infringements  will  be  prosecuted  to  the  fullest  extent  of  tbe  law. 


05- 


To 

THE    MILLIONS 


WHO    WOULD,   AND    MAY, 


<£asiltj  anb  (Svaccfullu  <£*prcss  tljc  Uigljt  &l)ougl)t, 


THIS    WORK    IS 


RESPECTFULLY    DEDICATED. 


?Me  swqR^' 


45 


PREFACE 


i 


*>->M^^ 


Written  Ten  Years  after  the  First  Issue  of  This  Work,  Civing  an  Outline  Sketch 
of  the  Causes  Which  Produced  Hill's   Manual. 

^  lit,  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  teach  how  to  write  the  document  correctly,  and  do  the 
right  thing  at  the  right  time  in   various  important  positions  in  life. 

Born  in  a  retired  part  of  New  England,  where  school  advantages  in  childhood  were 
few,  and  possessed  of  extreme  sensitiveness  as  to  his  lack  of  needed  education,  the 
author  of  this  volume  early  realized  the  want  of  a  work  that  would  serve  as  a  teacher 
and  guide  to  those  who  desire  an  education,  but  have  little  opportunity  for  obtaining  it. 
When  quite  young,  he  resolved  to  acquire  not  only  a  knowledge  of  practical  life  himself,  but  to 
embody  in  a  volume,  for  the  use  of  others,  such  information  as  he,  in  his  own  experience,  had  real- 
ized that  the  people  required. 

Twenty  years  went  by,  during  which  time,  with  an  ample  experience  as  student,  teacher, 
traveler,  editor,  publisher  and  business-man,  he  was  selecting,  arranging,  and  writing  that  which  he 
designed  some  day  to  publish  in  permanent  form.  At  last,  with  time  and  means  at  command, 
he  sat  down  to  finish  that  labor  which  he  had  resolved  in  early  years  to  execute,  and  at  the  end 
of  two  years  and  two  months,  from  the  time  his  close  attention  was  given  to  the  work,  with  the  aid 
of  skilled  workmen  in  every  department  of  book-making,  at  an  expense  of  many  thousands  of  dol- 
lars. Hill's  Manual  was  issued  to  the  world.  Its  success  was  immediate  and  permanent;  ami 
its  influence  as  an  educator  has  been  immense,  over  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  copies  having  been 
sold;  while  imitations  of  the  work,  under  various  names,  have  had,  in  the  aggregate,  also,  a 
large  circulation. 

Notwithstanding  the  great  sale  of  this  book,  its  author  and  publishers  are  not  content  to  allow 
it  to  rest  on  its  past  success.  "With  a  full  realization  of  the  advancing  spirit  and  demand  of  the  age, 
coupled  with  superior  opportunity  and  knowledge  gathered  from  large  experience,  additions  ami  im- 
provements are  continually  being  made,  and  no  expense  or  effort  is  spared  to  maintain  the  rep 
utation  that  this  work  has  sustained  from  the  first,  as  a  reliable  and  Standard  Form-Bo3k. 
Chicago,  1884. 


^ 


4/7  A 


HILL'S    MANUAL,   first   issued    in    1873,    though    very   complete    at   first,    has    been    from    time  to    time    enlarged. 

The   following   are   now  the  principal    divisions   of  the   work,    each    being   quite  fully  treated,    and    several 

of  them  appropriately   illustrated   with   instructive  engravings. 


PENMAS8HIF 


DIVISION    1. 

A\D    PEX-FLOVRISHIXG. 


Containing  Directions,  with  Qlustrations,  for  Business  Penman- 
ship, Off-Hand  Flourishing,  :ni<l  Lithographic  Plates,  with 
Suggestions  on   Management  of  U'ritim:  <  la--,-- 17 

DIVISION    2. 
SHORT-HAXD     WRITING. 

og  Position  for  Holding  Hand  ai  i  Writing  Short- 
Hand,  with  tbe  Necessary  Copies  and  Directions  for  F-n- 
ablh  to  Write  Short-Hand u 


DIVISION    8 

SPELLING     IIV     IUFFEREXT     METHODS. 

nlng  Directions  and  Examples  for  Spelling  Woi 
rding  to   Established  Usage,  and  alsp  According  to  the 
Phonetic  Method  of  Spi  -   and 


.is 


DIVISION'    4. 
PrX(TVATIOX    AND    CAPITALIZATIOX. 
Examples  Wherein  All  the  Different  Punctuation-Marks 
Brought  into  l  se;  Together  with  S            es  and  Words 
that  Begin  with  i  tapital  Letters 


DIVISION    8.  '■ 

L£TTER-WRlTI\e. 

Containing  Form-   for   Letters  of  Corres] lence,  Including 

Supt  rscriptlons,  Complimentary  Addresses,  Complimentary 
t  Losing,  Titles  of  Honor  in  America,  Europe,  Kir 


DIVISION 
EPISTOLARY 


n. 

FORMS. 


DIVISION    T,. 

GRAMMAR    AND    FAULTS    OF    SPEECH. 

ning  Sentences  in  which  Appear  the   Different  P 
3]     ich;   followed  by                       ve    Table    of    fjngram- 
matica]  Sentences,  with  their  Corrections 


Including  Letters  of  Business,  Introdnctl Advice,  Recom- 
mendation, Love,  Friendship,  Apology,  Sympathy,  Con- 
gratulation ami  Regret,  Etc.,  and  How  to  Write  Them B5 

DIVISION    10. 

SOCIAL     FORMS. 

Giving      Wedding- Cards,      Wedding-Invitations,      Marriage     Cer- 

v.    Marriage  License,     Marriage-Certificate,    Notices, 

Cards  for  Marriage  Anniversa  ,...119 

DIVISION    11. 
mill.V     RECORDS. 

Ulnslratfng  the  Correct  Method  of  Pilling  a  Coi  imily 

■  I:   Place    of  Family  Names;  when  Horn;  Detail- of 
Marriage;  Date  of  Death,   Etc 128 

DIVISION-     12. 

LAXGT-AGE    OF    FLOWERS. 

Giving  a   Large    List   of    Flowers  ami  Plant-:    tin-    Language 
\-  ribed  to  Bach,  and  Direction-  for  Conversing  In  the  L  n 
gnage  of  Flowers 18G 


DIVISION    » 
RHETORIC    AMI    COMPOSITION'. 

Presenting  Striking  Illustrations  of  Correct  and  [ncorr 

tures  when   Reading;   -  n  Cont- 

rition, and  a  List  of  Rhetorical  Figures  and 


DIVISION 
IHCTIONARY    OF 


SYNONYMS. 


Giving  the  Spelling,  Definitions  ami  synonym-  of  Several  Thon- 
.  Words  in  '  ■  .  whereby  Writers  ami  Speak- 
may  Avoid  Tautology  in  their  i  


DIVISION    13. 
SELECTIONS     FOR     THE     ALHI'M. 

i  I    implete   Lial  of  >i .   Ben- 

'■  Expressions,  in  Prose  ami  Poetry,  Suitable  for 
I  se  in  the  Antograpfa  Album 18D 

DIVISION    11 

LAWS    OF    ETIOIETTE. 

;i  Beautifully  Engraved  illustrations,  Ac- 
companied by  Directions,  tbe  Rules  that  Govern  Polite 
-  i  leiy  :  tin-  Whole    Corrected  to  the  Latest  Date- 143 


PRINCIPAL    CHAPTERS    IX    HILL'S    MANUAL. 


DIVISION 
COMMERCIAL 


IS. 
FORMS. 


Giving  Promissory  Notes,  Bills  of  Sale,  Checks,  Drafts,  Re- 
ceipts, Bills  of  Exchange,  Orders,  Rates  of  Interest  in 
Each  State,  Limits  of  Time  for  Accounts,  Notes.  Etc 18 


BEXEKAL 


DIVISION  26. 
KECKOXING 


TABLES. 


Elaborate  Exhibits  of  the  Valne  of  Cotton,  Sugar  and  Other 
Commodities,  at  Various  Prices,  for  the  Use  of  Planters, 
Merchants  and  Brokers 29 


DIVISION    16. 

INTEREST    TABLES. 

Presenting,  in  a  Simple,  Original,  and  Condensed  Form,  Tables 
by  which  the  Interest  May  be  Found  on  any  Sum,  for  any 
Time,  at  any  Rate   per  Cent 


DIVISION    17. 

BOOKKEEPING     FORMS. 

Suitable  for  the  Use  of  Tradesmen,  Mechanics  and  Farmers,  of 
Great  Service  to  the  Masses,  Because  so  Simplified  as  to  be 
Easily  Understood  in  a  Short  Time  of  Study 198 


DIVISION    IS. 

LEGAL    BUSINESS    FORMS. 

Containing  a  Great  Variety  of  Agreements,  Bonds,  Deeds, 
Leases,  Letters  of  Credit,  Liens,  Mortgages,  Naturalization 
Forms,  Partnership,  Passports,  Patents,  Pensions,  Wills 202 

DIVISION     18. 
CAXADIAX    LEGAL    FORMS. 

Giving  an  Epitomized  History  of  Canada,  the  Constitution 
of  the  Dominion,  and  Some  of  the  Most  Important  Legal 
Forms  in  Genera]  Use 260 


CAXADIAX 


DIVISION    20. 
TABLES    OF    REFERENCE. 


Containing  Populations  of  Principal  Cities,  Game-Laws,  Nativi- 
ty of  Inhabitant-,  Tariff  Rates  upon  Goods  Sent  Into  and 
Out  of  Canada,  List  of  Articles  Admitted  Free,  Etc 266 

DIVISION    21. 

EXEMPTION'     LAWS. 

Presents  the  Law  of  Each  State  Relating  to  the  Property  Ex- 
empt from  Attachment  or  Levy  and  Sale  on  Execution, 
Corrected  to  Date 276 

DIVISION    22. 
HOW    TO    COLLECT    A     DEBT. 

q     es  Process  of  Collecting  Moneys  from  Parties        i  0        the 

Same,  According  to   the    Most   Approved  Legal    Methods; 
How   Lawsuit-   are  Conducted,  Etc 280 

DIVISION    28. 

TABLES    OF    GENERAL     REFERENCE. 

Containing  a  Series  of  Tables  Relating  to  Population,  Measures, 
Weights,  Distances,  Sizes,  History,   Finance,  Agriculture, 

Mechanics,  Science,  Politics,  Religion,  Art.  Chronology 


DIVISION  24. 

PRESIDENTS    OF    THE    VNITED    STATES. 

Their  Birthplaces.  Dates  of  Birth.  Ages  when  in  Office.  Length 
of  Terms,  Dates  and  Places  "f  Death,  Fatal  Diseases  and 
Burial  Places !88 

DIVISION  25. 

GOVERNORS    AND    STATE    LEGISLATORS. 

Their  Respective  States,  Salaries  and  Length  of  Terms:  When 
State  Legislatures  Meet  and  the  Limits  of  Bach  Legislative 

Session Bftfl 


DIVISION  27. 

OCCUPATIONS    OF    THE    PEOPLE. 

Figures  from  the  Last  United  States  Census,  Showing  the 
Number  of  Persons  employed  in  the  Numerous  Vocations 
of  the  Union 306 


DIVISION  28. 

FINANCIAL    FACTS    AND    HISTORY. 

Public  Expenditures  of  the  United  States  Government  and  the 
Public  Debt  under  Each  Administration,  from  Washington 
to  the  Present  Time — Historical  Facts 305 


DIVISION  29. 

PRINCIPAL    PARKS    IN    THE    TTNITED    STATES. 

Giving  the  Name,  Location  and  Area  of  Each  in  the  Several 
Cities  of  the  Union;  including  Numerous  Well-Known 
Places  of  Public  Resort 310 


PARKS    IN 


DIVISION  30. 

FOREIGN    COUNTRIES. 


Famous  Resorts  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry  and  People  of  Great 
Britain,  France,  Germany  and  other  Countries— Size  and 
Location 313 

DIVISION  31. 

HIGHEST    BriLDINGS    AND    OBJECTS. 

Comparative  Views  of  the  Tallest  Edifices.  Monuments.  Etc.,  in 
the  World,  Carefully  Illustrated,  and  Showing  their  Respec- 
tive Heights  at  a  Glance 7 314 


DIVISION  32. 
ANIMALS,     FRUITS, 


ETC. 


That  are  Native  to  Asia.  Africa.  North  and  South  America  and 
Europe:  Inclnding  Birds,  Fruits.  Vegetables,  Quadrupeds, 
Reptiles  and  Trees 316 

DIVISION  33. 

HIGHEST    MOUNTAINS     IN    THE    WORLD. 

Comparative  Views  of  the  Mist  Important  Elevations  of  the 
Earth,  in  North  and  South  America,  Europe,  Asia  and 
Africa,  Showing  the  Altitude  of  Each 316 

DIVISION  31. 

TABLES    OF    DISTANCES. 

The  Number  of  Miles  between  the  Leading  Cities  of  the  United 
States  and  Smaller  Towns  and  Cities,  by  Railway  and 
Steamer  Routes 320 


DIVISION  35. 

PRESIDENTIAL     ELECTIONS     AND    RESULTS. 

When  and  How  our  Presidents  have  been  Chosen,  with  the  Names 
of  All  the  Candidates,  the  Electoral  and  Popular  Vot.  - 
for  Each,  Etc 

DIVISION   36. 

UNITED  STATES  CABINET  OFFICERS. 

List  of  All  the  Presidential   Cabinet-,  from    Washington   to   the 
Present  Administration,  with  Biographical  Notices  of  Each 


'RINCIPAL    CHAPTERS    IX    nil. I.-*    M\XI    \I. 


DIVISION    37.  »»<"■■ 

PMIM   RE     RESORTS    IN      lllllllll    \. 

DMcrlptlona  of  the  Principal  Places  Where  Real  and  Recreation 
may  be  Obtained — Objects  of  Intent 
Notes,  Etc 


FACIAL 


DIVISION 
EXPH  BSSION 


ami   i;i:stiri:. 


ustrattons  f  rom  Li  fe,  Bepreaentlng 
Expression  of  Pace,  Gesture  and  Posture,  In  order  to  give 
Words  tin  ir  Best  Effect 152 


Dn  BIOS 

LAKES     l\     THE     UNITED    STATES. 

A   List  of  the  Host  Important   Bodies  of   Presb  Water  In  Each 
i  and  Territory,  Suitable  for  Bummer   Resorts,   Etc. — 
Location  and  Dimensions 338 


Miilll    It  \ 


DIVISION    St. 
FASHIONABLE 


<  A  KKIAGES. 


i.  Complete  and  Illustrated.  Collection  of  Hodern  Vehicles  for 
Pleasure  Riding  and  Bnalneas  Purposes  in  Use  in  the 
United  States 346 


M\  ISION     10. 

LIST    OF    ABBREVIATIONS. 

Giving  a  Very  Full  and  Complete   List  of  All  Abbreviations  in 
Whole  being  Corrected  and  Brought  Down 

to  a  Very  Late  Date 352 

DIVISION    41. 
IIATTI.F.S    OF    TIIK    I.ATF.    CIVIL    WAX. 

Describing  all  the  Battlesinthe  Late  War;  Who  Commanded  on 
How  Many  were  Killed,  Wonnded,  and  Taken 
Prisoners;  History  and  Results 857 

DIVISION    42. 

nOW    THE    UNITED    STATES    ARE    GOVERNED. 

Giving  a  Condensed  History  of  the  United  States;  the  Declara- 
tion of   Independence  and  the  Constitution;   the  FIrel  I 

gress  and  the  First  Presidential   Election 


DVTIES 


DIVISION    18, 
OF    FEDEB  aX 


OFFICERS. 


Explaining  the  \v..rk  of  the  President,  Vice-President,  Bachof 
the  Cabinet  Officers,  and  all  the  Principal  Departures 

ivernmenl 874 


DIVISION    44. 

THE    VMTF.il    STATES    ELECTION     LAWS. 

Presenting  the  Naturalization  Laws  of  Each  state:  the  Tim-  .,f 
Residence  Required  In  Bach  Stat  .  Town  and 
Precinct,  In  order  to  Vote,  Etc lis 

DIVISION    45 

FORMS    OF    PUBLIC    MEETINGS. 

Giving  Constitutions,  By-Laws,  I  Public  Meetings,  Res- 
olutions, and  Petitions  to  Public  Bodies,  with  Particular 
Directions  for  Conducting  Public  Entertainments,  Etc Ill 

DIVISION    46. 

FAKLIAMEKTAST    RYI.ES. 

Containing  Forms  of  Calling  Meetings  to  Order;   Procednre  in 
lative  Assemblies;  Appointment  of  Committees,  and 

rect  Government  of  Pu  - 427 

DIVISION    4T. 

SPEECHES    FOR    VARIOUS    OCCASIONS. 

Presenting  Numerous  Illustrations  showing  Personal  Qualities 
that!                     BB  in  Public  Speaking;  Necessary  Am 
mentain  Halls;  Llghtii  tof  Audiences.  Etc Ill 


WHERE    TO 


DIVE 
SPEAK 


ION    4S 

AMI    WHAT 


TO    SAY. 


Containing  a  Larg<                   I    Pormi  of  -                   [table  for 
Almost  any  '  Iccasion,  whether  Patriotic,  Humor* 
or  Logical,  Accompanied  by  Spirited  illustrations 4Gn 


DIVISION    50 
WRITING     FOR     THE    PRESS. 

;  General  Directions  for  Local  Reporting  and  Gathering 
News  of  Genera]  Interest;  Snbjecte  About  which  to  v. 
and  Names  of  Different  Kindaof  Type 490 

DIVISION    51. 
IHRECTION'S     FOR     REAIIIVG    PROOF. 


Containing  Examples  of  the  Method  "f  Making  Correct 

Proof-Sheete,  and  Showing  an  Article  when  Corrected ;  Rules 
for  Proof- Beading,  and  a  List  of  Proof-Mark- 


196 


DIVISION    32. 
LETTERING     AMI     KI.O  V  R1SIII  \G. 

ber  of  FlonrishedDesigne,  Inltlal-Letfc 
and  Monograms;  Together  with  Alphabets  of  Marking  Lei 
ters,  and  Plain  Lettering  foi 

DIVISION    53. 

SIGN    PUNCTUATION. 

Containing  a  Very  Full  List  of  Rightly  Punctuated  Signs,  Sign- 
Wording  and  inscriptions,   the  Mostof  which  Many  S 

Painters  Cannot  Properly  Punctuate 

DIVISION    :.J 
INSCRIPTIONS     FOR     ENGRAVERS. 

Showing  a  Variety  of  those  Sentences  w  hit  b  Engravers  Require 
when  Lettering  Silver-Plate,  Cane-Heads,  Coffin-Plates, 
Presentation-Gifts,  and  Other  Article- 513 

DIVISION    55. 

TOMBSTONE    INSCRIPTIONS. 

Giving  Epitaphs,  Sentiments,  Suitable  Wordin  "  ctnatlon, 
with  Those  Porms  which  P-  ople  Require  in  Perpetuating  the 
Hemory  of  Friends  upon  Honnments  and  Tombstones 51G 

DIVISION    56. 

RVI.ES    FOR     WRITING    POETRY. 

Contain:         D  bv  and  Blank 

Verse,  and  Illustration-  of  the  Various  Hinds  of  Verse,  In 
Long,  Short  and  Common  Metera,  and  Different  Syllables. .  ,B20 

DIVISION    57. 

VOCABULARY    OF    RHYMES. 

Giving  an  Explanation  and  Example  of  the  Beauty  which  is 
Added  to  a  Sentiment  when  Told  in  I  llowed  by  a 

1  hat  Rhyme .V-,'7 

DIVISION    58 

SELECTIONS     FROM     THE    POETS. 

Ing  Many  of  the  Most  Beautiful  Poems  in  the  Language — 
Poems  that  will  Live  in  the  Ages  toCome,  Bach  Teaching  a 

M  iral,  and   Every  fine  a  Gem 535 


IxPHABETI€JLLc:-;SUMMARY. 


'ONTEHTS. 


Abbreviations,  Modern  List  of 352 

Accidents  in  Carriage  Riding,  Precautions  Against Illustrated 171 

Acknowledgment.  Forms  of 204 

Before  Justice  of  the  Peace _ 221 

of  Husband  and  Wife  Before  Notary I 

Administration  of  Justice Illustrated       *  -  <    I 

Admonition,  Letter  of |00 

Advice,  Letters  of ifj 

Adv.-itiseni.-nt>,  Brie!  Forms  fur -  I 

Affidavits.  General  Forms  of 206 

to  a  Will,  Form  of 236 

Agreements,  Law  and  Forms  of _    _ 

for  Building  a  House 

for  Sale  and  Delivery  of  Personal  Property -JH4 

to  Convey  Land  by  Deed 203 

with  Clerk  for  Services. 203 

Agricultural,  Mechanical  and  Statistical  Tables 295 

Aids  to  Composition Illustrated 58 

Albums.  Selections  for 139 

Alcohol,  Amount  of  in  Different  Liquors 303 

Allusion  in  Writing  and  Sneaking1,  Example  of , 

Allegory,  as  Used  in  Writing  and  Speaking.  Definition  of 62 

Alloys  used  in  Preparing  Metals 308 

Alphabet  of  Brush  Letters  for  Marking  Purposes Illustrated 500 

Doric  Letter 

Mediaeval  Letters 502 

Ornamental  Initial  Letters Illustrated 505 

Ornamental  Capitals "*«; 

Ornamental  Initial  Script 7 

Old  English  Text 

Old  English  Fancy  Text Illustrated 502 

of  Plain  Roman  Letters 51  - 1 

of  Antique  Pointed  Letters  501 

One  Hand,  Used  by  Deaf  and  Dumb Illustrated 501 

Pointed  Condensed  Letter | 

Amendments  to  Questions,  Suggestions  Concerning i   i 

Animals,  Fruits,  Etc..  Native  to  the  Four  Continent- 316-317 

Animals,  Age  to  Which  Various  Kinds  Live 290 

Animal-.  Size  of  Different  Kinds  of 34."> 

Antithesis  in  Writing  and  Speaking.  Example  of 

Anniversaries  of  Marriage,  What  They  are  Called 130 

Annual  Salaries  of  United  States  Officers 350 

Apology,  Letters  of i<n 

Apostrophe  in  Writing  and  Speaking 63 

Appeal  to  Higher  Court-  In  Collection  of  Debts 283 

Application,  Form  foi  Writing B9 

Apprentice  Forms .205 

Arbitration,  Suggestions  Relating  to :.■"•; 

Bond  for  Submission  to _   : 

Bpecial  Forms  for 1*117 

Arbitrators.  Forms  of  Notices  to 

Award,  Form  of 206 

Settlement  of  Difficulties  Relating  to  Willa .  ,256 

Area  and  Population  of  the  Earth 

Area  in  Square  llilesof  Diffei  29] 

in  Square  Idles  of  Each  of  thi  - 29] 

Army.  Soldiers  In  from  Each  Stab  During  the  Late  Civil  War 294 

of  the  United  States,  Military  Equipment ,  etc Illustrated 380 

Armies  of  the  World— Number  of  Men 295 

Arrest.  Who  are  Exempt  from 28  I 

A--ignnu -nt.  Suggestions  Relating  to 206 

for  Benefit  of  Creditors 211 

of  Wages ,209 

■  of  a  Mortgage 209 

of  a  Lease 210 

of  an  Insurance  Folic) 2 JO 

of  Railroad  Stock 210 

of  a  Patent 210 

of  a  Copyright 210 

kg  a  Lady  to  Alight  from  a  Carriage Illustrated 171 

Astronomical  Tables,  Qtving  Pacts  1  Concerning  the  Planets yu3 


PAGE. 

Attorney  General.  Duties  of 101 

Attachment.  Legal  Form  of  in  Attaching  Goods 

Attractive  Personal  Appearance Illustrated I7r"> 

I  Nays  in  Public  Meetings,  Calling  the 

B 

Bail,  Suggestions  Relating  to l'11 

Different  Game 3T4 

Balls,  How  to  Conduct  Them Illustrated 154 

Conduct  to  be  Avoided 155 

Evils  of i/V4 

Invitations  to.  Forms  of I  "4 

-    Bow  to  Prevent  i7-> 

Dan  king.  Suggestions  and  Forms 194 

Bills  of  Exchange 196 

Deposit  Tickets 194 

Forms  in  the  Check-Book Illustrated.. 

Forms  of  Drafts Illustrated 197 

Laws  of  Grace  on  sight  Drafts 

Sight  and  Time  Drafts,  Forms  of 197 

the  Pass-Book ]  1*4 

Banquet.  The Illustrated. .  181 

Baptismal  Service Illustrated 480 

Battling,  Directions  for 177 

Directions  for  in  Letter  of  Advice 100 

Battles  of  the  Civil  War Illustrated 357 

ngth  and  Breadth  of  Largest 

Beauty.  Personal  Habits  Which  Make  It 177 

Bible,  Summary  of 301 

Bill-  of  Lading,  Form  of Illustrated 213 

Bills  of  Exchange Illustrated 196 

Bills  of  Purchase.  Forms  of Illustrated 201 

Bills  of  Sale,  Forms  of . 212 

Birds,  Age  Attained  by. 

Birds,  Speed  at  Which  They  Fly 290 

Blank  Verse.  Description  and  Illustrations  of 

Blondes.  Colors  They  Should  Wear 17H 

Board,  Table  Giving  Price  of  per  Day 

Bonds,  Common  Form  of 214 

of  the  Cashier  of  a  Bank -J14 

of  a  Corporation 214 

Colors  with  which  to  Trim  Them 

Bookkeepingi  Directions  for  Keeping  Books  of  Account 

the  Day  Book,  the  Ledger,  Forms  of  Account 1  196-199 

Book  and  Newspaper  Type 

Books,  Names  of  Different  Sizes  Illustrated. . 

the  Folio,  Quarto.  Octavo  and  Duodecimo Illustrated. . 

of  Different  Sixes 303 

Brevity  in  Composition,  Examples  of 

Bricks,  Number  Required  In  Walls  of  Different  Thicknesses 3O3-30y 

'.  prist's Illustrated . 

Buildings.  Highest  on  Earth Illusti 

Brunettes,  Colors  Thej  r 

Business  Letters Illustrated. . . 

Bushel,  Legal  Weight  of  in  Different  States 

Han,  Complimentary  address  bo 70 

By-Laws  for  the  Government  of  Meetings..  41s 

Builders'  Table  ut  Brick  for  Wails ;#r.t 


Cabinet  Officer*.  Their  Duties , 

Cabinet  Officers  in  Each  Administration 

Calling  Card-.  Forms  of,  Winn  to   086  Them. 
Calls  for  Public  Meetings.  Forms  ol  W 






141' 

ited 416 


-  for  Old  Settlers'  Reunion,  Democratic  Rallj    -  4 it; 

for    Firemen's     Review,    Woman  -  m,    Railroad 

41" 

-  for  Fourth  of  July  Celebration.  Temperance  Convention.  Eight-Hour 

8     417 

-  When.  Where  and  How  to  Call 14* 

-  on  New  Tear's  Day ISO 


10 


ALPHABETICAL    -r  MM  AIM     OF    CONTENTS. 


Cunbrldge  Literary  Clob Dlustrated MS 

Canada,  an  Outline  of  Early  Hlston    Ulustratod. 

Ar.ii.  Pop  Js  of  Province! • 298 

Blrl  288 

Constitution  for  the  '  tovernnu  at  of 

Copyright  in  Canada 275 

Coa -  i..Mti  . .i  Great  Britain 270 

Legal  Forms  in  General  Use -71 

Number  ol  Members  of  Different  Religious  Denominations '^'•*> 

Popnlatl f  Principal  Cities  288 

Poet-Office  Barings-Bank 270 

Seasons  In  Which  Game  and  Fish  Must  Not  Ik-  Taken  "r  Killed 266 

Sketch  •<(  Qaeen  andS  273 

Tariff  Duties  Between  Canada  and  the  United  States 

Canals,  American,  Their  Length  and  Cost SOI 

Capadtg  of  Large  Rooma 282 

fcyol  freight  Can 

Capital  i  .mental Illustrated 506 

Illustrated 23  . 

Capital  Letters,  Roles  for  the  Use  of '<2 

■  thing-ton Illustrated 405 

niostrated 135 

Carriages,  Modern,  and  Other  Vehicles Illustrated      146   (47 

Jce  u  Agreeable Qlustrated 171 

HOW  to  Ulustrated 171 

It  tthe  Lady  from  the  Carriage Illustrated 171 

Precaution  Igainsl  Accidents 171 

\  [siting  and  Business,  Forms  of Illustrated 135 

Cattle,  Roreei  and  Bogs  Running  atWJllh  i  of i»-i 

Caution  ni  Lore  Lett  of., 110 

Illustrated 422 

.  og  Arrangements,  illustrated 422 

First  Steps,  Fourth  of  July 422 

Necessary  <  ifhcera  and  Committees 4i"_' 

Public  Dinners,  Picnics  and  Festivals 4J2 

ms  of. 1 2-"> 

Certificate  of  Marriage,  Form  of 125 

Charming  Homes, Hon  to  Make  Them Illustrated 185 

Division  Fence  Between  Houses Illustrated 184 

PIi  ible  Neighbors illustrated 185 

Troubles  Illustrated 184 

Check'Book,  Forms  of  Checks Qlustrated 195 

■-   of  iii    Ueeord )28 

Weddings,  Form  of  Invitation  to 131 

1  Towers,  Highest  in  the  World Illustrated..  .314-315 

Churches,  Their  Capadtj 292 

Church  Etiquette,  Whal  Is  Proper Illustrated i7j 

Chronological  Tables  of  Important  Events 

:  04 

lit  ion  of -j-,*; 

civil  War,  Number  of  Men  in  Unit  Ice 284 

Civil  War  Number  of  Hen  Called  to  Serve 

Classification  <.f  Words  in  Spelling 48 

Clean!  100 

Climax  in  Writing  and  Speaking,  Example  of 63 

Form  of 

\  slue  of  the  Gold  and  ts  of  the  World :n* 

■■■■  re  Educated 

Colled  

on  ..t  Debts,  1 

Attachment  ol  !  ttachment  "f  Body 283 

C  

First  Efforts  at  1  

First  Lef  Form  of  Sui ons 28] 

Form  of  Writ  for  Summoning  Jurors 

Form  of  Execution  kgainstO 

Forms  "f  Capias  and  Special  Bail 

1  rerof  Attorney 

How  Soon  the  Debt  may  Ik-  Collected I 

I  ad  Appeal  to  Higher  Courts 

Limit  of  Justice  n. 

Expense  Incident  Upon  Collection 

Who  are  Competent,  and  Who  Exempt,  as  Jurorp 282 

Who  an  n* 283 

Colossal  Wonders  of  the  World  In  Ancient  Times -    I 

Combinations  of  Shades  that  Make  Different  Kind  :«H 

Suitable  for  Different  Complexions I7li 


Colors,  in  Dram  Most  Beautiful  at  Night 180 

In  Drum  Most  Beautiful  by  Daylight I<" 

Sin  u*  at  Different  Seasons ..180 

thai  Contrast,  ><  1  Hs alee 

Committee  Reports,  Snggestlons  About 

1  1 in  1 -t tin  Names,  List  oi 

nit,  Form  f«»r  Writing ~~ 

Complimentary  Addn 

Compound  Interest.  How  it  Doubles 

Commit)  ....423 

Company,  Bad,  Letter  ol  advice  to  Beware  of 100 

Complexloi  for  the 178 

Composition  and  DeclSXUaiion Illustrated 

1  "in mi  rdaJ  i      in-    .     Illustrated 187 

Congressmen,  Duties  of illustrated.  ..408  4"7 

m)  Uvea,  Healthlesl  Regions  for 

.it ion.  How,  When  and  Where  to  Speak 152 

1,  Number  of  1  o-'h  State 

ting  Public  Ml  lal   Form *  ;' 

.11  for  Writ  ink' 

I  to  Avoid  In  the  Dining-Room 157 

Iter  of 

:»TI 

Constitution  nod  By-Laws,  Eornu  of Dlustrated U4 

for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals 414 

of  a  Village  Lyceum US 

■  1  in  Penmanship,  Principles  of Ulustratod -7 

iction of  Sentei  For I 

r Iltions,  Favorable  fi  <  Public  Speaking I  Must  ruled 148 

Suitable  for  the  Writing  Lesson 41 

jht.  Law  of  in  tl  States 287 

■    Duties  of 

Verdict  In  Case  of  Murder,  Form  of 2ho 

Verdict  in  "  a-.-  of  Suicide,  Form  of 

Verdict  In  Case  of  Drowning,  Form  of 

Verdict  h  mi  of 

_-  itiont  Relating  to 215 

Correct  Position  for  the  Hand  In  Writ  ink* Illustrated ~i 

:  Positions  In  Writing Dlustrated 29 

Cotton,  Sugar  and  General  Reckoning  Tables 

Wedding,  when  it  Occurs 130 

Countries  <•(  the  World,  Population,  size  mid  Government 

Name  of*  I  Prevailing  Religion 

Number  or  Inhabitants  to  Square  Mile 

Courtship  and  Marriage,  Conditions  that  Promote  Happiness...  I 

Conduct  of  the  Engagement 166 

Etiquette  of  the  Wedding 168 

How  to  Court  and  How  to  Propose II 

Peculiarities  Suitable  for  Each  other 

Providing  for  a  Home 165 

the  Wei  iii  1  iik-  Dress  

the  Wife's  Duty  After  Marriage 167 

the  Husband^  Duty  Aft  

Whom  to  Marr-.  I" 164 

Criminal*,  Effects  of  Kindness  to 186 

Crystal  Wedding,  Form  Of  Invitation  to 181 

( 'urved  Lines  in  Pen  m  sty  of 26 

dldren  Provided  by  WiU  2S6 

Weight  ol 200 


Dates  of  Important  Events 

■  Grace  on  Drat-  In  Different  States 197 

luntries 

I  feed-.  Form  of  Warranty  Deed  with  Covenant- 220 

Quit  Claim.  Forms  of 220  221 

.  1  ion  of  Independence Illustrated 870 

at  which  Substances  Hi  It,  Boll,  Pn        - I    290 

of  Beat  at  which  BggS  Hutch 

1       I  by  Bankers Dlustrated 184 

Description,  Letters  of 106 

1  I  Wedding,  when  it  Occurs 130 

Dictionary  of  Synonj  ■  -■  veral  Thousand  Words 

ofWordi  , 

Diet,  Direction  for  in  Letter  of  Advice 100 

11.  Periods  of 306 


AUPHABETICAX    SUMMABY    OF    CONTENTS. 


11 


PAGE. 

Dinnerparties,  How  to  Conduct  Them Illustrated 159 

Disadvantages  in  Public  Speaking Illustrated 448 

Distances  from  Principal  Cities  to  other  Cities 320-3123 

Distances  to  the  Principal  Cities  from  New  York  City  by  Water 350 

Distances  Around  the  World 303 

Dower,  Table  Showing  Value  of  Widow's  Dower 350 

Drafts,  Forms  of  Bank,  Sight  and  Time  Drafts Illustrated 197 

Dresses,  Trailing  on  the  Street,  Suggestions  About 182 

Dress,  Directions  for  in  Letter  of  Advice 100 

Dress,  Means  by  Which  it  is  Made  Beautiful 176 

Due-Bills,  Form,  Payable  in  Money 190 

Payable  in  Flour,  in  Merchandise 190 

Dunning  Letters,  Forms  of 281 

Duodecimo  (12mo),  Shape  of  Books  Called Illustrated 193 

Duties  of  a  Congressman Illustrated 406-407 

Duties  of  the  Vice-President Illustrated 376 


Earth,  Different  Divisions  of  the 292 

Eclipses  of  the  Sun  and  Moon  Before  1900 295 

Eight-Hour  Meeting,  Form  of  Call  for 417 

Election  Laws  of  the  United  States 412 

Elements  of  Small  Letters  in  Writing Illustrated 22 

Elements  of  the  Beautiful 176 

Elementary  Sounds  in  the  English  Language 4S 

Employes,  Relations  Between  Employer  and  Employe 172 

Employment,  Letters  of  Application  for 90 

Engravers'  Inscriptions,  Suitable  for  Us-'  of  Jewelers. .  .Illustrated 513 

for  Use  on  Cases,  Watches,  Coffin-Plates Illustrated 514 

Suitable  for  Birthday.  Christmas  and  Wedding  Presents 514 

Engagement  of  Marriage.  Suggestions  About 166 

Envelopes,  How  to  Address Illustrated   32  83 

Epitaphs,  Form,  Wording,  etc Illustrated 515 

Epistolary  Penmanship,  Copies  for Illustrated 43 

Heading  the Illustrated 58 

Etiquette  in  the  Church Illustrated 172 

Etiquette,  Laws  of Illustrated 143 

Etiquette.  What  t>  Say  and  How  to  Do Illustrated 152 

Assisting  the  Lady  Into  ami  from  the  Carriage.  ..Illustrated 171 

at  Sociables,  Tea-Parties,  Picnics,  etc. 160 

Bad  Manners  at  the  Table Illustrated 158 

Colors  Suitable  for  Different  Complexions Illustrated 179 

Conduct  When  Shopping Illustrated 151 

Conditions  that  Make  Happiness  in  Married  Life 167-168 

Conduct  Proper  for  the  Street Illustrated 182 

Forms  and  Observances  at  the  Funeral 170 

In  the  School Dlustrated 173 

Hints  on  Traveling Illustrated 168 

Hints  on  Fashions Illustrated 181 

Horseback  Rid ing Illustrated 169 

How  to  Please  in  Conversation Illustrated 152 

How  Neighbors  may  have  Happy  Surroundings. .  Illustrated 185 

Introductions,  How  to  Hake  Them Illustrated 145 

Important  General  Rules  of  Conduct Illustrated 183 

Kind  Treatment  of  Employes 172 

Kindness  to  the  Erring  and  Unfortunate is.; 

New  Year's  Calling Illustrated 150 

of  Parties,  Balls  and  Invitations  to Illustrated 154 

Personal  Habits  which  are  Essentia]  toB<  tutj    .  Illustrated 177 

Politeness  and  Gentility  in  the  Dining-Room Illustrated 158 

Salutations,  the  Bow,  Nicknames,  etc Illustrated 146-147 

Suggestions  about  Visiting 1»;2 

the  Toilet.  How  to  Dress  Beautifully Illustrated 177 

the  Use  of  Cards 149 

the  Table,  How  to  Set  and  Arrange  It Illustrated 157 

Ungraceful  Positions  Sometimes  assumed Illustrated 148 

What  to  Observe  and  A  v.. id  When  Calling Illustrated 149 

Wh.it  Hakes  Happy  B i   I     ■      Illustrated  174 

Euphemism  in  Writing  and  3p  impleot t;:t 

Events,  Leading,  on  Every  Day  of  the  Year 348  349 

Exchange,  Bills  of I 

Exclamation  in  Writing  ami  Speaku  E 63 

Excuse,  Letters  of loi 

Exercise,  Directions  for  in  Letter  of  Advice 100 

Exemptions  from  Forced  Sale  In  DID  Illustrated 27*1 

Real  Estate  and  Personal  Property  Exempt  from  Sale 


Execution  Against  Goods  and  Chattels,  Form  of ..282 

Expression  in  Letter- Writ  ing.  Purity  of 7* 

Expense  Incident  Upon  Collection  of  Debts 284 

Exports  of  Various  Countries 292 

Extempore  Speaking,  Directions  for 59 

Extradition,  Forms  in  Use  for 222 


Facial  Expression— Lady 13  Illustrations..    • 

Facial  Expression— Gentleman 14  Illustrations..  .452-455 

Facts  for  Builders— Superficies 309 

Family  Records,  Forms  of Illustrated 129 

Fashion,  Hints  to  Ladies  and  Gentlemen 1-1 

Faults  in  Large  and  Small  Letters Illustrated 30-31 

Faults  in  Writing  and  Speaking 56 

Favors,  Letters  Asking 102 

Feet.  How  to  I  law  for  Them 17* 

Fences  Between  Houses Illustrated \<i 

Fencing.  Lumber  Required  for  I  Mile 295 

Figures,  Arabic  and  Roman  Numerals 295 

Figures  of  Rhetoric,  Examples  of 62 

Financial  History  of  the  United  States 305 

Fires,  Greatest  of  Modern  Times 309 

Flowers,  Language  and  Sentiment  of    136 

Flourishing  with  Pen  and  Pencil Illustrated 498 

Folio,  Shape  of  Books  Called Illustrated 493 

Food,  Time  Required  to  Digest  Different  Kinds 309 

Foods,  Best  for  Sheep 301 

Foods,  Relative  Worth  of  Many 295 

Foods,  Various.  Nutriment  in 

Foods,  Relative  Value  of  Different  Kinds 302 

Solidity  of  Different  Kinds 303 

Foreign  Coins.  Value  of 308 

Foreign  Words  and  Phr  L868,  with  Pronunciation 351 

Foreigners,  Number  of  in  the  United  States 294-301 

Form  of  a  Letter Illustrated 79 

Fourth  of  July  Oration Illustrated 444 

Fourth  of  July  Celebration Illustrated 47 J 

Fourth  of  July  Celebration,  Call  for 417 

Freight  Car.  its  Capacity 2    - 

French  Words  and  Phrases 351 

Friendship,  Letters  of 

Friendship,  an  Acrostic 526 

Fruit.  Time  Required  in  Boiling  for  Canning 302 

Fuel,  Value  of  Different  Woods  for 290 

Funeral  Notice.  Form  of .Illustrated 134 

Funerals.  How  to  Conduct  Them 170 

Funerals.  Public  and  Private Illustrated..  .473-515 


Garnishee,  Suggestions  About  Suing 

Gentility  in  the  Dlning-Room Illustrated 159 

Gentility  in  the  Parlor Illustrated 14: ' 

Gentleman's  Position  When  Writing Illustrated 20 

Gifts,  Letters  Accompanying 103 

Gold  ami  Silver  Coins,  Value  of 308 

Gold.  Where  it  Comes  From 293 

Golden  W  rm  ol  Invitation  to 131 

Government  of  the  Patent  Office . 

Governoi  itatives.  Terms,  Etc 388 

Government  in  Different  Countries.  Forms  of 29J 

Government  Land.  Where  and  How  to  Get  It 

Grace  on  Sight  Drafts,  Laws  of    

Grammar,  Parts  of  Speech 55 

Grain.  Natural  Shrinkage 

Great  Cities  of  the  World,  Population  of 

Green  and  Pry  Wood,  Difference  in  Weight  of 

Guaranty  for  Payment  of  Note 224 

Of  Perform  2J4 

of  Father  for  Son's  Fidelity 224 

Guarantee  for  Payment  of  Money,  Form  of 

Guardian  and  Minor  Children 

Form  of  Bond  for 223 

Petition  to  Have  Appointed 223 

Guests,  What  is  Expected  of  Them  when  Visiting 162 


AI.I'IIAI;!   ril    \l     SUMMARY    "I     CONTENT! 


H 

l  i  Beautiful 17* 

178 

Handshaking,  various  Mode*  of Illustrated i  * T 

Happiness  in  Married  Life,  What  Hakes  It '    ; 



Eleat    Degreei  at  Which  Sub  e,  etc 290 

Height  and  Weight  ol   Human  Beings  at  Different  kgea ' 

leal  Pacts  Relating  t.-  the  Dnlted  State* 

.  When  Legal  In  the  1  nlted  State  ;tr> 

■    penl     md  Children 174 

Hade  Beautiful,  \  lews  of Ulustrated 185 

Homesteads,  How  to  Secure Dlustrated '■^'- 

of.... ' ,u 

ling,  I  lautions  and  Suggestions Illustrated 169 

Hones,  Weighl  ol  Different  Breeds 

Host  and  Hostess,  Duties  of  Bach  when  Receiving  Visits 163 

Illustrated  107 

Husbands  and  Wives,  Duty  to  Each  Other 167 

Hyperbole  In  Writing  and  Speaking,  Example  of 62 


tee,  Strength  <<r  Different  Thii  ten  294 

Illlterac]  In  Different  Countries :'"- 

[mportant  Events,  When  The}  i  iccurred 348 

[ncorporatlon,  Form  ol  Application  for 218 

Ch  "     i  I  oi  ■ tp  ■'!■,  .  i  orm  of -17 

Co  Ins  ■  Company 218 

i  ■'.■■■  for 217 

Form  <if  tncoi  poratora'  Report 217 

for  Social  and  Benevolent  Purposes 219 

for  Religious  Purposes 219 

II  Of :i7" 

mentsol  Prom  .  Form  of ins 

Heal,  Value  of 295 

Initial  Letters,  I  irnamental Illustrated 505 

i  ■■■    <  irnamental Illustrated 

i   ipit&l  Letters Dlustrafe  d 

Ink  Suitable  to  I  ■•■  when  Writing 19 

Inscriptions  for  Engraven '  ; 

Suitable  for  Tombstones 515 

Insurance    Tableol  I  I  350 

.  Form  "i  !  Ire  Policy Ulu  Crated    225 

Form  <■!  Life  Policy Illustrated 226 

Tables  of  Rates 299 

Interest,  Short  Rules  for  Finding  B  its  of. 303 

H  11  Doubles  when  Com] tided 290 

Rates  ol   I  191 

Tables,  How  to  Compute  Interest 193 

■  W ii  of  Marrying ill 

ration  in  Writing  and  Spool  6  I 

v  of 391 

'        !*7 

Introductions]  Direction    for Illustrated 145 

Invitati   ■  ■■■ Illustrated      I 

Invitations  t->  Wedding  anniversaries Illustrated.  ..130  131 

Invitations  to  Receptions,  Forms  >>r Illustrated i-'7 

to  Weddings Dlustrated.  ..120  12] 

■i  Writing  and  Speaking,  Exampl  ol 62 

Words  and  Phrases ■'■"'! 


Joint  KotO  "f  Two  orM  Form  of l^'.t 

Form  of 180 

Jurors,  Who  are  Competent  to  Berv i  Juries 282 

uii,.  an  Exempt  from  Serving  on 

I    liction  In  Coll*  Limit  of 281 

K 

Kindness,  Its  In  rfththe  Erring  Lndt  186 

Kissing,  Saggesttoni  About i  it 

Knife,  Fork.  Teacup,  How  to  Hold  when  Bating Illustrated 160 


_    Rills  of Illustrated 213 

■   When  "Writing Dlustrated 21 

irveyon  of  the  United  States 


i  dci    of  the  United  States,  Locatlo LSln W 

I  i         their  length  and  Breadth 

Landhold Great   Britain,  Number  of 301 

uringlt 

Language,  Rules  for  Construction  of 84 

Landlord's  Notice  to  Tenant 238 

Landlord  and  Tenant,  the  Lav  ol  Different  States 227 

"     "i .292 

Lai  in  Words  and  Phrases :t"'  i 

i  •        i  Etiquette Illustrated 143 

Laws  ol  Language ,;l 

■  i  nin  ni< i  Buildings. 228 

Lease  "i  House  t"i  Term  of  Yean 228 

Lea*    Short  i  orm 227 

Notice  to  Quit,  Tenant's  Notice 228 

Li  ithei  Wedding,  when  It  Occun 130 

Legal  Business  Forms Dl 

Legal  Holidays  In  the  I  nlted  St  ites 84fi 

Legal  Stepi  to  be  Taki  □  In  Collection  oi  Debts 281 

Lessons  in  Penmanship,  Programme  of 36 

Letter  of  Credit,  For i 

of  Credit,  ii  Guarantee 229 

Lettet  Win  ink';  Originality  and  General  Style Ulu  itrated 77 

Forms  of  Superscriptions  on  Envelopes Dlustrated 82 

Farts  of  a  Letter,  Form  of Dlustrated 7« 

Positions  ol  Various  Parts Illustrated 7:* 

Titles  of  Address  Used  in  Writing 80 

i  Concerning  them 

Complaining  of  Erroi  In  BUI B7 

Forms  of  Resignation B7 

Forms  of  Letters  Order!  ad  Dry  I I  88 

Form  a  v g  Han  Commencing  Business 80 

Notice  of  Having  Forwarded  t       is    "•~ 

Reply  from  Wholesale  House,  with  Invoice 98 

Requesting  Information B8 

Recommending  a  Successor... *7 

Requesting  a  Friend  i"  Hake  Purchases 91 

Requesting  a  Settlement  of  Account ss 

to  Ploneei  Settler  witb  Reply 88 

Urging  Payment  ol  Rent *k 

of  Application,  Forms  of  Advertising 89 

Answering  Advertisement  for  a  Bookkeepei 90 

for  a  Situation  as  Cook,  Chambermaid,  <  lardener 90 

for  Situation  a*  Coachman,  Governi  91 

for  Situation  as  Dressmaker,  Music  Teacher,  Printer :<i 

from  Peivi.n-  Applying  for  Clerkships 90 

Letteraol  Rec mendation,  for  Salesman,  Scl Imistrec    

for  Bookkeeper,  Walter,  Cook "- 

for  Washerwoman,  Porter 82 

if  Sympathy ;  too  Friend  on  the  Death  of  a  Husband 'Xi 

on  Death  ol  Wife,  SI  ter,  Daughter,  in  rant 94 

{.<  n  I'ri.nil  <>n  ili<-  I  truth  of  a  Mother 93 

to  a  Friend  on  the  Death  ol  a  Brother —  93 

to  a  Friend  onRei I  Fortune '(i 

of  Cong]  itulatlon,  to  a  Friend  on  Election  I 

on  Receiving  a  Legacy ",; 

on  Passing  a  Succx  asful  Scl i  Examination 96 

on  Obtaining  a  Business  Situation.. B6 

toaG   nt  ii  upon  His  Marriage 96 

to  a  Friend  upon  the  Birth  of  a  Son 96 

to  a  Friend  on  a  Wedding  Anniversary '*> 

to  an  Author  on  the  Success  of  his  Book 98 

Letters  of  Introducti Introducing  one  Gentleman  to  Another 97 

Introducing  one  Lads  '"  another 97 

Introducing  a  Toung  Uusiclan  to  a  Lad     I  ■     rid       97 

Introducing  an  Officer  to  a  Brotl hcci 97 

Introducing  a  tirntk-iiian  Sr.  ;  hip 98 

Int.]  i-h-r   ti.  ji  Sii lmatc 98 

Introducing  a  Clerk  to  a  Fellow  clerk 98 

IntroducinB  il  Btudent  t..  the  Writer's  Mother 98 

Introducing  a  Friend  to  a  Member  ol  Congress 98 

Introducing  a  Literary  Lady  to  a  Publisher 98 

Introducing  a  Daughter  About  to  Make  -«  Visit 98 

,.ii.      \               l  Young  Lady  to  Refo  •  Gift!  from  a  Gentle- 
man  99 

Advising  i  Young  Man  to  Beware  of  Bad  Company i<*> 

Advising  a  Fonng  Man  against  a  Hurried  Marriagi       100 


ALPHABETICAL    SUMMARY    OF    CONTENTS. 


13 


PAOB. 

Letters  to  a  Gentleman  on  the  Subject  of  Health 100 

to  an  Orphan  Boy  on  How  to  Succeed 100 

Letters  of  Excuse;  Apologizing  tor  a  Broken  Engagement I'd 

Apologizing  for  Failure  to  Paj  Money  Promptly 101 

for  Breaking  a  Business  Engagement 101 

for  Delay  in  Returning  a  Book ,( '' 

to  a  Teacher  from  a  Parent 101 

Letters  Asking  Favors;  Requesting  the  Loan  of  a  Book 102 

Requesting  the  Loan  of  Money 102 

Requesting  a  Letter  of  Introduction 102 

Requesting  the  Loan  of  an  Opera-Glass 

Requesting  the  Loan  of  aPiStol '"- 

Lett*  i  -  Accompanying  Gifts;  Accompanying  Photographs 103 

Accompanying  a  Betrothal  Gift  or  Ring '' ,:; 

Accompany  in g  a  Book ''  '4 

Ait..iu|'..ii\  niL.'  a  Bouquet 104 

Accompanying  a  Birthday  Gift 104 

Accompanying  a  Donation  to  a  i  lergyman 104 

Accompanying  a  Gift  to  a  Superintendent 104 

Replies  ti>  Letters  Accompanying  Gifts 104 

Letters  of  Friendship;  From  a  Young  Lady  to  a  Schoolmate 106 

to  a  Friend  About  to  Marry 108 

Letters  to  Relatives;  From  a  Husband  to  his  Wife 106 

from  a  Young  Man  at  College  to  his  Parents 108 

from  a  Girl  at  School  to  her  Mother : 106 

from  Absent  Wife  to  Husband 107 

from  a  Daughter  to  her  Parents 107 

from  a  Mother  to  Daughter  in  the  City 1"7 

from  a  Father,  Remonstrating  with  his  Son 107 

Answer  of  Mother  to  the  Daughter 107 

Answer  of  Husband  to  the  Wife 107 

Reply  of  the  Son  to  his  Father 108 

Letters  of  Description;    From  a  Gentleman  Visiting  the  Old  Home 108 

from  a  Lady  Visiting  in  Chicago 109 

Letters  of  Love :  Cautions  and  Suggestions 1 10 

A  Lover's  Good-bye,  and  the  Reply 113 

Asking  for  a  Letter  of  Introduction 113 

A  Gentleman  Makes  a  Frank  Acknowledgment 116 

An  Offer  of  Marriage,  with  Favorable  Reply 118 

Favorable  and  Unfavorable  Replies 112 

■  Favorable  and  Unfavorable  Replies  to  the  Stranger 114 

from  a  Gentleman  Confessing  a  Change  of  Sentiment 117 

-from  a  Lover  Going  West,  Favorable  Reply 11^ 

How  to  Reply  to  the  Personal  Advertisement  115 

Invitation  to  B  Place  of  Amusement 112 

With  no  Previous  Acquaintance 114 

To  an  Entire  Stranger Ill 

One  Way  of  Breaking  the  Ice 118 

Personal  Advertisement  in  a  Morning  Pa  per 115 

Reply  Accepting,  Reply  Refusing 112 

Reply  to  a  Young  Man  Addicted  to  Intemperance 117 

■  Reply  to  a  Young  Man  who  Uses  Tobacco 114 

Reply  Accompanied  by  the  Letter 113 

to  the  Father  of  the  Lady 113 

The  Father's  Reply,  Favorable  and  Unfavorable 114 

Unfavorable  Reply,  Favorable  Reply 114 

Letters,  No.  in  Various  Alphabets 344 

License  to  Marry.  Form  of Illustrated 124 

to  Peddle,  Form  of 230 

to  Sell  Ardent  Spirits.  Form  of 230 

to  Sell  Tobacco  and  Cig  1 230 

Limitation  of  Action  in  Different  States 191 

Lincoln  and  His  Cabinet Illustrated 377 

Lasses  La  Battles,  Ancient  and  Modern 344 

Losses  in  the  American  Civil  War 344 

Love,  Letters  of 11° 

Lungs,  Directions  for  Inflation  of 100 

Lumber  Measure,  Table  for 293 

Lumber,  Weight  of 295 

M 

Man  in  Oratory Illustrated 452 

Marks  of  Punctuation ~>- 

Marking  Letters Illustrated.., 

Married  Woman's  Note  in  New  York,  Form  of 189 

Uarriage  Anniversaries,  Whei  ■■■  Them 130 

Ceremonies,  How  to  Conduct  Them 166 


Marriage  Certificate,  Form  of Illustrated. . 

License,  Form  of Illustrated. , 

Notices.  Forms  of Illustrated. . 

Ueasuring  Land,  Roles  for 

Measures,  Long,  Square  and  Cubic 

Mechanics'  Lien,  Form  of 

Meetings,  Directions  for  Conducting  Them 

Metals  and  Their  Alloys 

Metals,  Must  Valuable 

Metonymy  in  Writing  and  Speaking,  Example  of 

Metaphor,  as  Used  in  Writing  and  Speaking,  Definition 

Meter,   Definition.  Examples  of 

Metric  System  of  Weights  and  Measures 

Military  and  Naval  Rank,  How  Designated 

Milk,  of  What  Composed 

Ministers  to  Foreign  Countries.  Duties  of 

Hind,  Directions  for  Condition  of 

Mining  ami  Miners'  Forms 

Affidavit  of  Labor  Performed  to  Hold  Claim 

Agreement  for  Prospecting,  Form  of 

Certificate  of  Having  Located  a  Claim 

Diagram  of  Miner's  Claim 

Forfeiture  of  Claim,  Notice  of 

How  to  Purchase  a  Mine  from  Government 

Important  Facts  for  Miners 

Incorporating  a  Company  for  Mining,  Form  of 

Lease  of  Mine,  Form  of 

Miner's  Lien  for  Labor  Performed 

Relocating  a  Mine.  Form  of 

Selling  a  Mine,  Form  of  Quit-Claim  Deed 

Mistakes  Common  in  Writing  and  Speaking 

Monograms  of  Two,  Three,  Four  and  Nine  Letters Illustrated.. 

Mortgages,  Form  of  Chattel  Mortgage 

Auctioneer's  Affidavit  that  the  Property  was  Sold 

Caution  to  Persons  Loaning  Money 

Form  of  Note  Secured  by  Mortgage 

Foreclosing  Mortgage,  Mode  of  Procedure 

Notice  of  Sale  ol  M.  irtgaged  Property 

Real  Estate  Mortgage  to  Secure  Payment  of  Note 

Release  Of  Mortgage.  Forms  of 

Moon,  its  Influ  >wtb  of  Plants 

Money.  When  it  Doubles  at  Interest 

Money.  Amount  in  Circulation  in  Different  Countries 

Mountains,  Highest  on  the  Face  of  the  Earth Illustrated.. 

Mountain-,  Highest  in   Asia  and  Africa Illustrated. 

Mountains,  Highest  in  North  America .Illustrated. 

Mountains,  Highest  in  Europe Illustrated. 

Mountain-.  Highest  in  South  America Illustrated 

Multiplication  Table 


raoE. 

. ...125 
....124 

....12*; 


231 

424 

..    ..308 
308 

522 

278 

308 

411 

100 

232 

233 

2:  (4 

232 

232 

233 

233 

235 

235 

234 

233 

234 

234 

5*3 

....  504 

239 

239 

237 

237 

_    - 
237 

350 

308 

.316-319 

316 

....  317 

319 

345 


N 

Names  of  Men  and  "Women  Alphabetically  Arranged 

Nations.  Names  of  their  People  and  the  Language 

Nature's  Ruli  9  as  Applied  in  Penmanship 

Naturalization.  General  Forms  of 

Navy.  Duties  of  Secretary  of Ulusti 

Negotiabli   ■■   i'      tiii  of 

Neighbors,  How  They  may  be  Improved 

Newspaper  and  Book  Typo 

Newspaper  Reporting,  Suggestions  About 

New  Year's  i  ailing.  Etiquette  of 

Nicknames.  Importance  ol  Avoiding 

"  No/*  Importance  of  Saying  it  Politely 

Nobility,  Titli  Writing 

Notice  of  Marriage.  Form  of 

Notes  of  Invitation,  ]  

Answers  una  Declining  Invitations 

for  Dinner 

to  an  Intimate  Friend 

to  a  Lawn  Soiree 

to  an  Evening  Party 

to  a  Dinner  Party 

to  a  Hallowe'en  Party 

to..  Dancing  Parry 

to  Palls 

to  a  snk  Wedding 

to  a  Crystal,  China,  Silver  and  Golden  wedding 


138 

■ 

U'i 

12-Ki 

4:H 

490 

150 

147 

151 

80 

1211 

132 

133 

isa 

132 

133 

133 

133 

133 

133 

154 

130 

131 


14 


ALPHABETICAL   SUMMAB1    <•!     CONTENTS. 


to  ii  Wedding,  Plciile,  Festival,  Funeral,  Ball I    ' 

Niiu.iip.iUvf  Will,  Form,  o( 

Number  of  Plants,  Hills  or  Trees  Contained  on  an  acre 800 


,     ,  ',.i  i . :       i  b,  ii   \r .  i .  Length  and  Breadth 292 

i  Books  Called Illustrated...         483 

Occupation  ol  the  People  In  the  United  States 808-807 

Officers  In  the  Army 

ol  the  army,  Prominent  In  the  CItII  war 

Officen  ■■  E Presiding*  iffii  ■  i ■*-" 

Oil,  Lmount  of  In  Dlfferenl  Beeds 802 

Old  English  Texl 

Onomatopoeia  in  Writing  and  Speaking,  Examplo  of 84 

I  ■■•  G i  -.  Forms  ol 86 

Forma  •>! Illustrated 200 

Originality  In  Letter-Writing,  Suggestions  About " 

otaJ  Lettering illustrated 503 


Paper  Wedding;  When  it  Occurs 130 

i  i      .'        Rules,  tor  the  Use  of  Public  Meetings 127 

An  amendment  to  an  Amendment 435 

Committees    Select,  Standing,  of  the  Whole 428 

li.  i  i    ■  i  Order,  a  Ti<  Vote 487 

Duties  "i  Presiding  Offio  r  427 

Duties  of  Secretary ;  <>f  Treasurer 438 

Duties  "f  Members  ol  the  Meeting 430 

Losing  the  Right  to  the  Floor 488 

Means  by  which  to  Secure  Passage  of  a  Question 4:i:i 

i  Ifnelal  Foi  in  ol  Conducting s  Meeting 431 

Presenting  Petitions,  Calling  ayes  and  Kays 433 

I'u'viMii-  Question,  Suppression  ol  Q itlon *38 

PrtrUegi  438 

1  linn 438 

Putting  the  Qu Idnj  upthi  Question 434 

Referring  to  s  Committei ,  Amendments 434 

Reports  of  Committees 429 

Speaking  to  the  Question 431 

Suspension  of  Rules,  Taking  a  Vote 48B 

The  Member  Entitled  to  Bneah  First 438 

Tides  ol  Women  who  i  438 

v.  ;  dI    an  in  Order 438 

Who  has  the  Right  tO  the  Floor 430 

Paper,  Dlfferenl  fo terenl  Purposes  289 

Paper  Money  In  ■  llrculatlon 

310  812 

Public  in  Canada 313 

rope 318 

Illustrated 78 

Writing  and  Speaking,  Example  of 62 

In  I   Mutshlp no 

J  Qorernment,  Rules  for 174-175 

Partnership,  Porm  of  agreement 243 

-Notice  of  Dissolution  of 243 

Partners  tor  LI  Marry 164 

rts  when  Traveling  abroad,  Form  of Illustrated  244 

>oks  Used  in  Hank i iik'.  Porm  of 184 

Patent,  Porm  of  application  for 245 

Agreemenl  to  0*se  Patent  and  Pay  Royalty,  Form  of 24 

Agreements  to  Use  and  Bell  Patents,  Forms  of 247 

f  on  of 248 

for  Registration  Of  Ti  ..!•■  Mark,  Form  of 240 

for  Iran  Mark.  Form  of 240 

Important  Pacts  tor  Patentees 247 

Inventoi  oof 246 

Pel  i  *■  ■■at.  Porm  of 248 

pavement,  Coal  of  Different  Kinds 303 

Pearl  Wedding,  when  It  Occurs 130 

Peculiarities  Suitable  A n  I  Those  Who  Marry 165 

Pen,  suitable  to  Use  when  Writing in 

Pen  and  Pencil  flourishing 4<*h 

ire  Entitled 248 

Form  of  Application  for 248 

Penmanship - 17 

Blackboard  Flourish:  .  ...  33 


PAflK. 

Blackboard  Flourishing,— Obalk  and  Pencil  Drawing QIs 40 

I'.u  .  nmanshlp.  Showing  Letter  of  Introduction. .  .Ills 

Contrast,-  Position  of  it  a  mi  in  nourishing  Illustrated 27 

Copies  for  the  Writing  Bchool illustrated 4 1 

Copies  of  Ladies'  Epistolary   Penmanship Illustrated 43 

Correct  Position  for  Standing  While  Writing Illustrated  28 

Correct  and  Incorrect  Positions  for  Sitting Illustrated 28 

Correct  Position  for  Holding  Pen  while  Writing. illustrated 24 

Deseripl i I  the  Plates..... 

How  to  » Organise  the  Writing  Class 84 

H«»\vt..  Arrange  Copies,    Commencement  of  the  Writing  8chooL  .    B9 

Incorrecl  Position  t"i  Pen  while  Writing DJustrated 25 

Introductory  Remarks DJustrated 17 

Legibility*— Element    oi  Small  letters Illustrated 23 

I.iiIh^-i  upliM'  l  '.  .).!.■-  ill    Mph.-iLrl    .   Ii/m  .  -.  \Y'.]  .1-    :i  mi   S.-nl  i  i -..  ,    il2 

Lit  hi  •trrai.hu-  Copies  ltepiesentiiik'  Lad  it  ■-'  Penmanship 34 

Llthographie    Copies  Comprising  otl'-hand    Capitals,    Round-hand 

and  Flourishing. 88 

Lithographic  Copies,  Representing  Pen-pictnree  of  Birds,  etc 38 

Nature's  Rules.— Curved  Lines,— Proportion Illustrated 20 

Paper— Ink— How  to  Practice 19 

position  whils  Writing Illustrated 20 

Position  for  Sitting  and  Holding  the  Pen DJustrated 21 

Principles  of  Capital  Letters,— capital  Letters. . .  Illustrated 28 

Programme  or  Exercises  for  Each  Let  on 88 

Reasons  Why  We  Should  Write  Well 40 

System  of— Copies    Principle!    Sans. IB 

Small  Letters  Contrasted,  Showing  lioha  hie  Eaii  Its 30 

Suggestions  to  Teachers :i'» 

ivrsonal  I'l-.p.-rty  and  Real  Estate  Exempt  from  Forced  Sale 278 

Personification  In  Writing  and  Speaking,  Example  of 02 

Petitions  to  i'ii i.in*  Bodies,  Suggestions  and  Directions 121 

Asking  foi   '  Poll©  man 421 

for  Opening  a  Street 421 

from  Farmers  to  the  Stati    Legl    i  Lturo 421 

Remonstrating  Against  s  Nuisance 131 

to  the  Governor,  Asking  for  a  Pardon 131 

P Playing  at  Parties,  Etiquette  of 161 

I'l'iiic-,  IY>tiv:il-  .-in,)  I'ii  hi  if  Dinners,  How  to  Conduct 422 

Plani  ,  How  the  Moon  Influences  their  Growth 800 

Planets,  Then  size,  Periods  of  Revolution,  etc 808 

Pleasure  B*  wits  In  the  United  states    883-887 

Poetry;  What  Is  Poetry  I— The  Old  Church 620 

C'an/onets,  Epitaphs,  Satires,  Parodies,  acrostics. 

Dactylic  Verse,    Poetical  Pauses 524 

Epigram*.  Sonnets,  Cantatas,  Charades 536 

Kinds  of  J'oetlf   I  .  il,       M.t.r,       l;i  mine   V  ■  T-r    .">22 

Meter,  I.omr.  short  and  Common,—  Trot  ha  ie  and  Anap  ...  .628 

Names  of  the  Dlfferenl  Kinds  ol  Poems 625 

Prologues,  Epilogues,  Impromptus 638 

Versification,— Illustration  of  Hlunk  Verse 531 

i      mi      i  i ■■■  Selections  from  the  Poet* 686 

Absence Ftartea  Annt  KJ  ■"'■■' 

A  Deathbed Jamen  Ahtrirh.    504 

Ambition Lord  Byron.    676 

Autumn :'-,; 

A>Hessage Boss  B  Reatfbrd    654 

A  HuSiOSJ  BOI Illustrated W.   "'■  Story.     561 

■  i  A  Bnow-Storm Illustrated Charle*  G.  Eantman.    556 

A  Wish  for  Thee Illustrated Tohn  0    '     Bl  atnord.    548 

Betsey  and  I  are  out IWfJ  If.  Olsrlefon.    542 

Blngen  on  the  Rhine Illustrated Caroline  E.  Norton.    658 

Black  Ev.-  and  nine 526 

Bli  ased  aw  Thej  thai  Mourn Wm.  C.  Bryant      ,7  . 

Changes 561 

ClBOn  and  I ihnrtrn  M<i>-k<ty.     570 

Elegy  Written  In  a  Country  Churchyard Thonuu  Gray     663 

Eternal   .III- tire Chart'"  Ka»  fcoy.      686 

Extract  from  "  The  Da  t  tie  -En  id  " Wm.  c.  Bryant.  678 

Extract  from  •  \  Psalm  <»f  Life  " Henry  W.  Longfellow.  578 

Hannah  Jane Petroleum  V.  Ntuby.  588 

Han nali  Binding  Shoes..    Illustrated Lucy  Larcom.  653 

Hereafter 537 

Heav.n  h>  Littles ./.  0.  Bolland.  578 

How  Betsey  snd  I  Hade  Up WQl  M.  Oarleton.  548 

If  1  should  Die  To-Hlght BeUe  E.  smith.    570 

Jenny  Kissed   Me Illustrated Lriyh  Hunt.    572 

Judge  Not 568 


ALI'IIAUKTICAI.    SI'MMAKY    <>!•'    CONTENTS. 


15 


PAGE. 

Keep  Pushing 578 

— Little  and  Great Illustrated Charles  Mackay.     549 

Little  Feet Illustrated Florence  Percy.    557 

Little  Boy  Blue Abby  Sage  Richardson.     578 

Love  Lightens  Labor 571 

Lullaby Illustrated Alfred  Tennyson.     553 

Maud  Muller. Illustrated John  G.  Whittter.    544 

Mignonette Illustrated Mnnj  Bradley.     560 

Mismated Luna  8.  Peck.      L64 

Never  Again 537 

■ Oh,  Why  Should  the  Spirit  of  Mortal  be  Proud! Wm.  Knox.     573 

On  the  Other  Side 575 

Over  the  Hill  to  the  Poor-House Will  M.  Car  let  on.    566 

Over  the  Hill  from  the  Poor-House Will  M.  Oarleton.    567 

Over  the  River Illustrated Nancy  Amelia  Priest.     581 

Rock  Me  to  Sleep,  Mother Florence  Percy.     553 

Roll  Call 572 

Rain  on  the  Roof Coates  Kinney.     575 

Scatter  the  Germs  of  the  Beautiful 578 

Some  Mother's  Child 186 

Sometime 574 

Song  of  the  Brook Illustrated Alfred  Tennyson.    576 

The  Motherless  Turkeys Marian  Douglass.     539 

The  Planting  of  the  Apple-Tree Wm.  C.  Bryant.     540 

The  Old  Oaken  Bucket Illustrated Samuel  Wood-worth.     541 

The  Covered  Bridge 94 

The  Crooked  Footpath  ...  .Illustrated Oliver  Wendell  Holme*.     '<•'■'• 

The  Future  Life Wm.  C.  Bryan t.     494 

The  Lost  Steamship , Fitz  .hint.*  iriiri'  u  ,     r.  4  7 

The  First  Know-Fall Illustrated Tames  Russell  Lowell,     564 

The  Sculptor  Boy 548 

The  Old  Love 565 

The  Little  Boy  That  Died,  Illustrated Joshua  D.  Robinson.     569 

The  Vagabonds J.  T.  Trowbridge .    550 

The  Doorstep Illustrated.  Edmund  Clare  nee  Stedman.     577 

The  Evening  Bells Thomas  Mo i  i  I 

The  Closing  Scene T.  Buchanan  Read.    559 

There  is  No  Such  Thing  as  Death 549 

There's  But  One  Pair  of  Stockings  to  Mend  To-night 555 

Two  Little  Pairs Mrs.  Susan  Teall  Perry.    563 

Up-Hill Illustrated Christina  G   Roseetti.    573 

Until  Death 574 

Weeds 580 

Weighing  the  Baby Illustrated Ethel  Lynn.     568 

We  Parted  in  Silence Mrs.  Crawford.     551 

Which  Shall  it  Be! Ethel  Lynn  Beers.    580 

Words  for  Parting Vary  <  lemmer.    571 

You  and  I 

You  Had  a  Smooth  Path Millie  C.  Pomeroy.     186 

Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  in  Short-Hand 47 

Population,  Center  of  Gravity  of 304 

Population,  Area,  etc.,  of  Each  of  the  United  States 291 

Different  Divisions  of  the  Earth 291 

Different  Countries  of  the  World 291 

of  Cities  ut  Last  Census  in  the  United  States 296 

of  Provinces  and  Cities  in  Canadian  Dominion 266 

Pork,  Cost  of  Producing  It :«*' 

Purl  raits  on  Postage  stamps 344 

on  United  States  Currency 344 

Posll  Ions  When  standing  and  sitting Illustrated  — 148*149 

for  Sitting  and  Holding  Pen  While  Writing.. ....  .Illustrated 20  21 

Postmaster-General,  Duties  of 397 

Pustage  stamp,  Where  to  Place  it  on  Envelopes Illustrated 82 

Poultry,  Different  Breeds,  Number  of  Eggs  They  will  Lay,  etc 301 

Poverty  Should  be  HO  Hindrance  to  Marriage Ill 

Power  of  Attorney,  Forms  of 285 

PreclOUS  Metals  of  the  Earth,  Total  Production 293 

Presidential  Elections  and  Their  Results 324  330 

President's  Mansion Illustrated 375 

Presidents  of  the  United  States.  Duties  of Illustrated 375 

Presidents  of  theU.  S.,  Where  From,  Age,  Length  of  Term  in  Office 288 

and  Vice-Presidents  During  Various  Administrations 305 

Where  Educated 294 

Principles  from  which  Letters  are  Made  in  Penmanship 23 

Proclamations,  Buchanan's  Proclamation  in  1860 250 

Lincoln's  Emancipation  Proclamation  in  1863 251 

Relating  to  Chicago  Fire 251 

Relating  to  Thanksgiving  and  Mad  Dogs 252 


Promissory  Notes,  Commercial  Terms ■ 187 

-Form  for  Pennsylvania 189 

Guarantee  Note 190 

Negotiable  Notes,  Indorsements 188 

Note  for  Two  or  More  Persons,  —Note  on  Demand 189 

Note  not  Negotiable,  — Married  Woman's  Note  in  New  York 189 

Note  in  Missouri 190 

Payable  in  Merchandise,— Joint  Note,— Form  for  Indiana 190 

Payable  in  Installments,— Judgment  Note 190 

Pronunciation  of  French  Words  in  Common  Use 351 

Pronunciation.  Marks  of 54 

Proportion  in  Penmanship,  Principles  of 2*1 

Proof- Reading,  Typographical  Marks 496-197 

Proposal  of  Marriage,  Suggestions  Concerning  it 165 

■ by  Letter  of  Correspondence 118 

Public  Speaking,  Means  by  Which  to  Win  Success Illustrated 59 

Public  Meetings Illustrated 4*24 

Public  Speaking Illustrated 444 

Public  Speaker's  Contrasted Illustrated 446-447   i     ' 

Pulse,  Number  of  Beats  Per  Minute  in  Health 3<>4 

Punctuation,  Rules  of 52 

Directions  for  the  Use  of  Sign-Painters 509 

Pupils,  Their  Duty  in  the  School 173 


Q 


Quantity  which  an  Acre  will  Produce 290 

Quarto  (4tO),  Shape  of  Books  Called Illustrated 493 

Questions  of  Privilege  in  Public  Meetings 43''. 

Question  in  Public  Meetings,  Consideration  of 434 

Quit-claim  Deed,  Form  of 220 


Railways  in  the  United  States,  Miles  of 291 

Railway  Signals  by  which  Trains  are  Started,  Stopped,  etc 289 

Railway  Traveling Illustrated 168 

Rainfall,  Annual  Average  Amount  in  Different  States 301 

Rates  of  Interest Illustrated 192 

Receipts,  Various Illustrated 200 

Receipts;  For  Money  on  Account,— In  Full  of  all  Demands 200 

in  Full,— For  Money  Advanced  on  Contract 200 

For  Rent,— For  a  Note,— For  a  Note  of  Another  Person 200 

Receptions,  Invitations  to 122 

Recommendation,  Form  for  Writing 92 

Record  of  a  Family,  Containing  Births,  Marriages  and  Deaths 129 

Relatives,  Forms  of  Letters  to 106 

Release  Deeds.  Forms  of 238 

Religions  of  All  Nations 

Religions  thai  Prevail  In  Differenl  Countries 

Representatives  En  Congress,  Number  from  Bach  si  ate 294 

Request,  Form  for  Writing 86 

Resignation,  Form  for  Writing 87 

Resolutions,  Ornamental Illustrated 419 

Resolutions;  Complimenting  a  Teacher,— On  the  Death  of  a  Free-Hason.,417 

at  b  Temperance  Keettng 420 

Complimenting  a  Public  Officer,— Captain  of  a  Steamer 418 

Engrossed  with  a  Pen Illustrated 419 

Instructing  Representatives,— Thanks  to  Officers 421 

of  Remonstrance  and  Favorable  to  Forming  an  association 420 

on  the  Departure  of  a  Clergyman,— a  Sunday- -el 1  Teacher 420 

on  the  Death  of  a  Clergyman  and  Me  tuber  of  an  Association 41^ 

Thanking  a  Conductor  and  Commending  a  Railway  418 

Revenue.  Collectors  of 388 

Rhyming  Dictionary 527 

Riding  on  Horseback,  Conduct  for  Ladies  and  Gentlemen. Illustrated 169 

Rights  Of  Others,  How  they  Should  be  Observed 185 

Bight  to  the  Floor  in  Public  Meetings,  Suggestions  about 430 

Rivers,  their  Length.  Where  they  Rise  and  Empty 292 

Royalty,  Titles  of  Used  in  Writing 80 

Rules  in  Public  Meetings,  Suspension  of 138 

Ruby  Wedding,  When  it  Occurs 130 


Salaries  of  the  United  States  Civil,  Military  and  Naval  Officers 350 

Salaries  of  Kings,  Queens.  Emperors,  Presidents,  etc 302 

Savings,  How  they  Accumulate 292 

School  Etiquette,  Duty  of  Teacher  and  Pupil 173 


M.l'll  &BETICA1 


iUMMAKl     OF    CONTI  N  l>. 


an,  Dimensions,       293 

irj  oi  ii"-  Navj Ulustratu  d  » 

Dlustrated. . , 

Secretary  ..r  \\'ur Illustrated 379 

Beads,  Nil  mi..  .  ni 

Sprouting 

Beed   Length  ol  n I  Retain    It    Vitality :««> 

Nu  tl    P cedb  292 

Quantltj  Necet  900 

i 378 

Secretaries  and  Pre*  D  ii -*-s 

traction  In  Short  Eland  Writing -*4 

Lte 

the!  tilted  States,  When  Where,  by  Whom 292 

Seven  W  rid    ■  • 

Shaking  Hands Illustrated 147 

Bheep,  i  ■  :t"l 

Bheep,  Increase  «>f  Weight  •>%  Dlffei  ent  F Is    801 

Weight  and  Yield  of  Wool  at  Maturity       

Shopping,  Suggest -  Concerning  the  Etiquette  ol      151 

Short-Hand  Writing,  Rules  and  Copies  foi        Illustrated 45 

Signals  Used  In  the  Management  ol  Railwaj   rralns  289 

Sign* Writing,  Wording  and  Punctuation    Illustrated 509 

Bilk  Wedding,  Form  "f  Invitation  t-> 130 

Silver,  VI  here  it  Comes  Prom 293 

Silver  Wedding;.  Form  of  Invii  i1  131 

i  m  Writing  and  •'■- 

Bitting  while  Writinjj  Illustrated 28 

90 

Skin,  H  idCleai  177 

nsforlnLett         il    ■■■]■•  l©   100 

Slope,  of  Letter  when  Writing,  DIagra f Illustrated i:> 

ig  in  the  Parlor Illustrated 163 

r  in  Shaking  Hand:  a  of 147 

160 

Soldlei  Lato  Civil  War 

1 1,  it  Different  Rinds  ol  are  audible 304 

S id,  Spelling  by  51 

Spanish  Words  and  Phrases 351 

Speaking  In  Pub  ass  in .'»o 

Speakers  ol  theTJ  S.  House  of  Representatives 331 

•  n 293 

Speed,  Fastest  Ingoing* Kile 344 

I  which  Birds  Fly 2yo 

Spelling,  Rules  and  Directions  for 48 

us II  lust  r;iT<-.  I til 

ig  while  Writing,  Position  for Illustrated -jh 

Illustrated 18:* 

Kemp 295 

Strength  of  Ice 294 

Stumps,  When  They  Decay 

Subscription  Papers,  How  to  Draft  Them  Illustrated 252 

Success,  How  to  Win  if     Letter  to  an  Orphan  Boy 100 

Sugar  PI  in  Each 295 

Summons,  Legal  Form  of 'j>*i 

for  Writing H2 

ii.  m  Writing  and  Speaking,  Example  of 62 

Synonyms,  Dl<  65 

Sympathy,  Letters  Expressing 


Table,  How  t--  Bet  and  arrange  It Illustrated 157 

Tachygraphy,  Alphabet  of 4."> 

Teachers  ol  Penmanship,  Suggestions  t" :at 

Teaching  Penmanship,  Rules  f<>r 33 

Teeth,  How  t..  Slake  Chem  Clean  and  White I7*.t 

of <u 

unentet  that  Should  go  Together  Ln  Marriage 165 

Temperance  Convention,  Form  of  Call  t"i 117 

Average  of  InDIfferei  301 

indlord 

410 

Illustrated 410 



...  i 

ii   289 

His  Excellency,  Hon.,  Rev.,  Dr..  Proi  


PAOS, 

■  ad  >*  ni  nm  in  -  Bultable  foi  (  Ion  

■     ■     Influence 1 1  -* 

Toilet,  Rules  and  Direct  i"«i 

i bstoni  in  ■■■ii) as,  Forms  ol il  • 

■    ■  in. -in    tin  tin   World    til  314  815 

Tumi,  County  ■  State,  When  to  Write  the  Same  on  Envelope, 82 

rralnlngof  Children,  Directions  for Illustrated...  173  175 

Traveling,  Hints  About Illustrated 168 

i rj    ■      ■!  ■■■■■'  ■  tarj  "'' llh|  M  *t*d.  ■ 

i  n  i     Growth  of  Various  One    Ln  12  fears 

Trotting,  Fastest  Tun.-  Made  by  Different  Trotters A 

Tunnels,  Greatest  in  the  World •» 

i  in.    ol  Dlffi  i '  "'   -■'- 1     I    edForBooi     i  nd  ■■■  ■■■■   papei         ,     ,      184 

u 

Unclassified  Laws  <.r  Etiquette Dlustrated 183 

United  States  Irmy,  Its  Strength 808 

United  States,  Early  id  Government [Uustrated. . . , 

United  States, When,  Win  re  and  by  Whom  Settled .292 

i  I  States  Supreme  t  kturt. Illustrated...         ■■ 

United  States,  area  and  Population 

.   ni    In  Visiting,  Business,  etc 148 


■.■■>■■■        i'mmi]     I'roducfd  to  the  Acre  

Lbles,  Nutrition  in 

.ii  i' sin  United  St  ites  Honej  

Velocity  with  which  Different  Objects  Hove 803 

lin'  .i  [..ii.  Definition  of >21 

Verdict  "i  Coroner's  Jurj  .  Form  of , 

Vice  Prealdents  of  the  United  States,  List  of. 105 

Vision,  ln  Writing  and  Speaking,  Example  of 68 

Visiting  Dutii    of  Guest  and  Hostess 162  163 

■  Ihalrman  In  Case  of  a  Tie 

\  oters,  Native-born  and  Foreigners;  When  rhej  U  ij  Vote      412  413 

Vice-President,  Duties  of Illustral 

Visiting  Cards Illustrated 185 


w 


Wages  fable,  Showing  Cai  oingsperHoui    Day,  etc 280 

War,  linn,     if  Seci  etary  -.f Illustrated :t7t» 

the  civil.  Number  of  Men  In  United  States  Service 284 

Wan,  American,  Cost  and  Number  of  Troops    

'■■  uranteeDeed  i  innol 220 

Wraith.  Effect  ol  Harrying Ill 

Weather,  Bench       I  u  Foretelling 

Wedding  t  Eeremontes,  Etiquette  of Illustrated  .   .       128 

Weights,  Measures,  Variations  oi  Time,  etc 289 

Weights  o ilc  i  oot  -I  'i aid     ■  U      

Weights  and  Measures  for  Cooks 108 

Wi-iu'ht-  <■!  i  »i  [i.i  tut  Articles  as  Mowed  by  Railroads :<"! 

Wheat  Flour,  Nutrition  ln 295 

Wills,  the  Lawol      

Administrator's  bdvertlsemenl  Calling  for  Settlement  

Bond  Required  of  administrator -~>7 

Pun.'-  .'i  Ldminlstratoi  -  In  Settling  Estates 

General  Formol  Will     -  odlcll  A 

Inventors  of  Propertj  in  Settling  Estates 

Keeping  ai unt  in  Settling]  i  of 

Nuncupative  WH1,  with    LffkUn  it 

Providing  for  the  Settling  of  Difficulties  b] 

Providing  for  th<  Custod]  of  Children 

Short  Formol  Will 

Shorter  Form  "i  Will,    When  Property  is  Left  t..  Wife 255 

Summary  of  State  Law  Relating  to  Wills     

Wilis,  When  Propertj  is  Left  to  Wife  During  Widowhood 255 

Wooden  Wedding,  When  It  Occurs 130 

Woolen  Wedding,  When  II sura 

■    ■  to .-.- 7'' 

Oi  itory    Illustrated..  .451    I 

V ii  Titles  ol  Female  Officei     189 

w.»,(i.  Value  of  Different  Kind-  for  Fuel 290 

w i  Weights  of  Various  Kinds.  Green  or  Dry 

W I.  Weight  per  Cord - 

3">1 

World,  Different  Countries  of  the 291 

Writing  i  ligation  of 34 

Writing  for  the  Press,  Ruli  -  an  I  Directions  r<>r Illustrated <90 


RITING  is  the  art  of  placing 
thought,  by  means  of  written 
characters,  upon  any  object 
capable  of  receiving  the  same. 
The  origin  of  this  art  is  com- 
pletely  veiled  in  obscurity, 
no  history  giving  authentic 
account  of  its  first  introduc- 
tion and  use.  Its  first  recorded  mention  is  in  the 
Bible,  wherein  it  is  said,  referring  to  the  prep- 
aration of  the  Ten  Commandments  by  Moses  on 
Mount  Sinai,  that  "  The  Tables  were  written 
on  both  their  sides." 

Fifteen  hundred  years  before  Christ,  Cadmus, 
the  Phoenician,  had  introduced  letters  into 
Greece,  being  sixteen  in  number,  to  which 
several  were  afterwards  added.  It  is  certain 
that  the  Greeks  were  among  the  very  earliest 
of  the  nations  of  the  earth  to  invent  and  make 
use  of  written  characters  for  the  record  of  ideas, 
which  could  be  clearly  interpreted  by  succeed- 
ing generations;  though  the  invention  of  the 
art  came  from  the  advancing  civilization  of  man- 
kind, and  had  its  origin  with  various  nations- 
at  first  in  the  form  of  hieroglyphics,  or  picture 
writing,  which  characters  have,  as  mankind 
progressed,  been  simplified,  systematized,  and 
arranged  in  alphabets,  giving  us  the  various 
alphabetical  characters  now  in  use. 

Writing  and  penmanship,  though  nearly 
synonymous  terms,  are  quite  different  in  mean- 
ing. Writing  is  the  expression  of  thought  by 
certain  characters,  and  embraces  penmanship, 
spelling,  grammar  and  composition. 


EXMAXSHIP  is  the  combina- 
tion of  peculiar  characters  used 
to  represent  the  record  of 
thought ;  and  having,  since  its 
first  invention,  continued  to 
change  its  form  down  to  the 
present  time,  so  it  is  probable 
^£S§*  "  the  style  of  penmanship  will 
continue  to  change  in  the  future.  The  great 
defect  existing  in  the  present  system  of  pen- 
manship is  the  superabundance  of  surplus 
marks,  that  really  mean  nothing.  This  fault, 
along  with  our  defective  alphabet,  consumes  in 
writing,  at  present,  a  great  amount  of  unneces- 
sary time  and  labor.  Thus,  in  writing  the 
word  Though,  we  make  twenty-seven  motions, 
whereas,  being  but  two  sounds  in  the  word,  we 
actually  require  but  two  simple  marks. 

That  style  of  writing  whereby  we  use  a 
character  to  represent  each  sound,  is  known  as 
phonography,  which  system  of  penmanship 
enables  the  penman  to  write  with  the  rapidity 
of  speech.  The  phonetic  or  phonographic 
system  of  spelling,  wherein  each  sound  is 
represented  by  a  character,  gives  us  the  nearest 
approach  to  a  perfect  alphabet  in  existence, 
aud  is  the  method  of  spelling  and  the  style  of 
writing  to  which  we  will,  beyond  question, 
ultimately  attain. 

It  has  been  found  extremely  difficult,  how- 
ever, to  suddenly  change  a  style  of  alphabet  in 
general  use  in  a  living  language;  and  the  mass 
of  the  American  and  English  people  will,  with- 
out doubt,  use  the  present  style  of  penmanship, 


18 


PENMANSHIP     ILLUSTRATKI). 


with  various  modifications,  many  decades  in  the 
future.  To  the  perfection  of  that  system  in 
general  use,  in  the  English  and  American 
method  of  writing,  which  the  present  genera- 
tion will  be  most  likely  to  have  occasion  to  use 
throughout  their  lifetime,  this  work  is  directed, 
as  having  thus  the  most  practical  value  ;  though 
Short-hand  is  illustrated  elsewhere. 

System  of  Penmanship. 

Two  styles  of  penmanship  have  been  in  use, 
and  each  in  turn  has  been  popular  with 
Americans  in  the  past  fifty  years ;  one  known 
as  the  round  hand,  the  other  as  the  angular 
writing.  The  objection  attaching  to  each  is, 
that  the  round  hand,  while  having  the  merit  of 
legibility,  requires  too  much  time  in  its  exe- 
cution; and  the  angular,  though  rapidly  written, 
is  wanting  in  legibility.  The  best  teachers  of 
penmanship,  of  late,  have  obviated  the  objec- 
tions attaching  to  these  different  styles,  by  com- 
bining  the  virtues  of  both  in  one,  producing  a 
semi-angular  penmanship,  possessing  the  legi- 
bility of  the  round  hand  along  with  the  rapid 
execution  of  the  angular. 

To  the  Duntons,  of  Boston,  and  the  late  P. 
R.  Spencer,  as  the  founders  of  the  semi-angular 
penmanship,  are  the  people  indebted  for  the 
beautiful  system  of  writing  now  in  general  use 
in  the  schools  tliroughout  the  country. 

Copies. 

The  copies,  accompanied  by  directions  in 
this  book,  will  be  found  ample  in  number  and 
sufficiently  explicit  in  detail  to  give  the  student 
a  knowledge  of  writing  and  flourishing.  In 
acquiring  a  correct  penmanship  it  is  not  the 
practice  of  many  different  copies  that  makes 
the  proficient  penman,  but  rather  a  proper 
understanding  of  a  few  select  ones,  for  a  few 
copies  embrace  the  whole  art. 

As  will  be  seen  by  an  examination  of  the 
copy  plates,  each  letter  of  the  alphabet  is  made 
in  a  variety  of  styles,  both  large  and  small,  suc- 
ceeded by  words  alphabetically  arranged  in  fine 


and  coarse  penmanship,  which  are  excellently 
adapted  to  the  wants  of  both  ladies  and  gentle- 
men, according  to  the  dictates  of  fancy  in  the 
selection  of  coarse  and  fine  hand. 

As  a  rule,  however,  the  bold  penmanship, 
indicating  force  of  character,  will  be  naturally 
adopted  by  gentlemen,  while  the  finer  hand, 
exhibiting  delicacy  and  refinement,  will  be 
chosen  by  the  ladies. 

Principles. 

The  principles  of  penmanship,  also  repre- 
sented, give  the  complete  analysis  of  each 
letter,  while  the  proper  and  improperly  made 
letters,  representing  good  and  bad  placed  side 
by  side,  will  have  a  tendency  to  involuntarily 
improve  the  penmanship,  even  of  the  person  who 
makes  a  casual  examination  of  the  letters  of 
the  alphabet  thus  made  in  contrast.    - 

The  illustrations  of  curves,  proportions  and 
shades  that  accompany  these  directions  should 
also  be  carefully  studied,,  as  a  knowledge  of 
these  scientific  principles  in  penmanship  will 
be  found  of  great  service  to  the  student  in 
giving  a  correct  understanding  of  the  formation 
of  letters. 

Importance  of  Practice. 

It  is  not  sufficient,  however,  that  the  student 
merely  study  the  theory  of  writing.  To  be  pro- 
ficient there  must  be  actual  practice.  To  con- 
fine t  this  exercise  to  advantage  it  is  necessary 
to  have  the  facilities  for  writing  well.  Essen- 
tial to  a  successful  practice  are  good  tools  with 
which  to  write.  These  comprise  the  following 
writing  materials : 

Pens. 

Metallic  pens  have  generally  superseded  the 
quill.  They  are  of  all  styles  and  quality  of 
metal,  gold  and  steel,  however,  being  the  best. 
In  consequence  of  its  flexibility  and  great  dur- 
ability, many  prefer  the  gold  pen ;  though  in 
point  of  fine  execution,  the  best  penmen  prefer 
the  steel  pen,  a  much  sharper  and  finer  hair  line 
being  cut  with  it  than  with  the  gold  pen. 


SELF -INSTRUCTOR   IN    PENMANSHIP. 


19 


Paper. 

For  practice  in  penmanship,  obtain  of  the 
stationer  five  sheets  of  good  foolscap  paper. 
Midway  from  top  to  bottom  of  the  sheet,  cut 
the  paper  in  two,  placing  one  half  inside  the 
other.  Use  a  strong  paper  for  the  cover,  and 
sew  the  whole  together,  making  a  writing-book. 
Use  a  piece  of  blotting  paper  to  rest  the  hand 
on.  The  oily  perspiration  constantly  passing 
from  the  hand  unfits  the  surface  of  the  paper 
for  receiving  good  penmanship.  The  hand 
should  never  touch  the  paper  upon  which  it  is 
designed,  afterwards,  to  write. 

Ink. 

Black  ink  is  best.  That  which  flows  freely, 
and  is  nearest  black  when  first  used,  gives  the 
most  satisfaction.  The  inkstand  should  be  heavy 
and  flat,  with  a  large  opening,  from  which  to 
take  ink,  and  not  liable  to  tip  over.  The  best 
inkstand  is  made  of  thick  cut  glass,  enabling 
the  writer  to  see  the  amount  of  ink  in  the 
same,  and  shows  always  how  deep  to  set  the 
pen  when  taking  ink  from  the  stand.  Care 
should  be  observed  not  to  take  too  much  ink  on 
the  pen  ;  and  the  surplus  ink  should  be  thrown 
back  into  the  bottle,  and  never  upon  the  carpet 
or  floor.  Close  the  bottle  when  done  using 
it.  thus  preventing  rapid  evaporation  of  the  ink, 
causing  it  soon  to  become  too  thick. 

Other  Writing  Materials. 

An  important  requisite  that  should  accom- 
pany the  other  writing  materials  is  the  pen 
wiper,  used  always  to  clean  the  pen  when  the 
writing  exercise  is  finished,  when  the  ink  does 
not  now  readily  to  the  point  of  the  pen,  or  when 
lint  has  caught  upon  the  point.  A  small  piece 
of  buckskin  or  chamois  skin,  obtained  at  the 
drug  store,  makes  much  the  best  wiper.  The 
student  should  be  provided  with  various  sizes 
of  paper,  for  different  exercises  to  be  written, 
such  as  commercial  forms,  letters,  notes  of 
invitation,  etc.,  with  envelopes  to  correspond  in 
size;  together  with  lead-pencil,  rubber,  ruler, 


and  mucilage.  Thus  provided  with  all  the 
materials  necessary,  the  writing  exercise,  which 
otherwise  would  be  an  unpleasant  task,  becomes 
a  pleasure. 

How  to  Practice. 

Having  the  necessary  materials  in  readiness 
for  writing,  the  student  should  set  apart  a  cer- 
tain hour  or  two  each  day  for  practice  in  pen- 
manship, for  at  least  one  month,  carefully 
observing  the  following  directions  : 

See  Plate  1.  Carefully  examine  each  copy 
on  this  plate.  Devote  one  page  in  the  writing 
book  to  the  practice  of  each  copy.  Commence 
with  copy  No.  1.  The  practice  of  this  copy  is 
an  important  exercise  for  two  reasons,  being  : 
first,  to  give  sufficient  angularity  for  rapidity  in 
writing;  and  second,  to  give  freedom  of  move- 
ment. 

The  student  who  carries  a  heavy,  cramped 
hand,  will  find  great  benefit  result  from  pm< 
ing  this  copy  always  at  the  commencement  of 
the  writing  exercise.  Rest  the  hand  on  the 
two  lower  fingers  —  never  on  the  wrist,  and 
rest  the  body  and  arm  lightly  upon  the  fore- 
arm. Assume  thus  a  position  whereby  the 
pen  can  take  in  the  entire  sweep  of  the  page, 
writing  this  exercise,  in  copy  No.  1,  from  the 
left  to  the  right  side  of  the  page,  without 
removing  the  pen  from  the  paper  while  making 
the  same.  The  student  may  write  both  with 
pen  and  lead-pencil,  and  should  continue  the 
practice  of  this  exercise  until  perfect  command 
is  obtained  of  the  fingers,  hand  and  arm  ;  and 
all  evidence  of  a  stiff,  cramped  penmanship  dis- 
appears. 

Copy  No.  2  is  a  contraction  of  copy  No.  1, 

making  the  letter  Wl.      Great  care  should  be 


used  in  writing 

■I,  30  M  88  7„ 


of  52  degrees, 
of  letters. 


this  letter  to  make  the  several 
parts  of  the  same,  uniform 
in  height,  size,  and  slope  ; 
the  downward  slope  of  all 
the  letters  being  at  an  angle 

See  diagram  illustrating  slope 


20 


PENMANSHIP    ILLUSTRATED. 


N   object  early  to 

be  attained,  is  to 

acquire  an  easy,  graceful  and 

healthful  position  of  body  while  sitting 

or  standing,  when  writing.    To  obtain  this, 

the  writer  should  sit  with  the  right  side  to 

^~»2>  the  desk,  using  a  table  so  high  as  to  compel  the 

body  to  sit  erect. 

Rest  the  arm  lightly  upon  the  elbow  and  fore- 
arm, and  the  hand  upon  the  two  lower  fingers,  the 
wrist  being  free  from  the  desk.    Allow  the  body  and 
head  to  incline  sufficiently  to  see  the  writing,  but  no 
»j  more. 

Maintain  a  position  such  as  will  give  a  free  expansion 
of  the  lungs,  as  such  posture  is  absolutely  indispensable 
to  the  preservation  of  health. 

A  desk  or  table,  with  a  perfectly  level  surface,  is  best 
for  writing.    Where  a  decided  preference  is  manifested  for  sitting 
with  the  left  side,  or  square,  to  the  desk,  such  position  may  be 
taken.     If  the  desk  slopes  considerably,  the  left  side  is  preferable. 

Avoid  dropping  the  body  down  into  an  awkward,  tiresome  position.  If  wearied 
with  continued  sitting,  cease  writing.  Lay  down  the  pen,  step  forth  into  the 
fresh  air,  throw  back  the  arms,  expand  the  chest,  inflate  the  lungs,  and  take  exercise.  When 
work  is  again  resumed,  maintain  the  same  erect  position,  until  the  habit  becomes  thoroughly  fixed 
of  sitting  gracefully  and  easily,  while  engaged  in  this  exercise. 


SELF-INSTRUCTOR   IN   PENMANSHIP. 


21 


O  secure  the  correct  slope  of 
a  plain,  rapid  penmanship, 
when  writing,  keep  the  paper  at  right 
angles  with  the  arm,  holding  the  same 
in  position  with  the  left  hand,  the 
edge  of  the  paper  being  parallel  with  edge  of  the 
desk. 

Hold  the  pen  between  the  thumb  and  second  finger, 
resting  against  the  corner  of  the  nail,  with  the  fore- 
finger on  the  back  of  the  pen,  for  the  purpose  of  steady- 
ing it ;  having  the  thumb  sufficiently  bent  to  come 
opposite  the  forefinger  joint,  the  two  last  fingers  being ' 
bent  under,  resting  lightly  on  the  nails. 

Avoid  dropping    or  rolling  the  hand  and  pen    too  much  to 
one  side,  thereby  causing  one  point  of  the  pen  to  drag  more  heavily 
than  the  other,  thus  producing  a  rough  mark  in  writing.    A  smooth  stroke 
indicates  that  the  pen  is  held  correctly;  a  rough  one  tells  us  when  the 
position  is  wrong. 

Sit  sufficiently  close  to  the  desk  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  leaning  for- 
ward or  sidewise  in  order  to  reach  the  same,  and  occupy  a  chair  that  gives  support  to  the 
back,  using  a  table  large  enough  to  comfortably  hold  all  the  writing  materials  that  are  necessary 
when  writing. 


22 


PENMANSHIP    ILLUSTKATKD. 


Copy  No.  3  shows  (see  Plate  I)  the  Wl, 
in  words,  and  illustrates  the  distinction  that 
should  be  made  between  the  several  letters,  to 
make  writing  plain.  See  "Description  of  the 
Plates." 

Legibility. 

Legibility  is  of  the  greatest  importance  in 
penmanship  ;  and  care  should  be  observed  to 
make  each  letter  very  distinctly  what  it  is 
designed  to  be.  While  practicing  with  a  view 
to  improvement,  the  student  should  beware  of 
writing  too  fast.  The  copies  are  very  simple, 
and  are  easily  imitated  by  the  student  who  may 
give  the  subject  earnest  attention  and  care. 


Proportion  of  Small  Letters. 

The  following  diagrams  represent  the  relative 
proportion  of  the  capital  and  small  letters.  As 
will  be  seen  in  the  diagram  for  the  finer  hand, 
there  are  eight  lines,  containing  seven  spares. 
In  the  middle  space  are  made  the  contracted 
letters    which    occupy    one    space,    excepting 

/  and  ,/,  which  are  a  little  higher.     The  <£.  €c 


and     ,    ar 


e  each  of  the  same  height ;  yi  and  -ft 

extend  the  same  distance  below  the  line.  The 
loop  letters  are  all  of  the  same  length  above  and 
below  the  line,  the  loop  being  two  thirds  the 
length  of  the  letter.  Capitals  are  of  the  same 
height  as  the  loop  letters  above  the  line. 


RELATIVE   PROPORTION   OF   LETTERS   IN   LARGE,    ROUND   HAND 


Elements  of  Small  Letters. 

By  examination  of  the  small  letters  of  the 
alphabet,  it  is  seen  that  they  can  be  resolved 
into  a  few  fundamental  elements  (or  principles, 
as  they  are  called  by  many  teachers),  being  five 
in  number,  as  follows  : 

"■£  V  3-Z  V  s/ 
The  1st  principle,  -£,  is  found  in  the  following 
letters,  viz  :  last  of  it  -ec  completely  in  the  -£. 
in  the  fa.  with  the  lower  part  omitted  ;  last  of 
the  *£,  first  of  the  4  and  d-y  completely  in  the 
ty  completely  in  the  46  and  last  of  6C-. 


The  2nd  principle,  /,  forms  the  first  of 
Wl.   <W   and  upper  part  of   •£,. 

The  3rd  principle,  ^  forms  the  lower  part  of 
'Aj  the  lower  part  of  ?£■;  last  of  ^2,  ^2  aud 
m,  and  first  of  U^    tit,  <Z  and  ^U. 

The  4th  principle,  &j  forms  the  first  part  of 
■fly  left  of  -c  lower  part  of  -Cl;  left  of  £,  lower 
part  of  /,  upper  part  of  «,  the  whole  of  <z, 
upper  part  of  -(Z  and  right  of  d. 


SELF- INSTRUCTOR   IN   PENMANSHIP. 


23 


The  5th  principle,  -/f  forms  the  upper  part  of 

fo    &,    <n;    Jz      and    4.     Inverted,it  forms 

the  lower  part  of  £2,    /,    ^U-     and 


General  Hints  for  Small  Letters. 

Be  careful  to  close  the  <l  at  the  top,  else  it 

will  resemble  a  44.     Observe    the   distinction 

between  the  ^2  and  the  44,     The  -£  and  -it  are 

shaded  at  the  top,  and  made  square.     The  ■£ 
is    crossed    one   third    the   distance  from    the 
top.       The    loop    is    of     uniform    length    in 
all   loop  letters.      Avoid  a  loop  in  the  upper 

part  of  'I  and  d.  The  dot  of  the  -£  should 
be  at  a  point  twice  the  height  of  the  letter. 
Beware  of  making  the  extended  letters  crooked. 
The  left  hand  mark  of  the  loop  letters  should 
be  straight,  from  the  center  of  the  loop  to  the 
line,  sloping  at  an  angle  of  52  degrees.  See 
diagram  of  slope.  Figures  are  twice  the  height 
of  the  491. 


Principles  of  Capital  Letters. 


No. 


a/©/ 


No.  2. 


No.  3. 


gy 


The  capital  stem 
(see  No.  1)  can  be 
terminated  at  the 
bottom,  as  shown  in 
the  first  character. 
Observe  in  Nos.  2  and 
3  the  disposition  of 
shades,  curves  and 
parallel  lines.  Their 
application  in  capitals 
will  be  seen  in  the 
next  column. 


CAPITAL  LETTERS. 

Three  standard  principles  are  used  in  the 
formation  of  Capital  Letters,  viz: 


The  1st  principle,  (Q/     called  the  capital 
stem,  is  found  in    ((, 


The  2nd   principle, 


occurs   in 


:@4,6,^, 


The  3rd   principle, 


is  found  in  the 


V    ^-^  / 


upper  part   of 

Gf& ?and  ,f=2/     and  forms  the  first  of 
^  €2o,  and 


/         V  /         Si  S 


Capital   letters,  in   a   bold  penmanship,    are 
three  times  the  height  of  the  small  letter    'fit. 


24 


PENMANSHIP   ILLUSTP.ATED. 


No.  I. 


VIEWS  OF  THE   CORRECT  POSITION    FOR   HOLDING   HAND  AND   PEN  WHILE  WRITING. 

No.  I  Represents  the  first  position  to  be  taken,  when  placing 
the  hand  in  correct  position  for  writing.  As  will  be  seen,  the 
hand  is  squarely  on  the  palm,  and  not  rolled  to  one  side.  The 
wrist  is  free  from  the  desk,  and  the  two  lower  fingers  are  bent 
under,  resting  upon  the  nails. 


No.  2  Exhibits  the  hand  elevated  upon  the  two  lower  fingers, 
with  the  pen  placed  in  correct  position.  The  end  of  the  large 
finger  drops  slightly  beneath  the  penholder,  giving  a  much  greater 
command  of  the  fingers  than  when  it  rests  at  the  side  or  slightly 
on  top  of  the  holder. 


No.  2. 


No.  3. 


No.  4. 


No.  3  Shows  another  view  of  correct  position.  It  will  be  seen 
that  no  space  is  shown  between  the  pen  and  finger,  the  holder 
crossing  the  forefinger  in  front  of  the  knuckle-joint.  The  thumb 
is  sufficiently  bent  to  come  opposite  the  forefinger-joint,  supporting 
the  holder  on  the  end  of  the  thumb.  The  end  of  the  large  finger 
should  be  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  from  the  point  of  the 
pen. 

No.  4  Represents  the  correct  position  when  the  pen  is  at  the 
bottom  of  an  extended  letter  below  the  line,  the  pen  being,  as 
shown,  nearly  perpendicular.  With  the  holder  held  snugly 
beneath  the  forefinger  and  supported  on  the  end  of  the  thumb, 
the  greatest  command  is  thus  given  to  the  fingers. 

No.  5  Exhibits  the  front  view  of  the  hand  showing  the  position 
of  the  forefinger,  which  should  rest  squarely  on  the  top  of  the 
holder.  The  large  finger  drops  beneath  the  holder,  which  crosses 
the  corner  of  the  nail.  The  hand  is  held,  as  shown,  squarely  on 
the  palm  and  not  dropped  to  one  side. 


No.  5. 


SELF- INSTRUCTOR    IN    PENMANSHIP. 


25 


VIEWS  REPRESENTING  INCORRECT  POSITIONS  FOR  HAND  AND  PEN  WHILE  WRITING. 


No.  6  Represents  the  evil  effect  of  rolling  the  hand  too  much 
to  one  side,  and  holding  all  of  the  fingers  so  straight  as  to  com- 
pletely lose  command  of  them.  The  result  is  a  stiff,  heavy, 
cramped  penmanship,  and  rough  marks,  resulting  from  one  point 
of  the  pen  dragging  more  heavily  than  the  other. 


No.  6. 


No.  7  Exhibits  the  pen  "  held  so  tightly  that  the  hand  is  wearied 
and  the  letters  look  frightfully."  The  large  finger  should  be 
straightened,  and  the  end  caused  to  drop  lightly  beneath  the 
holder.  The  forefinger  should  be  brought  down  snugly  upon  the 
holder,  and  the  end  of  the  thumb  brought  back  opposite  the  fore- 
finger joint.  Loosen  the  fingers  ,  grasping  the  holder  therein  just 
firm  enough  to  guide  the  pen  and  no  more. 


No.  7. 


No.  8  Shows  the  result  of  dropping  the  hand  too  heavily  upon 
the  wrist  and  allowing  it  to  roll  to  one  side.  The  writer  has  thus 
lost  command  of  the  hand  and  arm,  and  the  pen  scratches,  result- 
ing from  one  point  dragging  more  heavily  than  the  other.  The 
large  finger  should  drop  beneath  the  holder,  and  the  hand  should 
be  brought  up  squarely  upon  the  palm. 

No.  9  Represents  another  bad  position,  with  pen  held  too 
tightly.  The  writer  loses  a  command  of  the  fingers,  in  this  case, 
by  allowing  the  holder  to  fall  below  the  knuckle-joint  between 
the  forefinger  and  thumb.  All  the  fingers  are  likewise  out  of 
position. 


No.  8. 


The  student  should  institute  a  rigid  comparison  between  the 
correct  and  incorrect  positions  herewith  shown,  with  an  earnest 
resolve  to  reject  the  wrong  and  to  hold  fast  that  which  is  good. 


No.  9. 


2b 


•26 


PENMANSHIP    ILLVSTKATKIi. 


As  is  exhibited  in  the  above,  those 
Utters  composed  of  curved  lines  pre- 
sent a  grace  and  beauty  not  shown  in 
those  having  straight  lines  and  angles. 
As  a  rule,  never  make  a  straight  line 
in  a  capital  letter  when  it  can  be 
avoided. 


NATURE'S  RULES. 

HERE  are  a  few  general  prin- 
ciples in  Nature  that  are  appli- 
cable to  penmanship.  These 
principles  are  eternal,  and  will 
never  change. 

Curved  Lines. 

The  first  is  that  of  curved  lines. 
Those  objects  in  Nature  that  we 
most  admire  possess  a  grace  and  fullness  of 
curve  which  elicit  our  admiration.  The  edge 
of  the  flower  curves.  The  trunk  of  the  tree, 
the  leaf,  the  bud,  the  dewdrop,  the  rainbow, 
—  all  that  is  beautiful  in  Nature,  in  fact,  is 
made  up  of  curved  lines.  The  human  counte- 
nance, rounded  and  flushed  with  the  rosy  hue  of 
health,  is  beautiful.  Wasted  by  disease  and 
full  of  angles,  it  is  less  attractive.  The  wind- 
big  pathway  in  the  park,  the  graceful  bending 
of  the  willow,  the  rounded  form  of  every  object 
that  we  admire,  are  among  the  many  illustra- 
tions of  this  principle.  This  is  finely  shown  in 
the  engraving  of  birds  and  flowers  at  the  head 
of  this  chapter. 

The  same  applied  to  the  making  of  capital 
letters  is  shown  in  the  following,  representing 
in  contrast  letters  made  of  curves  and  straight 
lines : 


Proportion. 

Another  important  principle  is  that  of  pro- 
portion. Any  object,  to  present  a  pleasing 
appearance  to  the  eye,  should  have  a  base  of 
sufficient  size  and  breadth  to  support  the  same. 
Nature  is  full  of  examples.  The  mountain  is 
broadest  at  the  base  ;  and  the  trunk  of  every 
tree  and  shrub  that  grows  upon  its  sides,  is 
largest  near  the  earth,  the  roots  spreading 
broader  than  the  branches. 

Tl>e  good  mechanic  builds  accordingly.  The 
monument  is  broadest  at  the  base.  The  house 
has  a  foundation  large  enough  for  its  support, 
and  the  smallest  article  of  household  use  or 
ornament,  constructed  to  stand  upright,  is  made 
with  reference  to  this  principle  of  proportion, 
witli  base  broader  than  the  top.  This  principle, 
applied  in  capital  letters,  is  shown  by  contrast 
of  various  letters  made  in  good  and  bad  pro- 
portion, as  follows : 


J7  € '  £> 


Letters  should  be  constructed  self  supporting 
in  appearance,  with  a  foundation  sufficiently 
broad  to  support  that  which  is  above. 


SELF- INSTRUCTOR    IX    PENMANSHIP. 


27 


Contrast. 

A  very  important  principle,  also,  is  that  of 
contrast.  Nature  is  again  the  teacher,  and 
affords  an  endless  variety  of  lessons.  Scenery 
is  beautiful  that  is  most  greatly  diversified  by 
contrast.  That  is  more  beautiful  which  is 
broken  by  mountain,  hill,  valley,  stream,  and 
woodland,  than  the  level  prairie,  where  nothing 
meets  the  eye  but  brown  grass.  The  bouquet  of 
flowers  is  beautiful  in  proportion  to  the  many 
colors  that  adorn  it,  and  the  strong  contrast 
of  those  colors.  Oratory  is  pleasing  when 
accompanied  by  changes  in  the  tone  of  voice. 
Music  is  beautiful  from  the  variety  of  tone. 
The  city  is  attractive  from  contrast  in  the  style 
of  buildings ;  and  the  architecture  of  the  edifice 
that  is  broken  by  striking  projections,  tall 
columns,  bold  cornice,  etc.,  is  beautiful  from 
that  contrast.  Thus  in  penmanship.  Made 
with  graceful  curves,  and  in  good  proportion, 
the  letter  is  still  more  beautiful  by  the  contrast 
of  light  and  shaded  lines,  the  heavy  line  giving 
life  to  the  appearance  of  the  penmanship.  If 
desirous  of  observing  this  principle,  care  should 
be  taken  not  to  bring  two  shades  together,  as 
the  principle  of  contrast  is  thus  destroyed. 
The  effect  of  shade  is  shown  by  the  following 
letters  in  contrast. 

In  capitals,  where  one  line  comes  inside 
another,  it  is  important  for  beauty  that  the 
lines  should  run  parallel  to  each  other.  The 
equi-distant  lines  of  the  rainbow,  and  the 
circles  around  the  planets,  are  among  Nature's 
illustrations.  A  uniformity  of  slope  and  height, 
in  all  letters  should  also  carefully  be  observed. 

Again,  as  the  well-trimmed  lawn  and  the 
cleanly  kept  park,  with  no  unsightly  weeds  or 
piles  of  rubbish  to  meet  the  gaze,  are  objects 
of  admiration,  so  the  neatly-kept  page  of  writing, 
marred  by  no  blots  or  stains,  is  beautiful  to  the 
eve. 


Position  of  the  Hand  in  Flourishing. 

In  executing  broad  sweeps  with  the  pen,  and 
assuming  a  position  that  will  give  greatest  com- 
mand of  the  hand  in  flourishing,  the  position 
of  the  pen  in  the  hand  should  be  reversed  ; 
the  end  of  the  penholder  pointing  from  the 
left  shoulder,  the  pen  pointing  towards  the  body, 
the  holder  being  held  between  the  thumb  and 
two  first  fingers,  as  shown  above. 

Plain  Penmanship  and  Flourishing. 

The  chief  merit  of  business  penmanship  is 
legibility  and  rapidity  of  execution.  Without 
sacrificing  these  qualities,  the  student  may  add 
as  much  beauty  as  possible.  The  business  pen- 
man should  beware,  however,  of  giving  much 
attention  to  flourishing,  its  practice,  aside  from 
giving  freedom  with  the  pen,  being  rather  to 
distract  the  mind  from  the  completion  of  a  good 
style  of  business  writing.  Especially  in  plain 
penmanship  should  all  flourishing  be  avoided. 
Nothing  is  in  worse  taste,  in  a  business  letter, 
than  various  attempts  at  extra  ornamentation. 

To  the  professional  penman,  however,  in  the 
preparation  of  different  kinds  of  pen  work,  a 
knowledge  of  scientific  flourishing  is  essential 
to  the  highest  development  of  the  art. 

The  principles  of  curves,  shades  and  propor- 
tion that  govern  the  making  of  capital  letters 
apply  as  well  also   in  flourishing. 


28 


PENMANSHIP    II.LUSTKATED. 


CORRECT  POSITION 


FOR    STAJVIillVO- 


Showing  Hla.iad.Ss  Paper,  and 
PoKition   of  tLie  Feet. 


'  ]J  E  desk  at  which  the  individual 
Btands  when  writing,  should 
slightly  incline  from  the  front 
upward.  It  should  so  project 
as  to  give  ample  room  for  the 
feet  beneath,  -which  Bhonld  be  60  placed  as  to 
be  at  nearly  right  angles  with  each  other,  the 
right  foot  forward,  the  principal  weight  of  the 
body  resting  upon  the  left.  Incline  the  left 
side  to  the  desk,  resting  the  body  upon  the  left 
elbow,  as  shown  in  the  above  engraving,  thus 
leaving  the  right  arm  free  to  use  the  muscular 
or  whole  arm  movement,  as  may  he  desired. 

The  desk  should  be  so  high  as  to  cause  the 
writer  to  6tand  erect,  upon  which  the  paper 
should  be  placed  with  the  edge  parallel  with 
the  desk. 


Rest  the  body  lightly  on  the  forearm,  and  the 
hand  upon  the  two  lower  fingers,  the  end  of  the 
penholder  pointing  towards  the  right  shoulder. 
Practice  in  the  position  herewith  shown,  either 
with  lead  pencil  or  pen,  upon  waste  paper, 
entirely  regardless  of  the  form  of  letters,  untH 
the  pen  can  be  held  easily  and  correctly,  and 
writing  can  be  executed  rapidly.  Strike  off- 
hand exercises,  and  the  whole  arm  capitals, 
making  each  letter  as  perfectly  as  may  be,  the 
practice,  however,  being  with  special  reference 
to  acquiring  the  correct  position,  and  freedom 
of  movement. 

Steady  the  paper  firmly  with  the  left  hand, 
holding  it  near  the  top  of  the  sheet,  as  shown 
in  the  illustration.  Beware  of  soiling  the  paper 
with  perspiration  from  the  left  hand. 


SELF-lXSTRrCTOR    IX    PENMANSHIP. 


29 


<* 


*^m& 


CORRECT  $  INCORRECT 


SITTING  and  HOLDING 

THE    ZPZEILT. 


uQjI. 


-- °*e^: 


'ERE  W  ITH  are  shown,  in  con- 
trast, the  correct  and  incor- 
rect positions  for  sitting  while 
writing ;  the  upright  figure 
representing  the  youth  who 
sits  erect,  graceful  and  easy, 
holding  the  paper  at  right  angles  with  the  arm, 
steadying  tne  same  with  the  left  hand. 

As  will  be  perceived,  the  correct  position, 
here  represented  is  at  once  conducive  to  health 
and  comfort,  being  free  from  labored  effort  and 
weariness. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  table  sits  a  youth 
whose  legs  are  tired,  whose  hands  are  wearied, 
and  whose  head  and  back  ache  from  his 
struggles  at  writing.  This  boy  will  be  liable 
to  become,  ere  long,  near-sighted,  from  keeping 
his  eyes  so  close  to  his  work.    He  will  be  round- 


shouldered,  will  have  weak  lungs,  and  will 
probably  early  die  of  consumption,  caused  from 
sitting  in  a  cramped,  contracted  and  unhealthy 
posture. 

The  bad  positions  liable  to  be  assumed  in 
writing,  are,  first,  the  one  here  shown  ;  second, 
lying  down  and  sprawling  both  elbows  on  the 
table ;  third,  rolling  the  body  upon  one  side, 
turning  the  eyes,  and  swinging  the  head,  at  the 
same  time  protruding  and  twisting  the  tongue 
ever}r  time  a  letter  is  made. 

An  earnest,  determined  effort  should  be  made, 
when  writing,  to  bring  the  body  iwto  an  easy, 
graceful  attitude,  until  the  habit  becomes 
thoroughly  established. 

This  illustration  should  be  carefully  studied 
by  youth  when  learning  to  write;  and  all 
writers  should  give  the  matter  attention. 


30 


PENMANSHIP   ILLUSTRATED. 


SMALL  LETTERS  CONTRASTED,  SHOWING  PROBABLE  FAULTS.     RIGHT  AND  WRONG. 


^Ots        ^j2^ 


€1 


/ 


Wrong.  Right.  Wrong.  Right. 

1st  .1  is  not  closed  at  the  top.     It  resembles  a  ».        Js[  j  ;s  crooked  and  contains  too  much  loop  at 
2nd  a  contains  a  loop  and  resembles  an  e.  \  the  bottom.    2ndy,  loop  loo  short. 


-ff 


/ 


Um.ii:  Right. 

1st  b  is  crooked.    2nd  b  has  a  loop  too  long. 


^     & 


«i'"iiu. 


Right. 


1st  c  has  the  connecting  line  too  high.     2nd  c  has 
a  loop  too  large,  causing  it  to  resemble  the  e. 


J26  <**£ 


y 


Wrong. 


Right. 


^A        * 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  k  resembles  an  //  and  is  crooked.    2nd  ky  loop 
too  long ;  lower  part  spreads  too  much. 


^fj0 


W  ron  g. 


Right. 


1st /is  crooked.     2nd  /,  loop  too  broad  and  too 
long. 


^Z^CS       y^Uty  4K 


Wrong. 


Right. 


^>         J^ 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  s  is  too  short.  2nd  s  contains  a  loop,  top  and 
bottom. 


4, 


/ 


KiJn. 


Wrong. 

Is!  /,  not  crossed,  is  too  round  at  the  bottom,  with 
bad  connecting  line.    2nd  /  slopes  too  much. 


>o</ 


u 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st   u   resembles  an   n.     2nd  u  is   irregular   in 
height. 


/&- 


Wrong. 


<U 


Rlght. 


1st    (/contains   a  loop  at  the  bottom.      2nd  d 
slopes  too  much. 


j2 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  <-,  loop  too  small.     2nd  ey  loop  too  large. 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  f  is  crooked.      2nd  /  has  a  loop  too  long, 
top  and  bottom. 


?  / 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  g  is  left  open  at    the  top.      It  resembles  a  y. 
2nd  g  contains  a  loop  at  the  top. 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  //  is  crooked.     2nd  h  has  a  loop  too  long. 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  m  lacks  uniformity  of  slope   and  appearance. 
2nd  m  lacks  uniformity  of  height,  and  too  angular. 


/yv     s£c 


Wrong. 


<n 


Right. 


1st  n  larks  uniformity  of  slope.     2nd  n  resembles 
a  u  with  first  part  too  high. 


jW 


Wrong. 


0 
Right. 


1st  o  is  left  open  at  the  top  and  resembles  a  v. 
2nd  o  contains  a  loop. 


y^       / 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  /  is  crooked.     2nd  /  has  been  patched  and  is 
badly  shaded. 


"^    -P      f 


Wrong. 


Right. 


Is.  (j  is  left  open  at    the  top.     2nd  q  contains  ; 
loop  in  the  top. 


1-t   i   has  no  dot,  and  the  lines  unite  too  low 
2nd   %  has  the  dot  too  near  the  letter  ;   the    lines 
are  not  sufficiently  united. 


9s    Si 

Wrong. 


4 

Right. 


1st  r  contains  a  loop.     2nd  r  is  too  flat 


1st  ?■  is  too  angular  at  the  top  and  bottom.     2nd 
7'  spreads  too  much. 


-^    sU^ 


■tu 


Wrong.  Right. 

l>l  w  is  too  angular.    2nd  iv  is  irregular  in  height. 


OC      ^ 


<%■ 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  x  is  spread  too  much.      2nd  x  is  too  angular. 


&<& 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  y  is  too  high  in  the  first  part.     2nd  j*  slopes 
too  much. 


s 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  z  has  a  loop  at  the  top.     2nd  z  slopes  too 
much. 


MS 


Wrong. 


Right. 


The  dollar  mark  should  have  parallel  lines  being 
crossed  by  a  character  similar  to  the  letter  S. 


SELF-INSTRUCTOK    IN    PENMANSHIP. 


31 


CAPITALS  CONTRASTED,  SHOWING   PROBABLE  FAULTS.     RIGHT  AND  WRONG. 


cfi      &  @/ 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  A   is  too  broad  at  the  top.      2nd  too  much 
resembles  the  small  a. 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  B  has  a  bad  capital  stem.     2nd  B,  like  the 
first,  is  too  large  at  the  top. 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  Chas  the  loop  too  large,  with  base  too  small. 
2nd  C  contains  an  angle. 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  J  is  crooked.    2nd  J  is  too  broad  at  the  top, 
and  contains  a  bad  loop  at  the  bottom. 


je  & 


Wrong. 


Right. 


"Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  5"  has  the  loop  too  small  at  the  top.     2nd  .5" 
has  the  loop  too  large  at  the  top. 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  K  has  a  bad  capital  stem.     2nd  K  has  an 
angular  capital  stem,  and  spreads  too  much. 


Wrong. 


Right. 


^^ 


Wrong 


Right. 


1st  D  contains  several  angles.     2nd  D  is  out  of 
proportion. 


P      € 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  E  contains  angles.    2nd  Ks  out  of  proportion 
by  beinp  too  large  at  the  top. 


^r 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  L    loop  too  large  in  upper  part.    2nd  L  has 
the  loop  in  the  top  too  small. 


&Jk  Ub  ©4? 


VI  I  Oil" 


Right. 


1st  M  spreads  too  much  at  the  top  and  has  a  bad 
capital  stem.  2nd  M  is  too  close  at  the  top,  has  a 
bad  capital  stem,  the  last  O  part  spreading  too 
much. 


<^3i  cA 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  N  has  a  bad  capital  stem,  being  too  long  and 
angular.  2nd  N  is  out  of  proportion  by  spreading 
too  much  at  the  top. 


0  I? 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  /"has  the  top  too  far  to  the  left.     2nd  /'con-        1st  O  is  too  slim.     2nd   O  contains  an  angle  at 
tains  both  a  bad  top  and  capital  stem.  both  top  and  bottom. 


J/P  £& 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  G  is  too  small  at  the  top.     2nd  G  is  too  large 
at  the  top 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  H  has  a  bad  capital  stem.     2nd  //resembles 
an  X. 


£    d 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  /  is  too  broad,  and  has  the  loop  too  large.    2nd 
/  has  a  bad  capital  stem. 


J>  9o 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  P  is  too  small  at  the  top.    2nd  /"has  the  top 
too  large. 


#-  ^9 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  Q  contains  angles.    2nd  Q  is  too  large  at  the 
top. 


Wrong. 


f0 

Right. 


1st  R  is  too  large  at  the  top.     2nd  A"  contains 
angles. 


1st    T  has  a  bad  capital   stem.     2nd    T  has  a 
bad  top. 


^    s%        % 


Wrong 


Right. 


1st  ^"contains  angles  in  the  upper  part.    2nd  U 
spreads  too  much  at  the  top. 


^    2- 


Wron£ 


Right. 


1st  V  contains  angles.     2nd  V  spreads  too  much 
at  the  top. 


J   • 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  W  contains  angles  in  the  upper  portion  of 
the  first  of  the  letter.  2nd  Wf  is  out  of  proportion 
by  having  too  much  slope. 


j#^ 


Wrong. 


Right. 


1st  .V  contains  several  angles  where  there  should 
be  none.     2nd  X  is  spread  too  much. 


3? 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  Khas  the  top  too  long.    2nd  1' is  too  small  at 
the  top. 


2 


Wrong.  Right. 

1st  Z  resembles  a  small  letter  y.     2nd  Z  is  also 
illegible. 

Wrong.  Right. 

1st    character  &    is    too    slim.      2nd   character 
spreads  too  much.     Both  slope  badly. 


32 


PENMANSHIP    ILLUSTRATED. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

VERY  Copy  on  Plates  Nos.  1,  2, 
3  and  4  should  be  written  with 
care  by  all  students  desirous  of 
improving  their  penmanship. 
Ladies  can,  if  they  wish,  ter- 
minate with  the  finer  hand, 
while  gentlemen  will  end  with 
the  bolder  penmanship. 


Plate  I. 

Copy  I  is  a  free,  off-hand  exercise,  calculated 
to  give  freedom  and  ease  in  writing.  Observe 
to  make  an  angle,  top  and  bottom.  A  sufficient 
amount  of  practice  on  this  copy,  with  pen  or 
pencil,  will  break  up  all  stiffness  in  the  writing. 

Copy  2  is  the    contraction   of  copy  No.  1 
into  the  letter  -nt^   giving  a  free,  open,  bold, 
business  hand. 

Copy  3  is  composed  of  words  of  greater 
length,  which  should  be  written,  if  possible,  by 
the  student,  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of 
the  word,  without  removing  the  pen  from  the 
paper  until  the  word   is  finished.     The  words 

are    composed   principally   of    the    letter  41Z. 

which  should  be  written  with  much  care. 

Copies  4  and  5  are  the  small  letters  of  the 
alphabet.  Carefully  observe  the  shades,  and 
the  uniformity  in  slope  of  letters. 

Copy  6  exhibits  the  figures,  which  are  twice 
the  height  of  small  letters.  The  7  and  9, 
in  script,  extend  one-half  their  length  below  the 
fine. 

Copies  7  and  8  are  the  capital  letters  of  the 
alphabet,  which  are  of  the  same  height  as  the 

small  letter  -t.     There  is  usually  but  one  shade 

in  a  letter.  Observe  the  directions,  given  else- 
where, for  the  making  of  capitals,  and  guard 
against  the  probable  faults,  as  there  expressed. 
Study  also,  carefully,  the  principles  of  curves, 


proportion  and  shades,  as  applied  in  the  making 
of  capital  letters. 

The  remainder  of  copies  on  Plates  1  and 
2  should  be  written  with  the  greatest  care, 
"  Perseverance  "  being  the  motto.  Do  not  leave 
these  copies  until  they  are  thoroughly  mastered. 

Plate  III. 

This  plate  is  composed  of  copies  similar  to 
the  others,  the  same  principles  being  applicable 
in  the  making  of  the  letters.  As  will  be  seen, 
this  is  a  much  more  delicate  hand,  and  is 
especially  adapted  to  fine  epistolary  writing. 

Plate  IV. 

Plate  IV illustrates  the  form  of  writing  a  letter 
of  introduction,  and  may  be  copied  by  the 
student  as  a  specimen  business  letter. 

Plate  V. 

This  plate  exhibits  the  off-hand  capitals, 
which  should  be  made  purely  with  the  arm 
movement,  the  hand  resting  lightly  on  the  two 
lower  fingers.  Practice,  at  first,  in  making 
them  with  a  lead-pencil  on  waste  paper,  will  be 
found  quite  beneficial. 

Plate  VI. 

The  copies  of  Round  Hand  on  this  plate 
should  be  written  with  especial  care,  being  the 
style  suitable  for  headings,  etc.  Observe  in  the 
small  letters  that  each  is  round,  and  every  dow-n 
mark  shaded.  The  alphabet  of  German  Text 
on  this  page  will  be  found  useful  for  ornamental 
work. 

Plate  VII. 

Plate  VII  exhibits  a  variety  of  pen  work, 
containing  both  fine  and  bold  penmanship,  and 
will  be  found  a  superior  copy  in  which  the 
student  can  display  a  knowledge  of  penmanship 
and  flourishing. 

Plate  VIII. 

Plate  VIII  is  an  original  off-hand  specimen 
of  flourishing,  the  curves,  proportion  and  shades 
in  which  should  be  carefully  observed.  (»S'ee 
view  of  holding  pen  in  flour  inking,  page  27.) 


!    '    - 

. 

. 

/ 

>> 

' 

/ 

'      /      / 


■■' 


,    / 


> 


/ 


f 


/ 


■ 


V 


/ 


'  ^    '  x .     /         y^x       VfT/. 


/    y  / 


^     ^ 


6  -yj&j2fcd 


,    I  > 


^    /     r.        '        /  y 


/j    ' 


\ 


' 


/   ^    /     / 


i.  " 


// 


^ 


C       ~y,         /  a^t- 


'  .       /  '4S 


/ 


'■  , 


/    / 


/     y 


< 


6 


'  '    .     .  ' 


/ 


/ 


/  >  '  /         /       .     -    / 


/ 


/ 


/ 


/     w 


'      < 


/ 


/  .  / 


/ 


/ 


/.  ■ 
/ 

i  / 


' 


-/ 


/ 


/     / 


/         / 


/ 


7  /      /         -  -, 


//. 


/ 


/  s-   \ 


/ 


/ 


SELF-INSTRUCTOR    IN    PENMANSHIP. 


33 


Blackboard  Flourishing. 

The  plates,  representing  flourishing  in  white 
lines  on  dark  groundwork,  though  designed  to 
represent  off-hand  work  upon  the  blackboard, 
will  be  found  equally  useful  for  practice  with 
the  pen.  The  figure  of  the  Swan  from  Packard 
and  Williams'  "  Gems  of  Penmanship "  is  a 
beautiful  piece  of  flourishing,  which  finely 
illustrates  how  true  to  nature  an  object  may  be 
made  with  but  very  few  strokes  of  the  pen.  As 
will  be  seen,  the  figures  on  these  plates  are 
composed  wholly  of  curved  lines. 


TEACHING  PENMANSHIP. 

URING  the  past  twenty  years 
great  improvement  has  been 
wrought  in  the  penmanship  of 
our  youth,  by  the  general  intro- 
duction of  writing  books  into 
our  common  schools,  containing 
engraved  copy  lines ;  and  yet 
statistics  show  that  vast  num- 
bers of  people  in  every  State  in  the  Union  are 
unable  to  write  ;  and  some  of  these  are  to  be 
found  in  nearly  every  locality.  A  majority  of 
these  persons  have  passed  their  school  days, 
but  the  necessity  is  none  the  less  urgent  with 
them  for  improvement  in  penmanship  ;  and  they 
would  gladly  avail  themselves  of  the  opportu- 
nity for  receiving  instruction,  if  a  competent 
teacher  were  to  open  a  Writing  School  in 
their  vicinity. 

There  exists  a  general  demand  for  good  in- 
structors in  Writing  throughout  the  country, 
and  teachers  who  will  properly  prepare  them- 
selves for  the  profession,  can  have  excellent 
remuneration  for  their  services.  It  is  true  that 
many  persons  attempt  to  teach  writing  as  a  pro- 
fession, who,  through  bad  management  and 
want  of  moral  principle, deservedly  fail ;  luit  the 
earnest,  faithful,  competent  teacher  is  wanted, 
and  will  be  well  rewarded  for  his  labor. 


The  "  12  Lesson  "  System. 

There  are  but  twenty-six  letters  in  the  alpha- 
bet to  write ;  fifty-two  in  all,  capital  and 
small  letters.  The  principles  from  which  these 
letters  are  formed  are,  in  reality,  very  few  ;  and 
to  obtain  a  mastery  of  these  principles  is  the 
object  of  giving  instruction.  Therefore,  to  ac- 
quire a  knowledge  of  how  to  write,  a  large 
number  of  lessons  is  not  absolutely  necessary. 
The  course  of  instruction  may  be  so  arranged 
as  to  very  completely  include  all  the  principles 
pertaining  to  penmanship  in  twelve  lessons ; 
and  the  class  may  have  such  practice,  each 
lesson  being  two  hours  in  length,  as  will,  with 
many  pupils,  completely  change  their  penman- 
ship in  that  time.  It  is  not  pretended  that  any 
one  can  perfect  their  writing  in  twelve  lessons. 
Real  ease  and  grace  in  penmanship  is  the  result 
of  months  and  years  of  practice  ;  but  a  knowl- 
edge of  how  to  practice,  to  impart  which  is  the 
mission  of  the  teacher,  may  be  learned  in  a 
short  time.  In  fact,  most  people  are  surprised 
to  see  how  much  may  be  accomplished  in  few 
lessons  when  the  class  is  properly  instructed. 

Should,  however,  the  teacher  wish  to  give  a 
more  extended  term  of  instruction,  it  is  only 
necessary  to  drill  longer  upon  each  principle, 
with  elaborate  blackboard  illustration  to  corre- 
spond. If  the  time  and  means  of  the  student 
prevent  the  taking  of  the  longer  course,  the 
shorter  terra  may  be  made  proportionately  ben- 
eficial. Should  the  Twelve  -  lesson  term  be 
adopted  by  the  traveling  teacher,  the  following 
suggestions  may  be  of  service  in  the  organiza- 
tion and  management  of  a  Writing  class. 

Having  acquired  proficiency  in  penmanship, 
and  having  good  specimens  of  writing  to  exhibit, 
let  the  young  teacher,  desirous  of  establishing 
a  Writing  school,  visit  any  locality  where  live 
a  civilized  people.  While  it  is  true  that  the 
more  ignorant  most  greatly  need  the  advantage 
of  such  instruction,  it  is  nevertheless  a  fact  that 
the  more  intelligent  and  educated  the  people 
of  a  community,  the  better  will  be  the  teacher's 
patronage. 


34 


PBNMANSHI I'    ILLUSTRATED. 


How  to  Organize  the  Class. 

Secure,  if  possible,  a  school -room  provided 
with  desks  and  a  blackboard.  It  is  no  more 
than  justice  to  present  the  directors  and  the 
teacher  of  the  school,  upon  whom  the  respon- 
sibility of  management  of  the  school  building 
rests,  each  with  a  scholarship  in  the  writing  class. 
Having  obtained  a  school-room,  the  next  thing 
to  be  done  to  secure  success,  is  to  thoroughly 
advertise  the  nature  and  character  of  the  school, 

« 

and  the  time  of  commencement.  The  teacher 
may  do  this  in  the  following  ways  : 

First,  By  having  editorial  mention  made  in 
all  newspapers  published  in  the  vicinity. 

Second,  By  posters,  announcing  the  school, 
liberally  distributed  about  the  town. 

Third,  By  circulars,  giving  full  description 
of  the  school,  sent  to  each  house. 

Fourth,  By  visiting  each  school-room,  sup- 
posing the  day  schools  to  be  in  session,  in  the 
vicinity,  and,  having  obtained  permission  to  do 
so,  addressing  the  pupils  of  the  school,  accom- 
panied by  blackboard  illustrations,  showing 
method  of  teaching,  announcing  terms,  time  of 
commencing  school,  etc.,  and 

Fifth,  By  personally  calling  at  every  public 
business  place,  and  as  many  private  houses  as 
possible,  in  the  neighborhood,  exhibiting  speci- 
mens and  executing  samples  of  writing  when 
practicable. 

A  lady  or  gentleman  well  qualified  as  a 
teacher,  pursuing  this  plan  will  seldom  fail  of 
rning  a  large  class.  Having  secured  an 
established  reputation  as  a  good  teacher,  per- 
sonal canvass  afterwards  is  not  so  necessary. 
Personal  acquaintance  with  the  patrons  of  the 
school,  however,  is  always  one  of  the  surest 
elements  of  success  with  any  teacher. 

If  the  school  is  held  in  a  rural  district,  news- 
paper and  printed  advertising  can  be  dispensed 
with.     In  the  village  or  city  it  is  indispensable. 

It  is  unwise  to  circulate  a  subscription  paper, 
the  establishment  of  the  school  being  made 
contingent  upon  the  number  of  subscribers  to 
the  class.     A  better  way  is  to  announce  the 


school  positively  to  commence  at  a  certain  time 
and  certainly  to  continue  through  the  course, 
which  announcement  inspires  confidence    and 
secures  a  much  larger  class. 

Ask  no  one  to  sign  a  subscription  paper,  or  to 
pay  tuition  in  advance.  The  fact  of  doing  so 
argues  that  the  teacher  lacks  confidence  in  the 
people,  who,  in  turn,  suspect  the  stranger  that 
seeks  advanced  pay,  and  thus  withhold  their 
patronage.  The  better  way  is  to  announce  that 
no  subscription  is  required  to  any  paper,  and 
no  tuition  is  expected  in  advance  ;  that  all  are 
invited  to  attend  the  school,  and  payment  of 
tuition  may  be  made  when  students  are  satis- 
fied of  the  worth  of  the  school.  The  fairness 
of  these  terms  will  secure  a  larger  attendance 
than  could  otherwise  be  obtained,  and  will 
induce  the  teacher  to  put  forth  the  very  best 
efforts  to  please  the  patrons  of  the  school. 

Commencing  about  the  middle  of  the  term 
to  make  collection,  by  good  management  on  the 
part  of  the  teacher,  if  the  school  has  been  really 
meritorious,  all  the  tuition  will  be  paid  by  the 
time  the  last  lesson  is  reached. 

How  to  Maintain  Interest. 

To  secure  the  best  attendance,  and  the  most 
interest  on  the  part  of  pupils,  the  school  should 
be  in  session  every  evening  or  every  day,  Sun- 
days excepted,  until  the  close  of  the  term.  It 
is  a  mistaken  idea  that  students  do  best  receiv- 
ing but  one  or  two  lessons  per  week.  During 
the  intervening  time  between  lessons  pupils 
Lose  their  interest,  and  the  probability  is  that 
the  class  will  grow  smaller  from  the  beginning 
to  the  close,  if  the  mind  of  the  student  is 
allowed  to  become  pre-occupied,  as  it  will  be, 
with  other  matters  that  occur  between  les- 
Bons  so  far  apart.  On  the  contrary,  a  writing 
class  that  meets  every  day  or  evening,  under 
the  management  of  an  enthusiastic,  skillful 
master,  will  grow  from  the  beginning  in  size 
and  interest,  and  the  student,  like  the  daily 
attendant  at  the  public  school,  will  exhibit  a 
good   improvement,  resulting  from  undivided 


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SELF-INSTRUCTOR   IN    PENMANSHIP. 


35 


attention  to  the  study,  from  the  time  of  com- 
mencement to  the  close. 

Each  pupil  in  the  class  should  be  provided 
with  pen,  ink,  and  a  writing  book.  Practicing 
in  the  evening,  each  should  be  provided  with  a 
lamp,  covered  with  a  shade,  throwing  as  strong 
light  as  possible  on  the  writing. 

For  the  writing  book,  use  five  sheets  of  best 
foolscap  paper.  Cut  in  two,  midway  from  top 
to  bottom  of  the  sheet ;  put  one  half  inside 
the  other ;  cover  with  strong  paper,  and  sew 
the  whole  together,  the  cover  extending  one 
inch  above  the  writing  paper. 

How  to  Arrange  Copies. 

Slips  are  best  for  copies,  as  they  slide  down 
the  paper  and  can  be  kept  directly  above  the 
writing  of  the  pupil  while  practicing.  Twenty- 
four  copies  will  be  generally  sufficient  to  occupy 
the  time  of  most  pupils  during  the  term,  and 
should  be  arranged  to  embrace  all  the  princi- 
ples and  exercises  it  is  necessary  for  the  student 
to  understand  in  writing  plain  penmanship. 

The  copies  may  be  written  or  printed.  Writ- 
ten, if  well  executed;  printed,  if  the  teacher 
can  obtain  them,  suitably  arranged  for  the 
twelve-lesson  term,  as  they  are  thus  more  per- 
fect than  written  copies  are  likely  to  be,  and 
save  the  teacher  the  drudgery  of  writing  copies. 
If  printed,  the  copy  should  be  a  fine,  elegant 
lithographic  fac  simile  of  perfect  penmanship  ; 
—  perfect,  because  it  takes  the  pupil  no  longer 
to  learn  to  make  a  correct  than  an  incorrect 
letter.  Numbered  in  the  order  of  their  suc- 
cession, from  one  to  twenty-four,  these  slips 
should  be  wrapped  together  in  a  package,  which 
should  be  pasted  on  the  inside,  at  the  top  of 
the  cover,  whence  they  can  be  drawn  as  required 
by  the  student.  When  the  copy  is  finished, 
the  slip  should  be  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the 
package. 

The  wrapper,  holding  the  copies,  should  be 
sufficiently  firm  and  tight  to  prevent  the  copies 
falling  from  their  places  when  the  book  is  hand- 
led.    If  the  copies  are  kept  by  the  pupil   free 


from  wrinkles  and  blots,  an  advantage  of  this 
arrangement  is,  that  when  the  book  is  written 
through  the  copies  are  yet  carefully  preserved 
in  their  place,  when  new  writing  paper  may  be 
added  to  the  book  and  the  copies  used  again 
by  the  same  pupil  or  by  others. 

Another  plan  is,  for  the  teacher  to  keep  the 
copies  and  distribute  the  same  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  lesson  among  the  members  of  the 
class,  and  collect  them  at  the  close.  When  the 
teacher  is  short  of  copies,  this  plan  may  be  pur- 
sued, though  the  other  is  the  most  systematic, 
and  is  attended  with  the  least  labor. 

The  most  advanced  and  rapid  penmen  of  the 
class,  who  write  out  their  copies  before  the 
close  of  the  term,  may  be  furnished  with  copies 
of  various  commercial  forms,  for  practice,  in 
the  last  of  the  term. 

Should  a  second  term  of  lessons  be  given, 
those  students  who  attend  it  should  review  the 
copies  of  the  first  term  for  about  six  lessons, 
after  which  they  may  be  drilled  in  the  writing 
of  commercial  forms,  business  letters,  composi- 
tions, etc.,  according  to  the  capacity  and  ad- 
vancement of  the  pupil. 

The  copy  should  always  be  ready  before  the 
class  assembles.  The  teacher  should  never  be 
compelled  to  write  a  copy  while  the  school  is  in 
session,  especially  if  the  class  be  large. 

Commencement  of  the  School. 

The  teacher  ha\  ing  arranged  to  give  a  course 
of  lessons  in  writing,  should  open  the  school 
at  the  hour  appointed,  even  if  there  be  no  more 
than  one  pupil  in  attendance  at  the  time  of 
commencement,  and  should  conduct  the  term 
through,  unless  insurmountable  obstacles  pre- 
vent. If  the  school  possesses  real  merit  the 
class  will  steadily  increase  in  size,  until  a  hun- 
dred pupils  may  be  in  attendance,  even  though 
but  a  half  dozen  were  in  the  class  at  the  open- 
ing lesson. 


<v 


36 


PENMANSHIP    ll.l.r.STKATKIi. 


PROGRAMME  OF  EXERCISES  FOR  EACH  LESSON. 

First  Lesson. 

ALLING  audience  to  order.    Brief  statement 
of  what  it  is  proposed  to  accomplish  during 
the  course  of  instruction.     Assembling  of  the 
members  of  the  class  in  front  of  the  teacher, 
when  each  pupil,  able  to  do  so,  should  write 
a  sample  of  penmanship,  worded  as  follows: 
"  This  is  a  sample  of  my  penmanship  be- 
fore taking  lessons  in   writing,"  each  signing 
name  to  the  same. 
Pupils  should  be  urged  to  present  the  best  specimen  it  is 
possible   for   them   to  write,   in   order   that   the   improvement 
made  may  be  clearly  shown  when  the  student  writes  a  similar 
exercise  at  the  close  of  the  term. 

Specimens  written,  assume  position  for  sitting  and  holding 
pen,  full  explanation  being  given  by  the  teacher  concerning 
correct  and  incorrect  positions.  Commence  writing  on  the 
second  page,  the  first  page  being  left  blank  on  which  to  write 
the  name  of  the  owner  of  the  book.  Let  the  first  be  a  copy 
composed  of  quite  a  number  of  extended  letters,  containing 
such  words  as,  ''My  first  effort  at  writing  in  this  book." 
Writing  these  words  in  the  first  of  the  term  enables  the  pupils 
to  turn  back  from  the  after  pages  and  contrast  their  writing 
with  their  first  efforts  in  the  book,  on  an  ordinarily  difficult 
copy,  thus  plainly  showing  their  improvement  as  they  could 
not  perceive  it  by  commencing  with  the  simplest  exercise. 
Students  are  encouraged  to  much  greater  exertion  when  they 
can  plainly  see  their  improvement.  Having  covered  the  first 
page  with  their  ordinary  penmanship,  let  the  class  commence 
with  Copy  No.  2,  shown  on  page  41,  in  the  set  of  writing-school 
copies,  while  the  teacher  fully  explains,  from  the  blackboard, 
the  object  of  the  copy.  Give  half  an  hour's  practice  on  posi- 
tion and  freedom  of  movement,  making  frequent  use  of  the 
blackboard  in  illustrating  the  principles  for  making  letters. 
The  blackboard  is,  in  fact,  indispensable  to  the  teacher  of  pen- 
manship. 

Intermission  of  fifteen  minutes.  Criticism  of  position,  ex- 
planation on  blackboard  of  letter  m,  and  practice  on  the  letter 
by  the  class.  Remarks  by  the  teacher  on  the  importance  of  a 
good  handwriting,  with  brief  outline  of  what  the  next  lesson 
is  to  be. 

Second  Lesson. 

Drill  on  position  ;  criticism.  Use  a  separate  slip  of  paper 
for  ten  minutes'  practice  on  freedom  of  movement  for  hand  and 
arm.  See  that  every  pupil  has  the  requisite  materials.  Ex- 
planation again  of  letter  m  as  made  in  words  mum,  man,  mim, 
etc.  Thorough  drill,  and  examination  by  teacher  of  each 
pupil's  writing.  Intermission.  Writing  of  short  words,  with 
special  reference  to  perfecting  the  letter  m.  Blackboard 
explanation  of  slope  of  letters,  with  illustrations  showing  im- 
portance of  uniformity  of  slope,  etc.  Hints  in  reference  to 
neatness,  order,  and  punctuality,  and  encouragement,  if  the 
improvement  of  the  class  warrants  the  same.     Love  of  appro- 


bation is  one  of  the  ruling  organs  of  the  mind.  Nothing  is 
more  gratifying,  when  the  student  has  done  well,  than  to  be 
appreciated  ;  and  the  pupil  is  stimulated  to  much  greater  exer- 
tion, when  receiving  judicious  praise  from  the  teacher  for  work 
well  performed.  Prompt  and  early  attendance  of  the  class  at 
the  next  lesson  should  be  urged,  and  close  by  giving  outline  of 
next  lesson.  The  teacher  should  gather  and  keep  the  books. 
Students  may  each  care  for  their  pens,  ink,  and  light. 

Third  Lesson. 

DriH  in  movement.  Explanation  of  letter  o  on  the  black- 
board, and  letters  in  which  it  is  made,  such  as  a,  d,g,  q,  e,  etc., 
showing,  also,  faults  liable  to  be  made.  Careful  examination 
and  criticism  of  the  writing  of  every  student  in  the  class  indi- 
vidually. Explanation  of /,  </,  and/,  on  the  board,  showing 
probable  faults,  with  other  exercises  at  the  discretion  of  the 
teacher.  Intermission.  Explanation  of  length,  size,  and  form 
of  loop  letters,  the  class  being  supposed  to  be  practicing  simi- 
lar exercises  to  those  illustrated  on  the  board.  Explanation 
and  illustration  concerning  the  writing  of  all  the  small  letters, 
representing  on  the  board  the  principles  upon  which  they  are 
made.  During  the  lesson,  two  hours  in  length,  the  students 
should  always  be  engaged  in  writing,  except  at  intermission, 
and  while  the  attention  of  the  class  is  engaged  with  the  black- 
board illustrations. 

Fourth   Lesson. 

A  few  minutes' drill  on  freedom  of  movement.  Explanation 
of  position  for  sitting  and  holding  the  pen,  showing  faults. 
Illustrations  on  the  blackboard  of  the  fundamental  principles 
for  making  capital  letters,  representing  curves,  proportion, 
shades,  parallel  lines,  etc. ;  students  practicing  the  principles 
on  a  loose  piece  of  paper.  Careful  drill  on  the  capital  stem. 
Caution  by  the  teacher  that  students  do  not  write  too  fast. 
General  practice  on  copies  including  the  capital  letters.  Indi- 
vidual examination  by  the  teacher  of  all  the  writing  books. 
Intermission.  Blackboard  illustration,  showing  faults  in  the 
making  of  the  principles  ;  careful  drill  on  position  for  sitting, 
holding  pen,  and  freedom  of  movement.  Representation  by 
teacher  of  evil  effects  of  cramped  penmanship,  and  weariness 
resulting  from  sitting  improperly.  Earnest  effort  to  induce 
every  pupil  to  practice  as  much  as  possible  between  lessons,  a 
premium  being  given  to  the  member  of  the  class  who  shows 
greatest  improvement  at  the  close  of  the  lessons,  and  a  premi- 
um to  the  best  penman. 

Fifth  Lesson. 

Five  minutes'  drill  on  off-hand  movement,  special  attention 
being  paid  by  the  class  to  the  position  for  sitting  and  holding 
the  pen.  Illustration  by  the  teacher,  on  the  blackboard,  of 
capital  letters  from  A  to  HI,  making  each  capital  correctly, 
beside  which  should  be  made  the  same  letter  as  the  pupil  is 
liable  to  make  it,  showing  probable  faults.  Examination  by 
the  teacher  of  the  writing  in  each  book.  Intermission.  Urgent 
appeal  by  the  teacher  td  students  to  secure  the  greatest  possi- 
ble excellence  in  writing,  by  practice  both  in  and  out  of  the 
school  ;  showing  not  only  the  reputation  acquired  by  receiving 
the  premium  in  the  class,  but  the  lasting  advantage  resulting 


PLAT1 


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PLATE  VI. 


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-A * 


SELF -INSTRUCTOR    IN    PENMANSHIP. 


37 


from  always  being  able  to  put  thoughts  beautifully  and  readily 
on  paper.  Blackboard  illustrations,  giving  the  capitals  from 
III  to  Z,  together  with  probable  faults.  Careful  drill  by  pupils 
on  capitals,  accompanied  by  examination  and  criticism  of  each 
pupil  by  the  teacher  pleasantly  suggesting  a  change  where 
faults  are  visible,  and  praising  all  where  improvement  is  plain. 

Sixth  Lesson. 

General  drill  by  the  class  on  small  letters  and  capitals.  Re- 
view by  the  teacher  of  the  capital  stem  on  the  blackboard  and 
the  making  of  all  capitals  in  which  it  occurs.  Examination 
by  teacher  of  writing  books.  General  remarks  on  punctuation, 
showing  the  importance  of  being  able  to  punctuate  correctly  ; 
followed  by  making  each  punctuation  mark  on  the  board,  its 
use  being  explained  by  sentences  written.  Each  student 
should  give  careful  attention  to  all  blackboard  illustrations. 
Different  sentences  should  be  written,  and  the  various  mem- 
bers of  the  class  required  to  punctuate  the  same,  if  possible, 
correctly.  Intermission.  Continued  drill  in  penmanship. 
Special  explanation  of  the  capital  letter  O  on  the  blackboard, 
showing  faults  liable  to  be  made  ;  that  the  height  of  the  0, 
correctly  formed,  is  twice  its  width,  is  made  of  a  perfect  curve, 
with  parallel  lines,  only  one  down  mark  shaded.  The  teacher 
will  then,  on  the  board,  make  the  capitals  in  which  the  same 
is  found.  Twenty  minutes'  practice  by  the  class,  applying  the 
principle.  Rest  occasionally  by  the  class,  in  which  the  teacher 
further  illustrates  exercises  in  punctuation. 

Seventh   Lesson. 

Drill  in  penmanship,  the  teacher  yet  watching  and  exposing 
every  fault  to  be  seen  in  sitting  and  holding  the  pen  ;  also  any 
marked  fault  in  penmanship  ;  calling,  however,  no  names  of 
pupils  that  may  be  at  fault.  Blackboard  illustration,  show- 
ing the  principle  found  in  the  upper  part  of  Q,  W,  etc.  Capi- 
tals made  in  which  it  occurs.  Careful  drill  by  pupils  on  this 
exercise.  Criticism  of  writing  in  each  book  by  the  teacher. 
General  remarks  by  the  teacher  on  the  use  of  capital  letters, 
followed  by  illustrations  on  the  board  showing  where  capitals 
should  be  used.  Steady  practice  in  penmanship  by  the  class, 
the  pupils  being  cautioned  to  write  with  the  utmost  care, 
making  it  a  point  to  write  every  letter  perfectly,  no  matter  how 
long  it  may  take  to  execute  the  same,  remembering  that  prac- 
tice will  bring  rapid  writing,  but  care  alone,  and  attention  to 
principles,  will  bring  perfect  penmanship.  Brief  drill  by  the 
class  in  off-hand  penmanship,  from  copies  on  the  board  ;  wrist 
free  from  the  desk,  and  forearm  resting  lightly  on  the  desk. 
The  teacher  should  remind  the  pupil  of  the  importance  of 
always  holding  the  paper  with  the  left  hand,  and  having  now 
nearly  completed  the  seventh  lesson,  what  is  yet  the  fault 
with  any  member  of  the  class  ?  Students  should  ask  them- 
selves, "What  lack  I  yet  in  my  penmanship?"  Intermission. 
Continued  practice  by  the  class.  The  pupils  may  rest  while 
the  teacher  writes  several  sentences  upon  the  board  without 
capitals,  the  members  of  the  class  suggesting  where  capitals 
belong,  and  also  being  required  to  punctuate.  Several  words 
may  be  given  for  the  students  to  practice  next  day,  the  student 
presenting  the  best  specimen  of  the  same,  at  the  next  lesson, 
to  receive  honorable  mention. 


Eighth  Lesson. 

Penmanship  drill  in  the  writing  book.  Blackboard  illustra- 
tion, showing  any  fault  yet  discovered  by  the  teacher.  Gen- 
eral remarks  on  the  importance  of  good  penmanship,  pecuniarily 
and  intellectually,  calculated  to  inspire  the  class  with  a  due 
appreciation  of  their  work.  Students  can  generally  write  dur- 
ing the  time  the  teacher  is  talking,  except  during  blackboard 
illustration.  The  teacher  will  now  give  general  remarks  on 
the  writing  of  business  forms,  concerning  the  value  and  use  of 
promissory  notes,  bills,  receipts,  orders,  checks,  drafts,  etc., 
following  by  writing  a  promissory  note  upon  the  board,  accom- 
panying the  same  by  an  explanation  of  the  form  in  which  a 
note  should  be  written  to  draw  six  per  cent.,  ten  per  cent.,  no 
per  cent.,  etc.  If  sold  to  another  person,  how  it  should  be  en- 
dorsed, etc.  After  writing  one  hour,  at  each  lesson,  should 
follow  Intermission.  Continued  practice  in  penmanship  in  the 
writing.  Write  one  copy  to  the  page,  a  plain  hand,  and  never 
anything  but  what  is  found  in  the  copy.  It  is  a  great  mistake 
to  practice  many  styles  of  penmanship.  In  so  doing  the  ordi- 
nary pupil  becomes  proficient  in  none.  Blackboard  illustra- 
tions, during  this  lesson,  on  writing  orders,  receipts,  bills,  etc., 
requiring  students  to  capitalize  and  punctuate  the  same.  The 
teacher  should  urge,  at  the  close  of  the  lesson,  the  great  impor- 
tance of  practice  between  lessons  during  the  remainder  of  the 
term.  To  whom  shall  the  premiums  be  given  ?  That  will 
greatly  depend  upon  the  practice  out  of  the  school-room. 

Ninth  Lesson. 

Require  every  student  to  write  one  page  in  the  writing  book 
with  the  greatest  care.  The  teacher  should  examine  every 
book.  What  faults  yet  remain  ?  Illustrate  them  on  the  board. 
More  practice  in  the  writing  books.  General  remarks  by  the 
teacher  on  superscriptions,  followed  by  illustrations  on  the 
blackboard.  Illustrate  why  and  where  to  place  name  on  the 
envelope,  together  with  name  of  town,  county,  state  ;  where  to 
place  postage  stamp,  how  to  write  straight.  Illustrate  and  ex- 
plain all  the  various  titles  used  in  addressing  Kings,  Queens, 
Presidents,  Members  of  Congress,  Governors,  Judges,  Lawyers 
Physicians,  Clergymen,  Professors,  etc.,  etc.  Intermission.  On 
a  separate  slip  of  paper  the  students  may  then  each  write  the 
superscription  they  would  use  were  they  to  address  any  official, 
military,  or  professional  man.  Continued  practice  in  the  writ- 
ing book,  the  lesson  closing  by  the  teacher  requesting  each 
pupil  to  bring  five  sheets  of  note  paper  and  five  envelopes  for 
practice  in  letter  writing  at  the  next  lesson. 

Tenth  Lesson. 

Twenty  minutes'  practice  in  writing  books  until  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  class  have  assembled.  General  remarks  by  the 
teacher  on  the  subject  of  letter  writing  and  commercial  corre- 
spondence, explaining  the  various  kinds  of  letters  for  different 
purposes,  size  of  paper  and  envelopes  required  for  each,  and 
all  the  essentials  necessary  to  writing  any  kind  of  a  letter  well. 
The  teacher  will  then  write  a  brief  friendship  letter  upon  the 
board,  explaining  where  and  how  to  write  the  dating,  the  com- 
plimentary address,  body  of  the  letter,  complimentary  closing, 
signature,  division  of  subjects  into  paragraphs,  etc.     The  stu- 


38 


PBS  M  A  N  S 1 1 1 1"    I LLUSTR ATED. 


dents  should  criticise  the  letter  with  reference  to  punctuation 
and  capital  letters,  and  when  the  subject  is  thoroughly  under- 
stood by  the  class,  let  each  pupil  copy  the  letter  from  the 
board  ;  the  teacher  in  the  meantime  passing  to  the  desk  of  each 
pupil,  criticising  and  making  suggestions  to  pupils  that  may 
require  assistance.  See  that  all  copy  the  letter.  This  exercise 
is  invaluable,  and  every  student  should  be  required,  if  possible, 
to  master  it.  This  lesson,  well  conducted  by  the  teacher,  will 
give  each  member  of  the  class  information  that  is  worth  vastly 
more  than  the  cost  of  his  tuition  for  the  entire  term.  Inter- 
n.  Each  member  of  the  class  should  copy  the  letter 
once  more.  With  all  the  corrections  and  suggestions  that 
have  now  been  made,  many  of  the  class  will  write  the  exercise 
very  well.  The  letter  finished,  write  superscription  on  envel- 
ope, the  pupils  writing  such  address  as  they  may  choose.  At 
the  close  of  the  lesson,  the  students  may  take  with  them  their 
envelopes  and  letter  paper,  for  practice  on  the  morrow,  and 
the  pupil  that  will  present  the  most  correctly  and  beautifully 
written  letter,  at  the  eleventh  lesson,  shall  be  awarded  a  pre- 
mium of  such  character  as  the  teacher  may  select.  This  will 
induce  a  great  deal  of  practice  in  the  next  twenty-four  hours 
in  letter  writing,  and  will  be  very  beneficial  to  the  class. 


Eleventh  Lesson. 

General  review  in  penmanship,  with  practice  in  writing 
book  for  half  an  hour,  followed  by  writing  of  last  specimens, 
as  follows : 

"  This  is  a  specimen  of  my  penmanship  after  taking  les- 
sons in  writing,"  each  scholar  signing  name  to  specimen. 
Each  pupil  should  write  two  samples  at  the  commencement  of 
the  course  of  lessons,  and  two  at  the  close,  one  of  the  first  to 
be  put  with  one  of  the  last  for  the  student  to  keep,  showing 
the  advancement  made  in  a  course  of  lessons.  The  other 
first  and  last  will  be  preserved  by  the  teacher,  as  a  me- 
mento of  the  pupil,  and  also  to  show,  in  other  localities,  the 
amount  of  improvement  made  by  students  in  this  and  pre- 
ceding classes.  During  this  lesson  the  teaclter  will  give 
general  remarks  on  letters  of  introduction,  and  notes  of 
invitation  and  acceptance,  with  illustrations  on  the  black- 
board, explaining  the  circumstances  under  which  they  are 
used.  Before  the  recess,  the  teacher  should  appoint  three 
ladies  and  three  gentlemen  of  the  class  to  assemble  at  inter- 
mission,  and  select  three  disinterested-A^fsons  to  examine 
specimens  of  the  class,  to  determine  who^hall  receive  premi- 
ums at  the  last  lesson.  Intermission.  Every  pupil  should  write 
a  last  specimen.  Most  students  will  be  surprised  to  see  their 
advancement  in  penmanship  in  the  past  ten  lessons,  though  no 
one  can  actually  see  all  the  improvement  that  has  been  made, 
as  much  of  the  time  of  the  class  has  been  occupied  in  expla- 
nation, thus  placing  a  knowledge  of  correct  writing  in  the  head. 
In  after  months  of  practice  it  will  come  out  at  the  / 
The  remaining  blackboard  illustrations  of  the  lesson  may 
relate  to  card  writing  ;  the  teacher  explaining  the  nature  of 
business  cards,  wedding  cards,  visiting  cards,  and  address 
cards  ;  showing   how  they  should  be  written,  when  used,  etc. 


At  the  close  of  the  lesson,  an  invitation  should  be  extended  to 
all  the  people  of  the  neighborhood  to  be  present  at  the  closing 
exercises  of  the  last  lesson  to  witness  the  award  of  premiums, 
see  the  improvement  of  the  class,  etc. 

Twelfth  Lesson. 

Students  in  their  seats,  and  continued  practice  in  the  writing 
books.  The  teacher  has  had  all  the  specimens  of  the  class, 
first  and  last  of  each  pupil,  examined  by  a  committee  chosen 
for  that  purpose,  along  with  writing  books  when  thought  neces- 
sary, each  pupil's  name  on  the  specimen  being  covered  by  a 
small  piece  of  paper  pasted  across  the  same.  The  knowledge 
of  who  takes  the  premiums,  however,  should  be  entirely  kept 
from  the  class  until  the  last  minute,  when  the  same  is  announc- 
ed, amid  a  breathless  silence,  by  the  teacher.  All  the  members 
of  the  class  having  assembled, the  teacher  will  review  the  posi- 
tion for  sitting,  holding  pen,  kinds  of  materials  to  use,  how  to 
preserve  materials,  etc.  He  should  dwell  on  the  importance 
of  frequent  composition  and  letter  writing,  showing  that  the 
writing  term,  composed  as  it  is  of  but  twelve  lessons,  cannot 
be  expected  to  make  the  student  a  finished  penman  in  that 
course  of  time.  That  the  object  of  the  lessons  has  been  to 
teach  the  members  of  the  class  how  to  learn  ;  that  it  now 
simply  remains  for  the  pupils  to  build  on  their  knowledge  of 
the  principles.  Upon  the  blackboard,  the  teacher  will  then 
review  the  fundamental  principles  over  which  the  class  has 
passed,  showing  how  the  principles  of  curves,  proportion, 
shades,  and  parallel  lines  will  give  elegance  and  grace  to  the 
letter.  A  few  perfect  and  imperfect  letters  should  again  be 
contrasted  together  for  the  benefit  of  the  class,  and  the  enter- 
tainment of  the  audience  present,  the  blackboard  illustrations 
comprising  the  making  of  birds,  eagles,  swans,  pens,  etc., 
showing  the  application  of  the  principles  in  all  forms,  as  well 
as  letters  ;  thus  impressing  upon  the  class  the  necessity  of  care- 
ful attention  to  nature's  rules,  in  the  execution  of  beautiful 
penmanship.  The  teacher  should  be  provided  with  a  small 
writing  desk,  containing  every  article  necessary  for  writing. 
This  he  should  open  before  the  class,  and  follow  by  showing 
the  use  for  every  article  contained  therein,  the  concluding 
remarks  on  penmanship  being  that  students  should  provide 
themselves  with  every  material  necessary  for  composition  and 
letter  writing,  thus  making  their  practice  in  the  future  agree- 
able, and  hence  their  continued  improvement  certain.  Advert- 
ing now  to  the  promise  made  in  the  early  part  of  the  term, 
that  those  students  should  be  rewarded  with  honorable  men- 
tion and  premiums  who  had  exhibited  greatest  improvement 
and  excellence  the  teacher  will  explain  the  course  pursued  in 
the  examination  of  writing  by  the  committee,  and  after  show- 
ing that  perfect  impartiality  has  been  observed,  lie  will 
announce  the  name  of  the  person  presenting  the  best  letter, 
and  present  premium  ;  following  with  the  name  of  the  pupil 
having  made  greatest  improvement,  concluding  with  the  an- 
nouncement of  the  student  that  is  regarded  the  best  penman 
in  the  class,  accompanying  the  remarks  by  presentation  of 
prizes.  The  exercises  of  the  lesson  should  close  with  appro- 
priate farewell  remarks. 


PLATE  W. 


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</sl4St!Z<4'C£^ts£<ty^A' 


/ 


/->       / 


^Z-i-i- 


■ 


SELF-INSTRCCTOR    IN    PENMANSHIP. 


39 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  TEACHERS. 


WRITING  School  conducted  thus, 
according  to  the  foregoing  ar- 
rangement of  lessons,  the  princi- 
£^3f  pies  of  penmanship  being  ex- 
plicitly illustrated  on  the  black- 
board and  taught  by  a  thoroughly 
competent  teacher,  will  be  of  great 
and  lasting  service  to  the  community  in  which 
it  is  held,  and  will  afford  every  member  of  the 
class  a  season  of  highly  profitable  enjoyment. 
Of  course  the  success  of  the  school  mainly 
depends  upon  the  teacher.  The  instructor  is, 
in  fact,  the  life  and  soul  of  the  class.  If  he 
possess  love  of  order,  tact,  versatility,  know- 
ledge of  human  nature,  self-possession,  with 
ability  to  illustrate,  explain  and  entertain  his 
class  with  story  and  anecdote  pertaining  to 
writing,  he  will  find  his  classes  large  and  the 
profession  of  teaching  writing  as  profitable  to 
himself  and  as  beneficial  to  the  public  as  any 
upon  which  he  can  enter. 

Should  teaching  writing  be  chosen  as  a  pro- 
fession for  a  series  of  years,  it  is  well  for  the 
teacher  to  select  a  dozen  or  twenty  villages  in 
which  to  teach,  and  give  instruction  in  each  of 
these  localities,  once  or  twice  a  twelvemonth 
for  years  in  succession  rather  than  teach  over  a 
very  wide  range  of  country.  The  teacher's 
reputation  thus  becomes  established,  the  profes- 
sion is  dignified  and  ennobled ;  people  knowing 
the  worth  of  the  school  are  free  to  patronize, 
and  thus  the  avocation  is  made  much  more 
pleasant  and  profitable  to  the  teacher. 

The  outline  of  instruction  given  for  the  fore- 
going series  of  lessons  is  but  a  brief  epitome  of 
what  each  lesson  ought  to  be.  The  enumer- 
ation of  subjects  may  guide  the  young  teacher 
somewhat,  but  the  whole  should  be  greatly 
elaborated,  and  will  be,  by  the  ingenious  teacher, 
as  circumstances  demand. 

The  usual  charge  for  a  course  of  instruction 
of  12  lessons  is  from  $2  to  $5  per  pupil. 


Teachers  should  furnish  paper  for  students, 
and  care  for  the  books  when  not  in  use  by  the 
pupils.  Students  may  take  charge  of  the 
other  materials  required. 

The  strictest  order  should  be  maintained. 
No  whispering  ought  to  be  allowed.  Such  still- 
ness should  reign  in  the  school  that  every 
scratching  pen  may  be  distinctly  heard. 

To  secure  order  the  teacher  will  notice  when 
the  first  evidence  of  restlessness  begins  to  mani- 
fest itself  in  the  class  ;  certain  students  becom- 
ing tired  of  writing.  If  this  uneasiness  is  allowed 
to  continue  twenty  minutes,  the  school  will  be 
oftentimes  a  scene  of  confusion,  but  upon  the 
first  appearance  of  weariness,  the  attention  of 
the  class  should  be  directed  for  a  short  time  to 
the  blackboard,  or  the  time  maybe  occupied  for 
a  little  while  by  some  story,  humorous  or  other- 
wise, having  a  bearing  upon  writing ;  listening  to 
which  the  students  become  rested,  and  proceed 
with  their  practice  afterwards  with  pleasure. 

Having  invited  the  leading  citizens  of  the 
town  to  visit  the  school,  call  upon  them  fre- 
quently for  remarks  to  the  class  on  the  subject 
(if  writing.  From  the  business  and  professional 
men  who  may  thus  address  the  class,  the 
teacher  and  pupils  may  oftentimes  gain  many 
valuable  ideas,  the  class  will  be  encouraged, 
and  better  discijuine  will  be  secured.  The 
great  secret  of  preserving  good  order  in  school 
is  to  keep  the  mind  of  the  students  constantly 
employed  with  the  work  in  hand. 

The  subjects  pertaining  to  writing  are  abun- 
dant, and  it  becomes  the  teacher  to  study  and 
present  them  to  the  class  in  familiar  lectures 
as  occasion  demands.  Many  of  the  succeeding 
chapters  of  this  book  afford  subject  matter, 
from  which  the  teacher  of  penmanship  can 
obtain  topics  to  discuss,  that  will  entertain  and 
instruct  the  class,  while  the  instructor  should, 
at  the  same  time,  be  on  the  alert  for  practical 
subjects  to  illustrate  his  work,  from  whatever 
source  they  may  be  obtained.  For  example, 
how  character  can  be  told  from  penmanship; 
what  faculties  of  mind  are  employed   in   the 


40 


IT.N m a nsh 1 1-    i i.i.isika n:i >. 


execution  of  writing  ;  why  some  pupils  are 
naturally  handsome  penmen  and  others  not; 
why  Edward  Everett  should  write  elegantly 
and  Horace  Greeley  with  a  scrawl  ;  why  gentle- 
men naturally  write  a  large  hand,  and  ladies 
fine,  etc. 

The  effect  of  temperament  on  penmanship, 
and  the  result  of  using  stimulants,  should  be 
thoroughly  considered,  and  presented  to  the 
class.  Students  should  be  urged  to  avoid  the 
use  of  tobacco  as  a  noxious  habit  that  lays  the 
foundation  for  intemperance,  and  the  use  of 
strong  drink  as  the  destroyer  of  the  soul ;  both 
tobacco  and  stimulants  being  also  destructive 
to  that  steadiness  of  nerve  essential  to  the  exe- 
cution of  beautiful  penmanship. 

Many  a  hoy  may  lie  deterred  from  an  evil 
habit  by  the  good  example  and  advice  of  the 
teacher,  admonishing  him  that  superiority  in 
penmanship  and  great  excellence  in  life  will 
come  from  being  strictly  temperate. 


CONCLUDING  SUGGESTIONS  ON  PENMANSHIP 
TO  LEARNERS. 


I  HIS  book,  as  is  designed,  will 
Kfigly    fi'H   hito   the   hands   of  many 
who  will  never  have  an  oppor- 
tunity of  receiving  instruction 
from  a  professional  teacher. 

To  practice  penmanship  to 
advantage,  unaided  by  the 
teacher,  students  should  pro- 
vide themselves  with  necessary  materials,  as 
detailed  elsewhere. 

For  the  purpose  of  making  steady  progress 
in  the  acquisition  of  an  elegant,plain  penman- 
ship, the  student  will  be  assisted  by  copying 
choice  gems  of  poetry  or  prose,  first  writing 
each  exercise  on  a  separate  slip  of  paper  and 
afterwards  transcribing  the  same  in  a  book  kept 
for  the  purpose.  In  the  writing  of  original 
compositions  and  letters,  each  exercise  should 
be  copied  as  long  as  the  student  is  desirous  of 


improving  in  penmanship;  the  copy  being  always 
a  great  improvement  upon  the  original,  not  only 
in  penmanship, but  in  spelling,  grammar,  us.   of 

capital  letters,  and  composition. 

Writers  should  not  rest  satisfied  until  they 
have  absolutely  mastered  a  plain,  rapid,  and 
elegant  penmanship.  The  art,  being  almost 
purely  mechanical,  is  more  easily  acquired  by 
some  than  others;  but  every  person  from  eight 
years  of  age  upwards,  until  the  body  becomes 
tremulous  with  age,  having  ordinary  command 
of  the  hand,  who  will  persevere  in  the  attempt, 
can  write  a  legible,  easy  penmanship. 

Among  the  benefits  arising  from  a  good 
handwriting,  some  are  shown  in  the  following 

Reasons  why  we  should  write  well. 

Because,  1st.  Good  penmanship  of  itself 
adds  greatly  to  our  happiness.  The  conscious- 
ness to  the  lady  or  gentleman  of  being  able  to 
write  a  letter  that  shall  win  the  admiration  and 
praise  of  the  friend  to  whom  it  is  written  is  a 
source  of  unspeakable  pleasure  to  the  writer, 
and  to  possess  this  ability  throughout  our  life- 
time is  to  be  proficient  in  an  accomplishment 
which  adds  to  our  happiness,  as  does  excellence 
in  oratoiy,  painting  or  music.  Good  writing  is 
a  fine  art,  and  is  to  the  eye  what  good  language 
is  to  the  ear. 

2nd.  Good  writing  is  of  great  benefit  to  us 
pecuniarily.  The  person  who  may  apply  for  a 
situation  as  teacher,  clerk, or  any  position  where 
intellectual  ability  is  required,  finds  a  beauti- 
fully written  letter  the  best  recommendation 
that  can  be  sent  when  applying  for  that  position. 
Hundreds  of  instances  are  on  record,  many 
doubtless  within  the  knowledge  of  the  reader, 
where  lucrative  situations  have  been  obtained 
through  good  penmanship,  that  could  never 
have  been  secured  had  the  applicant  not  had  a 
"■oi  .(1  handwriting. 

And,  3rd.  A  mastery  of  the  art  of  writing 
is  of  great  service  to  us  intellectually.  Persons 
who  can  write  well,  taking  pleasure  in  the 
practice,  will  write  more  than  they  other- 
wise would.     Every  time   they  write   a  word 


SELF -INSTRUCTOR   IN    PENMANSHIP, 


41 


they  spell  it,  and  thus  improve  in  spelling. 
Every  time  a  sentence  is  written,  an  application 
is  made  of  grammar;  and  thus  knowledge  is 
obtained  of  how  to  speak  correctly.  The  sub- 
ject they  write  about,  they  become  familiar  with ; 
and  thus,  in  the  act  of  writing,  they  are  intel- 
lectually improved.  The  most  intelligent  and 
influential  in  any  community  are  those  who  can 
express  thought  most  easily  and  correctly  on 
paper. 


COPIES  FOR  WRITING-SCHOOL 


ANDARD  copies  for  the 
twelve  lessons  may  consist 
of  the  following  script  lines, 
though  it  is  important  that 
they  be  as  perfectly  prepared 
as  the  copies  shown  on  Plates 
I,  II,  III  and  IT. 
The  extra   practice,  beyond   the   two  copies 


assigned  at  each  lesson,  may  be  on  a  separate 
slip  of  paper,  and  should  comprise  the  writing 
of  the  elements  of  letters,  commercial  forms,  off- 
hand capitals,  letter  writing,  etc. 

Students  may  join  the  class  at  any  time,  up  to 
the  last  half  of  the  term.  Whatever  may  be 
the  time  of  commencement,  however,  each  pupil 
should  begin  with  the  first  copies,  aud  write 
as  many  of  them  as  time  will  permit.  The 
occasional  review  of  the  principles,  by  the 
teacher,  will  enable  the  students  that  join  last 
to  understand  them ;  though  it  is  desirable,  for 
the  sake  of  practice,  that  each  pupil  commence, 
if  possible,  with  the  first  lesson. 

As  will  be  seen  by  examination,  the  style  of 
penmanship,  for  ladies  and  gentlemen,  is  equally 
large  up  to  the  17th  cop}'.  Beyond  that,  the 
size  for  ladies  is  decidedly  finer.  Though 
important  that  ladies  should  be  able  to  write  a 
bold  penmanship  for  business  and  other  writing, 
the  lady  involuntarily  chooses  a  more  delicate 
handwriting,  by  which  she  thus  expresses  her 
natural  delicacy  and  refinement  of  character. 


First  Lesson. 


</.         (Qy/tQ^      4/t/l^f     ig^^W-^     -cm     'UAl/isft^i-n- 


■uyzs      -£^Z-£^ 


_J. 


Second  Lesson. 


J. 


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Third    Lesson. 


C^Z*Z 


O.  -&■      rr       rf      tz>       ft 


■c/     t   fe>     ■&■     j£     ■£■&■■&-     ct>      -a,     ■&, 


■n- 


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42 


COPIES   POIt   THE   "WIIITING    SCHOOL. 


Fourth  Lesson. 


/.        &  ^4  y. 


S 


■i-     J-     -Z-     -m*     t*     i<*     a> 


7 


P.    A 


<f. 


©ft 


9- 


Fifth  Lesson. 


SO.  OoWZsCsl,/  r  en 


ss. 


S3. 


SS. 


Sixth   Lesson. 


i-c^yz^ci^Sci/        ?&-&?^yyi4zASZS 


'OWrtK 


i^a^yi^e^ 


■Msc/ptlS 


n^z^a^yi/' 


7^ 


y  i 


Seventh   Lesson. 

D 


&iw4Z^p/  \s?  i--e-tpi?sj- 


i>-e--tfr€wiS      /  /  / 


■c^yiyyi-d^y/l^t^T^t^i/ 


S^..        <z~Si*^/£e/         ^tO-t^^f^ci/         fc^-zt^^z&wci^i-cfi 


S3. 


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Eighth  Lesson. 


list^-r^ttstz^S      ({W?*«m-/)       /,  // •  o-syw^rziz) 


/?* 


/  Q  .        y~zs/-     J  rfyyiSzSe-     -&S    -yyz^iy.    St^Pt^yi^eJ^-     Si- 


7^-ryz<4WidSLifeS 


Ninth  Lesson. 


'J'ty  i^^y^^yz^e^zytSci^^e-  ffe^W/W^m'?^  ^zz^-z-z-  -edSe*e-?<yi/ 


s<r. 


Tenth  Lesson. 


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■ci^wyyztt'le-      ^yy^c^z^. 


Sy  ■        ^^'yttSz4y&sZA&?sy?sewyg'  ipfc&istStS   S&     ^/i^e-     ■eS^e>c-'£   &S  -tzSz. 


COPIES   FOR   THE   WRITING   SCHOOL.  43 


Eleventh  Lesson. 


-Jv.        ^^-e^iA^z^n^)      yttJ        ■&&&       &4^zstzw?sew/£      -&<f     /zjs&<i& 


JzJz.         v  -i^d^-e^uf^-   -^a^^zd  jL^&^ci&  /   -tzst/zAMJ^z^  -fa&eJ  ■€fc&mS 


Twelfth    Lesson. 


^(O .      ^p(0-i4^7svz4si^a)     -fazz^isct    ^z^e^yz^^z^i^td-^zyf'^    ^W-    v-ct^i/. 


t^-tsns&dJ . 


.J//..        \=^ ' ■cnwsfa'teJ  -&<f  /ryz^t,  ?tjf^--^cisi^c/,    ■6te4-wzse<2J  /wt 


/r?<?^, 


LADIES    EPISTOLARY. 


-Ninth   Lesson, 


-Tenth  Lesson. 


Eleventh  Lesson. 


£-/ .         C/i/tye-ii£  <>A*&Cc  <n<&£  -ao  6i44<t-eijAa>l<&e*z.         C74tt<)<c  *£<>  -fame  «z*z«z  /le-ujewe-te-.     C/e4<le>u&i€.. 


££.         C7v<&£ute   €4Mfo4sa<j   <z  ■u^t^ti-ttte-   etteA  mAOjL&£aj£6z   ■6a4.   o-u4-   ds£tt-c£u..      Sji&di    <&yi<z    -Ce*z44 


Twelfth  Lesson. 


44 


SELF-lNSTKiCTOR    IX    SHORT-HANI)    WRITINC. 


--"    '  -SSC i 


Short-Hand  Writing. 


Short-Hand  for  Business  Purposes. 


^VERY  year  adds  proof,  by  the 
cniistaiitly  increasing  demand  for 
it,  how  indispensable  in  a  modern 
education  is  a  knowledge  of  rap- 
id writing.  The  young,  by  all 
means,  should  acquire  it. 

It  may  be  used  by  the  author 
in  his  study,  the  editor  in  his 
"sanctum,"  the  clergyman  in  his  library,  the 
lawyer  in  his  office  —  in  fact,  everywhere  that 
writing  is  needed,  the  simplicity  and  dispatch  of 
Short-hand  make  its  value  apparent. 

The  beginner  should  determine,  at  the  out- 
set, whether  or  not  he  will,  for  a  time  at  least, 
do  verbatim  writing.  If  he  wishes  to  do  this, 
he  must  expect  to  give  much  time  and  close  at- 
tention to  it.  The  man  or  system  that  promises 
to  give  verbatim  speed  in  a  few  weeks'  time,  is 
unworthy  of  confidence.  It  is  useless  to  expect 
to  be  a  good  reporter  and  follow  some  other 
business  at  the  same  time.  Reporting  is  a  pro- 
fession of  itself,  and  requires  the  undivided  at- 
tention of  the  person  following  it.  If,  however, 
the  beginner,  simply  wishing  relief  from  long- 
hand in  his  daily  writing,  is  content  with  a  rate 
of  speed  that  gives  a  fully  written  and  abso- 
lutely legible  manuscript,  a  style  that  is  easy  to 
learn,  write,  read,  and  remember,  let  him  take 
up  the  simplest  style,  master  it  thoroughly,  and 
depend  for  speed  upon  perfect  familiarity  with 


the  word-forms  used,  and  the  greatest  facility 
in  their  execution,  as  in  long-hand,  and  he  will 
gain  his  object  more  easily  and  quickly  than  if 
he  seeks  it  through  shorter  word-forms,  winch 
must  necessarily  be  more  difficult  to  learn  and 
read.  Very  few  people  need  to  become  verba- 
tim reporters ;  every  one,  however,  having  much 
writing  to  do,  can  use  a  simple  style  of  short- 
hand to  advantage. 

The  grand  principle  upon  which  a  system  of 
short-hand  should  be  built  is  that  of  phonetics. 
Every  sound  in  the  language  should  be  repre- 
sented by  its  individual  sign,  used  for  that 
sound  and  no  other.  As  a  simple  sound  is  ut- 
tered by  one  impulse  of  the  voice,  so  should  the 
sign  representing  it  be  made  by  one  movement 
of  the  hand:  resulting  in  a  single,  simple  sound 
being  represented  by  a  single,  simple  line. 
These  lines  should  be  of  such  a  form  that  they 
may  be  easily  joined,  one  to  another,  so  that  a 
word  may  be  completely  written  without  rais- 
ing the  pen.  The  most  frequently  occurring 
sounds  shoidd  be  represented  by  the  most  easily 
written  signs ;  and  all  the  sounds  should  be 
represented  by  such  signs  as  will  give  a  free, 
flowing,  forward  direction  to  the  writing,  with- 
out running  either  too  far  above  or  below  the 
line  upon  which  it  is  written.  There  should  be 
a  distinct  line  drawn  between  the  simplest  style 
for  general  use  —  which  should  contain  no  con- 


SELF -INSTRUCTOR   IX   SHORT-HAXT)   WRITING. 


45 


tracted,  irregular,  or  exceptional  word-forms  — 
and  the  more  brief  and  complicated  styles  for 
the  reporter's  use. 

Of  the  various  systems  of  Short-hand,  that 
called  Tachygraphy  (  Ta-kig-ra-fe~),  a  system 
invented  and  elaborated  by  D.  P.  Lindsley,  of 
Andover,  Mass.,  probably  more  nearly  meets 
the  requirements  of  the  public  than  any  now 
in  use ;  the  advantage  of  this  system  of  Short- 
hand being,  that  it  combines  rapidity  with 
completeness  of  detail  in  a  very  large  degree. 
By  permission  of  Mr.  Lindsley  we  are  enabled 
to  present  the  following  synopsis  and  illustra- 
tions from  his  work,  "  Elements  of  Tachygra- 
phy," published  by  Otis  Clapp,  No.  3  Beacon 
St.,  Boston. 

THE  ALPHABET   OF   TACHYGRAPHY. 

CONSONANTAL    SIGNS. 


BIG*. 

SAME 

BOUND. 

SIGN. 

NAME 

SOOTID. 

1 

Be, 

b 

in  bay. 

^v 

The, 

th  in  they. 

| 

Pe, 

P 

in  pay. 

~A 

Ith, 

th  in  oath. 

N 

Ga, 

or 
O 

in  go. 

r 

Em, 

m   in  may. 

\ 

Ka, 

k 

in  key. 

^- 

En, 

n    in  nay. 

De, 

d 

in  do. 

w 

Ing, 

ng  in  sing. 

Te, 

t 

in  to. 

j 

El, 

1     in  lay. 

T 

Ye, 

V 

in  eve. 

/ 

Ra, 

r    in  ray. 

) 

Ef, 

f 

in  if. 

</ 

"Wa, 

w   in  we. 

( 

Zhe 

>z 

in  azure. 

J 

Ya, 

y    in  ye. 

( 

Ish, 

sh 

in  show. 

s 

Ha, 

h    in  high. 

^ 

Ze, 

z 

in  ooze. 

<■ — 

Ja, 

j     in  jail. 

•  - 

Es, 

s 

in  so. 

VOCAL 

SIGNS 

Cha, 

ch  in  each. 

A 

E, 

e 

in  eve. 

A 

i,      i 

in  it ;  y  in  duty. 

c 

A, 

a 

m  ace. 

• 

Ai, 

ai 

in  air. 

e,     e 

in  ebb. 

u 

Ah, 

a 

in  are. 

U 

a,     a 

in  ask,  at. 

_ 

Oo, 

0 

in  do. 

- 

66,  oo  in  foot ;  u  in  full. 

1 

0, 

0 

in  ode. 

V 

u,     ii 

in  us,  fun,  hut. 

• 

Au, 

an 

in  aught. 

• 

6,     o 

in  on,  or. 

/- 

Oi, 

oy 

in  boy. 

V 

I,     i 

in  ice. 

4 

Ow 

ow 

in  now. 

A 

Ew,  ew  in  dew. 

In  writing  Tachygraphy  the  pen  should  be 
held  between  the  first  and  second  fingers,  and 
steadied  by  the  thumb  —  as  shown  in  the  cut  at 
the  beginning  of  this  chapter  —  so  that   such 

signs  as  |     \    __  may  be  easily  made,  without 
changing  the  position  of  the  pen. 

The  alphabet  should  be  thoroughly  mastered 
by  taking  up  the  signs  in  pairs,  and  writing  them 
many  times,  repeating  the  sound  represented  as 
the  sign  is  made,  so  as  to  get  the  sound  allied 
with  the  sign,  and  both  well  fixed  in  the  mind. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  all  heavy  signs  represent 
vocal  sounds,  whde  nearly  all  the  light  signs 
represent  whispered  sounds. 

The  signs,  |  \  \  )  )  (  (  ~>\~N\,  are 
always  written  downward ; 

—  —  s — v  ,- — -  — ,-  -. -    &—  = — ,  from  left 

to  right ;  /^  y  / ,  either  upward  or  down- 
ward, andc^- -      ^y   ^ ,  always  upward. 

In  joining  consonant  signs  with  each  other, 
acute  angles  should  be  made  where  possible, 
as  they  are  more  easily  and  rapidly  made 
than  obtuse  angles.  The  joining  of  a  vowel 
sign  with  a  consonant,  at  its  beginning,  should 
always  form  an  angle,  thus : 

Abe,  eke,  it,   of,  owes,   on,     oil,       are. 

At  the  end  of  a  consonant,  the  semi-circular 
vowels  are  written,  either  in  their  alphabetic 
form  or  as  hooks  on  the  consonant,  whichever 
is  most  convenient  and  adds  most  to  facility 
in  writing.  The  vowels  r\  „  (distinguished 
mainly  by  size),  are  determined  by  their  being 
written  in  the  direction  the  hands  of  a  clock 
move  —  turning  far  enough  to  the  right  to 
form  a  proper  angle  with  the  following  sign ; 

and  u  "  (also  distinguished  mainly  by  size), 
are  determined  by  their  being  written  in  the 
opposite  direction.     Examples: 


Entered  according  to  Act  or  Congress,  in  the  year  1870.  by  D.  P.  LrswLXY    In  the  Clerk's  Office 
of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  MaAsachusell*. 


\5^ 

Be,  kid,  keen,  deep,  tick,  fish,  leap,  hid,    bad. 
car,    tan,         narrow,         last. 


46 


SELF-INSTKn TOR    IN'    SHORT-HAND    WRITING. 


The  dash  vowels  should  always  form  angles 
with  consonant  signs  ;    ■      -  are  varied  in  their 
direction  to  facilitate  this.     Examples : 
^S        v — ^_^  goat,  knowing,  |     \(__  up,  cut. 

Either  the  first  or  second,  or  both  strokes  of 
the  vowel  diphthongs  may  be  made  straight  or 
curved  to  facilitate  joining,  thus  : 

Nine,  size,  noise,         now,     hew. 

The  other  vowel  signs  do  not  vary  from  the 
alphabetic  position,  and  must  be  disjoined  \\  hen 
they  will  not  form  a  proper  angle. 

Disjoined  vowels  should  be  written  to  the  left 
of  upright  and  inclined,  and  above  horizontal 
consonants,  \i  hen  the  vowel  sound  precedes  t  In- 
consonant sound,  and  to  the  right  of  upright 
and  inclined,  and  below  horizontal  consonants, 
when  the  vowel  sound  follows  the  consonantal. 

CONSONANTAL  DIPHTHONGS. 

1    Br,  as  in  brow.  c_Dl,  as  in  meddle. 


I   Pr,  as  in  prow. 
%  Gr,  as  in  grow. 
*\  Cr,  as  in  crow. 
c —  Dr,  as  in  draw, 
c —  Tr,  as  in  try. 
")    Vr,  as  in  over. 
J    Fr,  as  in  free. 
f  Zhr,  as  in  measure. 

/  Shr,  as  in  shred. 
^  Thr,  as  in  other. 
^\Thr,  as  in  three. 

Nr,  as  in  owner, 
f  Bl,  as  in  blow. 

PI,  as  in  plow. 
^  Gl,  as  in  glow. 
S^  CI,  as  in  clay. 


c_Tl,  as  in  settle. 

J  VI,  as  in  evil. 
J  Fl,  as  in  fly. 

OZhl,  as  in  ambrosial. 

•pShl,  as  in  special. 
XI,  as  in  kennel. 


I  Sp,  as  in  spy. 
\  Sk,  as  in  sky. 
o — St,  as  in  stay. 

)   Sf,  as  in  sphere. 
f- Sm,  as  in  smith. 

c Sn,  as  in  snow. 

^  SI,  as  in  slat. 
^-  Sw,  as  in  sweet. 


f>  Mz,  as  in  hems. 

Nz,  Ns,  as  in  hens, 
hence. 
^_y  Ngz,  as  in  brings. 
Lz,  Ls,  as  in  owls, 
-s  else. 

„  Rz,  Rs,  as  in  wars, 
horse. 
^Wh,  as  in  when. 


I     Bz,  as  in  hubs. 
Ps,  as  in  hopes. 

l       also  Gz,  Ks,  Dz,  Ts,  etc 

\    Vz,  as  in  loaves. 

\    Fs,  as  in  roofs. 

^_^  Zz,  as  in  mazes. 
Sz,  as  in  masses. 

s    ft    also  Thz,  Ths,  etc. 

These  signs,  it  will  be  observed,  are  not  new 
ones,  but  modifications  of  those  already  learned. 
They  should  be  used  only  where  no  vowel 
sound  occurs  between  the  consonant  sounds.  A 
few  examples  will  explain  their  use  quite  folly. 

^)  \  r?  L.-\^\  ^  v  ^ 


f 


>  ^ 


Blow,  glow,  meddle,  evil,  brow,  upper,  gray, 
meeker,  draw,  utter,  over,  free,  measure,  shred, 
other,  owner,  spy,  stay,  sphere,  smith,  snow, 
sleep,  sweet,  when,  special,  kennel. 

Where  the  final  consonant  of  a  word  is  either 
s  or  z,  preceded  by  a  consonant,  a  circle  is  used 
for  the  s  or  z,  thus : 


^\    /\ 


*^*J 


Hope,  hopes,  lad.  lads,  owl,  owls,  war,  wars. 
When  preceded  by  a  vowel,  use  the  alphabetic 
form  for  s  and  z. 

The  circle  is  also  used  between  two  conso- 
nants, and  is  then  written  on  the  outside  of  the 
angle  formed  by  the  consonants  —  when  both 

are  straight  lines,  as  I  /       ;  on  the  inside 

of  the  curve,  where  one  is  a  curve  and  the  other 
a  straight  line,  as  ^  f~  ;  and  on  the  inside 
of  both  curves,  when  possible,  as  in 

— *^  o   ^ 

It  is  sometimes  necessary  to  write  the  circle 
on  the  inside  of  one  curve  and  outside  of  the 

other,  as  in        J 


SELF-INSTRUCTOR    IN    SHORT-HAND    WRITING. 


47 


Two  or  more  words,  closely  allied  in  sense, 
may  be  joined  into  a  phrase,  where  the  signs 
composing  the  words  unite  readily,  thus  adding 
to  both  the  speed  and  legibility  of  the  writing. 
Example  ; 


\ 


H 


V 


Of  the,  with  it,  it  is,  in  such  a  way,  I  will  be,  I 
have. 

The  first  inclined  or  perpendicular  consonant 
sign  should  rest  upon  the  line  —  the  other  signs 
following  in  their  proper  direction.     Example : 


Seek  always  to  form  a  free,  flowing,  graceful 
outline.  The  most  easily  written  forms  are  the 
most  beautiful,  and  vice  versa. 

We  have  given,  of  this  system,  only  a  synop- 
sis of  the  fully  written  Common  Style,  but  suf- 
ficient, however,  to  explain  the  merits  and  prin- 
ciples of  Tachygraphy.  Those  who  wish  to  fit 
themselves  for  verbatim  writing  are  referred  to 
the  work  entitled,  "  The  Note  Taker.  A  Trea- 
tise on  the  Second  Style  of  Lindsley's  Brief 
Writing,  for  the  use  of  Lawyers,  Editors,  Ee- 
porters,  Students,  and  all  persons  desirous  of 
taking  full  notes  in  Courts  of  Record,  Profes- 
sional Schools,  Seminaries,  and  Public  Assem- 
blies." Published  by  the  firm  to  which  we 
have  before  alluded. 

The  following  Extracts  are  from  Pope's 
Essay  on  Man. 


<v^j  r        /     /■— >        ( — j)  r    — 

Vice     is  a    monster     of  so      frightful  mien, 

— ,~i^— ,^-l_  n.-^ 

As,    to  be   hated.      needs     but     to  be    seen  ; 


Yet    seen     too    oft,    familiar     with     her     face, 
\\  e   first      endure,       then     pity,     then     embrace. 


Pope's  Essay  on  Man.— Second  Epistle. 

0 


48 


RULES   FOR   SPELLING. 


f 


SPELLING. 

EAUTIFUL  penmanship  should  be 
accompanied  by  correct  spelling.  If 
the  person  can  possess  but  one  ac- 
complishment,  it  is,  in  fact,  better 
>£  to  spell  correctly  than  to  write  well. 
J  Nothing  so  mars  the  effect  of  beau- 
tiful chirography  as  bad  spelling, 
which  is  the  more  conspicuous  when 
set  off  by  good  penmanship.  True,  there  are 
over  a  hundred  thousand  words  in  the  English 
language,  and  we  cannot  reasonably  be  expected 
to  remember  the  correct  orthography  of  them 
all;  and  not  until  the  phonetic  system  is  re- 
ceived, by  which  every  word  is  represented  by 
a  recognized  sign,  can  we  spell  all  words  cor- 
rectly without  reference  to  the  dictionary;  but 
the  few  hundred  words  in  general  use  are  not  so 
difficult  to  master.  At  any  rate,  the  writer 
should  have  at  hand  a  reliable  dictionary,  and 
no  word  should  go  from  his  hand  without  being 
correctly  Bpelled. 

The  following  will  aid  students  somewhat  in 
their  knowledge  of  spelling: 

Names  of  Elementary  Sounds. 

An  elementary  sound  is  the  simplest  sound 
of  the  English  language,  as  a,  e,  b,  k. 

The  English  language  contains  about  forty 
elementary  sounds. 

These  sounds  are  divided  into  three  classes — 
vocals,  tub-vocdU,  and  aspirates. 

The  vocals  consist  of  a  pure  tone  only,  as  a, 
e,  i.  o,  u. 

The  sub-vocals  consist  of  tone  united  with 
breath  :  as  1>.  d,  1,  m,  n,  r. 

The  aspirates  consist  of  pure  breath  onl\  :  as 
p,  t,  k,  f. 

The  following  words  contain  the  different 
elementary  sounds  of  the  language  : 

Vocals. —  N-o-me,  b-a-11,  a-t,  m-e,  m-e-t, 
f-i-ne,  p-.-n,  s-o-ld,  m-o-ve,  n-o-t,  rn-u-te,  p-M-11, 
c-K-p,  f-ow-nd. 

Sub-vocals. —  2?-at,   d-og,   g-o,  y'-oj,   Hfe, 


wj-an,  n-o,  so-ng,  ba-r,  (h-ose,  f-oice,  w-ise,  #-es, 
s-one,  a-a-ure. 

Aspirates. —  F-aith,  //-at.  ar-£,  p-'me,  s-un, 
r-ake,  '/(-ink,  sh-one,  ch-va-ck,  wh-en. 

Letters. 

A  letter  is  a  character  used  to  represent  an 
elementary  sound. 

The  English  Alphabet  contains  twenty-six 
letters:  A,  a  ;  B,  b  ;  C,  c  ;  D,  d;  E,  e  ;  F,  f ; 
G,  g  ;  H,  h  ;  I,  i ;  J,  j ;  K,  k  ;  L,  1 ;  M,  m  ;  N, 
ii  :  < ),  o  ;  P,  p  ;  Q,  (i  ;  R,  r  S,  s  ;  T,  t ;  U,  u  ; 
V.  v  :   W,  w;  X,  x;  Y,  y  ;  Z,  z. 

As  will  be  seen,  there  are  more  elementary 
sounds  than  letters.  It  therefore  follows  that 
some  letters  must  represent  more  than  one  sound 
each. 

Those  letters  which  represent  vocals  are  called 
vowels.  They  are  a,  e,  i,  o,  w,  and  sometimes  w 
and  y. 

Those  letters  which  represent  sub-vocals  and 
aspirates  are  called  consonants. 

The  sub-vocals  and  consonants  are  b,  d,  g,  I, 
m,  »,  r,  v,  z. 

The  aspirates  and  consonants  are  /,  h,  k,  c,  q, 
p,  t,  s. 

Rules  for  Spelling. 

1.  Words  of  one  syllable  ending  in  f,  i..  or s,  preceded  by  a  single 
rowel,  double  tbe  liiial  consonant ;  an  STAFF,  mill,  pa.-?-;  except  if, 

OF,   48,  SAS,   HAN  WAS,  YH-.  IS,  HIS,  Till-,  Is.  Tills. 

2.  Words  ending  in  any  other  consonant  except  p,  L,  and  s,  do  not 
double  the  final  letter;  except  add,  odd,  ego,  ebb,  inn,  err,  purr, 
bctt,  buzz,  and  Bome  proper  names. 

3.  Words  of  one  syllable,  and  words  accented  on  the  last  syllable, 
when  they  end  with  a  single  consonant,  preceded  by  a  single  vowi  I, 
double  the  final  consonant  before  an  additional  syllable  beginning 
with  a  vowel ;  as  rob,  robber;  permit,  permitting  ;  bat  x  flu 

ing  equivalent  to  k-.  is  an  exception,  and  is  never  doubled. 

4.  A  final  consonant,  when  not  preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  or  whi  n 
the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  syllable,  should  remain  single  before  an 
additional  syllable;  as  toil,  toiling;  vimt,  visited.  L  and  s  are 
often  doubled,  in  violation  of  this  rule,  when  the  acci  m  Is  not  on  the 

liable:  as  travel,  traveller;  bias,  biassed.    It  is  better  to 
write  traveler  and  BIASED. 

5.  Primitive  words  ending  In  ll  reject  one  X.  before  less  and  lt;  as 
skill,  skilless  ;  Fri.L,  filly:  but  words  ending  in  any  other  double 
letter,  preserve  it  double  before  these  terminations;  as  free,  freely  ; 
odd,  oddly. 

6.  The  final  e  of  a  primitive  word  is  generally  omitted  before  an 
additional  termination  beginning  with  a  vowel;  as  rate,  ratable; 
fori  k.  fori  nun;  bnt  words  ending  in  csandeB  retain  the  e  before 
able  and  ous;  as  peace,  peaceable;  OUTRAGE,  octrageocs. 

7.  T!ie  final  b  of  a  primitive  word  is  generally  retained  before  an 
additional  termination  beginning  with  a  consonant;  as  pale,  pale- 
mi-- ;  bnt  when  the  b  is  preceded  by  a  sometimes  omitted; 
as  true,  trcly:  and  sometimes  retained ;  as  shoe,  shoeless. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF    WORDS   IN    SPELLING. 


49 


8.  The  final  t  of  a  primitive  word,  when  preceded  by  a  consonant, 
is  changed  into  i  before  an  additional  termination;  as  merby,  mer- 
bilt:  but  with  a  vowel  before,  the  T  is  not  changed;  as  valley, 
valleys,  and  not  vallies,  as  frequently  written;  and  before  ing  the 
Y  is  retained  to  prevent  the  doubling  of  the  I;  as  PITT,  pitying. 

9.  Compounds  generally  retain  the  orthography  of  the  simple  words 
of  which  they  are  composed;  as  all-wise,  blue-eyed. 

10.  Words  ending  in  f  or  fe  have  v  substituted  for  the  f  iu  forming 
the  plurals:  as  wife,  wives;  knife,  knives,  etc.,  except  when  ending 
In  ff. 

11.  Some  words  are  spelt  the  same  in  both  the  singular  and  plural ; 
as  deer,  sheep,  etc.,  in  which  instance,  by  placing  a  before  the  word, 
one  is  meant,  and  by  using  the,  more  thau  one. 

12.  Some  words  are  spelt  altogether  differently  in  the  singular  and 
plural;  as  mouse,  mice;  goose,  geese. 

13.  In  spelling  words  it  is  necessary  to  consider  well  the  different 
sounds  of  each  part  of  the  word.  Every  separate  sound  in  a  word 
must  have  in  it  one  of  the  following  letters,  a,  e,  i,  o,  or  u.  Take 
for  ins  ance,  contemplate,  which  consists  of  three  different  sounds, 
con-tem-plate;  there  are  the  letters  o,  e,  and  a,  respectively,  in  each 
sound  or  syllable,  as  it  is  called,  and  each  one  gives  the  sound  to  its 
syllable.  In  dividing  such  words  at  the  end  of  a  line,  yon  must  not 
let  the  last  letter  be  any  one  of  the  above-mentioned  five  vowels,  but 
must  divide  according  to  the  syllable. 

Another  rule  to  be  observed  in  the  spelling  of  words  which  have 
tsg  added  to  them,  when  snch  words  end  in  e,  the  E  must  always  be 
left  out ;  as  come,  coming;  divide,  dividing. 

It  is  also  found  difficult  when  the  letters  i  and  e  come  together  in  a 
word,  to  know  w-hich  is  to  be  placed  first.  The  following  simple  rule 
will  obviate  such  difficulty:  When  i  and  e  follow  c  in  a  word,  the  e 
is  usually  placed  first;  as  receive,  deceive,  conceive,  etc.;  in  other 
instances  the  i  comes  before  the  e  ;  as  believe,  relieve,  etc. 


Words  of  Similar  Pronunciation  that  are  Spelled  Differently. 

Ail,  Ale.     Ail,  unwell ;  Ale,  a  liquor. 

All,  Awl.     All,  everyone  ;  Awl,  shoemaker's  tooL 

Bear,   Bare.     Bear,  wild  animal ;  Bare,  naked. 

Bier,  Beer.    Bier,  frame  for  earning  corpse  ;  Beer,  a  malt  liquor. 

Bore,   Boar,     Bore,  carried,  or  to  make  a  hole  ;  Boar,  the  male 

swine. 
Birth,   Berth.     Birth,  to  be  born  ;  Berth,  sleeping  place. 
Bee,    Be.     Bee,  an  insect  ;  Be,  is  used  in  every  other  instance. 
Call,  Caul.     Call,  to  visit,  or  shout  after ;  Caul,  the  covering 

on  the  heads  of  some  children  when  born. 
Currant,  Current.  Currant,  a  fruit  ;  Current,  a  stream. 
Draft,   Draught.     Draft,  commercial  form,  or  current  of  air  ; 

Draught,  to  draw  a  load,  or  a  drink. 
Dear,   Deer.     Dear,   not   cheap,  term  of  affection  ;  Deer,  an 

animal. 
Fourth,   Forth.     Fourth,  next  after  third  ;  Forth,  forward. 
Four,  Fore.     Four,  the  number  after  three  ;  Fore,  the  front. 
Great,  Grate.     Great,  large  ;  Grate,  fire  support  in  the  stove. 
Hail,   Hale.     Hail,  to  shout  after,  frozen  rain  ;  Hale,  vigorous. 
Hear,   Here.     Hear,  to  understand  ;  Here,  in  this  place. 
Hole,  Whole.     Hole,  an  opening  ;  Whole,  entire,  complete. 
I,   Eye.     I,  myself,  used   thus  it  should  always  be  a  capital ; 

Eye,  organ  of  sight. 
Know,  No.     Know,  to  understand  ;  No,  a  denial. 
Lief,  Leaf.     Lief,  willingly  ;  Leaf,  part  of  a  tree. 
More,  Moor,   Moore.     More,   in   addition;  Moor,    a  piece  of 

waste  land  ;  Moore,  a  man's  name. 


None,  Nun.     None,    not   any;  Nun,  a  female   who   secludes 

herself  from  all  worldly  affairs. 
Piece,  Peace.     Piece,  a  bit;  Peace,  quietness. 
Pare,  Pear,   Pair.     Pare,  to  peel;  Pear,  a  fruit;  Pair,  two. 
Rain,  Rein,  Reign.     Rain,  water  falling  from  clouds  ;  Rein,  a 

strap  for  guiding  a  horse  ;  Reign,  to  rule. 
Reed,  Read.     Reed,  a  kind  of  tall   grass;    Read,  the  act  of 

reading. 
Red,  Read.     Red,  a  color ;  Read,  past  tense  of  read. 
Sign,  Sine.     Sign,  a  token  ;  Sine,  a  mathematical  term. 
There,  Their.    There,  in  that  place  ;  Their,  apersonalpronoun. 
Tow,  Toe.     Tow,  rope  material ;  Toe,  a  part  of  the  foot. 
Vain,  Vane.     Vain,  conceited  ;  Vane,  a  weathercock. 
Vice,  Vise.     Vice,  wickedness  ;  Vise,  a  blacksmith's  tool. 
Ware,  Wear.     Ware,  goods,  or  earthen-ware  ;  Wear,  to  make 

use  of  clothing. 
Write,  Wright,  Rite.  Right.     Write,  to  use  a  pen  ;  Wright,  a 

man's  name  ;  Rite,  a  ceremony  :  Right,  not  wrong. 
Wrote,  Rote.     Wrote,  having  written  ;  Rote,  to  repeat  from 

memory. 
You,  Yew,   Ewe.     You,   yourself;  Yew,   a  tree;  Ewe,  female 

sheep. 
Blew.  Blue.     Blew,  having  blown  ;  Blue,  a  color. 
Made,  Maid.     Made,  formed  ;  Maid,  female  servant. 
Pail,  Pale.     Pail,  a  vessel ;  Pale,  white. 

Words   having  prefixes   and   suffixes   of  different  spelling, 
while  having  each  the  same  or  nearly  the  same  pronunciation. 

ible  and  able. 
The  following  words  end  in  ible.     Most  other  words  of  sim- 
ilar pronunciation  end  in  able. 

Accessible,  Decoctible,  Fallible, 

Admissible,  Deducible,  Feasible, 

Appetible,  Defeasible,  Fencible, 

Apprehensible,  Defectible,  Flexible, 

Audible,  Defensible,  Forcible, 

Coercible,  Depectible,  Frangible, 

Collectible,  Deprehensible,  Fusible, 

Comminuible,  Descendible,  Horrible, 

Compatible,  Destructible,  Ignoscible, 

Competible,  Digestible,  Illegible, 

Comprehensible,  Discernible,  Immarcessible, 

Compressible,  Discerptible,  Immiscible, 

Conceptible,  Distractible,  Intelligible, 

Conclusible,  Distensible,  Irascible, 

Congestible,  Divisible,  Legible, 

Contemptible,  Docible,  Miscible, 

Contractible,  Edible,  Partible, 

Controvertible,  Effectible,  Perceptible, 

Convertible,  Eligible,  Permissible, 

Convincible,  Eludible,  Persuasible, 

Corrigible,  Expansible,  Pervertible, 

Corrosible,  Enforcible,  Plausible, 

Corruptible,  Evincible,  Possible, 

Credible,  Expressible,  Producible, 

Deceptible,  Extendible,  Quadrible, 

Decerptible,  Extensible,  Reducible, 


50 


CLASSIFICATION    OF    WuRDS    IN    SPELLING. 


Referrible, 

Reflcxible, 

Refrangible, 

Regible, 

Remissible, 

Reprehensible, 


Resistible, 

nsible, 
Reversible, 
rtible, 
Risible, 
Seducible, 


The  following  words  end  in  able  : 

Manifestable, 

Movable, 

Probable, 


Approvable, 

Blamable, 

Conversable, 

Dilatable, 

1  lissolvable, 

Incondensable 

Inferable, 


Ri  table, 

rable, 
Ki  provable, 
Salable, 


Sensible, 
Tangible, 
Terrible, 
Transmissible, 

Visible. 


Solvable, 

Tamable, 

Tenable, 

Transferable, 

Unsalable, 

Untamable, 

Untenable. 


The   following   words    in    spelling 
words  of  simila'  pronunciation  begin 


begin  with   Im.     Other 
with  Em. 


Imbibe, 

Immingle, 

Implant, 

Imboil, 

Immit, 

Implead, 

I  mbound, 

I  mmix, 

Impart, 

Imbrue, 

Immure, 

Impose, 

Imbrute, 

Impact, 

Impound, 

Imbue, 

Impale, 

Impregnate, 

Imhurse, 

Impassioned, 

Impress, 

Immanucl, 

Impawn, 

Imprint, 

Immacubtli  . 

Impeach, 

Impromptu, 

Immense, 

Impearl, 

Impugn, 

Imminent, 

Impel, 

Impulse, 

Immigrant, 

Impen, 

Impunity, 

Immerge, 

Imperil, 

Imputable, 

Immerse, 

Impinge, 

Impute. 

Immigrate, 

ise  and  ize. 

The  following  words  terminate  with  ise.    Other  words  of  like 


pronunciation  terminate  with  ize. 
Advertise,  Criticise, 


Advise, 

Affranchise, 

Apprise, 

Catechise, 

Chastise, 

Circumcise, 

Comprise, 

Compromise, 


Demise, 
Despise, 
Devise, 

Disfranchise, 

Disguise, 

Divertise, 

Emprise, 

Enfranchise, 


Exercise, 
Exon:ise. 

Merchandise, 

Misprise, 

Recognise, 

Reprise, 

Supervise, 

Surmise, 

Surprise. 


Words  ending  in  d,  de,  ge,  mit,  rt,  8e,  or  SS,  take  sion  in 
derivatives.  Other  words  of  similar  pronunciation  in  their 
ending  are  usually  spelled  with  tion. 


Abscission, 

Abscersion, 

Adhesion, 

Admission, 

Cohesion, 

Compulsion, 

Condescension, 


Confession, 

Confusion, 

Conversion, 

Declension, 

Decursion, 

Depulsion, 

Dissension, 


Divulsion, 

Emersion, 

Evasion, 

Evulsion, 

Exesion, 

Expulsion, 

Impression, 


Impulsion, 
Incursion, 
Intrusion, 
Propulsion, 

Exceptional  words 


Encage, 

Enchant, 

Enchase, 

Encircle, 

Enclose, 

Encroach, 

Encumber, 

Endamage, 

Endear, 

Endow, 

Enfeeble, 

Inclasp, 

Incrust, 

Indict, 

Indite, 

Indorse, 

Indue, 

Infold, 

Ingraft, 


Recension, 

Revulsion, 

Recursion, 

Tension, 

Remission, 

Transcursion, 

Revision, 

Version. 

.     Coercion,  Suspicion,  Crucifixion 

Words  in   En. 

Enfranchise, 

Ensure, 

Engender, 

Entail, 

Engorge, 

Entangle, 

Entrance, 

Enthrone, 

Enhance, 

Entice, 

Enjoin, 

Entire, 

Enlard, 

Entitle, 

Enlarge, 

Entomb, 

Enlighten, 

Entrap, 

Enlist, 

Entreat, 

Enroll, 

Enure, 

Words  in   In. 

Ingrain, 

Intrust, 

Ingulf, 

Intwine, 

Inquire, 

Inure, 

Insnare, 

Inveigle, 

Insure, 

Inwheel, 

Interlace, 

Inwrap, 

Interplead, 

Inwreathe. 

Inthrall, 

Conceive, 
Receive, 

Achieve, 

Aggrieve, 
Believe, 


Words  ending    in  eive. 
Deceive,  Perceive, 

Words   ending  in  ieve. 
Relieve,  Sieve, 

Reprieve,  Thieve. 

Retrieve, 


Nouns  which  change  f  or  fe  into  ves  in  the  plural. 
Beeves,  Leaves,  Shelves, 

Calves,  Lives,  Thieves, 

Elves,  Loaves,  Wharves, 

Halves,  Selves,  Wives, 

Knives,  Sheaves,  Wolves. 

Nouns  ending  in  f  or  fe  in  which  S  is  only  used  in  the  plural. 


Briefs, 

Chiefs, 

Fiefs, 

Griefs, 

Mischiefs, 

Kerchiefs, 


Turfs, 

Kerfs, 

Surfs, 

Fifes, 

Strifes, 

Safes, 

Scarfs, 


Woofs, 

Hoofs, 

Roofs, 

Proofs, 

Beliefs, 

Reliefs, 

Gulfs. 


Dwarfs. 

Nouns  ending  in  eau,  ieu,  and  OU,  terminate  the  plural  in  jr. 
Beaux,  Flambeaux,  Morceaux, 

Bureaux,  Rondeaux,  Rouleaux, 


Chapeaux, 
Chateaux, 


Rondeaux, 

Plateaux, 

Bijoux, 


Tableaux, 


ILLUSTRATIONS    OF   SPELLING   BY   SOUND. 


51 


SPELLING  BY  SOUND. 

SYSTEM  OF  ORTHOGRAPHY,  whereby 

superfluous  letters  could  be  dispensed  with, 
educational  reformers  have  long  sought  to 
introduce.  Of  these,  the  following  method 
of  Spelling  by  Sound  was  published  some 
time  since  by  the  Hon.  Joseph  Medill, 
editorof  theChicago  Tribune,  itsadvantage 
over  the  strictly  phonetic  system  being  that  the  same  alphabet  is 
employed  as  that  in  general  use,  which  makes  it  much  easier 
to  introduce.  It  is  at  the  same  time  more  agreeable  to  the 
eye.  By  this  system  the  student  can  spell  any  word  after 
learning  the  sounds,  and  the  reader  can  readily  pronounce  any 
word  when  reading.  The  great  advantages  gained  are  less 
space  used  in  writing,  less  time,  correct  pronunciation,  and 
correct  spelling. 

The  application  of  this  system  of  spelling  is  shown  as 
follows : 

A  Specimen    of  His   System. 

The  extreme  iregularities  ov  our  orthografy  hav  long  ben  a  sours  ov 
inconv^niens  and  anoians.  Men  eminent  az  skolars  and  statsmen  hav 
often  pointed  out  theze  absurdities  ov  speling.  Yet  the  e"vil  remanes.  It 
encumbers  our  primary  educasion  and  robs  our  yuth  ov  yeresov  time  that 
shud  be  devoted  tu  the  acquizision  ov  nolej.  It  impozes  a  burden  upon 
the  literary  man  thru  life  in  the  use  ov  superfluous  leters,  and  compels 
meny  persons  tu  study  speling  from  the  cradle  tu  the  grave  or  fale  tu  spel 
corectly.  It  iz  a  fereful  barier  tu  formers  hu  wish  to  lern  our  langwaje  ; 
and  wors  than  aul,  it  hinders  thousands  ov  persons  from  lerning  tu  rede 
and  rite,  and  thus  Iargly  augments  the  ranks  ov  igndrans  and  depravity. 

Theze  dvils  ar  so  e"normus  in  theagregate  that  we  fele  compeled  tu  en- 
dors  the  words  ov  the  distinguished  President  ov  the  American  Fil61ojical 
As6siasion,  Prof.  F.  A.  March,  uzed  in  hiz  opening  adres  at  the  last 
anual  mating  ov  the  S6sfety  : 

"  It  iz  no  fi.se  tu  try  tu  caracterize  with  fiting  epithets  the  monstrous 
speling  ov  the  English  langwaje.  The  time  lost  by  it  is  a  larj  part  ov  the 
hole  skule  time  ov  the  most  ov  men.  Count  the  ours  which  «*ch  person 
wasts  at  skule  in  lerning  tu  rede  and  spel,  the  ours  spent  thru  life  in 
keeping  up  and  perfecting  hiz  nolej  ov  speling,  in  consulting  dicshunaries 
—a  work  that  never  ends — the  ours  that  we  spend  in  rfting  silent  leters  ; 
and  multiplying  this  time  by  the  number  ov  persons  hu  speak  English, 
and  we  hav  a  total  ov  milyuns  ov  yeres  wasted  by  <Sch  jenerasion.  The 
cost  ov  printing  the  silent  leters  ov  the  English  langwaje  iz  tu  be  counted 
by  milyuns  ov  dolors  for^ch  jenerasion." 

11  Siiner  or  liter  English  orthografy  must  be  simplified  and  reformed." 
— Benjamin  Franklin. 

"  I  fele  very  hopeful  that  a  begining  wil  be  made  before  long  in  reform- 
ing, not  indede  everything  but  at  lest  sumthing  in  the  unhistorical,  unsis- 
tematic,  unintelijible,  untdchable,  but  by  no  menes  unamendable  speling 
now  curent  in  England.'' — Prof.  Max  Muller. 

In  spiking  ov  the  disgrisful  state  ov  English  orthografy  and  the  best 
mode  ov  reforming  it.  the  grate  American  lexicografer,  Dr.  Ndah  Webster, 
in  the  introduction  tu  hiz  Quarto  Dicshunary,  says  : 

"  Nothing  can  be  more  disreputable  tu  the  literary  caracter  ov  a  nision 
than  the  history  ov  English  orthografy,  unles  it  is  that  ov  our  or- 
thoepy."        *        *        * 

*'  Dr.  Franklin  compiled  a  dicshunary  on  hiz  skeme  ov  reform,  and  pro- 
cured tfpes  tu  be  cast,  which  he  ofered  tu  me  with  a  vQ  tu  engaje  me  tu 
prosecute  hiz  dezine.  This  ofer  I  declined  tu  acsept  ;  for  I  wos  then,  and 
am  stil,  convinsed  that  the  skeme  ov  introducing  nu  caracters  intu  the 
langwaje  is  nether  practicable  nor  expedient.  Eny  atempt  ov  this  kind 
must  sertenly  fale  of  sucses." 

"  The  mode  ov  asertaning  the  pronunsiasion  ov  words  by  marks,  points 
or  trilling  olterasipns  ov  the  present  caracters,  semes  tu  be  the  6nly  won 
which  can  be  red  used  tu  practis." 


"  Delitful  task  .'  to  rere  the  tender  thaut, 
Tu  tech  the  yung  idea,  hou  tu  shute, 
Tu  pore  fresh  instrucsion  6*ct  the  mind, 
Tu  brethe  the  enlivening  spirit,  and  tu  fix 
The  jenerus  purpos  in  the  gloing  brest." 

"O,  thautles  mortals  \  ever  blind  tu  fate, 
Tu  sune  dejected  and  tu  sune  elate." 

"  Worth  makes  the  man  and  want  ov  it  the  felo  ; 
The  rest  is  aul  but  lether  or  prunela." 

Where  there  iz  a  wil  there  iz  a  wa  ;  and  while  the  evil  continiles  the  ne- 
sesity  for  orthdgrafic  reform  wil  never  cese.  If  there  ar  eny  among  us  hu 
hav  tu  litle  regard  for  there  6ne  children  tu  smuthe  for  them  the  path  on 
which  there  infant  fete  must  stumble,  we  conjure  them  in  the  name  ov  God 
and  humanity  tu  beware  ov  the  grater  sin  ov  crushing  by  opozing  infliiens 
the  rising  hopes  ov  milyuns  les  fortunate,  bu  hav  nether  mony  nor  time  tu 
squonder,  but  hu  nede  aul  the  ades  posible  tu  enable  them  tu  take  a  pozi- 
sion  among  the  intelijent,  vertuus  and  hapy  sitizens  ov  our  grate  and 
gldrius  cuntry. 

The  foregoing  will  suffice  to  represent  Mr.  Medill's  idea  of 
simplified  orthography.  It  is  almost  phonetic  and  yet  pre- 
serves most  of  the  analogies  and  peculiarities  of  the  English 
language.  He  retains  the  general  rule  that  e  ending  a  word 
and  preceding  a  consonant  indicates  that  the  vowel  is  "long." 
Thus  he  spells  such  words  as 

bel/Vve,         beleve,  guide,  gide,  prove,  pruve, 

rec^/ve,         reseve,  course,  corse,  proof,  prufe, 

release,  relese,  pique,  peke,  through,        thru, 

fierce,  terse,  chaise,  shaze,  school,  skule, 

repeal,  repele,  paid,  pade,  door,  dore, 

feel,  fele,  repair,  repare,  four,  fore, 

sleeve,  sieve,  gauge,  gage,  boar,  bore, 

league,  lege,  pear,  pare,  blow,  bio. 

Where  the  e  sound  does  not  indicate  the  long  vowel 
sound,  he  proposes  to  use  accented  vowels,  viz. :  a,  e,  i,  6,  u, 
and  for  the  sound  of  u  in  full,  should,  etc.,  he  uses  u :  thus, 
fill,  shud.  For  the  broad  sound  of  a  heard  in  ought,  cnnght, 
awful,  all,  broad,  he  employs  au  and  spells  them  out  ;  caut, 
auful,  aul.  braud,  etc.  For  the  terminals  tion,  sion,  cian, 
scion,  etc.,  he  uses  sion.  He  retains  edzs,  the  sign  of  the  past 
tense,  and  s  as  that  of  the  plural  of  nouns  and  singular  of 
verbs.  BU  as  a  terminal  is  also  retained.  K  is  written  for  ch 
in  all  words  in  which  ch  has  the  sound  of k.  Ex.;  arkitect, 
monark,  skule.  etc.  All  double  consonants  are  reduced  to 
single  ones,  as  only  one  of  them  is  heard  in  pronunciation.  In 
all  words  now  spelled  with  ck,  as  back,  beck,  lick,  rock,  luck, 
he  drops  the  c  as  being  wholly  superfluous.  In  words  ending 
in  ous,  he  omits  the  o,  as  in  curius,  spurius,  and  when  ou  has 
the  sound  «  he  also  drops  the  o,  as  in  duble,  jurny.  He  retains 
y  at  the  end  of  nouns  in  the  singular,  as  copy,  foly.  He  writes 
fienph  in  alfabet,  fonetics,  flosofy,  etc.  He  omits  all  silent 
vowels   in   digraphs,  and  writes 

head,  hed  said,  sed,  tongue,  tung, 

earth,  erth  heifer,  hefer,  sieve,  siv, 

though,         tho,  leopard,        lepard,  built,  bilt, 

phthisic,         tizic,  cleanse,         dens,  myrrh,  mer. 

The  proposed  system  is  very  easily  written.  After  an  hour's 
practice  the  pen  runs  naturally  into  it.  The  plan  is  one  which 
would  cost  adults  scarcely  an  effort  to  learn  to  write,  and  no 
effort  at  all  to  learn  to  read  it.  He  thinks  it  is  the  simplest 
and  most  rational  compromise  with  existing  usage,  prejudice, 
and  etymologies,  which  can  probably  be  devised  with  any  hope 
of  acceptance,  and  if  accepted  and  adopted  it  would  secure  to 
the  Anglo-American  race  throughout  the  world  one  of  the 
simplest  and  best  orthographies  in  existence. 


52 


CAPITAL   LETTERS    AND   PUNCTUATION. 


CAPITAL  LETTERS. 

>\NY  people  greatly  disfigure 
their  writing,  and  stamp  them- 
selves  as  illiterate,  l>y  the 
omission  or  improper  use  of 
capital  letters. 

What   do  we  think  of  the 
man  who,  wishing  to  place  his 
si  in  in  t  lie  care  of  a  teacher, 
wrote  a  loiter,  introducing  his  boy,  thus? 

"deer  sur  ye\V  Bcin  a  man  of  noleg  i  Wish  tu  Put  Mi  son 
in  yure  skull." 

Or,  of  the  mother  who  sends  a  line  by  her 
child  to  the  boot  and  shoe  merchant  as  follows.' 

"  mister  Grean  Wunt  you  let  mi  Boay  hev  a  Pare  ov  Esy 
toad  shuz." 

Fortunately  the  rules  for  using  capitals  are 
few,  and  once  acquired,  are  easily  remembered. 

Rules  for  the  Use  of  Capitals. 

Begin  every  paragraph  with  a  capital  letter. 

Begin  every  sentence  following  a  period  with  a  capital 
letter. 

Begin  each  proper  name  with  a  capital  letter. 

Begin  the  names  of  places,  as  Boston,  Newport,  Niagara, 
with  capital  letters. 

Begin  the  words,  North,  South,  East,  West,  and  their  com- 
pounds and  abbreviations,  as  North-east,  S.  W.,  with  capital 
letters,  when  geographically  applied. 

Begin  the  names  of  the  Deity  and  Heaven,  or  the  pronoun 
used  for  the  former,  as,  in  His  mercy  —  Thou,  Father,  etc., 
with  capital  letters. 

Begin  all  adjectives  formed  from  the  names  of  places  or 
points  of  the  compass  as  English,  Northern,  each  with  a  capital 
letter. 

Begin  each  line  of  poetry  with  a  capital  letter. 

Begin  all  quotations  with  a  capital  letter. 

Begin  all  titles  of  books,  and  usually  each  important  word  of 
the  title,  as  Hume's  History  of  England,  with  capital  letters. 

Begin  the  name  of  any  historical  event,  as  the  French 
Revolution,  with  capital  letters. 

The  pronoun  I  and  the  interjection  O  must  invariably  be 
capital  letters. 

Begin  names  of  the  month,  as  June,  April,  with  capital  let- 
ters.    Also  the  days  of  the  week,  as  Monday,  Tuesday,  etc. 

Begin  all  addresses,  as  Dear  Sir  —  Dear  Madam,  with  capital 
letters. 

Capita]  letters  must  never  be  placed  in  the  middle  of  a  word. 


PUNCTUATION. 

HILE  the  omission  of  punctu- 
ation may  not  mar  the  appear- 
ance of  writing,  as  do  bad 
spelling'  and  improper  use  of 
capitals,  its  correct  use  is, 
ueverl  heles? ,  essential  to  i  he 
proper  construction  of  a  sen- 
tence. 

Very  ludicrous,  and  sometimes  serious  mis- 
takes result  from  improper  punctuation.  In 
the  following  sentence,  the  meaning  is  entirely 
changed  by  the  location  of  the  semicolon. 

"  He  is  an  old  and  experienced  hand  ;  in  vice  and  wicked- 
ness he  is  never  found  ;  opposing  the  works  of  iniquity  he  takes 
delight." 

"  He  is  an  old  and  experienced  hand  in  vice  and  wickedness  ; 
he  is  never  found  opposing  the  works  of  iniquity  ;  he  takes 
delight." 

Punctuation  Marks. 

The  following  are  the  principal  characters  or 
points  used  in  punctuation  : 


Comma 

, 

Semicolon, 

' 

Colon 

Period 

Parenthesis 

() 

reclamation  ! 
Interrogation    ? 
Dash 

Ellipsis 

The  Caret      A 


Hyphen 
Apostrophe 
Quotation  Marks  "  " 
Brackets 


Rules  for  Punctuation. 

The  Comma  (,).  Wherever  occurs  a  distinct 
natural  division  of  a  sentence;  or  where  two 
or  more  words  are  connected,  without  the  con- 
necting word  being  expressed,  the  comma  is 
used  ;  as 

"Dealer  in  hats,  caps,  boots,  shoes,  etc."  "  Hedges,  trees, 
groves,  houses,  and  people,  all  went  rushing  by."  "  Towering 
far  above  us  stood  the  pines,  silent,  majestic,  and  grand." 
"Verily,  verily,  I  say  unto  you." 

The  Semicolon  (;)  is  used  where  a  sentence 
consists  of  several  members  each  constituting  a 
distinct  proposition,  and  yet  having  dependence 
upon  each  other;  as 


RULES   FOR   PUNCTUATION. 


53 


"  Some  men  are  born  great  ;  some  acquire  greatness  ;  some 
have  greatness  thrust  upon  them."  "Contributors:  Will.  M. 
Carleton  ;  Wm.  C.  Bryant  ;  B.  F.  Taylor ;  John  G.  Saxe." 
"  Contents  :  Riches  ;  Poverty  ;  Religion." 

The  Colon  (:)  is  used  to  divide  a  sentence 
into  two  or  more  parts,  which,  although  the 
sense  is  complete  in  each,  are  not  wholly  inde- 
pendent ;  as 

"/Temperance  begets  virtue  :  virtue  begets  happiness."  "  Two 
questions  grow  out  of  the  subject :  1st :  What  is  the  necessity  of 
a  classical  education  ?  2d  :  How  far  can  a  classical  education 
be  made  applicable  to  the  ordinary  business  affairs  of  life?" 

The  Period  (.)  is  placed  at  the  end  of  every 
complete  and  independent  sentence  ;  before 
decimals  ;  between  pounds  and  shillings ;  after 
initial  letters,  and  for  abbreviations ;  as 

"Man,  know  thyself."  "  Chas.  Williams,  M.D."  "J.  Q. 
Adams."  "  Genl.  Supt.  of  C,  B.,  and  Q.  R.  R."  "  £25.  8s.  4d." 
"  4.24  miles." 

The  Exclamation  Point  (!)  denotes  sudden 
or  violent  emotion  ;  as 

"  O  blissful  days  !  Ah  me !  How  soon  ye  passed !  "  "  Charge, 
Chester,  charge!  On,  Stanley,  on!  "  "  Great  bargains!  Clothing 
sold  at  forty  per  cent,  below  cost !  "  "Rejoice!  Rejoice!  the 
summer  months  are  coming." 

The  Note  of  Interrogation  (?)  is  used  after 
every  sentence  in  which  a  question  is  asked ;  as 

"  What  season  of  the  year  do  you  enjoy  most  ?  " 

It  is  also  used  to  denote  sneeringly  the 
unbelief  of  the  speaker ;  as 

"  His  wise  counsels  (?)  failed  to  accomplish  their  end." 

Brackets  [  ]  and  Parentheses  (  )  are  employed 
to  enclose  words  thrown  into  a  sentence  by  wray 
of  explanation,  which  could  be  omitted  without 
injury  to  its  construction  ;  as 

"  I  have  met  (and  who  has  not)  with  many  disappointments." 
"  Eight  (8)  miles  and  one  hundred  (100)  yards."  "  In  con- 
clusion, gentlemen,  I  am  for  the  constitution,  the  whole  consti- 
tution, and  nothing  but  the  constitution."     [Great  applause.] 

The  Bash  ( — )  is  used  when  the  subject 
breaks  off  suddenly,  and  to  show  the  omission 
of  words,  letters  and  figures  ;  thus : 

"  I  would  —  but  ah!  I  fear  it  is  impossible  —  I  would  —  I 
will  reform."  "The  pulse  fluttered  —  stopped  —  went  on  — 
stopped  again  —  moved  —  stopped." 

"This  agreement  entered  into  this day  of ,  18 — , 

between of  the  first  part,  and of 

the  second  part,  witnesseth,  etc." 


The  Hyphen  (-)  is  employed  as  a  character 
between  two  words  to  show  that  they  are  con- 
nected together  as  a  compound  word ;  thus  : 

Thirty-fold,  super-heated,  four-leaved,  etc. 

It  is  also  used  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  when 
the  remainder  of  the  word  follows  on  the  next 
line.  Also  in  dividing  a  word  to  show  its  pro- 
nunciation ;  as 

Pro-cras-ti-nate  ;  val-e-tud-i-na-ri-an  ;  co-op-e-rate. 

The  Ellipsis  (....)  is  used  to  represent  the 
omission  of  words,  syllables,  and  letters,  and  is 
sometimes  represented  by  a  dash  ;  thus,  k  —  g 
for  king :  occasionally  by  stars ;  thus,  *  *  *  * : 

and  sometimes  by  periods  ;  like  these 

The  following  examples  illustrate  its  use. 

"  Mrs.  W ,  of  C ,  is  said  to  be  the  for- 
tunate individual."  "  This  was  in  1850.  *  *  *  *  Twenty 
years  later,  in  1870,  we  gather  up,  again,  the  thread  of  our  dis- 
course." "If  he  had  married  ....  Ah,  well !  it  was  not 
so  to  be." 

The  Apostrophe  (')  is  employed  to  distinguish 
the  possessive  case ;  thus : 

"  John's  Book."  "  Superintendent's  Office."  "  Wells' 
Grammar :  " 

And  the  omission  of  letters  in  the  beginning  or 
middle  of  a  word  ,  thus , 

"  I'll,  "  for  "  I  will."  "  Thou'lt,"  for  "  Thou  wilt." 
"  Prop'r,"  for  "  Proprietor."     "  In'st,"  for  "  Interest,"  etc. 

See  rules  for  punctuation,  in  the  chapter 
relating  to  "  Sign  Painting." 

The  Caret  (a)  is  employed,  in  writing,  to 
show  where  a  word,  or  several  words  have  been 
omitted  in  the  sentence,  and  have  been  placed 
above  the  line  ;  as 

handmaid  of  e 

"  Temperance  is  the  virtue."     "  Improvment." 
A  A 

Quotation  Marks  ("  ")  are  used  by  the  writer 
to  designate  a  word  or  sentence  quoted  or 
copied  from  another  author  ;  as 

"  Three  things  bear  mighty  sway  with  men, 
The  Sword,  the  Sceptre,  and  the  Pin." 

The  Marks  of  Reference  (*  t  $  §  II  IT)  are 
used  to  call  attention  to  notes  of  explanation  at 
the  bottom  of  the  page.  If  many  notes  are 
used  and  these  are  all  exhausted,  they  can  be 


54 


MAKKS    DIRECTING    ATTENTION. 


d( milled.      Some  writers  use  letters,  and  some 
I  inures,  for  reference. 

Marks  of  Pronunciation. 

For  the  purpose  of  giving  inflection  to  cer- 
tain words,  or  to  designate  the  prolongation  of 
occasional  syllables  in  a  word,  the  author 
frequently  finds  it  convenient  to  use  certain 

characters  to  denote  such  accents.     To  illus- 
trate: 

The  Acute  (&)  gives  the  rising  inflection  ;  as 

"Will  you  ride?" 

The  Grave  (<?)  the  falling  ;  as 

"  Will  you  walk  or  ride." 

The  Circumflex  (.'.)  indicates  the  rising  and 
falling  inflection  in  the  same  syllable  ;  as, 

"  Machine,"    Montreal,"  etc. 

The  Macron  (-)  placed  above  a  letter  desig- 
nates a  full,  long  vowel  sound  ;  as 

"Kate."     "Home."     "Note."     "Eve,"  etc. 

A  Breve  (~)  denotes  a  short  sound,  when 
placed  above  a  vowel  ;  as 

"  A-dore."     "  Glo-n-ous." 

The  Diceresis  (a)  is  used  for  the  purpose  of 
dividing  a  diphthong,  or  syllable  into  two  dis- 
tinct syllables  ;  as 

"  Avenged."     "  Beloved." 

Also  when  two  vowels  come  together,  this 
character  is  sometimes  used  to  show  that  they 
are  not  contracted  into  a  diphthong  ;  as 
"Cooperate."     "Reiterate."     "Reappear." 

The  Cedilla  ($")  is  a  mark  placed  under  the 
c  to  denote  that  its  sound  is  the  same  as  the 
letter  s;  as 

"  Chaise."     "  Facade." 

The  Tilde  (fi)  placed  over  an  n  gives  it  the 
sound  of  ny  ;  as 

"  Mi'lon."     "Senor." 

Marks  Directing  Attention. 

The  Index  (figf)  is  used  to  call  special 
attention  to  an  important  line  or  clause  in  the 
writing  or  printing  ,  as  : 

Five  per  cent   discount  for  cash." 


The  Asterism  or  Stars  („*»)  is  used  to  desig- 
nate a  general  reference  ;  as 

"  *%  The  teacher  should  make  frequent  use  of  the  black- 
board." 

The  Brace        is  employed  to  unite  two  or 

more  parts  of  speech  or  names  that  are  brought 
into  juxtaposition      ac 

(  Marculine.  ,  ...       _     .  . 

r,      ,       1  ,,  r.  \  \\  in.  Smith. 

Gender -■  I'eimnine,  Committee  -J  .   ,      ,, 

J  Neuter.  '  John  Brown- 

A  Paragraph  (^[)  is  used  by  the  author  fre- 
quently to  designate,  in  the  middle  of  a  sen- 
tence, when  he  re-reads  his  manuscript,  those 
words  that  he  wishes  to  have  commence  a  para- 
graph.    It  shows  where  something  new  begins. 

A  Section  (§)  usually  designates  the  smaller 
distinct  parts  of  a  book. 

As  references  they  are  frequently  used  with 
numbers ;  thus : 

"  If  87.     Wedding  Ceremonies  in  Different  Countries." 
"  £  172.     The  Law  of  Usury  in  Different  States." 

Leaders  ( )  are  employed  to  lead  the  eye 

from  one  portion  of  the  page  to  another  across 
blank  space ;  as 

London 123 

Paris  -. - 84 

New  York - 304 

Underscoring. 

Words  and  sentences  that  the  writer  desires 
should  be  emphatic,  are  designated  hy  lines 
drawn  beneath  the  words  that  are  to  be  empha- 
sized. Thus  one  line  indicates  italics;  two 
lines,  small  capitals  ;  three  lines,  LARGE 
CAPITALS ;  four  lines, ITALIC  CAPITALS. 
The  words 

"  To  arms  !  to  arms  ! !  to  arms  ! ! !  they  cry," 


Underscored  will  appear  in  print  thus  — 

'•To  arms!   to  arms!!    TO  ARMS!!!    they  cry." 
"Upward   and  upward  we  went!  gradually  the  scene  grew 
more  and   more  entrancing!  until  at   length,  faster,  richer, 
WILDER,   GRANDER  the  weird  objects  came  and   went, 
fading  away  at  last  in  the  long  dim  distance." 


SUGGESTIONS    CONCERNING    GRAMMAR. 


t^y\AS 


^»^ms^i" 


-■:-  .  . 


The  Parts  of  Speech. 


:'. 


->  •'•-■  : 


IMPROPER  USE  OF  WORDS. 


RAMMAR  is  the  art  of  writing  or  speak- 
ing a  language  correctly.  There  are 
eight  distinct  parts  of  speech,  named 
as  follows:  Noun,  Pronoun,  Adjective, 
Verb,  Adverb,  Preposition,  Conjunction, 
and  Interjection. 

The  Noun  is  the  name  of  an  object 
or  some  quality  of  the  same;  as,  knife, 
horse,  house,  sharpness,  speed,  beauty. 
Nouns  are  of  two  classes,  proper  and 
common.  A  proper  noun  is  the  name 
of  an  individual  object;  as,  England,  William,  Washington; 
and  should  always  be  capitalized.  Names  given  to  whole 
classes  are  common  nouns;  as,  sea,  land,  army,  tree,  etc. 

A  Pronoun  is  a  word  that  takes  the  place  of  a  noun;  as, 
"He  reads,"  "She  studies,"  "It  falls." 

An  Adjective  is  a  word  used  to  describe  a  noun;  as,  "sweet 
cider,"  "educated  people,"  "fast  horse." 

The  Verb  is  a  word  that  expresses  action;  as,  "He  runs," 
"She  sleeps,"  "It  falls." 

The  ADVERB  tells  how  the  action  is  performed,  and  modi- 
fies the  meaning  of  verbs,  adjectives,  and  other  adverbs;  as,  "  He 
walks  rapidly,"  "  Very  soon,"  "  More  pleasing,"  "  Directly 
under,"  etc. 

A  Preposition  is  a  word  that  connects  other  words,  and 
shows  the  relation  between  them;  as,  "The  snow  lies  on  the 
ground,"  "He  went  to  Europe." 

A  Conjunction  is  a  part  of  speech  used  to  connect  words 
and  sentences  together;  as,  "  I  louses  and  lands;"  "  I  walked 
in  the  meadows  and  in  the  groves,  but  I  saw  no  birds  nor 
animals  of  any  kind,  because  of  the  darkness."  ■ 

An  Interjection  is  a  word  used  to  express  sudden  or  strong 
emotion;  as,  01  A/as!  Ah! 

As  a  full  consideration  of  the  subject  of  grammar  requires  a 
volume  of  itself,  it  is  not,  therefore,  the  purpose  of  this  book 
to  enter  into  a  detailed  explanation  of  the  use  of  the  various 
parts  of  speech,  along  with  the  rules  for  applying  the 
Fuller  instruction  relating  to  the  proper  construction  of  lan- 
guage may  be  obtained  in  any  of  the  various  text-books  on 
grammar,  which  may  be  procured  at  the  bookstores. 

Mistakes  Corrected. 

The  object  in  introducing  the  subjecl  ol  grammar  here  is  to 
call  attention  to  the  faults  liable  to  be  made  by  the  writer  and 
speaker  unacquainted  with  a  knowledge  of  the  correct  use  of 
language.  To  illustrate:  special  care  should  be  taken  to  use 
the  plural  verb  when  the  plural  nominative  is  used;  as,  "Trees 
grows"  should  be   "Trees  grow,"     "Birds  flies"  should   be 


"  Birds  fly,"  "Some  flowers  is  more  fragrant  than  others" 
should  be  "  Some  flowers  are  more  fragrant  than  others." 

Care  should  be  exercised  in  the  use  of  the  adjective  pronoun; 
as,  "  Them  men  "  should  be  "  Those  men." 

The  past  tense  of  the  word  do  is  frequently  improperly 
used;  as,  "  I  done  the  example  "  should  be  "  I  did  the  example." 

Care  should  be  taken  with  words  terminating  with  ly;  as, 
"  Birds  fly  swift  "  should  be  "  Birds  fly  swiftly;  "  "  She  sang 
beautiful"  should  be  "  She  sang  beautifully;"  "He  walks 
rapid  "  should  be  "  rapidly;  "  "  He  talks  eloquent  "  should  be 
"eloquently." 

The  word  got  is  frequently  unnecessarily  used;  as,  "  I  have 
got  the  book"  should  be  "  I  have  the  book." 

The  word  learn  is  often  wrongly  used  in  place  of  teach:  as, 
"Will  you  learn  me  to  write?"  should  be  "Will  you  leach  me 
to  write?  " 

The  verbs  lav  and  lie  are  frequently  misused. 

The  following  examples  illustrate  the  distinctions  to  be  ob- 
served in  their  use:  Thus,  "I  lie  down;  you  lie  down;  he  lies 
down."  But,  "I  lay  down  the  book;  you  lay  down  the  carpet; 
lie  lays  down  the  rules." 

The  verbs  sit  and  set  are  often  used  improperly.  The  fol- 
lowing sentences  illustrate  the  difference  between  them:  Thus, 
"I  sit  down;  you  sit  down;  he  sits  down."  "I  set  the  table; 
you  set  the  trap;  and  he  sets  the  saw." 

Care  should  be  used  not  to  have  two  negatives  in  a  sentence 
when  affirmation  is  meant;  thus,  "Don't  never  tell  a  lie"  should 
be  "Never  tell  a  lie;"  "I  can't  see  nothing"  should  be  "I  can 
see  nothing,"  or,  "I  cannot  see  anything." 

Slang  Phrases,  and  Profanity. 

A  man  is  known  by  the  company  he  keeps.  He  is  also  known 
by  his  language.  No  amount  of  good  clothes  or  outside 
polish  can  prevent  a  man  from  being  regarded  as  vulgar  and 
low-bred  who  is  addicted  to  the  use  of  profane  words.  The 
use  of  profanity  plainly  indicates  that  the  person  empl 
it  has  such  a  limited  knowledge  of  words  suitable  to  ex] 
ideas,  that  he  is  compelled  to  use  vulgar  language  in  order  to 
convey  his  thought.  And  the  same  measurably  is  true  of  slang 
phrases.     Such  terms  as"  flayed 

0Ut""YouB  ii  dollar,"  c\c,  while  sometimes  allowed 

among  familiar  acquaintances,  are  vulgarisms,  and  in  all  graver 
speaking  and  writing  should  be  avoided. 

The  uniform  use  of  a  chaste,  refined  and  beautiful  language 
is  not  only  an  index  to  a  pure,  clear  and  cultivated  intellect, 
but  is  always,  to  the  lady  or  gentleman,  one  of  the  surest 
elements  of  success  in  any  business  where  language  is  required. 


.... 


MISTAKES    IX    CONVKKSATMN'    ''"KKK(TKD. 


i 
1 

I. 

(lift; 


■»- 


ERRORS 

THAT   ARE 

a!    FREQUENT 

CONVERSATION. 


-«r< 


tf& 


«  *$£*&£ 


** 

\ 


^ 


4;. 


•►*&- 


Superfluous  Words,  Improper  Phrases,  and  Errors  of  Grammar 


ANY  of  the  following  expressions  may  be  heard 
in  the  ordinary  conversation  of  every  day  life. 
They  Indicate  a  lack  of  knowledge  or  want  of 
care  in  tin-  n.-e  of  word-  wbicfa  those  who  have 
been  trained  !■>  the  ase  of  correct  Lang 
Immediately  observe. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  said  that  one  of 
the  mosi  important  studies  i-  thai  of  Grammar, 
which  should  be  vigorously  pursued  until  the  student  can  properly 
constr.  -.      On  that  qualification,  in  many  positions  <>f  life. 


success.     Without  thie  training  the  individual  is  liable  at  any 
time  to  use  those  <■■  hlch  indicate  deficiency  in  this  branch 

of  a  primary  education. 

These  phrases  are  especially  common  in  the  language  of  those  who 
are  unskilled  in  knowledge  of  grammar.  The  corrections  will  aid 
the  student  BOmewhal  in  the  acquisition  of  a  better  method  of 
expression,  but  while  they  do  this  it  is  nut  pretended  thai  they  teach 

this   art.       They   dimply   direct  attention    to   the   irni*ortance  of    this 
subject  as  a  branch  of  education,  and   point  out  by  example 
phrases  which  arc  often  used  incorrectly. 


"  It  is  me," 
should  be 

••  It  la  /  - 

"  I  done  that," 

should  be 
"  I  did  Unit." 

**  I  fee*  him," 

should  be 
*'  I  »atc  him." 

"  We  enter  in," 

should  be 

• '  We  enter.  " 

'  ■  This  'ere  one," 
should  be 
one." 

'•  Is  that  him*" 

i  be 

••Li  that  hel" 

"  Call  upon    him," 
should  be 

*'  Call  on  him." 

•■  Do  Wee  I  do," 

it  te- 
ll I  do." 

or  twice,' 
■haul 

"  Once  or  twice." 

"  If   I  ir  i 

should  be 

"  If  I  Hvre  he. " 

■  I  win," 
-liquid  be 
*    //I  win." 

'•  Let  you  and  I," 

. .  l  be 

"  Let  you  and  me." 

"  That  there  one," 
Bhoul 

•That  one." 

"  Be  you  cold!" 

should  be 
*'  Are  you  coldl" 


■•  Better  than  mr," 

should  be 
"  Belter  than  /.  " 

"  How /up  Is  it," 

ihoui  i 

"  HO*  f"r  i 

"  I  tore  beefsteak," 

should  l»e 
■'IlOv  beefsteak. " 

"  Was  you  then-'" 

should  be 
*■  IFere  you  there  t" 

"  Who  done  that!" 

lid  (>•■ 
"Who did  that!" 

"  I  don 7  think  so," 
tld  be 

"  I  think  not." 

**  How  do  you  dor* 

should  be 

'  •  How  are  you  I" 

me  me  hat," 

should  be 

"  Give  me  my  hat." 

•'  A  summer'*  day," 

ili|  be 

"I  have  got  back,** 

m  be 

"  I  have  returned.'* 

'•  Wot  i- 1  know  of," 

should  be 
"  Not  that  I  know." 

"  I  am  yppv  dry," 

ahoul 

*I  am  very  thirsty." 

"  I  have  sat/-  him," 

should  be 
"  I  have  seen  him." 

*  Both  of  these  men , " 

should  be 
' '  Both  these  men.  * 


i  ■■!!  wish!*' 
should  be 

' '  Whom  do  you  wish  f" 

'  •  I  had  rather  do  it,  ■ 
should  be 

'  1  would  rather  do  it" 

"  He  had  laid  down," 

should  be 
"  He  had  lain  don  D,  " 

'*  What  are  the  o 

should  be 

"  What  is  the  04 

**  Set  down  anit 

should  be 
'■  Sit  down  and  rest." 

"See  that  'ere  bird," 

should  be 
thai  bird." 

'•  I  had  ought  to  go," 

ahoul 
"  I  ought  to  go." 

"  They  was  talking," 

Should  !»' 
"  They  were  talking." 

'  Me  and  John  saw  it," 

should  be 
"John  and  /saw  it." 

"  H7io  did  you  sayt" 

should  be 

"  Whom  did  you  say!" 

••  I  swapped  horses," 
should  be 

' '  I  traded  horses." 

;  KM  going? " 

should  be 
"  Are  you  goingf " 

*  Such  another  error," 

should  be 
'  Another  huca  error." 

"  I  can't  stand  it." 
should  be 

"  I  cannot  emture  It." 


U  to  Henry's," 
should  lie 
"  He  was  at  Henry's." 

"  He  travels  rap&a\n 

lid  be 
'■  He  travels  rapidly." 

"  As  soon  an  ever  1  can," 

should  be 

I  can." 

ps  look  finely," 

.  .'i  be 

k  /Inc. " 

"Don't  nerer  do  that," 
lil  be 
•  •  Nerer  do  that." 

"Can  you  Warn  mi'1 " 

should  be 
"Can  you  teach  met" 

"  I  have  got  the  book," 

should  be 

"  I  have  the  book." 

"  I  enjoy  good  health." 
should  be 

"  I  hare  good  health." 

'■  III  bet  you'll  go," 

Should  be 

"  I  think  you  will  go.* 

"  Let  me  dress  me," 

should  be 

*'  Let  me  dress  myself.'* 

"The  man  was  beat," 

should  be 
"  The  man  was  beaten.'* 

'  He  is  as  good  a»  him," 

should  be 
"  He  is  a^  good  as  he." 

4 '  They  returned  oacib,  • 

should  be 

*'  They  returned." 

"  The  doth  was 

should  be 
•  The  cloth  was  irocen. " 


D  and  /," 

should 

"  Between  you  and  me/ 

"  It  is  three  /oof  long," 

shouli  I 
"  It  is  three  feet  long." 

"diful," 

should  be 

"Shealngfl  beautifully." 

'■  He  wont  never  do  It," 

should  he 
"  He  will  never  do  it." 

'    He  made  a  dicker,*1 

should  be 
'■  He  made  a  bargain,** 

■•  He  fell  oh  the  Boor," 

shoul  I 
"  He  fell  to  the  floor." 

"  Cover  over  the  well," 

ill  be 
r  the  well." 

"  If  I  am  »ot  mistaken," 

BhOOld  he 

"  If  1  mistake  not." 

"  He  Is  up  on  the  house," 
.id  be 
"  Hi  i-  "a  the  bouse. " 

"I  cannot  by  no  means," 

should  be 
"I  cannot  by  any  means." 

"The  stone  sinks  down," 
aid  be 

'  ■  The  stone  sinks." 

"  It  was  her  who  called," 

should  be 
"  It  was  she  who  called.  " 

"  There  was  some  men," 

-hould  be 
'•  There  were  some  men." 

"  He  must  atav  fo  home," 

should  be 
' '  He  must  stay  at  home. " 


GRAMMATICAL    ERRORS    OFTEN    HEARD    IN    CONVERSATION*. 


' '  First  of  all  let  me  say, " 

should  be 

■■  First,  let  me  say." 

' '  New  famished  rooms, " 

should  be 
'  Newly  furnished  rooms." 

' '  Do  you  see  them  men !  " 

should  be 
' '  Do  you  see  those  men!" 

' '  7s  your  hands  cold!  " 

should  be 

"Are  your  hands  cold!  " 

"  Above  a  year  since," 

should  be 

' '  More  than  a  year  since. " 

"  These  kind  of  apples." 

should  be 

"These  kinds  of  apples," 

or 

"  Jit  is  kind  of  apples." 

"  He  is  in  under  the  wall," 

should  be 

"  He  is  under  the  wall." 

' '  I  toted  him  across, " 

should  be 

"  I  carried  him  across." 

■  *  I  came  from  over  yer," 

should  be 
"  I  came  from  yonder." 

"  Lay  down  or  set  down," 

should  be 
"  Lie  down  or  sit  down.  " 

"  Two  spoonsful  of  tea," 

should  be 
"  Two  spoonfuls  of  tea." 

' '  I'll  give  you  fits, " 

should  be 

'■I  will  attend  to  you." 

"  A  new  pair  of  boots," 
should  be 

"  A  pair  of  new  boots." 

* '  The  best  of  the  two, " 

should  be 
' '  The  better  of  the  two. " 

"  I  have  tit  the  fire," 

should  be 

' '  I  have  1  ighted  the  fire. " 

"  I  belong  to  the  church," 

should  be 
' '  I  am  a  churchmember. " 

■'  He  climbed  up  the  hill," 

should  be 

' '  He  climbed  the  hill." 

"What  beautiful  sauce," 

should  be 
"  What  excellent  sauce." 

' '  I  had  rather  ride, " 

ih<  mid  be 

"  I  would  rather  ride.  " 

'  Very  warmish  weather," 

should  be 
••  Very  warm  weather." 

'  There  is  a  great  many," 

should  be 
'  There  are  a  great  many. " 

•  I  only  imnt  live  dollars," 

should  be 
'  I  irant  only  five  dollars." 


"  You  hadn't  ought  to  go." 

tihouM  be 

* '  You  ought  not  to  go.  " 

"  There's  lots  of  them," 

should  be 

' '  There  are  many  of  them.  " 

•■  I  have  rode  with  him," 

should  be 

*'  1  have  ridden  with  him." 

"  I  saw  the  Miss  Browns," 
should  be 

"  I  saw  the  Misses  Brown." 

"  Peaches  were  plenty," 

should  be 

"  Peaches  were  plentiful." 

' '  Continue  on  in  this  way," 

should  be 

"  Continue  in  this  way." 

'*  Don't  give  him  no  more," 

should  be 

' '  Give  him  no  more. " 

•  Walter  and  me  went  down," 

should  be 
'  *  Walter  and  I  went  down.  " 

' '  l*7io  does  this  belong  to, " 

should  be 
•Whom  does  this  belong  to." 

"As  far  as  lam  concerned," 
should  be 

' '  So  far  as  I  am  concerned. " 

' '  He  had  near  ten  dollars, " 

M  be 
'  He  had  nearly  ten  dollars." 

'We  had  an  awful  nice  time," 
should  be 

•  We  had  a  delightful  time." 

"He  rose  up  from  his  seat," 

should  be 

1 '  He  rose  from  his  seat. " 

'  He      came      ladened     with 
honor," 

should  be 
'  He  came  laden  with  honor." 

'  I  expected  to  have  seen  him, " 

should  be 

"I  expected  to  see  him." 

'  Give  me  a  little  hit  of  piece," 

should  be 
"  Give  me  a  small  piece." 

1  They  despised  one  another," 

should  be 
'  They  despised  each  other. " 

"  I  was  tickled  to  see  him   " 

should  be 
■  •  I  was  pleased  to  see  him.  " 

'  He  is  heavier    than    I  be," 

should  be 
"He  is  heavier  than  I  am." 

'  When  we  was  living  her-," 

should  be 
'  When  we  were  living  here." 

'  ■  He  is  better  than  >■ 

should  be 
•He  is  better  than  you  are." 

•  Similarity  with  each  other." 

should  be 
"Similarity  to  each  other." 


'  *  When  I  get  off  from  a  car," 

should  be 

' '  When  I  get  off  a  ear.  " 

"  Do  you  mean  to  do  that  !*' 

should  be 

"Do  you  intend  to  do  that!" 

' '  Either  of  them  are  rich," 

should  be 

' '  Each  of  them  is  rich. " 

"  I  have  a  couple  of  dollars," 

should  be 
"  I  have  two  dollars." 

"  It  spread  all  over  the  town," 

should  be 
'  •  It  spread  over  all  the  town. " 

"  If  I  was  him  I  would  do  it," 

should  be 
'  If  I  were  he  I  would  do  it." 

"I'll  be  blamed  if  I  can  tell," 

should  be 

"  I  cannot  tell." 

'  Who  is  there'"     ' '  It  is  me," 

should  be 
"  Who  is  there.'"    "It  is  J. " 

1  •  I  took  you  for  another," 

should  be 

' '  I  mistook  you  for  another. " 

'His  faith  has  been  shook," 

should  be 
"  His  faith  has  been  shaken." 

'  He  diedtcith  consumption," 

should  be 
"  He  died  of  consumption." 

'  You  are  stronger  than  me," 

should  be 
•'  You  are  stronger  than  I." 

11 1  reckon  171  go  to-morrow," 

should  be 
"  I  intend  to  go  to-morrow.  " 

1 '  I  guess  I'll  go  to-morrow,  ■ 

should  be 
'  I  think  of  going  to-morrow." 

'  He  has  a  tarnal  tot  of  pota- 
toes, " 

should  be 
'  He  has  a  large  quantity  of 
potatoes. " 

'  Make  haste  and  dress  you." 
should  be 

•  Make  haste  and  dress  your- 
self." 

'The  two  first  men  are  the 

strongest." 

should  be 
'The  first  two   men  are  the 

strongest." 

'She    sang    to    the    Baptist 

church," 

should  be 
'She    sang    at    the    Baptist 

church." 

•  Them   is  large  enough   for 
you." 

should  be 
'  Those  are  large  enough  for 
you.  " 

■We     won't    say    one  single 
■ 

should  be 

'  We  trill  not  sav  one  word." 


"He    is    down    in    the    base- 
ment. " 

should  be 
"  He  is  in  the  basement." 

"His    manner    admits  of  no  | 
excuse," 

should  be 

"His  manner  admits  no  ex- 
cuse. " 

"  Received  of  John  Brown  five 

dollars," 

should  be 
"Received  from  John  Brown 

five  dollars." 

'  *  So  other  means  but  this  was 
left," 

should  be 

"No  other  means    than  this 
was  left. " 

"They  will  so  from  thence 

next  week," 

should  be 
"They  will    go   thence   next 

week." 

"  From  now  till  Christmas," 

should  be 
"From   this  time  till   Christ- 

"  He  has  got  over  his  trouble," 

should  be 
"He  has  recovered  from  his 
trouble. " 

"I    know    better;    that    ain't 
B0f" 

should  be 
"Pardon    me,    I    understand 

differently. " 

"I  know  little  or  nothing  of 

it." 

should  be 
"  I  know  little,  if  anything,  of 

it." 

"  He     has     four     oroffter-in- 
laws," 

should  be 

"He     has     four     brothers-in- 
law.  " 

"I  know  Mr.    and  Mrs.   Dr. 

Brown," 

should  be 
1 '  I      know     Dr.     and     Mrs. 

Brown." 

It's    funny    how    long   she 
sick," 

should  be 
"It     is    ninffular    that    she 
should     remain      sick      so 
long. " 

* '  You  lie;  he  got  tight," 
should  be 
'  You  are  mistaken;    he  was 
drunk." 

1 1'lt  be  goll  darned  if  I  know 

where  it  i-." 

should  be 

'  I  do  not  know  where  it  js  " 

'Somehow  or  another  I'm  a 

failure," 

should  be 
'  For     some     reason    I     am 

always  a  failure.  " 

'  Henry  and  John  fa  coming," 

should  be 
'  Henry  and  John   are  com- 
ing. " 


"He  dropped  down   into  the 
water, " 

should  be 
* '  He  dropped  into  the  water. " 

"They  differ  among  one  an- 
other," 

should  be 
"They    differ    among     them- 

"  Take    three-fourths;     give 
me  the  the  balance," 

should  be 
"Take     three-fourths;     give 
me  the  remainder. " 

"I   see    him  ereru  now    and 
then," 

should  be 
' '  I  see  him  occasionally." 

*  *  I  never  play  if  I  can  help  it, " 

should  be 
"I  never  play  if  I  can  aroi'd 

"  Lookout  or  you'll  get  hurt," 

should  be 
"Be    careful    or    you'll    get 
hurt." 

"Should    have     gloves     like 

Henry  has." 

should  be 
' '  Should    have     gloves     like 

Henry's." 

"  I'd  like/or  ynu  to  go," 
should  be 
"  I  would  be  pleased  to  have 
you  go. " 

"May     be     I     mought     or     I 
moughtn't." 

should  be 
"  I  may  or  1  may  not.  " 

' '  I  never  see  such  a  slew  of 

people  before." 

should  be 
'I   never  sate    such   a  targe 

number  of  people  before." 

*•  His  works  are  approved  of 
by  many." 

should  be 
' '  His  works  are  approved  by 

many." 

'*  I  don't  know  nothing  about 
it," 

should  be 
"  I  know  nothing  about  it." 

"  He  has  a  heap  of  cattle," 

should  be 

"  He  has  a  large    number  of 

cattle." 

"He had  a  right  smart  crop 

of  corn  last  year." 
should  be 
'  He  had  a  large  crop  of  corn 

.  ear." 

•  ■  He  has  a  good  bit  of  money," 

should  be 
"  He    has    a    good    deal     of 

"  I    went    to    New    York.    MOM 
know,  and  when  I  em 

I  eommencedattend- 
ing.sehool," 

should  be 
"  I    went    to    New   York,    and 
when    I    returned    I     com- 
menced attending  school." 


58 


THE    MEANS    l:V    Willi  II    EXCELLENCE    MAY    BE    ATTAINED    IN'    WRITING. 


•r  :->  e 


y.-:     ■ 


>.  .. 


AIDS  TO  COMPOSITION. 


-«&*» 


-:  :•  ■■■ 


A  SUMMARY  OF  IMPORTANT  SUGGESTIONS. 


^fc^tt 


pIIATissaid  elsewhere  in  this   book   In 
relation  to  the  formation  and  expres- 
sion of  ■  -  of  genera]  interest 
to  all  who  desire  to  bpeak  and  write 
correctly,   and  without  these  instruc- 
tions it  is  simply  impossible   to  acquire 
proper  methods  of  communicating 
either  by  tongue  or  pen. 
While  with  some  persons  it   is  very 
easy  iu  convt                      intelligence  distinctly,   concisely  and  in  a 
pleasing  manner  with   the 
rolce,  others  again  find  it 
extremely  difficult  to  frame 
nee  of  ten  words  and 
utter il    in   company,   with 
.  ree  of   comfort    to 
thrill-'                           nefit    to 
others. 

be  other  hand,  the 
most  fluent  speaker  who 
can  fai  audience 

and  instruct  and  amuse  his 
hearers   In   an  hour's  dis- 
.  h  Lthoul  uol 

•  un  and 
write 

other  topic  than    that  em- 
in  bis  sermon  or  lec- 
ture, that  would  it 

I'd  for  a 
■  ■ 
The  art  of  writing  com- 
i\  of  pub- 
.    may    be   ac- 
quired   by   diligent    study 
and  practice,  but  with  some 

-    h    gifl    BO  nat- 
ural    tli 

to- 
gether  and    combine   with    such  rapidity  thai  tin-  pen  canno 
expression  to  them  as  faat  as  the  mind  coi  d      Where  the 

are  brilliant  with  deep  thought  or  beauty  of  expression,  the 
if  this   fatuity  is  called   "genius,"  and   fame  and  for- 
tune art-  usually  i  md. 

But  without  genius  a  writer  for  the  press  or  the  forum  may  attain 

_-ht.  by  proper 
training  of  the  natural  faculties,  as  to  rival  the  works  of  genius  in 
posit 

Unless,  however,  the  habit  of  thinking  is  duly  cultivated  by  read- 


The  Reading  of  the  Essay. 


It  la  (i  public  occasion.     Coming  to  the 

i*y  and 

natural,  with  manuscript  held  in  the  left 

band    1 1  may  be  free  for  gee- 

■  i  essay ; 


ing  the  works  of  the  best  authors,   Living  and  dead,  and  medl 
upon  them  carefully  and  patiently,  superior  effort  can  scarcely  he  ex- 

n  d  composition,  either  for  the  pulpit,  the  platform  or  the 
press.     For  thought  begets  thought,  even   in  Blow  thinkers,   and  the 

Ion  of  one  author  here,  and  of  another  there,  will  often  lead 

to  a  train  of  thought  In  Which  few,  if  any,  h  . 

Oneof  two  things,  therefore,  i-  requisite  in  the  cons  traction  of 
cessful  composition — the  posses e  dIus,  (whicb   is  no  com- 

mon gift  i,  or  habits  of  study,  combined  with  observation  ioc< 
directions,    which   serve  ideas   from    the   writer's   own 

brain  and  pen. 

"~ 3  Practice   is  a  great   per- 

fecter  Of  the  art  of  writing 
compositions.  At  first,  tin- 
work  may  be  Irksome,  bul 
in  due  time,  as  it  i><  comes 
easier,  it  unlocks  the  cham- 
bers of  thought,  the  ideas 
begin  to  form  and  flow,  and 
tin-  task  becom 

in  the  schools  it  is  a  most 
important  feature  in  the 
lis)  of  studies,  and  il 

adelibly 
fix  upon  the  memory  the 
spelling  of  words, 
the  principles  of  penman- 
ship, punctuation,  gram- 
mar, sentence- buildl 
the  use  of  capita]  letters. 
Even  if  a  literary  or  jour- 
nalistic profession  ie 

lequently    followed 
by  the  pupil,  tbeartof  writ- 
ing a  composition,  l< 
under   the   guidance  of  an 
experienced 
be  of  Infinite  sen  ice  ! 
future  man  or  woman,  by  inducing  systematit    methods  of  thinking. 

Out  of  school,  in  men  18,  as  8  recreation,   the  pupil  will 

find  it  profitable  to  plan  the  outline  of  a  story,  or  frame 
of  something  seen  or  heard,   the  appearance  or  character  ol 

ir  individual  in  the  neighborhood,  the  natura  of  thai 

. .  or -'une  remembered  incident  of  other  days  or  climes.     This 
Iden  call  to  prepare  an  address  or  petition, 
or  to  draft  a  letter  of  public  interest,  or  it  might  lead  to  the  produc- 
tion of  an  elaborate  literary  work  that  would  prove  both  valuab 
Many    ■  d  accidental  popularity. 


in.-  exercise  being  effective  by  "ritrinality 
of  composition,   fitting   words,   m 
Important  thou 

. ,  I,,--.  .,f  enunciation.    Belf-] 
manlfe M  In  •■•■ 


THE    lTI'.LK'    READER    SHoi'LI)    AVOID    A    DISPLAY    OF    MANUSCRIPT. 


59 


The  use  of  compositions  in  village  lyceums,  or  debating  clubs,  is 
productive  not  only  of  much  genuine  recreation,  but  is  really  a 
beneficial  practice,  especially  if  each  paper  is  submitted  to  honest 
criticism  as  to  its  construction,  after  it  has  been  read.  Errors  are 
thus  corrected,  and  suggestions  are  made  that  tend  greatly  to  im- 
provement in  all  future  productions. 

Those  who  desire  to  excel  in  the  composition  of  an  essay,  which  is 
one  of  the  noblest  forms  of  literary  production,  will  find  the  works 
of  Joseph  Addison,  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  Oliver  Goldsmith  and  Lord 
Macaulay  excellent  models  to  study.  Their  clear-cut  sentences, 
breathing  wit,  humor,  sentiment  and  elevated  thought,  are  delightful 
reading,  and  in  beauty  of  construction  cannot  be  surpassed. 

Probably,  for  discipline  in  forming  a  series  of  connected  thoughts, 
all  tending  to  the  establishment  of  some  important  truth,  the  beet  is 
the  sermon.  This  species  of  composition  may  be  as  systematically 
constructed  as  a  house,  which  has  abasement,  first  floor,  chambers, 
attic  and  cupola.  The  foundation  of  the  sermon  is  a  well-chosen 
tearf,  indicating  the  principal  topic  to  be  discussed.  Following  this 
is  the  exordium,  or  intro- 
duction, the  object  of  which  &^^ 
is  to  interest  the  hearer  or 
reader  in  the  subject  by  a 
few  choice  sentences  and 
happy  allusions  to  matters 
more  or  less  intimately 
connected  with  the  topical 
discussion.  A  good  begin- 
ning is  a  great  point  gained. 
The  next  step  is  the 
ion  of  the  subject  into  two 
or  more  heads,  suggested 
by  the  text,  each  affording 
a  fine  field  for  the  exercise 
of  the  intellect  in  creating 
and  gathering  pleasing  and 
appropriate  sentiments,and 
advancing  arguments  lead- 
ing to  the  one  great  truth 
to  be  impressed  upon  the 
mind  of  the  reader.  This 
portion  of  the  composition 
requires  skill  in  placing  the 
arguments  properly,  and 
clinching  them  with  logical 
force  and  appropriate  drafts 
upon  the  writings  of  em- 
inent authors.  The  argu- 
ments finished,  their  strong  points  are  briefly  recounted  and  accom- 
panied by  a  direct  appeal  to  the  feelings  or'  thi  reader,  so  that  not 
only  his  intellect  is  convinced,  but  his  better  nature  i-  affected.  Fi- 
nally comes  the  peroration,  or  closing  summing-up  of  the  whole; 
and  here  is  afforded  one  of  the  finesl  opportunities  possible  for  a 
skillful  and  touching  display  «if  literary  ability. 

Next  to  the  sermon,  the  platform  lecture  demands  great  care  and 
skill,  and  thus  affords  a  profitable  discipline  for  a  youthful  writer. 
The  -election  of  the  subject  is  all-important,  for  it  should  be  one  of 
general  interest — not  a  trivial  one,  even  if  the  object  is  simply  to 
amuse.  "Artemns  Ward's"  best  effort  was  named  "TheB 
the  Wood,"  but  this  title  was  only  a  fictitious  one,  on  which  to  string 
choice  bits  of  humor  for  two  hours.  In  that  connection  ai 
title  would  have  been  as  relevant,  but.  perhaps  not  so  "taking." 
The  subject  having  been  chosen,  the  next  objecl  is  to  obtain,  from 
sources  at  hand,  all  the  information  possible  concerning  it.  From 
the  mass  of  matter  thus  gathered,  literary   talent   is  taxed  to  make 


Apparently  Extemporaneous. 


Two  speakers  are  seen  above.  One  makes 
no  show  of  written  notes,  and  speaks  so  in- 
dependently as  to   create    the    fa  i 

impression    which   comes    from    a     | 
ful,  extemporaneous    address.     Tie 


such  selections  as  seem  best  suited  in  every  way  to  form  attractive 
features,  and  exhibit  them  in  the  most  fascinating  manner  doe 
There  should  be  an  exordium und  a  peroration  to  each  lecture,  and  if 
bject  is  argumentative,  or  explanatory,  it  should  be  systematic- 
ally and  logically  presented. 

The  newspaper  article  differs  from  most  examples  of  composition. 
It  is  usually  written  under  the  pressure  of  business  ami  in 
relates  to  some  current  topic  or  event,  and  should  be  brief, 
and  pointed.  Along,  dry,  argumentative  essay,  however  learned 
and  valuable  as  a  literary  effort,  would  not  be  suitable  for  an  editor's 
column  in  a  daily  journal.  The  paragraph  style  is  most  commonly 
esteemed.     For  instance: 

"Garfield is  dead;  but  as  he  once  said,  upon  another  important 
occasion,  'God  reigns,  and  the  republic  still  lives.'  " 

— "  Chicago  may  have  all  the  national  conventions,  but  she  can't  fill 
all  the  offices.  " 

— "The  price  of  this  paper  is  two  dollars  a  year,  but  this  sum  does 
not  include  the  editor.'' 

—"We  are  in  favor  of  the  constitution  as  it  is,  until   it  shall   be 

constitutionally  amended.'* 

A  few  suggestions  as  to 
the  composition  of  fiction 
— by  which  is  meant  nov- 
els, tales,  sketches  and  in- 
originating  in  the 
writer's  own  brain,  and 
having  no  foundation  ex- 
cept in  his  imagination, — 
may  be  appropriate  here. 
Such  reading-matter  is 
mght  for,  and  more 
abundant,  than  any  other. 
The  tendency  To  write  it  is 
a  common  one,  and  when 
the  laws  of  language,  the 
purity  of  morals,  and  the 
probabilities  of  real  exis- 
tence are  not  outraged  in 
such  works,  as  too  fre- 
quently they  are.  fiction  can 
be  made  the  pleasing  vehi- 
cle of  valuable  instruction. 
it  is,  perhaps,  the  i 
to  write  of  all  literature, 
and.  too  often,  is  m 
bring  the  larg  - 
author  and  publisher. 
Poetry  is  a  peculiar  gift, 
and  unless  it  flow-  naturally  and  brilliantly  from  the  mind  and  heart. 
should  Beldombe  attempted. 

The  engraving  on  this  page  is  significant,  and  carries  with  it  a 
powerful  lesson.  The  gentleman  on  the  right  may  be  in  every  re- 
Bpect  the  equal  of  the  one  on  the  left — may  be  quite  as  learned, 
quite  as  witty,  quite  in  real  argument — but  be  is  a  slave  to 

his  manuscript,      lie  dare  not  lift  up  his  head  to  speak  two  coneecn- 
-  without  its  aid,  and  if  be  takt  -  from  it.  be  is 

almost  sure  to  skip  words  and  stumble  in  bis  discourse.    The  speaker 
on  the  left  band,  standing  firmly  on  bis  feet,  erect  in  form,  gi 

re,  and  with  his  V  I  mind  filled  with  the  import- 

ance of  his  subject,  overflows  with  spontaneous  expo  ssions  that  in- 
struct and  delight  his  audience.  Perhaps  he  has  never  written  a 
single  paragraph  of  the  splendid  discourse  that  falls  from  his 
but  every  word  is  weighed,  every  sentence  abounds  with  earnest 
■  Tit  and  sentiment,  and  the  impressions  that  he  makes  as 
tl  the  hall  will  be  felt  for 


Confined  to  Manuscript. 


handles  his  papers  and  makes  such  a  dis- 
play   of  Ins    manuscript,   ami  is  BO   Closely 

confined    to  its    reading',   as     b 

weaken  the  power  of  the  discourse,  and 

thus  much  of  his  influence  is  lost. 


SUGGESTIONS    I  ONCEENING    COMPOSITION. 


II SU*.rflL-gfe 

.,<.;  ;%|j     Topics  Suitable  for  Composition 


A    Vigil    to    Chicago. 
Opportunity  for  Work. 

The  Bachelor's   li 

Discoveries   "f    Galileo. 
\  lalt    to    a   Poor-House. 
Thanksgiving      Thoughts, 
People     whom     we     Meet 
Memory        and       Urflr, Cnn 
The    Fate    of     Joan    of    Arc 
Vi-it     to    a     Printing     <  Hfli 
My         First  Sclionl-TVat.-liiT. 

How      we       Spent       Chrlel 
Pleasures      of     Suburban        Life. 
A-       we     Sow,     we      shall      Heap. 
The    Changes      in      Twenty     Years. 
lit    Scenes    on      the      Battle-Ficlil. 
The    School-Ma'am's    Noonday    Dream. 
The       First       Jewish        High        Priest 
Honesty,       the       Poor        Man's        I 
Real       Life      and        Ideal       Aspirations, 


Charity  Toward  All. 

A  Trip  on  a  Railroad. 

Some   Business  Signs. 

ils     of     Fine-Art. 

Talk  in  a  Sewing-Circle. 

To  be  Hanged  To-morrow. 

Love   Conquers    s.Iii-Ium  -- 

Things   in   a  country  Store. 

Preparing    for    the   Wedding. 

The   Books   we  Ongbt  to  Head. 

A  Bar-Tender's   Fearful  Dream. 

The    Skeleton  in    the  Household. 

My    Last  Visit   to  the  old    Home, 

Home       Amusements       Considered. 

The     Mau    in    a    Drunkard's     Skin. 

M       Garden,    and    What    was    In    It. 

ii|,l     School-House     by     the     Wayside. 

:     to      Vi-it     Mother     Next     Week. 

Life,    Rightly      Passed,     Worth     Living. 

N.w    Inventions    Discovered     by   Accident, 


I 


What    U     Worship! 
a     Drunkard's    Fate. 

Happiness  in  a  Palace. 

'Id.    Last  Day  of  School. 

Beauty  at    Seventy  -Five. 

Bad  Habits,  Hani  Hasten. 

What  MiL'in  bavebeen,  VTas, 

a.d  ventures  in  a  Snow-storm. 

Desci  iptloo  <>f  a  Spelling-  Bee. 

A  Man's  Lament  at  Growing  Old. 

Description  of  a  Writing-School. 

Description  of  a    Singing- School. 

Mathematics    a    Finished    Scienc 

Description     of     a    Church     choir. 

A    Boy's    Lament     at    being    Young. 

Education      Gained    by     Observation. 

An     Instance    of     Presence     of    Mind. 

Lost      in     the     Darkness — city      Sketch. 

Why     Some     People     are    Always     Poor. 

Description     of    a    Jail   and     its     Inmates. 


■^r^^m 


IDEAS  EXPRESSED  IN  FEW  WORDS. 


.    .      js-^-H f^ipf 


-ess 


BREVITY  IN  COMPOSITION. 


r:<  >  be  able  to  talk  correctly,  the  stu- 
>}  dent  should  first  be  able  to  write 
properly.  Not  only  should  penman- 
^  ship  be  plain  and  easy,  words  rightlj 
spelled,  capitals  correctly  used,  and  sen- 
tences grammatically  constructed  ami 
punctuated,  but  much  depends,  also,  beyond 
that,  upon  the  style  of  composition,  mode  of  ex- 
pression, and  language  used,  whether  it  be  ac- 
ceptable to  readers  and  bearers  or  nut. 

A-  a  rule,  with  the  great  sea  of  literature  about 
us,  the  writer  of  to-day  who  is  original  and  con- 
denses  id<-a^  into  tin-  smallest  space,  whether  in 
the  sermon,  book,  business-letter,  or  newspaper 
article,  is  much  the  most  likely  to  have  readers 
or  hearers.  The  aim  of  the  writer  should  there- 
fore lie.  first,  to  say  something  new.   presenting 


a  subject  fraught  with  original  ideas;  and.  second, 
to  give  those  ideas  in  the  fewest  possible  words 
consistent  with  agreeable  expression. 

""Why  did  you  not  make  that  article  more 
brief?"  said  an  editor  to  his  correspondent. 

"Because," said  the  writer,  "I  didnothave 
time." 

The  idea  sought  to  be  conveyed,  concerning 
luv\  ity.  is  clearly  shown  in  that  answer  of  the  cor- 
respondent. It  is  an  easy  matter  to  dress  ideas 
in  many  words.  It  requires  much  more  care,  bow- 
ever,  to  clearly  state  the  same  idea  in  fewer 
words. 

The  chief  merit  of  Shakespeare  is  the  thought 
conveyed  in  few  words;  the  meaning  that  we 
catch  beyond  the  words  expressed. 

Those  poets  that  will  live  in  immortality  have 


SUGGESTIONS    OX    COMPOSITION. 


61 


written  thus.  The  reader  cannot  fail  to  recog- 
nize the  truth  and  thought  conveyed  in  this 
stanza  of  Cowper's,  beyond  the  words  them- 
selves : 

14  Judge  not  the  Lord  hy  feeble  sense. 

But  trust  Him  for  His  grace; 
Behind  a  frowning  providence 
He  hides  a  smiling  face." 

The  idea  expressed  in  these  few  lines  brings  up 
in  long  review  the  trials  of  a  past  life,  and  the 
recollection  of  sorrows  and  afflictions  which  we 
afterwards,  not  infrequently,  discovered  to  be 
blessings  in  disguise,  and  in  reality  seemingly 
designed  for  our  best  good. 

There  is  much  food  for  reflection  in  the  follow- 
ing stanza  from  Gray's  "Elegy": 

Full  many  a  gem,  of  purest  ray  serene, 
The  dark,  unfuthomed  caves  of  ocean  bear; 
Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air." 

With  this  reading  comes  up  the  thought  of 
those  of  our  fellow-men  whom  we  know  to  be 
guoil,  noble,  and  worthy,  but  whose  names  will 
go  down  to  the  grave  unhonored  and  unknown. 

Very  plainly  we  see  the  meaning  beyond  the 
words  in  the  following,  also  from  Gray  : 

Perhaps,  in  this  neglected  spot,  is  laid 
Some  heart,  once  pregnant  with  celestial  fire — 
Hand,  that  the  rod  of  empire  might  have  swayed, 
Or  waked  to  ecstacy  the  living  lyre." 

A  similar  idea  is  expressed  by  Whittier, 
though  in  fewer  words: 

Of  all  sad  words  of  tongue  or  pin. 

The   saddest  are  these,   'It  might  have  been.'  " 

Both  stanzas  are  deeply  freighted  with  thought 
beyond  what  is  expressed. 

Those  extracts,  whether  in  prose  or  poetry, 
that  are  destined  to  go  down  to  coming  genera- 
tions, are  so  laden  with  ideas  and  suggestions 
that  in  listening,  or  reading,  the  scenes  they 
suggest  seem  to  move  before  us,  and  we  forget 
words  in  contemplating  that  which  the  words 
describe. 

Prose  writings  often  contain  gems  of  thought 
told  very  briefly,  especially  in  the  works  of  our 
best  authors.  In  the  following,  from  Irving's 
description  of  the  grave,  the  reader  becomes  so 
absorbed  in  the  picture  portrayed  that  the  words 
themselves  are  lost  in  the  emotions  they  enkin- 
dle: 


"O  the  grave!  the  grave!  It  buries  every  error,  covers  every  de- 
fect, extinguishes  every  resentment.  From  its  peaceful  bosom 
none  but  fond  regrets  arid  tender  recollections.  Who  can  look  down 
upon  the  grave  even  of  an  enemy,  and  not  feel  a  compunctious  throb, 
that  he  should  ever  have  warred  witli  the  poor  handful  of  earth  that 
lii '-  mouldering  before  him. 

"  But  the  grave  of  those  we  loved — what  a  place  for  meditation  I 
There  it  is  that  we  call  up  in  long  review  the  whole  history  of  virtue 
and  gentleness,  and  the  thousand  endearments  lavished  upon  us,  al- 
lie. st  unheeded,  in  the  daily  intercourse  of  intimacy;  then;  it  is  that 
we  dwell  upon  the  tenderness,  the  solemn,  awful  tenderness  of  tin- 
parting  scene — the  bed  of  death,  with  all  its  stifled  griefs,  it.  n 

less  attendants,  its  mute,  watchful  assiduities — the  last  testim ifl 

of  expiring  love— the  feeble,  fluttering,  thrilling — O  how  thrilling! — 
pressure  of  the  hand— the  last  fond   look  of  the  gtaing  eye,   turned 
upon  us  even   from  the  threshold  of  existence — the  faint,   fa] 
accents  struggling  in  death  to  give  one  more  assurance  of  affection. 

"Ay,  go  to  the  grave  of  buried  love,  and  meditate.1     Tier. 
the  account,  with  thy  conscience  for  every  past   benefit  unrequited, 
every  past  endearment  unregarded,  of  that  departed  being  who  can 
never — never — never  return  to  be  soothed  by  thy  contrition." 

The  Bible  abounds  in  beautiful  and  expressive 

sayings,  that  reveal  much  in  few  words,  as  shown 
in  the  following : 

"The  wiik.d  fl.-c  w  li  :i  no  man  pursueth."  "  Boast  not  thyself  of 
to-morrow.      Thou  knowest  not  what  a  day  may  bring  forth.  " 

"  A  soft  answer  turneth  away  wrath.  "  "  Better  is  a  dinner  of  herbs 
where  love  is,  than  a  stalled  ox  and  hatred  therewith." 

"  Hope  deferred  maketh  the  heart  siek.  "  "Cast  thy  bread  upon 
the  waters,  for  thou  shalt  find  it  after  many  days. " 

fare  should  be  taken  to  prune  out  the  unnec- 
essary words  with  an  unsparing  hand.  Thus. 
in  the  sentence,  "I  have  got  back,  having  re- 
turned yesterday,"  it  is  better  to  say.  "1  re- 
turned  yesterday." 

Two  young  men,  upon  going  ;nto  the  army 
during  the  late  civil  war,  were  requested  by 
their  friends  to  telegraph  at  the  close  of  any 
battle  they  might  take  part  in.  concerning  their 
condition.  At  the  close  of  the  battle  of  1'erry- 
ville,  one  telegraphed  the  following  : 

Perrtville,  Kt.  ,  Oct.   9,  1802. 
Deaf.  FRIENDS : 

A- requested,   I  take  the  first  opportunity  after  the  late  81 

battle,    fought    at    this    place,    to   inform    you    that     I    value     from    the 
engagement  uninjured. 

HEXKY  MOSELY. 


The  other  telegraphed  as  follows 


Uninjured. 


Perrtville,   Kt.,  Oct 


llli:  VM  MAYNARD. 


Hiram  well  knew  that  his  friends  would   hear 
immediately  of  the  battle  from  the  newspapers, 

and  would  learn  from    the   same    source    that    his 
regiment  participated  in  the  engagement.      Their 


RHETORICAL    FIG1  RES. 


next  question  would  then  be  "How  is  Hiram  '." 
To  answer  that,  he  had  simplj  to  telegraph  one 
word.  In  a  letter,  afterwards,  he  gave  the  par- 
ticulars. 

The  following  rules  should  be  observed  in 
writing  : 

First.  Never  use  a  word  thai  does  not  add 
some  new  thought,  or  modify  some  idea  already 
expressed. 

Second.  Beware  of  introducing  so  many  sub- 
jects into  one  sentence  as  to  confuse  the  sense. 

Third.  Long  and  shorl  sentences  should  be 
properly  intermixed,  in  order  to  give  a  pleasing 
sound  in  reading.  There  is  generally  a  rounded 
harmony  in  the  long  sentence,  nol  tumid  in  the 
short,  though  as  a  rule,  in  order  to  express 
meaning  plainly,  it  is  better  to  use  short  sen- 
tences. 

Fourth.  Make  choice  of  such  words  and  phra- 
as  people  will  readily  understand. 


Rhetorical   Figures, 

111',   beauty,    force,    clearness,    and 

<f$&  brevity  <>t'  language  arc  frequently 

greatly    enhanced      by    the  judicious 

use   of  rhetorical    figures,    which   arc 

named  and  explained  as  follows  : 

A  Simile  is  an  expressed  comparison. 

Chari  ieel  on  which 

The  Metaphor  is  an  implied  comparison,  indica- 
ting the  resemblance  of  two  objects  by  apply- 
ing the  name,  quality  or  conduct  of  one  directly 
to  the  other. 

Examples — " Thy  word  is  a  lamp  to  my  feet."  "  Life  is  an  itthmus 
n  two  eternities. "      "The  morning  of  lift-."     "  Tin-  storms  of 
life." 

Aii  Allegory  is  the  recital  of  a  story  under 
winch  is  a  meaning  different  from  what  is  ex- 
pressed in  words,  the  analogy  and  comparison 
being  so  plainly  made  that  the  designed  con- 
clusions are  correctly  drawn. 

Example — Thou  hast  bronghl  a  vine  (the  Jewish  nation) 
Egypt;  thou  hasl  i  asl  ont  the  heathen  and  planted  it.     Thon  prepnr- 
edsl  room  before  llanddide  to  take  deep  root,  and  it  til 

land.     The  hills  were  covered  v  dow  of  it,  and  the   b 

thereof  were  like  the  ire. — Bible. 


In  Hyperbole,  through  the  effect  of  imagination 
or  passion,  we  greatly  exaggerate  what  is  found- 
ed in  truth,  by  magnifying  the  good  qualities 
of  objects  we  love,  and  diminish  ami  degrade 
the  objects  that  we  dislike  or  envy. 

Examples — "  Thai  fellon  Is  bo  tall  thai  be  does  nol  know  when  his 
feet  are  cold. "     "  Brongham  is  a  thunderbolt. " 

Personification  cmiMsts  in  attributing  life  to 
things  inanimate. 

11-ii  i    tirreth  up  strife;  but  lovt  covereth all  elni 

A  Metonymy  (me-ton-y-Tny)  substitutes  the 
name  of  one  object  fur  that  of  another  that 
sustains  some  relation  to  it.  either  by  some  de- 
gree of  mutual  dependence,  or  otherwise  so 
connected  as  to  he  capable  of  suggesting  it: 
thus  cause  is  used  for  effect,  or  the  effect  fur  the 
cause,  the  attribute  fur  the  subject,  or  the  suh- 
jecl  fur  the  attribute. 

Examples — 1.   Cause  and  effect;  as  "  Extravagance  lathe  I 

many," — that  is,  the  CdUSt  of  ruin. 

•_>.  Attribute  and  thai  to  which  it  belongs;  a-  "Prldt  -hall  he 
brought  low," — that  is,  th.  proud. 

A  Synecdoche  |  svn-ehdo-h  i  is  a  form  of  speech 
wherein  something  more  or  something  less  is 
substituted  for  the  precise  object  meant,  as 
when  the  whole  is  put  for  a  part,  or  a  part  for 

the   whole;   the    singular   for    the   plural     or  the 

plural  fur  the  singular. 

Examples — "Histead  Is  grey," — that  i-.  hie  hair.   "The 
considers  him  a  mm  of  talent," — that  is,  the peoplt . 

Antithesis  is  the  contrasting  of  opposites. 

Examples — "  Sin*  or  swim.  Urn  or  </;..  survivt  or  perlth,  I  give 
my  hand  and  heart  to  this  vote. " 

Irony  is  a  form  of  speech  in  which  the  writer 
ny  speaker  sneeringly  means  the  reverse  of  what 

is  literally  said,  the  words  being  usually  muck- 
cry  uttered  fur  the  sake  of  ridicule  or  sarcasm. 
Iruiiy  is  a  very  effective  weapon  of  attack,  the 
form    oi    language   being   such   as    scarcely    to 

admit    of  a  reply. 

mlple — "Have  not  the  Indiana  been  kindly  and  justly  tri 
Have  not  the  temporal  things,  the  vain  baublesand  filthy  1. 
this   world,    which   an-   to.,  apl   to  rnLMLje  their  worldly  ami   selfish 
thoughts,  been  benevolently  taken  from  them:  ami  have  tb< 

:  thereof,  been  taught  to  ---i  their  affections  on  things  above?" 

Paralipsis  pretends  to  conceal  what  is  really 
expressed. 

Example — "7  will  not  r<iU  him  villain,  because  it  would  be  nnpar- 
llamentary.  /  will  nol  call  him  fool,  because  he  happen-  to  i>e  i  iban- 
Cellor  of  the  exchequer." 


RHETORICAL    FKH'KES. 


Climax  is  the  gradual  ascending  in  the  expres- 
sion of  thought,  from  things  lower  to  a  higher 
and  better.      Reversed,   it    is  called  anticlimax. 

Examples — "A  Scotch  mist  becomes  a  shower;  and  a  shower,  a 
storm ;  and  a  storm,  a  tempest;  and  a  tempest,  thunder  and  lightning : 
and  tbnndei  and  lightning,  heavenquake  and  earthquake."  "Then 
virtue  became  silent,  heartsick,  pined  away,  and  died." 

Allusion  is  that  use  of  language  whereby  in  a 
word  or  words  we  recall  some  interesting  inci- 
dent or  condition  by  resemblance  or  contrast. 

Examples — "  Give  them  the  Amazon  in  South  America,  and  we'll 
give  them  tin-  Mississippi  in  tin.-  United  States 

After  the  signing  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, Hancock  remarked  to  his  fellow- 
signers  that  they  must  all  //'///'/together.  kl  Yes, " 
said  Franklin,  "or  we  shall  all  hang  $epafratel/y" 

The  allusion  in  this  case  turns  to  ay///,  which 
is  a  play  upon  words. 

Example — v  And  the  Doctor  told  the  Sexton, 
And  the  Sexton  tolled  the  bell. "' 

A  continued  allusion  and  resemblance  in 
style   becomes   a  parody. 

Example — "  'Tis  the  last  rose  of  summer,  left  blooming  alone; 
All  her  lovely  companions  arc  fad<  d  and  gone; 
No  flower  of  her  kindred,  no  rosebud  is  ni 
To  reflect  back  her  blushes,  and  give  sigh  for  sigh. 
I'll  not  leave  thee,  thou  lone  one,  to  pine  on  thy  stem; 
Since  the  lovely  are  sleeping,  go,  sleep  thou  with  them. 
Thus  kindly  1  scatter  thy  leaves  o'er  the  bed 
Where  thy  mates  of  tin.'  garden  lie  scentless  and  dead." 

Parody— "  'Tie  the  last  golden  dollar,  left  shining  alone; 

All  Us  brilliant  companions  are  squandered  and  gone; 
No  coin  of  its  mintage  reflects  bach  its  hue. 
They  wenl  in  mint  juleps,  and  this  will  go  too! 
I'll  not  keep  thee,  thou  lone  one,  too  long   in  suspense ; 
Thy  brothers  were  melted,  and  melt  thou,  to  pence) 
I'll  ask  for  no  quarter,  I'll  Bpend  and  not  spare, 
Till  my  old  tattered  pocket  hangs  centless  and  bare." 
Pun — "  Ancient  maiden  lady  anxiously  remarks, 

That  there  must  be  peril  'mong  so  many  sparks: 
Roguish- looking  fellow,  turning  to  the  stranger, 
Says  it's  his  opinion  sin-  i>  out  of  danger. " — Sa 

Exclamation  is  a  figure  of  speech  used  to  ex- 
press more  strongly  the  emotions  of  the  speaker. 

Examples—"  <  >ta  '  the  depth  of  the  riches  both  of  the  wisdom  and 
the  knowledge  of  » tod !  " 

»  How  poor,  how  rich,  how  abject,  how  au 
How  complicate,  how  wonderful  is  man' 
Distinguished  link  in  being's  endless  chain! 
Midway  from  nothing  to  the  Deity ! 
A  be.. m  ethereal,  sullied  and  absorbed  I 

Though  sullied  and  dishonored,  still  divine! 

An  heir  of  glory  '  a  frail  child  or  dust: 
A  worml  a  god!  1  tremble  at  myself, 

And  in  myself  am  lost." 

Interrogation  is  a  rhetorical  figure  by  which  the 
speaker  puts  opinions  in  the  form  of  questions, 
for  the  purpose  of  expressing  fchoughl  more  pos- 
itively and  vehemently,  without  expectation  of 
the  questions  being  answered. 

Examples— ,l He  thai  planned  the  ear,  shall  lie  not  hear?    He  that 


formed  the  eye,  shall  He  not  see?"     "O  Death,  where  its  thy  sting? 
0  Grave,  where  is  thy  victory?*1 

"But  when  shall  we  be  stronger!    Will  it  be  th< 
next  year!      Will  it  he  whet  tally  disarmed,  and  when  a  Brit- 

ish guard  shall  be  stationed  in  every  house!    *    *    *    Is  life  so  dear. 
or  place   so   sweet,    as   to  be  purchased  at  the  price  of  Chan 
slavery?" 

"  Can  storied  urn  or  animated  bust 

Back  to  its  mansion  call  the  fleeting  breath! 
Can  Honor's  voice  provoke  the  silenl  dust, 

Or  Flatter)  soothe  the  dull,  cold  ear  of  death?" 

Euphemism  <  Urfe-mis^em  >  is  a  word  or  sentence 
so  chosen  and  expressed  as  to  make  a  disagree- 
able fact  sound  more  pleasantly  than  if  told  in 
plain  language. 

Examples — "  Deceased  "  for  "  dead;"   "stopping  payment,"  in- 
stead of  '*  becoming  bankrupt ;"  '*  falling  asleep,"  instead  of  "dying;" 
"  you  labor  under  a  mistake,"  for  "you  lie;"  "he  does  not  keep  very 
correct  accounts,"    instead  of   "  he  cheats  when  he  can:"    ••  she  cer- 
tainly displays  as  little  vanity   in  her  personal    appearance  as  any 
young  lady  1  ever  saw:"  for  "  she  is  an  intolerable  slattern. " 
"  I  see  Anacreon  laugh  and  sing; 
His  silver  tresses  breathe  perfume; 
//,,.  ,  heeks  d\  iplay  a 
Of  roses  taught  i>{i  wine  to  bloom."1 

Apostrophe,  like  the  exclamation,  is  the  sudden 
turning  away,  in  the  fullness  of  emotion,  to  ad- 
dress some  other  person  or  object.  In  this  we 
address  the  absent  or  dead  as  if  present  or  alive, 
and  the  inanimate  as  ifliving. 

This  figure  of  speech  usually  indicates  a  high 
degree  of  excitement. 

Examples — "0  gentle  sleep, 

Nature's  soft  nurse,  how  have  I  frighted  thee. 
That  thou  no  more  wilt  weigh  my  eyelids  down, 
And  steep  my  sen-'-  in  forgetfulness? " 

Thus  King  David,  on  hearing  of  the  death  oi 
Absalom,  exclaims,  "Oniv  son  Absalom,  my 
son,  my  son  !  " 

Ossian's  Address  to  the  Moon  is  one  of  the 

most  beautiful  illustrations  of  the  apostrophe: 

"Daughter  of  heaven,    fair  artthou  !    The  silence  of  thy  I 
pleasant.     Thou  comest   forth  in  loveliness.     The  stars  attend  thy 
blue  steps  in  the  East.     The  clouds  rejoice  in  thy  presence,  0  S 
brighten  their  dark-brown  sides.  Who  is  like  thee  in  heaven, d 
ter  of  the  night?    The  stars  are  ashamed  in  thy  presence,  and  turn 
aside  their  sparkling  eyes.   Whither  dost  thon  retire  from  thy  < 
when  the  darkness  of  thy  countenance  grows?     Hasl   thon  thy  hall 
like  Ossian?  Dwellest  thou  in  tb  of  grief?    Have  thy  - 

fallen  from  heaven?  and  are  they  wlm   rejoiced   with  thee  at   night 
nomore?     Yes,  \\n.y  have  fallen,  fair  light  !  and  often  dosl  the 
to  mourn.     But  thou  thyself  shall  one  night  fail,  and  leave  thy  blue 
path  in  heaven.      The  stars  will  then  lift  their  heads;  they  who  in  thy 
presence  were  astonished  will  rejoice." 

"Thou  lingering  star  with  lessening  ray, 
That  l.-v'st  to  greet  the  early  morn, 
Again  thoa  usher' st  in  the  day 
My  Mary  from  my  soul  was  torn. 
0  Mary!  dear  departed  shade  1 " 

Vision  is  a  figure  of  rhetoric  by  which  the 
speaker  represents  the  objects  of  his  imagina- 
tion as  actually  before  his  eyes  and  present  to 
his  senses. 


Oi 


LAWS    OF    LANGUAGE. 


-  ildieral  from  tops  of  yonder  pyramid-  forty  cen- 
turies look  (low  II  upon  j 

■•  We  behold  bonaea  and  public  edifices  wrapt  in  lames;  we  hear  the 

crash  of  roofa  failing  in,  and  om  aproar  proceeding  from  a 

thousand  different  voices;  we  see  some  flying  they  know  not  whither, 

banging  over  the  last  embraces  of  tli.i r  wives  and  friends;  we 

bi  t  tearing  from  the  null,  hi  Ipli  --  babe,  and 

s' throats  wherever  the  plunder  is  most 

inviting." 

Onomatopoeia  Ls  the  use  of  such  word  or  words 
as  by  their  sound  will  suggest  the  Bense,  as 
crash,  buzz,  roar,  etc.  Motion  is  thus  easily  im- 
itated, as  is  also  sound,  and  even  the  reflections 
and  emotions. 

Ewni'ii — "Away    they  wenl  pell    nn  11,   hurry    Bknrry,   wild 
buffalo,  wild  horse,  wild  huntsmen,  with  clang  and  [  whoor 

and  halloo  that  made  the  forest  ring."      "The  ball  went 

"While  I  nodded  nearly  napping,  suddenly  ili-r.  came  a  tapping 
As  of  some  one  gently  tapping,  rapping  at  my  chamber  door.  " 


General  Summary. 
Dr,   Blair's  system  of  rhetoric   sums  up  the 
most  important  qualities  ofstyle  in  the  six  fol- 
lowing terms,  being  thus  condensed  hy  Kerl : 

"  Pin  \ty,  propritty,  and  rdto  words  and 

phrases;  and]  'y,  and  slrengl ft,  in  regard  to  sentences. 

He  who  writes  with  ill  phraseology  that  is  foreign,  un- 

couth, or  Ill-derived;  he  who  writes  «  the  most 

appropriate,  the  very  beet  expressions,  and  generally  displays  sound 

judgmentandg 1  taste;   be  who  writes  with  pre*  ireful  to 

tactly  whal  he  means — all  thai  he  means,  or  thai  I 
and  nothing  more;  he  who  writes  with  pertph  topreaenthis 

meanlnj  fail  to  nnd< 

him  a!  once;  he  who  i  illowe  carefully  the  most 

able  order  of  nature,  ami  doe-  not  jumble  together  incongruous  ; 
nor  throw  out  bis  thoughts  in  a  I  C  ma--  :  and  lie  who 

writes  with  strength^  so  disposes  or  marshals  all  the  parts  of  each 

Ce,  and  ail  the  parts  of  the  disi r-e.  as  to  make  the    BtrongeSl 

Impression,     Aperg  irdlng  as  it  is  influenced  b) 

and.  imagination,  may  be  dry,  pi 

faulty  Btyle  is  that  which  may  he  de- 
scribed a-  being  stiff,  cramped,  labored,  heavy  and  tiresome;  Itsoppo* 
-it,,  i-  ml.  sprightly,   and  inten 

Oneofthegri  Btyle,  one  too  little  regarded, 

sy,  unaffected,  earnest,  and  highly  im- 
which  Indicates  a  total  ignorance,  or  rather  inno- 

Ofall    111''    trickery    of    art.       It    seem-  to    COnSlSl    Of  thl 

promptings  of  nature:  thongh,  in  most  Instances,  it  la  nol  so  much  a 
nature  'ion  of  art." 


Laws  of  Language, 

The  following  rules  by  Dr.  Campbell,  in  refer- 
ence to  the  construction  of  sentences  and  choice 
of  words,  will  lie  found  of  service  : 

1.  When  the  usage  is  divided  as  to  any  particular  words  or  phrases, 
and  wh  !  different  me 
while  the  oilier  admits  of  only  one  signification,  the  expression  which 
is  sir                    meaning  shonld  be  preferred. 

2.  In  donbtf 

3.  When  expressions  are  in  other  r  lal,   that  should  he 
preferred  which  i-  i                           >    to  the  car. 

A.  When  none  of  the  preceding  rules  takes  place,  regard  should 
be  had  to  simplicity. 


5.  All  words  and  phrase-,  particularly  harsh  and  not  absolutely 
nei  esaary,  should  he  dismissed. 

u.  When  the  etymology  plainly  points  to  a  differenl  signification 
from  what  the  word  hears,  propriety  and  simplicity  require  its  dla- 
lui-sion. 

'.   When  words  become  obaolete,or  are  never  nsed  hut  in  particular 

phrases,  they  should  he  repudiated,  as  I  hey  give  the  style  all  air  of  v  111 - 

and  cant,  when  tins  general  d]  ers  them  obscure. 

s  All  words  and  phra-es  which  analyzed  grammatically,  include 
an  Imperfection  of  speech,  should  he  dismissed. 

o.  All  expressions  which,  according  to  the  established  rules  of  ]an- 
either  have  no  meaning,  or  Involve  a  contradiction,  or  accord- 
ing to  the  fair  construction  of  the  word  i  meaning  different 
from  tin-  intention  of  the  Bpeaker,  should  he  dismU 


Specific  Directions. 

Paragraths. — One  or  more  sentences  form 
a  paragraph.  When  a  deviation  <>r  change  Ls 
made  in  the  subject,  a  new  paragraph  is  com- 
menced. The  first  line  of  each  paragraph  in 
writing  should  commence  about  one  inch  from 
the  left  side  of  the  sheet  Preserve  a  space 
half  an  inch  in  width  between  the  left  of  the 
writing  and  the  edge  of  the  sheet.  Write  as 
close  t"  the  right  edgeof  the  sheet  as  possible. 
When  lack  of  space'  prevents  the  completion 
of  a  word  mi  the  line,  place  the  hyphen  I  -  I  at 
the  end  of  the  line  and  follow  with  the  remain- 
ing syllables  on  the  next  line.  Words  may  lie 
divided,  hut  never  divide  syllables. 


Rules  of  Construction. 

1.  The  principal  words  in  a  sentence  should 
he  placed  where  they  will  make  the  most  strik- 
ing impression. 

■_'.  A  weaker  assertion  or  argument  should 
not  follow  a  stronger  one 

3.  The  separation  of  the  preposition  from 
the  noun   which  it  governs,  should  be  avoided. 

i.  Concluding  the  sentence  with  an  adverb, 
preposition,  or  other  insignificant  words,  Lessens 
the  strength  of  the  sentence. 

<  >i:m:i:  OF  Am:  \  m.imknt.  — Young  writers  will 
find  it  well  to  prepare  a  memorandum  of  the  sub- 
jects they  wish  to  treat  on  a  separate  -lip  of  paper, 
and  the  points  they  wish  to  make  relating  t"  each 

subject.  Having  the  subjects  clearly  fixed  in  the 
mind,  they  should  commence  with  the  Least  im- 
portant and  follow  through  to  the  end.  consider- 
ing the  most  important  at  the  close. 


DICTIONARY    OF    SYNONYMOUS    WORDS. 


65 


^Dictionary  of  iSynonyms. 


SEVERAL  THOUSAND  SYNONYMOUS  WORDS. 

Fop  the  use  of  Writers  and  Speakers. 


%&$ 


k#  UITE  a  common  fault  is  that  of 
using,  when  writing,  the  same 
word  several  times  in  a  sen- 
tence. To  avoid  this  inelegant 
repetition,  the  writer  should 
icrive  careful  attention  to  the 
selection  of  different  words 
having  a  similar  meaning. 
Observe  the  following  : 

Example. 

He  is  accurate  in  figures,  accurate  in  grammar,  accurate  in 
spelling,  accurate  in  writing. 

IMPROVED. 
He  is  accurate  in  figures,  correct  in  grammar,  exact  in  spell- 
ing* precise  in  writing. 


See  the  "word  accurate  in  the  dictionary,  ac- 
companied by  synonymous  words. 

Example. 

He  made  an  excellent  address  in  the  morning,  and  his  col- 
league made  an  excellent  address  in  the  evening. 

IMPROVED. 

He  made  an  excellent  address  in  the  morning,  and  his  col- 
league entertained  the  assemblage  with  an  eloquent  speech  in 
the  evening. 

Example. 

The  patient  suffered  untold  agony  fox  years;  during  which 
time  he  suffered  not  only  agony  of  body,  but  agony  of  mind. 

IMPROVED. 

The  patient  suffered  untold  agony  for  years  ;  during  which 
time  he  endured not  only  torture  of  body,  but  anguish,  of  mind. 


Abase  — humble,  lower,  degrade, 
depress,  disgrace. 

Abate — lessen,  reduce,  subside,  de- 
crease, dimini-h. 

Abbreviate  —  abridge,  curtail. 
condense,  compress,  empitoniize, 
lessen,  reduce,  shorten. 

Abhor— abominate,  detest,  hate, 
loathe. 

Ability  —Capacity,  power,  skill, 
meaus.  talent. 

Able— capable,  competent. 

Abode — dwelling,  habitation,  resi- 
dence. 

Abominate— abhor,  detest,  hate, 
loathe. 

Abridge — contract,  diminish,   les- 

norten. 
Absent  —  abstracted,    inattentive, 

heed 

Absorb — engross;,  engulf,  imbibe, 
swallow. 

A  bstaln— forbear,  refrain,  with- 
hold. 

Abstruse—  hidden,  obscure,  diffi- 
cult. 

Absurd  —  foolish,     unreasonable, 

preposterous 
Abundant — ample,  copious,  plen- 

Ahn»lve- insolent,  offensive,  scur- 
rilous, disgraceful. 


Accede  —  acquiesce.  agree,  con- 
sent, assent,  comply,  yield. 

Accept — admit,  receive,  take. 

Acceptable — agreeable,  grateful, 
welcome. 

Accession  —  addition,  augmenta- 
tion, increase. 

Accommodate  —  adjust,  adapt, 
serve,  suit,  tit. 

Accomplice— abettor,  all 
ant.  accessory,  associate. 

Accomplish  — complete.  effect, 
SChieTe,    fulfill,    execute,     realize, 

finish. 

Account — explanation,  narration. 
description,  r 

Accumulate— heap,  collect,  gath- 
er, atn 

Accurate—  precise,  exact,  correct. 

Accuse— asperse,  arraign,  c 
impeach,  defame,  calumniate,  de- 
tract, vilify. 

Achieve— execute,  compli 

till,  realize,  accomplish.  . 

Acknowledgment  —  confession. 

--en 

Ac-know  ledge  —  confess,      own. 

avow,  . 

Acquaint— inform,  communicate. 
disclose,  make  kn 

Acquiesce  —comply,  yield,  con- 
sent, agree,  as 

Acquire—  gain,  attain,  procure, 
win,  obtain. 


Acquirement— attainment,  gain. 

Acquit  —  free,  pardon,  forgive, 
discharge,  clear. 

Active  —  quick,  nimble,  agile, 
prompt,  industrious,  busy, 
bi  isk,  vigorous. 

Actual— real,  certain,  positive. 

Actuate— impel,  induce,  move. 

Acute— sharp,  keen,  subtle,  pierc- 
ing, shrewd,  pointed,  peiietrating. 

Adapt— suit,  tit,  adjust,  accommo- 
date. 

Add— join  to.  put  to,  increase. 

Address— sj>eech.  ntteranc 
ity.  courtship,  skill,  direction. 

Addition  —  augmentation,  acces- 
sion, in 

Adhere  — stick,  cleave,  hold,  at- 
tach. 

Adept— apt,  ({trick,  skillful,  expert. 

Adherent— disciple,  follower,  par- 
tisan. 

Adhesion— sticking,  attachment, 
adherence. 

Adjacent— close,  near,  adjoining, 

contiguous. 
Adjourn  -postpone,  defer,  delay. 
Adjust— settle,  fix.  suit,  adapt,  ac- 

commc 

Administer—  give,    execute,    dis- 

•  rro. 
Admiration  —  regard,       esteem. 
amasement. 


Admission — entrance,  access,  ad- 
mittance. 

Admit  —  allow,    permit,    tolerate, 

concede,  grant. 
Admonition  —  warning,    advice, 

counsel,  reproof. 
Adorn— deck,  embellish,  beautify. 
Adroit— agil< 

LCD]. 
Adulterate— corrupt,  pollute,  de- 


ent— progression,   im- 


Advancem 
provement. 

Advantage— profit,  benefit,  use, 
good. 

Adventure  —  chance,  casualty. 
contingency,       incident,       occur- 

Adversary  —  opponent,  antago- 
nist, enemy. 

Adverse  —unfortunate,  hostile, 
contrary,  repugnant,  opposed. 

Advert— notice,  turn,  regard,  al- 
lude. 

Advise  — consult,  consider,  delib- 
erate, admonish. 

Advocate— plead,  argue,  defend, 
support. 

Affability  —  civility,     conrteons- 

DeSS,  urbanity. 
A  liable— civil,  courteous,  urbane, 

sing. 
Affair-  business,  concern,  matter, 

transaction. 


66 


DICTIONARY    OF    BYNONYM8. 


A  fleet  - aim,  assume,  move,  pre- 
tend, arrogate 

Aflectlng-fet ling,  touching,  pa- 
thetic. 

Affection— I  attach- 

in-  nt.  kindness,  tenderness. 

Affiliate— adopt,  receive,  initiate, 
■  ilate. 

Affinity  ■  relationship,  kindred, 
alliance,   conformity,   attraction. 

Affirm  sssure,  ssBert,  aver,  de- 
clare, protest, 

A  tti  ift  ion    pain,  tronble,  distress, 

l.'i  !•■['  [TOW,      tl  IbulSf 

aon,  bereavement,  calamity. 

Affluencr  -  plenty,  abundance, 
riches,  opulence,  wealth,  eon- 
course,  influx. 

A  If  ti rd— yield,  grant,  give,  impart, 

Affriaht— alarm,  dismay,    shock, 
i  pall,     frighten,    dis- 

A  tiro  tit— provoke,  outrage,  insult, 

offend. 
Afraid— fearful,  terrified,  timid, 

timorous. 

Acted  —  elderly,  old.  senile,  ad- 
vanced in  j  i 

Agent  — representative,  deputy. 
Aggregate  —  mass,     collect,     ac- 
cumulate. 
Agile—  alert,  active,  lively,  quick, 

atly,  nimble,  brisk. 
Agitate  —  shake,  disturb,  move, 

Agitation— disturbance,    trepida- 

Hon,  tremor, 
Agony-    pain,    distress,    torture. 

Agree    so©  ,  assent, 

nnply. 
Agreeable — tnitable,  acceptable, 
i.:,  grateful 

Agreement  —  harmony,     accord* 
i  ovenanl .  concurren 
tract,  barg  ■ 
Aid- assist,  kelp,  succor,  relieve. 

A I  in     -aspire,      endeavor,       level, 

point. 
Air    ■  sped  .  manni  ■ 

look,  p 
Alarm-  -fear.coiuiternatibt-.dread, 

apprebi  n  Ion,  Fright,  ten  or,  sum- 
prise. 

A  II  finite  —  transfer,      withdraw, 

estrange, 
Allege    adduce,  affirm,   advance, 

A  1 1  r  v  I  ate  —  ease,    abate . 

love,  diminish,  soothe, 

lighten. 
Alliance    coalition,  union,   com- 

bins ;  i 

Allot       ili-trihiite,    apportion,    as- 
i|  point 

Allowance       igi      pay,  stipend, 

.  . 
grant. 
Allude—  refer,  suggest,   hint,   inti- 
mate. 
Allure— 'tempt,  entice,  seduce,  de- 

■ .  i  ract. 
Alter— change,   vary,   modify,   re- 

Always      Bver,  perpetually,  con- 

Btantlj .   conl 
A  m:ik»  -gather,  heap,  colli 

cumulate. 
Amazement!  ment,   but- 

ironder,  admiration. 
AmtiitfiioiiM  —  ob^eure,    doubtful, 

equivocal, 

A  snenable     answerable, 

dble ,  accountable. 
Amend        rrect,  Improve,  better, 

rectify  .  reform,  mend. 
A  menda— recompense,  restoration, 

reparation,  restitution. 
Amiable— lovely,  kind,  charming, 

delightful,  oo 
Ample— large,  extended,  spacious, 

copious,  abundant,  plenteous. 


Amusement— en  tei  tain  ment.  di- 
ui-iini,  sport,  pastime,  recres 
tlon. 

Angry— passionate,  hot,  Irascible, 
nasty, 

AiilmiUIi  -p.iin.di>lress,  suffering, 

agony. 
Animate— cheer,  enliven,  exhilar- 
Impel,  Incite,  Inspire,  urge, 

■ 

Animation  —life,  spirits,  liveli- 
ness, buoj  ancj  .  gayetj  .  1 1  ■ 

Animosity  hatred,  enmity,  mal- 
ignity, hostility. 

Annex  —  attach,  affix,  add,  sub- 
join. 

A  tin  mi  nee     prod  litn,  deelare,  ad- 

blish. 

Annul  destroy,  revoke,  abolish, 
cs  oo  i .  repeal,  annihilate. 

Answer— reply,  response,  rejoin- 
der. 

Answerable  -amenable,  account- 
able, responsible. 

Antagonist— enemy,  foo,  oppo- 
nent, adversary. 

Antecedent  —  previous,  former, 
anterior,  preceding,  prior,  fore- 
going. 

Antlpaf  ti  v 

nance,  dislike,  detestation .  I 

Anxiety— caution,  care, 
l\ v.    solicitude,    uneasiness,    dis- 
quietude- 

Apathy  nnfeeuhgnees,  indiffer- 
ence,  insensibility,  unconcern. 

Aperture— cavity,  opening. 

Apology— defense,  plea,  excuse. 

Apparent— evident,  clear,  plain, 
visible,  distinct. 

Appeal— invoke,  refer,  call  upon. 
Appearance— aspect,   look,  air, 

i ,  mien,  semblance. 
Appease— calm,  soothe,  pacify, 
allay,  assuage,  tranquilixe. 

Applaud     praise,  approve,  BZtol, 

mend. 
Applause  —  acclamation,     shout- 
ing, appro*  sL 
Appoint     allot,    fix.    provide,    or- 

presci  Ibe,   ordain,    depute, 
constitute. 
Appraise— value,  estimate. 
Appreciate— value,  esteem,  esti- 
mate, prise. 
A  ppreheiiwlon  —  terror,    alarm, 
■i'i/iite,     dread,     suspicion, 

fright 
A p>prl*e —  Inform,  acquaint,  dls- 

Approach  —  admittance,  access, 

Approbation— approval,  concur- 
consent,  sanction,  confirm- 

ation. 

Appropriate  —  assume,  usurp, 
Bel  apart. 

Appropriate  —  peculiar,  cxclus- 
■ 

Approve— allow,  like,  applaud, 
esteem,  commend. 

Arbitrator  — judge,  umpire,  ar- 
biter. 

Archive*— annals,  records. 

Ardent  — hot,  eager,  passionate, 
Fervent,  fiery,  vehement. 

Arduous— hard,  difficult,  labori- 
■    . 

Argument-proof,    reason,    dis- 

Arl-»e— mount,  ascend,  rise,  stand 
up. 

Arraign  —  charge,  accuse,  im- 
peach. 

Arrange —place,  dispose,  class, 

A  rroganec  —  assumption,  pride, 

..-.:■--        pre- 

Miniption. 
Artful— crafty,    ai  I 

ful,  cunning,  dexterous. 
Articulate  —  speak,    pronounce, 

utter. 


Artifice  —deception,  Imposition, 
stratagem,  cheat,  deceit,  finesse. 

Attitude— posture,  gesture. 

Attract — charm,  captivate,  win, 
allure,  draw,  • 

Attraction*  allure- 

■  ments. 

Audacity       impudence,  boldness, 

be  t  din i   efl  rontei  j . 

Auspicious  —  favorable,  propi- 
tious, prosperous,  lucky,  fortu- 
nate. 

Authentic— genuine,  authorized, 

1 1  u& 
Authority  —  power,      dominion. 
sway,    Influence,    ascend- 

ency. 
A\  aticc— greed,  covetousness, cu- 

pldity . 
A \ ersc  —loth,  unwilling,   reluct 

ant,  repugnant,  unfortunate,  un- 
.  . . 

Ave  ml  on  —  dhdiki 
antipathy,    abhorrence, 
don. 

Avidity— eagerness,  greedll 

A  \  oration  — calling,    trade,    pro 
a,  office,   business,  employ- 
mi  hi  .  ex  cupataon. 
Avoid— shun,  elude,  eschew. 
A  vow— own.    confess,    recognize, 

ackno*  ■ 

A  wake— rouse, provoke,  excite. 
Am  e— fear,  dread,  reverence. 


Babbling —  Idle  talk,  loquacity, 

chattering,  prattling. 
Backward— loth,   unwilling,  re- 

luctsnt,  averse. 
Itatiie— confound,  dere.it.   ■ 

cert,  elude,  oonJ  use, 
Balance— settle,  adjust,  regulate, 
i  Use. 

Hauler  I mut.  ridicule,  deride, 
rally,  joke,  jest. 

Bare— snipped,  naked,  destitute, 

uncovered,  unadorned. 

Baro-alii  —  purchase,  cheapen, 
contract,  buy. 

Bane— mean,  low,  vile. 

Bawhtful— shy,  modest,  diffident, 
timid. 

Ba«l«— foundation,  pedestal,  base, 
ground. 

Bastard  -Spurious,  illegitimate. 

Battle —  combat,  fight,  engage- 
ment. 

Bear— carry,  bring  forth,  support, 

Buffer,  endure,  sustain,  undergo. 

Beat  —  hit,  strike,  defeat,  over- 
throw. 

Beau—sweetheart,  gallant,  dandy, 

fop. 
Beautiful  — handsome,  fine. 
Beautify  —  embellish,    decorate, 

..I    in.  deck,  ornament. 

Becoming  —  suitable,  graceful, 
comely,  decent,   befitting,  meet, 

Beg  h .  entreat,  ask, 

',    implore,    solicit,  rappli- 
cute. 
Begin  —  originate,     enter     upon, 

commi 
Beguile    delude,  mislead,  amuse, 

{■<>n. 
Behavloi — conduct,  carriage,  de- 
ient,      manner,      demeanor, 
add  i ' 

Behold— see,  took,  observt 
Beholder— spectator,  looker  on, 

;  I  er. 
Belief— credit,    faith.    trust,    eer- 
relia <■.<■>  .  oon- 
on,  opinion,  assent. 
Below— under,  beneath. 
■tend    lean,  incline,  distort,  bow, 

subdue. 
Beneath— under,  below. 

Bequeath— devi>e.  give  by  will. 


Beweech— *<dirit,  crave,  Implora, 
beg,  entreat,  request,  urge,  suppli- 
cate. 

Br  *  tow—grant,  confer,  give,  pre- 
ient 

Better    Improve,   mend,   reform, 

smell    i 
Blame      n  pi  ch,  con* 

demn,  censure,  reprehend,  Ineul- 

pate,   upl 

Blasseless  -  nnblemished,  fauit- 

■ 

Irreproachable, 
ltiaoi  —desolate,  destroy,  wither 

Up,   -plit. 

Blenalsh— flaw,  spot,  defect,  fault. 

Blunt— dull,   uncouth,    hi  * 

abrupt. 

Blunder— error,  mistake. 

Boaster  —  braggnrd,     braj 

idoclo,  vaunter,  blusterer. 

ltoaollng; — parade,    ostein 
vaunting. 

Boisterous— violent,  furious,  Im- 
petui 

■told  courageous,  daring,  fear* 
less,  impudent.  Insolent,  auda- 
cious. 

Bondage  •servitude,  slavery,  con- 
iMi.  nn n[,  Imprisonment 

Border— edge,  verge,  rim,  brim, 
margin,  brink,  side 

Bore — pierce,  penetrate,  perfor- 
ate. 

Bound —define,  confine,  restrict, 

terminate,   limit,   en  eu  m-entie. 

Bounty  liberality,  benevolence, 
gene j o  DCS 

Brave— hold,  daring,  heroic    un- 
daunted,   courageous,     Inl 
fearless. 

Breach— gap,  chasm,  break,  open- 
ing. 

Break— destroy,  batter,  dissolve, 

rend,  tame,  demolish)  shatter. 
Breaker  —  surge,  billow,   wave, 

b  ink,  covered  rock. 
Brief—  short,    concise,    succinct, 
compendious,    Bummary,  epitom- 
ised. 
Bright— clear,  shining,  sparkling, 
[it.    glistening,    glittering, 

lucid,  resplendent. 
Brllllancv    brightness,  radiance, 
splendor,  lusl 

Broad  tig,    ample,    ex- 

■ 
Broil— right.  Quarrel,   altercation, 

ltruioe  —  break,   crash,    soueese, 

pound,  e j  ■ 

Build— erect,  establish,  construct, 
found. 

Bulk— great  n- 
extent  dimensions, 

Burden  —  load,  freight,  weight, 
cargo. 

Burning  —  ardent,  fiery,  scorch- 
ing, hot. 

Burnt— break,  rend,  crack,  split. 

Business— trade,  occnpatloi 

fog,  WOlit,   avocation,  pro! 

Bustle-— disorder,  hurry,  tumult, 
confusion. 

But— except.  Still,    |j" 

yet,    notwithstand- 
ing. 

Butchery— havoc,  slaughter,  car- 

nagei  massacre. 
I5n\       procure,    bargain,    obtain. 


Cabal— coalition,  league,  combin- 
consplracy,  intrigu- 

4'it  la  in  lty  —  mi-hap. 
fortune. 

Calculate  number,  corn- 

put-  [mate. 

Call— exclaim,   cry,  invite,  name, 
summon,  subpoena. 


DICTIONARY    OF    SYNONYMS. 


67 


Calling  —  trade,  occupation,  pro- 
fession, business,  employment, 
avocation. 

Calm— soothe,  compose,  tranquil- 
ize,  pacify,  appease,  assuage,  al- 
lay. 

Cancel  —  erase,  destroy,  abolish, 
repeal,  annul,  revoke. 

Candid— frank,  open,  artless,  hon- 
est, ingenuous. 

Capable— able,  fitted,  competent, 
qualified,  skillful. 

Capacity  —  capability,  faculty, 
ability,  genius,  talent. 

Caprice  —  fancy,  humor,  freak, 
whim,  notion. 

CaprlcioiiH  —  notional,  variable, 
fickle,  changeable,  fantastical, 
whimsical 

Captivate —charm,  enslave,  at- 
tract, enchant,  enrapture,  take 
prisoner,  fascinate 

Captivity  —  servitude,  bondage, 
confinement,  imprisonment. 

Capture— prize,  seizure. 

Care— anxiety,  solicitude,  regard, 
attention,  management,  concern, 
disquietude,  worry. 

Careful  —  cautious,  solicitous,  at- 
tentive, provident,  guarded,  pru- 
dent, circumspect. 

Careless —  heedless,  thoughtless. 
remiss,  inattentive,  negligent, 
unconcerned. 

Caress— fondle,  endear,  embrace, 
stroke,  soothe. 

Carnage  —  massacre,  butchery, 
slaughter. 

Carriage— manner,  behavior,  de- 
portment, mien,  demeanor,  walk, 
bearing. 

Carry— transport,  convey,  bear. 

Cast  —  throw,  hurl,  turn,  direct, 
fling. 

Catch— snatch,  seize,  lay  hold  of, 
grasp,  capture,  grip. 

Cause— origin,  source,  reason,  in- 
ducement. 

Caution — advice,  warning   i 
admonition,  care,    solicitude,    ,- ir- 
cumspection. 

Cautious— careful,  wary,  watch- 
ful, prudent,  circumspect. 

Cease — -leave  off,  desist,  stop,  dis- 
continue. 

Celebrated— honored,  illustrious, 
famous,  renowned. 

Celebrate  —  praise,  extol,  com- 
mend, perpetuate. 

Censure— rebuke,  reprimand,  con- 
demnation, reproach,  stricture, 
blame. 

Ceremony  —  form,  rite,  observ- 
ance. 

Certain  —  manifest,  actual,  real, 
sure,  constant. 

Chagrin— vexation,  mortification, 
fretfulness. 

Challenge — demand,  defy,  claim, 
call,  accuse,  object,  except. 

Chance  —  hazard,  casual,  fortui- 
tous. 

Change— alteration,  t  ariety,  mu- 
tation, conversion,  vicissitude. 

Changeable— uncertain,  variable, 
nVkle.  mutable,  inconstant,  un- 
-i .   i  ■  i  j 

Character— manner,   reputation, 

d<    '  nption,  letter,  mark,  quality. 
Charity  —  kindness,   benevolence, 
good-will,  liberality,  ben-i 
generosity. 

Charm  -attract,  bewitch,  delight, 
enrapture,  captivate,  fascinate. 

Chasten— correct,  punish,  afflict, 
chastise. 

Chaste  nes*  —purity,  continence, 

simplicity,  chastity. 
Chastise — correct,  afflict,  punish. 
Chattels— effects,  movable 
Cheat  —  fraud,  deoeptl  in, 

stratagem,  imposition. 
Cheer  —  incite,   comfort,  gladden, 

encourage,  exhilarate. 


Cheerfulness  —  mirth,  gladness, 
liveliness,   sprightliness,    gayety, 

jollity,  comfort. 

Cherish  —  help,  shelter,  nurture, 
warm,  foster. 

Chide— scold,  rebuke,  reprove,  rep- 
rimand. 

Chiefly — mainly,  principally,  par- 
ticularly, especially. 

Childish— simple,  puerile,  trifling. 

Childhood— infancy,  minority. 

Children  —  offspring,  issue,  pro- 
geny. 

Choke— stifle,  smother,  suffocate. 
Choice  —  selection,     election,     op- 
tion. 

Choose— prefer,  select,  pick,  elect. 
Circulate — spread,   pass,   diffuse, 

propagate. 

Circumscribe  —  limit,     confine, 

enclose,  bound. 

Circumstance  —  event,  incident, 
state,  situation,  condition. 

Circumspect  —  watchful,  wary, 
cautious,  particular,  vigilant,  pru- 
dent. 

Circumstantial— minute,  partic- 
ular, incidental,  accidental. 

Civil  —  obliging,  polite,  affable, 
courteous,  complaisant,  polished, 
well-bred. 

Civilization  —  refinement,  cul- 
ture. 

Claim — demand,  pretension,  right. 

Clandestine— secret,  hidden,  pri- 
vate. 

Class  —  division,  order,  degree, 
rank. 

Cleansing  —  purifying,  purging, 
cleaning. 

Clear— free,  pure,  acquit,  absolve, 
discharge,  satisfy,  vindicate,  ap- 
parent, evident,  obvious. 

Clearly— distinctly,  lucidly,  plain- 
ly, manifestly,  obviously,  visibly. 

Clemen ey— mercy,  mildness,  len- 
ity, kindness. 

Clever— adroit,  skillful,  ready,  ex- 
pert. 

Climb — mount,  scale,  a^end. 
Cling— stick,   hold,  cleave,   clasp, 
hang. 

Close— shut,  firm,  compact,  con- 
ufiried.  near. 

Clothes— raiment,  garment",  cov- 
ering, attire,  habiliments,  ap- 
parel. 

Clouded  —  obscured,  variegated, 
dark,  gloomy,  overcast,  sullen. 

Clumsy— awkward,  unhandy,  un- 
couth, bungling. 

Coadjutor —  assistant,  colleague, 

ally. 

Coalition  —  conspiracy,  league, 
union,  combination. 

Coarse  — gross,  inelegant,  rough, 
rude,  vulgar,  unrefli 

Coax — flatter,  wheedle,  fawn,  ca- 
jole. 

Coerce— force,  compel,  restrain. 

Cognomen  —  name,  appellation, 
denomination. 

Coherent  —  consistent,  adhesive, 
tenacious. 

Coincide— harmonize,  agree,  con- 
cur. 

Cold— reserved,  chill,  frigid,  shy. 
unaffectlng. 

Colleague— ally,  associate,  part- 
ner, ''.  ladjutor. 

Collected— calm,  placid,  unruffled, 
compose  I    -    thered 

Collection  —  gathering,  contribu- 
tion, assemblage,  group. 

Colloquy  —  dialogue,   coin, 
talk. 

Colf>r— dye,  hue,  tint,  paint,  tinge. 

Combination       union,      league, 

■    ■    ■    ■ 
confedi 
Comely  —  graceful,         hai. 
agreeable. 


Comfort — solace,  console,  encour- 
age, enliven. 

Comfortless— wretched,  desolate, 
forlorn. 

Comic  —  funny,  ludicrous,  ridicu- 
lous, laughable. 

Command — direction,  behest,  pre- 
cept, order,  injunction. 

Commanding  —  dictatorial,  iro- 
per at ive, authoritative,  imperious. 

Com  mence— undertake,  originate, 
begin. 

Commend  —  praise,  recommend, 
extol,  applaud,  approve,  laud. 

Commensurate --sufficient,  ade- 
quate, equal,  proportionate. 

Comment  —  utterance.  explana- 
tion, exposition,  annotation,  note, 
observation,  elucidation,  remark. 

Commiseration  —  feeling  for, 
pity,  compassion,  sympathy,  con- 
dolence. 

Commission  —  authorize,  enable, 
empower. 

Commodious— fit,  suitable,  con- 
venient. 

Commodity— goods,  merchandise, 

wares. 
Common-mean,  vulgar,  frequent. 

low.  general,  ordinary,  usual. 

Commotion  —  perturbation,  dis- 
turbance, tumult. 

Communicate— tell,   report,   dis- 
make    known,   impart,    re- 
veal. 

Communication — commerce,  in- 
tercourse, conference. 

Communion —  fellowship,  union, 
converse,  intercourse. 

Commute— exchange,  barter. 

Compact  —  contract,  agreement, 
covenant,  firm,  solid,  close. 

Companion  —  ally,      accomplice, 
B  — date,  comrade,  friend 
erate,  partner. 

Company— assembly,  band,  crew, 
corporation,  congregation,  associ- 
ation. 

Compass— attain,  enclose,  invest, 
t*  a*  Re,  environ,  encircle,  con- 
summate. 

Compassion  —  tenderness,  pity, 
sympathy,  commiseration. 

Compensation— pay,  amends,  re- 
ward, remuneration,  requital. 

Competent— suitable,  fitt*  d 
qualified,  capable,   efficient,   skill- 
ful, effective. 

Competition  —  rivalry,     contest, 

emulation. 

Complaining  —  lamenting,  mur- 
muring,   bemoaning,     bewailing 

;  bur,  repining. 

Complainant— agreeable,  affable, 
courteous,  civil. 

Complete— conclude,  fulfill,  termi- 
nate, effect,  accomplish,  finish. 
i  ruminate,  execute. 

Complex  —  intricate,  complicate. 
compound. 

Compliment— extol,  flatter,  con- 
gratulate, prs 

Comply  —  agree,  accord,  accede, 
assent,  yield,  acquiesce,  consent 

Compose— put  together,  form,  set- 
tle, soothe,  calm,  quiet,  com- 
pound. 

Comprehend  —  appreciate 

brace,  include,  understand,  com- 
prise, cona  Ive 

Conipreoo  —  e-Hidense, 

Compulsion  —  constraint,    force, 

restraint,  coercion. 
Compunction— regret,  penitence, 

.  contrition. 
Compute  —  Count,     number,     late, 

estimate,  calculate. 
Concede— yield,  grant,  allow,  de 

admit,  sun.  ni 
Coneeal  —  hide,    disguise,    cover, 

Conceit— imagination,  fancy,  no- 
tion, freak. 


Conceited — vain,  proud,  egotis- 
tical, opinionated. 

Conception  —  perception,  knowl- 
edge, fancy,  idea,  imagination, 
notion. 

Concern— care,  interest,  business, 
affair,  regard,  matter. 

Concert —  contrive,  manage,  ad- 
just, consult. 

Conciliate  —  win,  reconcile,  pro- 
pitiate. 

Conclude— finish,  terminate,  close. 
Conclusion  —  termination,     infer- 
ence, end. 

Conclusive — convincing,  decisive. 
Concord  —  harmony,    agreement, 
unity,  amity,  peace. 

Concur — agree,  coincide,  approve, 

acquiesce. 

Condemn— sentence,  doom,  blame, 
reproach,  rej  ■  i 

Condense  —  abbreviate,  shorten, 
contract. 

Condescension  —  humility,     sub- 

mission,  deference. 
Condition— rank,    state,   compact, 

bond,  case,  situation,  stipulation. 

Condolence  —  compassion,  com- 
miseration, sympathy. 

Conduce — conduct,  tend,  lead,  con- 
tribute. 

Conduct— management,  behavior, 
guidance,  deportment 

Confederate  —  ally,    accomplice, 

associate. 

Confer— give,    bestow,    discourse, 

grant. 

Confess— acknowledge,  grant,  own. 
admit,   avow,    recognize. 

Confide  —  rely,  trust,  repose,  de- 
pend. 

Confident  —  impudent,  bold,  posi- 
tive.dogmatical.  al>- 

Confined  —  limited,    shut    up.    cir- 
cumscribed,  restrained,conl 
imprisoned. 

Confirm  —  corroborate,    establish, 

strengthen. 
Conflict— contest,  contention  tight, 

agony,  combat,  struggle,  warfare, 
pang-. 

Conform— submit,  yield,  comply. 
Confuse— stupefy,  embarrass,  con- 
found, abash,  disorder,  perplex. 

Congruity  —  agreement,  consist- 
ency. 

Conjecture — guess,  think,  belief, 
surmise. 

Connected  —  joined,  united,  re- 
lated 

Connection  —  intercourse,  union, 
commerce,  association,  commun- 
ion. 

Conquer— subdue,  vanquish,  over- 
COme,  surmount. 

Conscious  —  aware,  sensible,  ap- 
prised. 

Consent— yield,  agree,  assent,  com- 
ply, acquiesce,  accede. 

<  onsequence  —  result.   Infi 

effect. 
Consequently —  henee    a. 

|y,  therefore,  when 

Consider— ponder,  dehnerate,  re- 
gard. • 

Consign— entrust  commit,  trans- 
fer, make  over. 

<  onslstenl  treeing,  consonant, 
accordant,  firm. 

Console— comfort,    soothe,    cheer. 
Conspicuous-  prominent,  noted, 

distinguished.  Ulusl 
Constancy  —  perseverance,    firm- 

n. -s.  steadiness,  stability. 
Constantly    -  ever      continually, 

perpetually,  unchangeably 

santly. 

Construct  —  make,    build,    erect, 

form. 

t  on»ul t— consider,   deliberate,  ad- 

■ 
Consume — waste,  destroy. 

complete. 


68 


DICTIONARY    OF    SYNONYMS. 


Consummation— perfection,  com- 
pletloa 

Coni  nsTloem-epldemlc,  infectious. 

Contain  bold,  Include,  embrace, 
comprehend. 

Contaminate— pollute,  taint,  de- 
file, corrupt,  poison. 

Contemn  ■  a    di  iplse,  disdain. 

Contemplate—consider,  m< 

Contemptible— paltry,  file,  db> 

.  disrep> 
utable,  low. 
Contend  -Quarrel,  d 

vi.-.   -trive. 

Contention— strife,  conflli 

■  iiii».it .  dispute,  di 
Contentment    tcquleseence,  hap- 

I  ustion,  grai  M 

Contlgnons  —  near,  approximat- 
ing adjacent. 

Continual  —  perpetual,  constant . 
ng,  continuous. 

Contlnoatlon— oontlnuance,  dura- 
tion 

Contract— airangentent,  b  ■ 

■  nii-tit.  compact ,  covenant. 

Contract  —  curtail,  abridge,  eon- 

sbbreviate,  reduce,  shorten. 

Contradict —  gainsay,  deny,   op- 

i 

Contrary— opposite,  advei 

ImloaJ 
Contribute  —  assist,    administer, 

aid,  share. 
Contrition  —  remorse,    penitence, 

repentance,  compunction,  regret. 
Contrivance— device,  means,  in- 

rantlon,  plan,  scheme. 
Control— subdue,   restrain,  check, 

got  em,  curb. 
Controversy— argument,  debate, 

disputation,  contest. 
Com  nne— call  together,  i 

i .  oke. 
Convenient  —  handy,     adapted, 

Conversation— dialogue,  discus- 
■    ■    [loquy, 

Convene — commune,  speak,  talk, 

discourse. 
Convey— take,  carry,  bear,  trans* 

porl 
Con viet  ion   -  persuasion,     deteo- 

■  ii  fact  Ion. 
Convivial —agreeable,  festal,  so- 

i  , 

Convoke  gather,   assemble,  con- 

% .  ii.    cal]  together. 
Coploaa—  ample,   full,   abundant, 

sxubei  inl ,  plenteous,  bountiful. 
Cordial  hearty,  warm,  sincere. 
Correct      mend,  amend,   reform, 

■ 
Corroborate   establish,  confirm, 
gtben. 

Corruption    depravity,  pollution, 

defilement,  adultei 

nation,  Lnfeci  Ion,  putridity. 

Coatly— expen  lous,  valu- 

able. 

Counsel  idrlce,  instruction,  ex- 
hortation. 

Counterait-cliiint"',  defeat,  0O- 
i  .  frustrate,  prevent. 

Countenance— uphold,  Caror,  en- 
com  ion. 

Counterfeit       forge  I, 

.    spurious,  Imposture,  imita- 
tion. 
Couple —brace,    pair,    two,  join, 

neat, 
Courage— h<  lor,  brav. 

- ,  Intrepidity, 
■ 
Cour«e —mode,  way.   track,   line, 
progress,  method,  passage, 
road,  route, 
Courteous  —  kind,    civil,   affable, 
i.  respectful,  polite,  welt 

to\  enant  —  arrangement 
ment,    contract,    pledge,    stipula- 
tion 


Covering— concealing,  screening, 
sheltering,  biding,  overspreading. 

Covetonanesi  greed,  avarice, 
cupidity,  toordinate  desire. 

Coward  —  sneak,  dastard,  pol- 
troon. 

Cowardice  fnar.  timidity,  eoa 
.ii  dliness. 

Crafty  —  underhanded,  cunning, 
artful,  wily,  deceitful,  sly,  subtle. 

Crave—beg,  pray,  beseech,  entreat, 
implore,    request,  solicit,    suppll 

:         |    ,    , 

Create— build,  form,  make 
Invent,  originate,  shape,  produce. 

Crime— e\  11,  guilt,  wickedness,  >iu, 

\  ice, 

Crisis— juncture,  critical  point. 

Criticism-  stricture,  censure,  re- 
vlew,  remark,  judgment. 

Crooked  -bowed,  turned,  curved, 
awrj  .  bent,  disfigured,  deformed. 

Pro—  Ill-tempered,  Fretful,  peev- 
ish, Bpleeny,  petulant,  splenetic. 

Cruel— barbarous,  brutal,  pitiless, 

Inhuman,  inexorable,  unmerciful, 
harsh. 
Cultivation— advancement ,  civil- 

ii,  improvement,  refinement, 

Cure— heal,  restore,  remedy. 
Curious— prying,  Inquisitive. 
Cume  —imprecation,  malediction, 
anathema,  execration. 

Cursory  —  hasty,   careless,   slight, 

desultory,  superficial. 
Curtail— shorten,  contract,  abbre- 
^  late,  abridge. 

Custom  —  habit,    manner,    usage, 

prescription,  practice. 


Hum  age—  injury,  hurt,  loss,  detri- 
ment. 

Dampness  —  wet,  moisture,  hu- 
midity. 

Hunger— hazard,  peril,  risk,  ven- 
ture. 

Daring— bold,  fearless,  valorous, 
courageous,  Intrepid,  brave. 

Dark  —  dismal,   obscure,   gloomy, 

(Inti. 
Hate— tune,    period,    epoch,    era. 

Dead  —  still,  lifeless,  Inanimate, 
. i: . ,  ised ■ 

Deadly  —  fatal,  mortal,  destruc- 
tive. 

Dealing*— trade,  practice,   traffic, 

LI     !    ."I 

Hearth  —  famine.   Deed,    BCardty, 

want. 
Debar  —  deter,    binder,    prevent, 

exclude,  preclude. 

Debase  — lower,  degrade,  humble, 

dlsgrs  ■ 
Debate— argue,  wrangle,  dispute, 

com roi ei  t.  >  ■  ■■■ 

Debilitate  — impair,   weaken,  en- 

■  leble. 
Debility— infirmity,  weakni 

.        .  .  :     . 

Decay— decline   consumption. 
Decease  —demise,  death, 

ure  of  life. 

Deceit  —  fraud,    duplicity,    deoep- 
ounnlng,  artiflce,    tri 
guilt 

Decent  — comely,  fit,   seemly,   be- 
ming. 

Deeldt — settle,  resolve,  \\x.  deter- 
mine. 

Decision  —  sentence,  determina- 
tion, Judgment,  resolution,  conclu- 
sion. 

Decisive— conclusive,  convincing. 

ending. 
Declare  —  announce,    pronounce, 

testify,   proclaim, 

Decline— dro  ihun,  re- 

ject, repel,  sink,  refuse. 


Decorate  —embellish,  ornament, 
beautify .  adorn. 

Decoy  allure,  tempt,  seduce,  en- 
tiee,  inveigle, 

Decreaae  —  lessen,  diminish,  sub- 
side, tower,  abate. 

Dedicate— devote,  COD 

apart, 

Deduct  Ion-aba  teiiunt,  infercnee, 

conclusion. 

Heed  —  action,     exploit,    achieve- 

menl .  (eat, 
Deface— mar,  disfigure,  destroy, 

mutilate. 

Defame— slander,  vilify,  scandal- 

Balumnlate. 
Defeat  —  beat,     baffle,    conquer, 
overcome,    overthrow,   vanquish, 

1 1  u>t I  ate. 

Defect— want,  flaw,  blemish,  mi- 

(..  rfaction, 
Defective  —  wanting,    imperfect, 

deficient. 

Defender  —  protector,  advocate, 
pleader,  vin.li- 

Defense— a  poluk'y.  excuse.  Justifi- 
cation, protection,  vindication. 

Deter— delay,  binder,  prolong,  re- 
tard,  postpone,   protract,  i i  >- 

■ 

Deference— respect,   regard,  con- 

di  cession,  submission,  venera- 
tion. 

Deficient— lacking,  wanting,  Im- 
perfect. 

Defile— taint,  poison,  vitiate,  cor- 
rupt, contaminate,  pollute. 

Definite— exact,  precise,  positive, 
certain,  bounded,  Limited. 

Defraud— swindle,  cheat,  rob.  de- 

celve,  tnek. 
Deicrade— lower,  disgrace,  lessen, 

ml ,  decry,  depreciate,  dispar- 
age. 

Degree— rank,  position,  station, 

class,  order, 
Dejection— depression,  lowliness, 

melancholy. 

Delay— hinder,  defer,  detain,  pro- 
long,  protract,   postpone, 

Deliberate  —  slow,      hesitating, 

considerate,  thoughtful,  cautious, 

Delicate — frail,  tine.  nice,  weak, 
lender,  beautiful,  elegant,  dainty. 

Delighted  — pleased,  glad,  grate- 
joytul. 

Delineate  describe,  draw,  paint, 
■  I,,  i  .-h    ilepiet,  n  presenl . 

Hellnqiient  —criminal,  offender. 

Deliver  —  give    up,    save,    yield, 

utter,    surrender,    a 

transmit. 
Delude— mislead,  deceive,    cheat, 
in  guile. 

Delusion— cheat.    Illusion , 

■    I 

Demand— claim,  require,  ask. 

Deavollah— overthrow,  destroy. 

Demonstrate  —  illustrate, 
prove,  manifest. 

Denominate— name,  title,  style, 
.  nate. 

Denote— imply,  signify,  mark,  be- 
token. 

Deny    refuse,  disown,  contradict, 

Departore-    U  iving,  forsaking, 

going  away,  abandoning,  exit. 
Dependence     trust,  n  dance,  con- 

■ 
Deplore— bemoan,  bewail,  mom  a, 

Deportment— behavior,  conduct, 

carriage,  demeanor. 
Depraved    - 

Deprecate— underrate,  <h   p 

i    undervalue,  degrade,  tra- 
duce,  i' ■■■■  ■  i 

Deprive  prevent,  hinder,  depose, 
divest,  strip,  abridge. 

Depute— authorize,  appoint,  con- 
st it  ute- 


Dopnty    agent,  suhetftate,  repre- 

■  nl   line,    delegate. 

Derange— dlaai  range,  ov<-ornpose, 
disorder,  oonfuse,  disconcert. 

Deride— mock,  rldleule,  make  fun 
ol    b  inter,  laugh  al 

Describe— Illustrate,  narrate,  de- 
lineate, reoounl .  relate,  n  pn  »  nl 

Description  -  account, 

tion,  narration,  explanat  lOU,  re- 
cital, relation,  detail. 

Design— Intend,  plan,  scheme,  pur- 
i  i  i    project,  sketch. 

Designate  —  name.  show.  point 
"in.  inih  ii<     .  boose,  distinguish, 

style. 
]»      -  .  -  i      -stop,    leave 

continue. 

Desperate  -desponding,  bopeh  as, 
mad,  careless,  furious,  rag  ■ 

Deaplcable  — mean,  vile,  pitiful, 
worthless,  outrageous,  contempt/ 
Ibli 

Despise— hate,  scorn,  loathe. 

Despotic  —  arbitrary,  Mlf-willed, 
o  beolute. 

Destination— point,  location,  lot, 
design,  fate,  purpose,  appoint- 
ment. 

Destitute  bare,  forlorn,  poor, 
.  !■•! taken,  needy. 

Hestroy  —  ruin,  waste,  demolish. 
Consume,  annihilate,  dismantle. 

Desultory  —  hasty,  slight,  loose, 

roving. 
Detach— sever,   separate,  disjoin, 

iii\  nl.-. 

Detail— account,  tale,  description. 

Duration,  recital. 
Detain  —  keep,    restrain,    conilne, 

hold. 

Detect— find,  discover,  convict. 
Determine  —  Itx,    decide,    bound, 

limit,  settle,  resolve,  adjust. 
Determined  —  tirm.  resolute,  de- 
cided, Axed,  concluded,  ended,  Im- 
movable. 

Detent— bate,    loathe,    abominate, 

abhor. 

Detestable  —  hateful,   loathsome. 

abominable,  execrable. 
Detract— defame,  degrade,  vilify, 

slander,    calumniate,    pcandalfi  ■, 

derogate. 

Detriment  —  inconvenience,   loss, 
Injury,     disadvantage,     damage, 
hurt,  prejudice. 
Develop  —  grow,    unravel,    clear, 

unfold,  disclose,  exhibit- 
Deviate— stray,    wander,    err,    di- 

nverve. 
Device  —  design,     scheme,    show. 

plan,  contrivance,  Jtral  igem,  In- 
vention. 

Devote  -give,    apply,    consecrate. 

it.  dedicate. 
Devout  —  pious,    holy,     religious. 

prayerful. 
Dc  Kterlty  —  adroltn 

exnertiii-ss,   aptness,    skull 

skill,  tact. 
Dialect  —  Ian  gu  age,     speech, 

tongue. 
Dictate  —  propose,  direct,  order, 
be,  insti act,  Buggi  it, 

Die  — expire,  depart,  i>erish,  lan- 
\wther. 

Differ    dispute,  dissent,  contend, 
.   .    disagree. 

Different  —  unlike,  various,  di- 
v  i  ■  rse . 

Difficult—  trying,  arduous,  hard, 
troublesomi 

Difficult  \  action, 

issraent,  trouble,  perplex- 
ity, trial,  impediment. 

Hlflident—  retiring,  fearful 
Col,  distrustful,    modest, 

Ing. 
Dignified  —  exalted,        elevated, 

honored,  stately. 
Hiiigeni      Indnsta  lout .  b 

laborious,  active,    pel-severing,  at- 

tentive. 


DICTIONARY    OF    SYNONYMS. 


*\U 


Diminish— shorten,  curtail,  abate, 
decrease,  lessen,  subside. 

Direct  —  show,  guide,  conduct, 
manage,  regulate,  sway. 

Direction  —  command,  order,  ad- 
dress, superscription. 

Directly  — at  once,  quickly,  im- 
mediately, instantly,  promptly, 
instantaneously. 

Disagree— dispute,  dissent,  differ, 
quarrel,  vary. 

Disappoint— foil,  defeat. 

Disaster  —  misfortune,  calamity, 
mischance,  mishap. 

Disavow— disown,  deny,  disclaim, 
repudiate. 

Discard — cast  off,  dismiss,  dis- 
charge. 

Discern  — distinguish,  discrimi- 
nate,  penetrate,  behold,  discover. 

Discernible— plain,  evident,  per- 
ceptible, manifest,  apparent. 

Disclose  —  reveal,  discover,  di- 
vulge. 

Disconcert  —  disorder,  confuse, 
defeat,  ruffle,  fret,  vex,  unsettle, 
interrupt,  derange. 

Discord  —  contention,  dissension, 
inharmony. 

Discover  —  make  known,  detect, 
communicate,  reveal,  impart,  tell, 
disclose. 

Discredit — dishonor,  scandal,  dis- 
grace, disrepute,  ignominy,  re- 
proach. 

Discretion— prudence,  judgment. 

Disdain — scorn,  contempt,  pride, 
arrogance,  haughtine--. 

Diseases — sickness,  distemper,  mal- 
ady, disorder. 

Disgrace  —  degrade,  debase,  dis- 
honor, abase. 

Disguise  —  cover,  disfigure,  con- 
ceal, dissemble. 

Distrust— loathing,  nausea,  dislike, 
aversion. 

Dishonor— shame,  disgrace. 

Dislike— antipathy,   aversion,   re- 

ftugnance,   hatred,  contempt,   ab- 
lorrence. 
Dismiss  —  discharge,   divest,    dis- 
card 

Disorder —  confusion,  bustle,  dis- 
ease, tumult,  malady,  distemper, 
irregularity. 

Disparage  — lower,  undervalue, 
degrade,  detract,  decry,  depre- 
ciate 

Disperse — BCatter,  dissipate,  deal 
•  nit,  spread,  distribute. 

Display  —  parade,  exhibit,  show, 
ostentation. 

Displease— offend,  anger,  vex. 

Dispose— regulate,  place,  arrange, 
order,  adapt. 

Dispute-contest,  debate,  quarrel, 
altercation,  difference,  contro- 
versy 

Disseminate — spread,  circulate, 
scatter,  propagate. 

Dissertation  — discourse,  essay, 
treatise,  disquisition. 

Dissipate  —  disperse,  squander, 
waste,  expend,  consume,  dispel. 

Distaste— aversion,  diseust,  con- 
tempt ,  dislike,  dissatisfaction, 
loathing. 

Distinct— clear,  obvious,  different, 
separate,  unlike,  dissimilar. 

Distinguish— discriminate,  know, 
see,  perceive,  discern. 

DIstliiKiil shed— noted,  eminent, 
conspicuous,  celebrated,  illustri- 
ous. 

Distress— grief,  sorrow,  sadness. 
Buffering,  affliction,  agony,  pain, 
anguish ,  misei  | 

Distribute  deal  out,  scatter,  as- 
sign, allot,  apportion,  divide. 

District  -locality,  section,  tract. 
region,  territory,  province,  cir- 
cuit, county. 

Diversion— enjoyment .    pastime, 

recreation,  amusement)  deviation, 
sport. 


Divide— separate,  part,  share,  dis- 
tribute. 

Divine — suppose,  conjecture,  fore- 
tell, guess. 

Divulge — disclose,  impart,  reveal, 
communicate,  publish. 

Docile— gentle,  tractable,  pliant, 
teachable,  yielding,  quiet. 

Doctrine— l>elief,  wisdom,  dogma, 
principle,  precept. 

Dogmatical— positive,  authorita- 
tive, arrogant,  magisterial,  confi- 
dent. 

Doleful— awful,  dismal,  sorrow- 
ful, woeful,  piteous,  rueful. 

Doubt— suspense,  hesitation,  per- 
plexity, scruple,  uncertainty. 

Doubtful  —  unstable  uncertain, 
dubious,  precarious,  equivocal. 

Drag— pull,  bring,  haul,  draw. 

Dread— fear,  apprehension. 

Dreadful— fearful,  frightful,  ter- 
rible, awful,  horrible. 

Dress— array,  apparel,  vestments, 
garments,  attire. 

Droop — pine,  sink,  fade,  decline, 
languish. 

Dumb— mute,  still,  silent,  inartic- 
ulate. 

Durable — lasting,  constant,  per- 
manent, continuing. 

Dutiful  —  submissive}  obedient, 
respectful. 

Dwelling  —  home,  house,  abode, 
habitation,  residence,  domicile. 

E 

Eager  — earnest,  excited,  ardent, 
impetuous,  quick,  vehement. 

Earn— acquire,  win,  make,  gain, 
obtain. 

Earth— globe,  world,  planet. 

Ease — rest,  quiet,  repose,  facility, 
lightness. 

Economical— careful,  close,  sav- 
ing, frugal,  thrifty,  sparing. 

Ecstasy— happiness,  joy,  rapture, 
transport ,  delight ,  enthusiasm, 
elevation. 

Edifice  —  building,  fabric,  struct- 
ure. 

Education  —culture,  cultivation, 
breeding,  refinement,  instruction, 
nurture,  tuition. 

Efface— destroy,  obliterate,  erase, 
expunge,  eradicate. 

Effect  —  consequence,  result,  pur- 
pose, event,  issue,  reality,  mean- 
ing. 

Effects  —  things,  goods,  chattels, 
furniture,  movables,  property. 

Efficient—  competent,  capable, 
able,  effectual,  effective. 

Effort— endeavor,  essay,  attempt, 
exertion,  trial. 

Elegant— graceful,  lovely,  beauti- 
ful, handsome. 

Eligible  — suitable,  fit,  worthy, 
ca  pa  ble. 

Embarrass  —  trouble,    entangle, 

puzzle,  perplex,  disi 

Embellish  —  ornament,  decorate, 
adorn,  Illustrate,  deck,  beautify. 

Emblem— symbol,  figure,  type. 

Embrace— lndd.  clasp,  hug,  com- 
prehend, compi  Ise. 

Emergency— necessity,  exigency, 
casualty. 

Emolument-reward,  profit,  gain, 
advantage,  lut 

Emotion— feeling,  tremor,  excite- 
ment, agitation. 

Employment— occupation,  trade, 
on,  bus  in'--    .i\  ocation. 

Empower- enable,  delegate,  com- 
mission, authorize. 

Empty— untenanted,  vacant,  void, 
■  v  icuated,  unfurnished,  unfilled. 

Enchant    beguile,  charm,   capti- 
vate,   bewitch,    fascinate,    em    i 
ture. 

Encomium— eulogy,  praise. 


Encounter — quarrel,  assault,  at- 
tack, combat,  engagement,  meet- 
ing. 

Encourage  —  cheer,  stimulate, 
animate,  incite,  sanction,  support, 
countenance,  instigate. 

Encroach— intrude,  trespass,  in- 
fringe. 

End— finish,  close,  stop,  extremity, 
termination,  sequel,  consequence, 
cessation,  death,  purpose. 

Endeavor— aim,  exertion,  effort, 
attempt. 

Endless  —  unending,  everlasting, 
perpetual,  interminable,  infinite, 
incessant,  eternal. 

Endurance  —  submission,  forti- 
tude, patience,  resignation. 

Enemy— adversary,  opponent,  foe, 
antagonist. 

Energy  — determination,  efficacy, 
force,  vigor,  strength,  potency, 
power. 

Enervate — weaken,  enfeeble,  un- 
nerve, debilitate,  deteriorate.    , 

Engage —  employ,  enlist,  fight, 
induce,  pledge,  promise,  attract, 
win. 

Enjoyment— happiness,  pleasure, 
joy,  gratification. 

Enlarge  —  extend,  widen,  length- 
en, increase. 

Enmity— spite,  hatred,  hostility, 
malignity,  animosity. 

Enough— ample,  sufficient,  plenty, 
abundance. 

Enrage — excite,  irritate,  inflame, 
incense,  aggravate,  exasperate. 

Enrapture — charm,  attract,  cap- 
tivate, fascinate,  enchant. 

Enterpriser — business,  adventure, 

attempt,  undertaking. 

Entertainment— pastime,  sport, 
amusement,  recreation,  diversion, 
performance,  banquet,  feast. 

Entice— tempt,  decoy,  seduce,  at- 
tract, allure. 

Entire— full,  whole,  perfect,  com- 
plete, total,  integral. 

Entirely —  perfectly,  completely, 
wholly. 

Entitle  — style,  designate,  name, 
characterize,  denominate. 

Entreat— ask.  solicit,  crave,  beg, 
beseech,  implore,  petition,  Buppn- 
cate. 

Envy— suspicion,  jealousy,  grudg- 
ing. 

Epitomize— lessen,  abridge,  cur- 
tail, reduce,  condense. 

Equal— commensurate,  adequate, 
uniform. 

Equitable —just,  ritrht.  honest, 
satisfactory,  impartial,  reason- 
able, fair. 

Eradicate— exterminate,  rootout, 

extirpate. 

Erase —  expunge,  efface,  cancel, 
obliterate. 

Erect— build,  raise,  found,  set  up, 
construct,  elevate,  establish,  in- 
stitute. 

Error— blunder,  mistake,  fault. 
Escape— elope,  evade,  elude,  fly, 

avoid,  pass. 
Essential— important,  necessary, 

requisite,  indispensable. 
Esteem  —  respect,  regard,   value, 

appreciate,  pruw  .  love. 
Estimate — rate,  compote,  value, 

calculate,    appraise,    appreciate, 

esteem. 
Eternal— perpetual,  Forever,  end- 

less,  infinite,  immortal,  continual, 

everlasting. 
Evade— escape,  elude,  avoid,  pre- 
varicate, shun. 
Even— smooth,  level,  plain,  equal, 

uniform. 

Event    Incident,  adventure.  Issue, 

occurrence,    result,    consequi  DCS 
Ever— a! 
unceasingly,    continually,    inces- 
santly. 


Evidence — proof,  deposition,  wit- 
ness, testimony. 

Evil— sinful,  wicked,  bad. 

Exact— enjoin,  demand,  extract, 
extort. 

Exact— sure,  strict,  punctual,  pre- 
cise, accurate. 

Exalted-high,  elevated,  refined, 
dignified,  raised,  sublime,  mag- 
nificent. 

Examination— search,  scrutiny, 
investigation,  inquiry,  research. 

Example  — copy,  precedent,  pat- 
tern. 

Exasperate — excite,  irritate,  en- 
rage, vex,  provoke,  aggravate. 

Exceed  —  improve,  outdo,  excel, 
surpass,  transcend. 

Excellence  —  goodness,     purity, 
superiority,  perfection,  eminence. 
Except— but,   besides,  unli 

ject. 

Exchange— barter,  trade,  traffic. 
Excite— provoke,   arouse,    incite, 
-timulate,  awaken,  irritate. 

Exculpate — forgive,  exonerate, 

acquit,  absolve,  justify. 

Excuse— pretense,    pretext,    plea, 

subterfuge,  apology,  eva 
Execrable  —  hateful,    deb 

contemptible,  abominable. 
Exemption  — freedom,  privilege, 

immunity. 

Exercise — practice,  exert,  carry- 
on. 

Exhaust — empty,  drain,  spend. 

Exigency— necessity,  emei  gency. 

Exonerate — clear,  relieve,  excul- 
pate, justify,  acquit,  absolve, 
forgive. 

Expectation— belief,  trust,  hope, 
confidence,  anticipation. 

Expedient  —  fit,  suitable,  neces- 
sary, requisite. 

Expedite  —  hurry,  hasten,  accel- 
erate, quicken. 

Expeditious  —  speedy,  diligent, 
quick,  prompt. 

Expel— exile,  banish,  cast  out. 

Expensive —dear,  costly,  valu- 
able. 

Experience  —  knowledge,     trial, 

experiment,  proof,  test. 
Expert  —  handy,    ready,    skillful, 

adroit,  dexterous. 

Explain— show,  elucidate,  unfold. 

Explanation  —  detail,     account, 
i  tion.  relation 

Explicit— clear,  definite,  express, 

plain. 

Exploit  —  feat,    accomplishment, 

achievement,  deed.   | 
Explore— search,  examine. 
Extend— spread  out,   stretch  out, 

enlarge,  increase,  distend,  diffuse. 
Extensive— wide,  comprehi 

large. 

Extenuate  —  palliate,     diminish, 

i  xcuse. 

Exterior  —  outward,  outside,  ex- 
ternal. 

Exterminate  —eradicate,  extir- 
pate, destroy. 

External— outward,  exterior. 

Extol— commend,  praise,  admire. 
laud,  eulogize,  applaud. 


Facetious  —  amusing,        jocular. 

Fact— incident,  circumstaii 
Faculty  —  ability,     gift,      talent, 

power. 

Fulling— weakness,   Imperfection, 
rrailty,    misfortune,    miscarriage. 
Fault. 

Fair— clear,  consistent,    rig] 
partial,    straight .    honest,    just, 
equitable. 

FMth— trust,    belief,    credit.    3dcl- 

ity. 


]>!<  TioNAiiY    OF    SYNONYMS. 


Fallacious       Illusive,    visionary, 

luaive,  fraudulent. 
Falsehood  —  falsity,  falsification, 

He,  una  nth 

monii 
Fanoai      oelebr  ited, 

.,  ihed,  illustn- 

FltlK'lt'lll 

ochondrlac. 
Panel     Im  '-'Ir  ition,  I  iste,  whim. 
Inclination,   llkinc 

ption,   humor, 
Jity. 

Kll»<    lllillf  Mil 

■ 
Fashion      style,    mode,    c 
manner,     way,     practice,     form, 

Fasten— fix,    hold,    stick,    annex, 

Fastidious      particular,   disdain* 

■  relish. 
Fate  -  destln  :  fortune, 

lUCJl  .    d'  M  ■"!       I"' 

Favor— civility,   support,   benefit, 

Fa\  oi-al>l«'  it  ill. 

Fault    I  tiling*,  bi  '  or,  ihoi  I 
blemish,  Imperfection,  offi 

FanUleaa      guiltless,    blameless, 

I    .      ,  i  head,   timid 

ror,    fright,    trepidation,    appre- 
hension. 
Fearful    dreadful,   horrib 

rible.    awful,    afraid,    u runs. 

Him  i. 

Fearleea— daring,  brave,  Intrepid, 

.  -  OUB 

Feasible  —  reasonabie,  plausible, 

peal  ■  '■■  wni  nt, 

Feeble    trail,  Infirm,  weak. 

Feeling 

t'eivi  bility. 

Felicity     loj  ,  delight,  h  i 

■ 

Fertile— fruitful,   prolific,   abund- 
ant, pi  oductii  e. 
Fervor  —  warmth, 

rehemence 
Festli  ii i  ipplnesa, 

tival. 
Fickle    unstable,  changeable,  In* 
nt.      variable,     capricious, 
Impul 
Fiction     Invention,    lie,    untruth, 

■ 
Fidelity    fail  loyalty. 

Fiery      h  ■' ,    fen  ent,    Im 

■  eheraent. 

Figure      shape,  semblam  i 

repi  i  ■  itue. 

Fine  pretty,  lovely, 

..  gant. 

FlnUh  -conclude,  end,  terminate, 

■ 

Firm    read] 

tnershlp, 

lute. 
Fli  »t  eai  Ileal .  prt- 

primitive,    pristine,    com- 
mencement, original. 
Fitted  impetenl .    quail- 

I  .pud 
Flag      droop,    languish, 

pine, 
Flagitious  —  wicked,     al 

flagrant,  heinous. 
Flai  or 
Flaw  n,    Bpeck,   crack, 

blemish,  d<  i 
Fleeting      transient,    transitory, 

Fleetnesa  rapidity, 

quickness,  i  ]t.v- 

Fluctuate— vary,  waver,  change. 
hesitate,  vacillate. 


Follower      adherent,    su< 
I.,  llever,  disciple,   partisan,    pur- 
suer. 

Fondness    affect  ton   loi  i 
men) .  tendei  i 

Foolish     dmple,    tupld    rllly,  ab- 
■  ional. 

Forbear    retrain,  -pan-,  abstain, 

pause. 
Fori, i,i    .1.  ny,  prohibit,  Infc 

Force    oblige,  compel,  restrain. 

Forcible    powerful,   strong,   Irre- 
sistible, might}  .  potent,  cogent, 

Forebode    foretell,    pros  ■ 
token 

Forego— quit,  give  up,  resign. 

Foregoing    befon  .   formei     pre- 
\  i, .ii-  ling,  anterioi , 

antecedent. 

Forethought    expi 
sight,    anticipation,     premeditaj- 

lion. 

Forfeiture    penalty,  One. 
Forge-  counterfeit,  frame,  Invent, 

.  ate. 
Forgive     ib  olve,  pardon,  remit, 

■  tise. 
Forlorn  —  forsaken,    lost,  lonely, 

destitute 
Form—ceremonj .  obw  n  ance,  rite. 
Formal  :  !  Icular, 

methodical,  exact,   suit,  i 
Forsake    de  erl .  aba 

.i,!.-,  nquisfa    quit, 

Fortunate      succe*  ful,      lucky, 

prospei  "ii  ■ 
Fortune— estate,  poi 

fab 
pom  ard       mfldent,  •  iger,  bold, 

ard<  ni    inn lest,  | 

I 
Foal  er  i  bor,    nourish, 

,         !l      ■  I 

Fragile  —  brittle,    weak,    tender, 

End 
Frallfl  \  iiri  teadiness. 

foible. 

Frame 

:  i .',  invent,  form,  adjust. 

Fraternity  -    society,     brother- 

b i 

Fraud— cheat.  Imposition,  deceit, 

■ 
Freak       whim      caprice,    humor, 

Fret-  —generous;  liberal,  candJ  I, 
open,  frank,  familiar,  unconflned, 
unconstrained,  unreserved,  mu- 
nificent, bounteous. 

Free  —deliver,  liberate,  rescue, 
■  nfr&nchise. 

Freedom  mlence, 

exemption    pi  li  liege,  familiarly  . 

Unrest  rami. 

Freely        pon ualy,  frankly, 

■  ■  1 1  idly,   unhesi- 
tatingly, liberally. 
Frequently      often,    rei 

lonly,  generally,  usually. 
Fresh    new,  recent,  cool,  modern, 

iim\  el. 
Fret    chart    angi  r,  gall,  corrode, 

■ 
Fretful  eevish,  angry, 

pel  i.' 

Friendly 

■ 

Fright     panic,  constei  nation,  tei  ■ 

Jarm. 
Frighten— terrify,    scare,    alarm. 

Intimidate,  affright,  daunt. 
Frightful    hoi  >  Id,  hoi  1 Ibli 

hie-.     '  ■  II  ful. 

Frugal  u  ing,  prudent, 

I*i  iiitTui  —  abundant,  plentiful, 
fei I  :  itic. 

Frustrate  defeat,  hinder,  f"il, 
nullify,  disappoint. 

Fully— largely,  amply,  completely, 
ously,  abundantly. 

Futile— useless,  frivolous,  trifiing. 


Qaln    obtain,   get,  * In,   acquire, 

attain,  profit 
Gall      bearing,   mien,   walk,  car- 

i  Lege. 

Gale  —  breeze,    storm,    hun 

tempest, 
Gather      collect,    muster,    infer, 

,  fold. 
«.;,\  _    showy,  merry,  One, 

cheerful. 
Generally  —  usually,  commonlj  . 

ntly. 
O  em*  roll*         liberal.       liOuntOOUS, 

noble. 
Genius  -talent .  intellect,  s 

Lngenuil )    cap  lcIi  ■■ 
Genteel     polished,   refined,  man- 
nerly, cultui  ed,  i"1 
Gentle    tame,  meek,  mild,  quiet, 

ible. 
Genuine— real,  actual,  autl 

unalloyed,     unadulterated,    true, 

natural. 
Germinate     mrout,  shoot,  grow, 

bud,  \  ■  - 
(h-hIiht  ■  ;m'| Km   til. . t i. ,n,  posture, 

attil  tide. 
Gel     gain,  ati  dn,  obtain,  procure, 

acquire,  po    i 
Glfl    donation,  present,   gratuity, 

i,.  in  i  icl Ion    endowment,  ability, 

talent. 

Give      '  ifer,  grant,  be- 

tow,  consign,  yield. 
Glad— happy,  gay, 

ful,  joyous,   delighted,    gi 

Glance — Ight,  look,  glimpse- 
Glitter  —  glisten,  sparkle,  shine. 
glare,  rndi  i 

<*rlif  terlnR-irlistenincr.  sparkling, 

shining,  bright,  brilliant. 
Gloom  '    dim,  cloudy, 

dull,  sullen,  morose,  melancholy. 
Glory  —  fam,  ■     wn,     plendor, 

pi  1 1  .  ,  bonor,  reputation,  brighl 

n. 

Graceful  —  comely,    genteel,     be- 
comin  i  ■' 

Grand— dignlfled,  lofty, 

■  nt,  sub- 
rime,  majestic,  glorious,  superb. 
splendid. 

Grant     give,  bestow,  cede,  confer, 

Grasp— gi  ip  i    i 

Grateful      thankful,    agreeable, 

.  pli  .i  ing. 

Gratlliralion     -indulgence,  hap- 
enjoymeat,  fruition,  pie  i 
ore. 
Grave— slow,  solemn,  thoughtful, 

.  impori  mi . 
Greatness    -  lae    bulk,  -    i 

..  ndi      immi  n  Ity,     dignity, 

: 

i. reedlnesa    ravenous,   i  i 

■. ty,  cove ■ 

Grief       idnes       oi  row, 

affliction,  an- 
guish. 
Grlet  ••  bewail,    afflict, 

nt,  hurt,  mourn,  sorrow. 
Group— cluster,  collection,  assem- 
blage. 

GrOW  -eprOUt,    vegetate,    | 

incres  i 
Guarantee    warrant,  vouch  for, 

■ 
Guard  —pro  '     shield, 

watch. 
Guess— suppose,  conjecture,  think, 

|   111,' 

Guesl     stranger,  visitor,  visitant 
Guide     lead,  direct,  conduct,  con- 

■    instruct,  regu 
Guilty— depraved,  wicked,  sinful, 
criminal,  debauched. 


Hale— strung, 
bust 


..mid.     hearty,    re>- 


Handsome  -fine,  fair,  beautiful, 
egant, 
■ 
Happiness      contentment,  luck, 

■ 
Harass  I    wearj     dl 

turb,  perplea 
Harbinger       m  foi  • 

runnel    i 

Hard  -near,    i 
exorabli  difficult,  firm, 

solid 

HartlrtitMl     unfeeling,    obdurate, 

in  -.  ii    i  ■ 

Hardihood      boldness,  presump- 
daring, 

bra  I  ■ 
II  aril  I  \         ban  .     with 

Buita 
Hardship    affliction,  oppi 

■    ■    ■ 
Harm    evil.  Injury,  damage,  mis- 

fol  1 -.    bin  I 

Harmless        i  nt :-    unoff  i 

1 1 1  ■  1 1 1 1  1 1  i        innocent. 

Harmony     uni-mi,     concord,     ac* 

Lance,  mi  tnent, 

llui-«li    rough,  •  ■•  ere,  rig- 

oroui     kusten     moro* 
Hasten    hun  icceler- 

■ 
ll:i»t lueoH    dispatch,    -peed,    pro- 

cipltancy,  hurry,  rashness. 
ll:i*t >     rash,    angrj  .  quid 

■  ■  ■ 
ll(i,  abjui  i  .    detest ,   SO" 

hor,  loal  be,  abominate. 
Hat t> I'n I      odlou       i  "nt.  mptible, 
■  ile  del     tabli    al ilna  ble, 

loathsome. 
Haugh  tineas  -  vanltj 

ixrogance,  pride,  disdain. 
II  ■  card    trial,   venture,    chance, 

1 1  dc,  danger,  peril, 
Headstrong      self-wiUed,     -tub- 

born    forw  ird,  violent,  obstinate, 

ventui  I 
II, -al      1 1   itoi  B,  en"  ■  i  •  ""  ■ 

Healthy— well,  sound,  wholesome, 

Hear— barken,    listen,    watch,   at> 

■ 

Hearty      sinoere,    EealOUS,    warm, 

-ii ong,  coi dl  ei.  ardent,  health] - 
Heat  Inesa        orrow,   .  loom     de 

Ight,  gravity. 
Heedless     dilatory,  thoughtless, 
.  ■  nt,    remiss,   careless,    Inat- 
tentive. 
II I- 1 ghi en      raise,    advance,    im 

proi  ■■    aggravate. 
Helnoua      Icked    nhful,  Magrant, 
jous. 

Help  —  priivi-t.  '-'.    Bid, 

ucoor. 

ii  ■■  i,.-.  ii     

thi  n  fore,   «  berefoi  i     con 
sequi  ■ 

Heroic 
loss,  v  I 

Heroism  -   valor,  boldness,  cour- 
age, bi  i  I  ry,  fortitude. 

llt-hiiaie    pause,  falter,  wait,  de- 
i.i\ ,  doubt,  demur,  stammer. 

Hiililen  —  obscure,      mysterious, 

■   ■  ■ ■    ■    i    ea 
Hideous— awful,  frightful,  horri- 
ble,  ghastly,  grim,  % 

Hilarity-  Jollity,  JOl  i^litv.miifb. 

men '    cheerfulness,  gayety. 

Hinder  —  Interfere,    impede     em- 
barrass, retard,  prevent .  i 
■ 
Ilnld  —  keep,     Occupy,     maintain, 
■ 

Honesty— honor,    fidelity,    frank- 
rtty,    probity,   purity, 

|U8tlCi  I'el  itii.],-.      Up 

rightness,  truthfulness. 

Honor  —  exalt,    dignify, 
adorn  ■    teem,  venerate, 

reverence. 

Hope— desire,  belief,  trust,  confi- 
dence,  expectation,   anticipation. 


-+ 


DICTIONARY   OF    SYNONYMS. 


71 


Hop e lens  —desponding,  dejected, 
despairing. 

Horrible— dreadful,  terrible,  ter- 
rific, fearful,  frightful,  awful. 

Hostile— unfriendly,  contrary,  op- 
posite, repugnant. 

Hostility  —  enmity,  opposition, 
animosity,  ill  will,  unfriendliness. 

House—domicile,  dwelling,  home, 
habitation,  family,  race,  quorum. 

However— notwithstanding,  but, 
nevertheless,  yet,  still. 

Humble— meek,  lowly,  subdued, 
submissive,  modest,  unpretend- 
ing, unassuming. 

Hurry— hasten,  expedite,  precip- 
itate. 

Hurtful  —  annoying,  injurious, 
detrimental,  mischievous,  perni- 
cious, prejudicial. 

Hypocrisy  —  dissimulation,  pre- 
tence, deceit. 


Idea— notion,  thought,  conception, 
imagination,  perception. 

Idle— unoccupied,  unemployed,  in- 
active, indolent,  still,  lazy,  sloth- 
ful. 

Ignorant  —  untaught,  unskilled, 
uninformed,  unlettered,  illiterate, 
unlearned. 

Illness  —  sickness,  disorder,  dis- 
ease, malady. 

Illusion— falsity,  mockery,  decep- 
tion. 

Imagine— think,  suppose,  fancy, 
conceive,  deem,  contrive,  appre- 
hend. 

Imbecility  —  weakness,  languor, 
feebleness*  infirmity,  debility,  im- 
potence. 

Imitate— follow,  copy,  mimic. 

Immaterial— unimportant,  insig- 
nlflcant,  inconsiderable,  inconse- 
quential, uncorporeal,  spiritual, 
unsubstantial,  unconditioned. 

Immeiliately-instantly,  directly. 

Immense— va-t  huge,  enormous, 
prodigious,  unlimited. 

Immodest— impudent,  bold,  indel- 
icate, shameless,  indecent,  un- 
chaste. 

Impair  —  lessen,  weaken,  injure, 
decrease. 

Impart— gr.nt.  bestow,  disclose, 
comnfunicate,  reveal,  divulge. 

Impatient  —  uneasy,  eager,  rest- 
aasty. 

Impeach— censure,  reproach,  ar- 
raign, accuse, 

Impede— hinder,  delay,  obstruct, 
retard. 

Impediment  —  obstruction,  ob- 
stacle, hinderance. 

Impel— urge,  force,  incite,  induce, 
instigate,  animate,  encourage. 

Impending— imminent,  threaten- 
ing. 

Imperative  —  commanding,  im- 
perious,  authoritative,  despotic- 

Imperfection— wanting,  blemish, 
fault,  defect,  failing,  frailty, 
foible,  weakness. 

Imperious —commanding,  domi- 
neering, haughty,  imperative, 
proud,  lordly,  overbearing,  tyran- 
nical. 

Impertinent— rude,  quarrelsome, 
Intrusive,  insolent,  meddling,  ir- 
relevant, troublesome. 

Impetuous— hasty,  rough,  vehe- 
ment, violent,  forcible,  boisterous. 

Implicate  —involve,  embarrass, 
entangle. 

Implore  —  beg,  beseech,  ask  ,  '  n- 
treat,  supplicate,  solicit,   request. 

Imply— mean,  signify,  denote,  in- 
fur,  involve. 

Importance  —  weight,  moment, 
signification,  consequence. 

Imposture— deceit,  cheat,  fraud, 
deception,  imposition,  counterfeit, 
artitice. 


Imprecation— execration,  curse, 

malediction,  anathema. 

Improve  —  cultivate,  correct,  re- 
form, rectify,  amend,  advance. 

Impudent — insolent,  bold,  rude, 
saucy,  Impertinent,  uncouth,  im- 
modest, shameless. 

Impute — charge,  ascribe,  attrib- 
ute. 

Inability  —disability,  weakness, 
impotence. 

Inactive  —  sluggish,  lazy,  idle, 
slothful,  inert,  drowsy. 

Inadequate— insufficient,  incom- 
petent, unable,  incapable. 

Inattentive— negligent,  heedless, 
SB,  inadvertent,  thoughtless, 
dilatory',  remiss. 

Incessantly— constantly,  contin- 
ually, unremitingly,  unceasingly. 

Incident  —  contingency,  circum- 
stance, event. 

Incite— provoke,  excite,  stimulate, 
arouse,  encourage,  animate,  ag- 
gravate. 

Include — contain,  enclose,  com- 
prise,  embrace,  comprehend. 

Incommode— molest,  disturb,  in- 
convenience, trouble,  annoy. 

Incompetent — inapt,  insufficient, 
incapable,  inadequate,  unsuitable. 

Inconsistent— incongruous,  con- 
trary, ridiculous,  absurd. 

Inconstant— unstable,  uncertain, 
fickle,  variable,  changeable,  ver- 
satile. 

Indecent— unbecoming,  impudent, 

immodest,  indelicate. 
Indicate— show,  mark,  point  out, 

reveal. 

Indifferent— passive,  neutral,  re- 
gardless, unconcerned,  impartial. 

Indigence— poverty,  need,  want, 
penury. 

Indigenous— native. 

Indignation— temper,  anger,  dis- 
pleasure, contempt,  resentment, 
wrath. 

Indiscretion— imprudence,  folly, 
injudiciousness. 

Indispensable  —  important,  nec- 
■  ■  v .  essential. 

Indisputable  —  undeniable,  in- 
dubitably, unquestionable,  incon- 
trovertible,  conclusive,  settled. 

Indistinct— confused,  ambiguous, 
doubtful,  dark. 

Induce— persuade,  lead,  influence, 
urge,  instigate,  actuate. 

Industrious  —  diligent,  persever- 
ing, laborious,  assiduous,  active. 

Inevitable— unavoidable,  certain. 

Inexorable  —  Immovable,  relent- 
less, unyielding,  implacable. 

Inexpedient  —  unsuitable,  unfit, 
inconvenient. 

Infect— taint,  corrupt,  defile,  con- 
taminate, pollute. 

Inference— deduction,  conclusion. 

Inferior— less,  lower,  secondary, 
subservient,  subordinate 

Infested— disturbed,  troubled,  an- 
noyed, plagued, 

Infinite  —  boundless,  unbounded, 
ii  limit  able,  unlimited,  Immense, 
eternal. 

Infirm  —  weak,  si.kly.  decrepit, 
feeble,  debilitated,  imbecile. 

Influence— authority,  power,  per- 
lon,  credit,  Favor,  sway. 

Information  -  notice,  .■onus,.]. 
intellifj  instruction. 

Ingenious  —  Inventive,  talented, 
skillful. 

Ingenuity  —  capacity,'  invention, 
genius,  skill,  talent. 

Inhabit  —  dfl  reside. 

Stay,  abide,  sojourn. 

Inherent  —Innate,  Inborn,  Inbred. 

Inhuman  -cruel,  savage,  barbar- 
ous, brutal. 

Iniquitous — unjust,  evil,  wicked, 

nefarious 


Injunction — order,  mandate,  pre- 
cept, command. 

Injure— harm,  hurt,  impair,  dam- 
age, deteriorate. 

Innate — natural,  inherent,  inbred, 
inborn. 

Innocent— pure,  blameless,   guill 

less,  faultless,  inoffensive,  harm- 
less, spotless. 

Inordinate  —  immoderate,  intem- 
perate, irregular,  excessive. 

Inquisitive — curious,  inquiring, 
anxious,  prying. 

Insanity— derangement,  madness, 
craziness,  lunacy,  mania. 

Insensibility —  dullness,  apathy, 
indifference,  stupidity,  torpor, 
iraperceptibility. 

Insidious— deceitful,  sly,  crafty, 
cunning,  subtle    treacherous. 

Insignificant  —  worthless,  mean 
ingless.  inconsiderable,  trivial, 
unimportant. 

Insinuate  —  hint,  suggest,  inti- 
mate. 

Insolent— insulting,  abusive,  rude, 
haughty,  saucy,  offensive,  Imper- 
tinent. 

Inspire — animate,  invigorate,  en- 
liven,  cheer,   exhilarate, 

Instigate  —  tempt,  incite,  urge, 
encourage,  impel,  move,  stimu- 
late. 

Instill— infuse,  implant,  sow. 

Instruction— education,  prerept . 
teaching,  suggestion,  counsel,  ad- 
vice. 
Insufficient  —  inadequate,  incap- 
able, incompetent,  unfit,  unable, 
unsuitable- 
Insult  —  abuse,  affront,  outrage, 
contempt,  insolence,  indignity.     . 

Integrity— purity,  probity,  truth- 
fulness, uprightness,  honesty. 

Intellect — understanding,  genius, 
ability,  capacity,  talent. 

Intelligence— intimation,  under- 
standing, information,  notice, 
knowledge,  intellect. 

Intemperate — excessive,  immod 
erate,  inordinate. 

Intend— purpose,  mean,  design. 

Intercede  —  mediate,    interpose, 

interfere. 
Interline— insert,   alter,    correct, 

add. 
Intermission  —  cessation,    stop, 

rest,  vacation,  interruption. 
Intermit  —  abate,    suspend,    sub- 
side, forbear. 
Interpose  —  mediate,     interfere, 

intermeddle- 
Interpret— explain,  demonstrate, 

elucidate,  expound,  decipher. 
Interrogate — examine,  question, 

inquire. 
Interval— space,   interstice,  time. 

Intervening  —  coming    b* 

interposing,  interne    ; 
Intimidate  —  frighten.       alarm, 
daunt,  scare. 

Intoxication  —  infatuation,    ine- 
briety, drunkeum^- 
Intractable-perverse,  obstinate, 

stubborn,  ungovernable,  uncon- 
trollable, mm. 

Intrepid  —  fearless,       undaunted, 
bold,  daring,  valiant,  coui  I 
brave. 

Intrinsic— real.  true,  inherent,  in- 
ward, essential,  genuine. 

Introductory— preliminary ,  pre- 
vious, prefatory. 

Intrude  —  invade,     infringe,      en- 
b    obtrude,  entrench. 

Intrust— confide,  commit. 

Invade  —enter,  attack,  intrude, 
encroach,  infringe. 

Invalid— weak,  sick,  infirm,  null, 
feeble,  void. 

Invalidate— weaken,  injure,  des- 
troy ,  overthrow. 


Invective  —  censure,  abuse,  rail- 
ing, reproach,  satire. 

Invent  — feign,    fabricate,   frame, 

conceive,  discover,  devise. 
Invest— enclose,  surround,  confer, 

adorn,  array,  endow,  endue. 
Investigation— search,     inquiry, 

examination,   scrutiny,    research. 
Inveterate— obstinate,  confirmed, 

constant,  fixed. 
Invigorate— restore,  strengthen, 

fortify. 

Invincible  —  unyielding,  uncon- 
querable. 

Involve  —  envelop,  enwrap,  en- 
tangle, implicate. 

Irascible— irritable,  hasty,  fiery, 
hot,  angry. 

Ire  —  anger,  temper,  wrath,  pas- 
sion, resentment. 

Irony— ridicule,  sarcasm,  satire, 
burlesque. 

Irrational  —  unreasonable,  fool- 
ish, absurd,  silly. 

Irrefragable— undeniable,  indis- 
putable, incontrovertible,  unques- 
tionable. 

Irritate  —  plague,    anger 

provoke,  aggravate,  exas- 
perate. 

Irruption— opening,  invasion,  in- 
road, bursting  forth. 

Issue — offspring,  progeny,  result, 
end.  sequel,  egress,  evacuation, 
effect,  consequence. 


Jade  —  harass,     weary,    tire,    dis- 
pirit. 
Jealousy— suspicion,   envy. 

Jest— fun,  joke,  sport. 

Jocose— funny,   witty,  merry,  joc- 
ular,    pleasant,     facetiou- 
gish. 

Jocund  —  joyful,  lively,  merry. 
gay,  sprightly,  sportive,  light- 
hearted,  vivacious,  mirthful. 

Join— unite,  add,  combine,  close, 
adhere,  confederate  league. 

Joke— rally,  sport. 

Jollity— hilarity,  mirth,  gayety, 
merriment,  festivity,  joviality. 

Jimrney  —  travel,  trip,  voyage, 
tour. 

Joy— happiness,  delight,  gladness, 
Charm,  rapture,  ecstasy,  felicity, 
exultation,  pleasure,  transport. 

Judgment  —  sentence,  decision, 
doom,    opinion,   discernment,    dls- 

criiniii  i  peneti  ation,    intelli- 

gence, sagacity. 

Just— exact,  accurate,  correct, 
honest,  barely,  upright,  righteous. 
Die,  incorrupt. 

Justify  —defend,  excuse,  clear, 
absolve,  maintain. 

Justness— exactness,  correctness, 
accuracy,  equity,  propriety. 


Keen— sharp,  penetrating,  acute, 
cutting,  piercing,  shrewd. 

Keep— h"ld.  detain,  support,  re- 
tain, maintain,  guard,  reserve, 
sustain. 

Kind— indulgent,     compass 
tender,    lenient,    gentle,    affable, 
courteous,  benignant,  bland. 

Kind— sort .  mannei 
■ 

Knowledge— understanding,  per- 
ception, learning,  erudition,  skill, 
acquaintance. 


Labor -toil,  work,  strive,  exert, 
drudge. 

Lament—  sorrow,  mourn,  deplore. 
complain,   bewail,   grieve,    regret. 

Language— tongue,  speech,  dia- 
lect. i  ; 


DII    IIOXAKY    OF    SYNONYMS. 


Languid  —  weary,     weak)    faint, 

ted,  dull,  drooping'. 
Large   compreh<  m  Ive,  ca  p  ■ 
oxtensh  a,  big,  great,  huge. 
Lassitude  languor, 

■   ss,  enen  atlon,  fati| 

Lsusl    latest,   hindmost,  ultimate, 

Anal, 
Laatlnff— durable,  continuous,  for- 
,  ontinual,  permanent,    i"  i- 

petual   etei  ual, 
Latent— unseen,  hidden,  secret. 
Laudable      pral  ev  01 1  by,    com- 

mend  i 
Laughable  —  droll,     ridiculous, 

comical,  mirthful. 

L:i\Mi     ;  ■    t.  fill,  «  \tr.i\. 

again. 

l.aAv  Indolent,  Idle,  slothful,  in- 
active. 

Lean— bend,  Incline,  totter,  waver, 

Learning        inlrlligener,      know]. 

!  ,i  .    :  .1 

matlon, 
Leai  e     ibandon     di   ert,    n    Ign 

relinquish,  bequeath. 
Legitimate— real,   legal,   lawful, 

■ 

Lengthen    protract, 

tinue,  draw  out. 
I.t««<ii    diminish,  decrease,  abate, 
.  subside,  shrink,  degrade. 
Lei     fcllow,  permit,  suffer,  leave, 

Lethargic  —  dull,    I 

.ii  i  ■■■  Li  i  p  ■ 

Level  -even,  smooth,  plain,  flat. 
Levity— giddiness,  gayety,  flckle- 

M 

Liable  ponaible,  sub- 

ject 

Liberal  —  benevolent,  generous, 
munificent,  charitable. 

Liberate— fri        et  free,  deliver, 

■  i 

Liberty  -  -  frei  diom       permit  don, 
!.,.,   ...  mp1  Ion,  privilege, 

Lie  —  deception,   untruth,   Be 

rabi  ■    ■ I 

Life    being,   enei  ritality,    vt 

■  ■ 

Lifeless—  deceased,  dead,  Inani- 
mate, Inactive,  stale,  Ital .  dull, 

i  ,  1 1  -  salt,  hoist 

Light  -Illuminate,  enlighten,  i - 

hie,  kindle. 

Like  probable,  similar,  uniform, 
■  bling. 

Likeness  -resemblance,  picture, 
portJ  ill 

Liking  Incllnal  Ion,  attachment, 
fondness,  affection. 

Linger  >  dt,  delay,  loiter,  hesl- 
,  lag. 

Liquid— fluid,  liquor. 

Listen  hearken,  attend,  hear, 
ovei  hi 

Little—  anall,  diminutive. 

Live  ■    dwell,  abide, 

l.i\  eli     icl  Ive,    getic 

.  ■  .  Jocund,  merry,  sprightly, 
.... 

I „i mI  is e  — accommodate,  entertain, 

Loftlnees  —height,  haughtiness, 
dignity, 

pride. 
Loiter— lag1,  saunter,  linger. 
Lonely—dreary,  lonesome,  retired, 

solits 
Look    see,  behold,  view,  Inspect, 

i  |  .|  .    . 

Loose  unconnected,  open,  unre- 
isolute,  licentious,  un- 
join ted. 

Loss— injury,  damage,  detriment, 
waste. 

Lot— share,  portion,  fate,  fortune, 
destiny. 

Load— noisy,  vociferous,  clamor- 
ous, turbulent,  rehi 


Love-— liking,  affection,  fondnt 

kindness,  attachment ,  adoration, 

esteem. 
l.o\ «-i>    attractive,   amiable,   •  ti 

gant,  charming,   hands 

delightful,  beautiful. 
Lover  —beau,  wooer,  suitor. 
Loving— kind,  affectionate,  atten- 

i  hre,  tender,  amorous. 

Low— humble,  mean,  l ct, 

debased,  deji  eted,  despicable. 
Lower  —  humble,  humiliate,    de 

base,  d< 
Lucky  —  successful,      fortunate, 

pro  porous. 

Liidlcroun  —  amusing,      c 

droll,  laughable. 
Lnnaey— mania,  derangement,  in- 

Banity,  mi 

Luxuriant  —excessive,  votuptu- 

bundant,  exuberant. 
Luxury  —  profusion,   abundance, 

excess, 

M 

Hagnlflcent— noble,  grand,  sub- 
lime,  glorious,  splendid,     upei  b. 

Magnitude else,  greatness,  bulk. 

Maintain— sustain,  keep,  support, 
help,  continue,  assert,  defend, 
vlndii 

Malady  -evil,  disease,  affliction, 
dlsordei ,  dJ  <■ 

Manage control,  direct,  conduct. 

Mandate  command,  charge,  In- 
junction, order. 

Mangle     CUt,    lacerate,    mutilate, 

III, (Mil. 

.Yl  miltt'wl  —evident*  clear,  open, 
appa  tent,  obvious,  plain. 

Margin  edge,  verge,  rim,  brim, 
brink,  bordi  r. 

Murk  —stamp,  Impress,  imprint, 
brand  rve. 

Yl  arrlage  matrimony,  wedlock, 
nuptials, 

Marvel  —  wonder,  prodigy,  roir> 
acle. 

Massive  —  large,  heavy,  bulky, 
i lei  ous. 

Master— achieve,  overcome,  sur- 
mount .  i  mquei 

Matare— perfect,  complete,  ripe. 

Maxim     laying,  adage,   proverb. 

Mean  —abject,  low,  despicable, 
miserly,  sordid,  penurious,  nig- 
gardly. 

Meaning^— sense,  Import,  signifi- 
cation, intention,  purpose,  design. 

Meanwhile— meantime,  Interim, 
Intervening. 

Mechanic— artisan,  artificer. 

Meddle  Interpose,  Intei  fere,  In- 
terrupt. 

Mediate-  Intercede,  Interpose. 

Meek— mild,  soft,  gentle,  humble. 
Meet— assemble,   join,   tit,   becom- 

Meetlnir  —  assembly,  company, 
auditory,  congregation. 

Melancholy  —  SadnCSS, 

di  pn  don,  gloom,  grief,  dejec- 
tion. 

Melody  harmony,  unison,  happl- 
ord. 

Mill  Ive,  s  iften,  liquefy. 

Memory— remembrance,  reminis- 
cence, recollection. 

Mend  ■improve,  repair,  rectify, 
coi  pect. 

Merciful    mild,  tender,  gracious, 

benignant    >ai  donate,  forgiv- 

Ing. 

Merciless— hard-hearted,  pitiless, 

unmerciful. 

Mercy— pity,  clemency,  compas- 

Blon,  lenity. 
Merry    happy,    joyous,  cheerful, 
lively,    mirthful,    sportive, 

Sprightly,   Vivacious. 

Mesaensrer  bi  irer,  carrier,  liar- 
binger,  Forerunner,  precursor. 


Metaphor— similitude,  trope,  cm- 
blem,  allegory,  symbol. 

Method  -order,  manner,  ■■■■  b  m, 
mode,  rule,  plan,  regularity. 

Mighty— strong,  powerful,  great, 
potent! 

Mild  — meek,  gentle,  kind,  easy, 
sweet,  tender,  mellow. 

Mindful— heedful,    observant,    at- 

tentlve. 

Minister— contribute,  supply,  ad- 
minister. 

M  it-ib  mi,  1 1  [ment,  Joy,  hilarity, 
oheei  Fulness,  vivacity]  jollity. 

Mlschler— damage,  harm,  hurt, 
misfortune,  Injurs 

Miserly  —  Btingy,  covetous,  nig- 
gardly, penu .  avaricious. 

>]i«iiirinii<-  calamity, harm, dis- 
aster, mlshs p,  ill  luck 

Mistake— error,  blunder,  miscon- 
ception. 

Misuse— Ill-treat,    pervert,    abuse, 

misapply. 

Mitigate       I'    sen,    alleviate,    ap- 

I"    i   i 'lini  ute,  abate,  assuage, 

soothe,  mollify, 
Model  —  pattern,    copy,    sample, 

ild,  specimen. 

Moderation    temperance,   sobri- 

ety,  1 1  ogalitj ,   foi  bi  an mod 

esty. 

Modern  — recent,  late,  new,  novel. 
M«iii-«i  -quiet, retiring,  reserved, 

dlffldt nt ,  bashl hi,  unassuming. 
Modify — re-arrange,  change,  ex- 

i. mi. He,  alter,  modei  ite. 
Moles!     11 ft  tease,  incom- 

i ii  ,  1 1  ouble,  disturb. 

Mollify    -  e.i  v,..    :i].|.c lei       I 

mitigati  ,e     is         often. 
Morooi'    -    'Mi  .     sullen,     gloomy, 
peevish,  foi  bidding. 

Motive— Incentive,  reason,  cause, 

pi  M  ■    | 

Mourn  —grieve,    lament,  sorrow, 

bew -'ii ,  bemos a 

Mine  -change,  pass,  stir.  Incite, 
Influence,  persuade,  actuate,  ni- 
si Igate,  Impel. 

Munificent  —  bounteous,  bounti- 
ful, gent  roue,  bi  in  Ro  ut,  Llbei  al, 
pleni  i 

Muse— study,  ponder,  wonder,  re- 
flect, think,  meditate,  contem- 
plate. 

Mutable— changeable,  urn  b  ady, 
i nstant.  Dckle,  wavering,  un- 
stable, variable,  alterable,  Irreso- 
lute. 

Mutilate  deface,  Injure,  destroy, 
deprive,  mangle,  maim. 

MutlnoiiN  —  turbulent,   seditious, 

mi  »rd  tnate 

Mysterious— hidden,  dim,  dark 
obscure,  mystic,  latent. 

N 

Naked— exposed,  nude,  unclothed, 

uncovered,  simple,  plain. 

Name  ■  ■  ■■'■>- n.-n.       ■<  i'i  ■ 

t  n  i,    1 1  pui  %\  Ion,  credit,  denomin- 
ation. 

Narrow  —  contracted,  confined, 
llmiti  -I .  curtail)  I,  clo» 

Nail  v  e — indigenous,   genuine,    ln- 

l  i  IttSlC. 
Near— adjoining,   adjacent,    close, 

contiguous. 
Neceswnry  —  needful,    expedient, 

Indispensable,    essential,    import- 

.mi .  rcQulslte. 
Need— poverty,    want,  penury,   in- 

■  1 1  .-■■nee. 

Nefarious— evil,  wicked,  unjust, 
v.  rong,  Iniquitous. 

Negligent  — cs  relt       heedli 

mis-,  neglectful,  Inattentive 
New— fresh,  Lai      lern,  novel. 

BflSb— close,  adjoining,  contiguous, 

near,  adjacent 
Noble  —  distinguished,     elevated, 
exalted,  illustrious,  great,  grand. 


ETolsJ      I iroUS,  turbulent,  high, 

ri.i inn i,  toud   sounding'. 

Noted   -  renon  nsd,  dl  tlngul  bed 

con  i "'I  .  celebrated,  eminent, 

notorlou     Lllusl is. 

Notlee    ".'1111111-'.  Information,  in- 

telllgence,  adi  Ice. 

Notion    -  thought,   opinion,      i  nn 

lie  hi.     w him       kd<  a,     eption, 

pei  ceptlon. 

Notorious  celebrated,  renowned, 

di-tiiigin^hed,    noted,    public,  COn- 

splouous. 
notwithstanding*— nevertheless, 

how  r\ <  i .  in  spite  of,  yet. 

Nourish—  teed,  uphold,  mi 

cherish,  nurture,  suppoi  I 


Obdurate—  Inflexible,  unfeeling, 
e. Hli. us,   impenitent,    hardened,  in- 

le,  obstinate. 
Obedient— submissive,  compliant, 

\  Lelding,  dutiful,  obsequl 

pectful. 

Object-  end,  subject,  sum. 

Object  —  oppose,  against,  except 
to. 

Oblltrc    oorapi  I,  coei  ee,   bli 
gage,  force,  favor,  please 

ObnoxliktiN  -offensive,  liable,  dis- 
agreeable, unpleasant,  exposed, 

Obscure  hidden,  concealed,  In- 
distinct, difficult ,  dark,  ata 

Observance  ceremony,  rite,  at- 
tention, form,  respect . 

Observant— watchful,  attentive, 
iiiimii ni,  regardful. 

Observe  see,  notice,  watch,  fol- 
low, renuu  i..  keep 

Obsolete— disused,  old,  worn-out, 
antiquated,  ancient  ■ 

Obstacle  Impediment,  obstruc- 
tion, difficult} .  hlnderance. 

Ot>»t  i  a  at  i-  -stubborn,  resolute, 
headstrong, 

Obstruct  Impede,  hinder,  stop, 
prei  ent . 

Obtain      gain,   secure,   get,   win, 

acquii  e,  i iure,  earn. 

Obvious      plain,  apparent    open, 

dear,  e\  [dent,   visible,   manliest. 
Occupation  —  work,     profi     Ion, 

calling,     ti-.de.    lei    i 

tfon,  employment. 

Occupy     keep,  hold,  use,   i 

Occurrence    event,  contingency, 

;niv.  nture,  Incident 

Odor— smell,   fragrance,  perfumi 

scent. 
Oftvnxe     trespass,  crime,  injury, 

sin,     outrage,     Insult,     misdeed, 

wrong,  transgression. 

Offensive  mean  abusive,  Insult- 
ing, Impel  tlnent,  Insolent,  rude, 
scurrilous,    obnoxiou       opprobrl 

ous. 

Officious— bus]  .   I  >rward, 

Only     olely,  singly,  alone,  simply. 

1 1 1  ■  1 1  \\ 

Open      uni  avel,  reveal,  dJ 

unlock. 

Opening— flssure,  aperture,  hole, 

.  ivita 
Operation— performance,  action, 
I..-.  ncy. 

Opinion— belief,    idea,    sentiment, 

ii  ition 

Opinionated  obstin  Lte,  stub- 
born, stiff,  egotistical,  conceited, 
sell  willed 

Opponent  —  opposer,    adi  ei 
Foe,  eni  naj    a  at  agi  ml  t. 

Opposite  —  contrary,  repugnant, 
advei  i 

Opprobrious     ;  pro  icbJ  ul,  Insc 
.    offensi^  e,  In  tilting, 
■  ,-.i  .ri  i ...'.       ■■!! 1 1  llous. 

Opprobrium  —  shame,   disgrace, 

reproaih,  infainy,  iguoinitiy. 
Oration— speech,  sonm.n.  lecture, 
discourse,  address,  harangue. 


DICTIONARY    OF    SYNONYMS. 


Ordain —  appoint,  invest,  order, 
prescribe. 

Order  —  brotherhood,  fraternity, 
rank,  method,  succession,  series, 
degree,  genus. 

Order— mandate,  injunction,  pre- 
cept, command. 

Orderly — precise,  regular,  system- 
atic, methodical. 

Ordinary— usual,  common. 

Origin— rise,  cause,  source,  foun- 
dation, beginning,  descent,  foun- 
tain. 

Original  —  primitive,  first,  pris- 
tine, primary. 

Ornament  —  decorate,  beautify, 
adorn,  deck,  embellish. 

Ornate-— decorated,  adorned,  em- 
bellished, bedecked,  garnished. 

Ostentat ion— parade,  show,  dis- 
play, boast. 

Outrage- insult,  injure,  affront, 
violence. 

Outward— extraneous,  apparent, 
intrinsic. 

Overbearing — repressive,  imper- 
tinent, haughty,  lordly. 

Overcome  —  vanquish,  conquer, 
surmount,  subdue. 

Overflow-fill,  inundate,  deluge, 
abound. 

Oversight  —  mistake,  error,  mis- 
apprehension,  inattention. 

Overwhelm —  overpower,  crush, 
upturn,  overthrow,  subdue. 

Owner— holder,  proprietor,  mas- 
ter, possessor. 


Pacify— calm,  still,  quiet,  soothe, 

conciliate. 
Pain— distress,  afflict,  torture,  tor- 
ment, suffer,  hurt. 
Paint— portray,  represent,  depict, 

sketch,  color,  describe,  delineate. 
Pair— join,  two,  couple,  brace. 
Pale  — fade,   wan,   white,    pallid, 

fair. 
Palpable— gross,  plain,  apparent, 

discernible,  perceptible. 
Palpitate— tremble,  throb,  beat, 

flutter,  gasp,  pant. 
Pang— torture,   torment,   distress, 

agony,  anguish,  sorrow. 
Pardon  —acquit,    forgive,    cli  ar, 

free,  discharge,  release,  remit. 

Pai'HiinonioiiN  —  mean,  frugal, 
miserly,  avaricious,  penurious, 
niggardly. 

Part  —  share,     portion,     division, 

piece,  action. 
Piir titular— individual,    specific, 

exact,     appropriate,    clrcumstan- 

till,  peculiar,  exclusive,  punctual, 

distinct. 

Particularly  —  chiefly,  mainly, 
principally,  especially  .  distinctly, 

specifically. 

Partisan— disciple,  adherent,  fol- 
lower. 

Partner  —  associate,  accomplice, 
colleague,  coadjutor. 

Passion  —  desire,  feeling,  love, 
anger,  excitement 

Passionate —  hot,  angry,  irasci- 
ble, hasty,  excitable. 

Passive— submissive,  unresisting, 
pal  lent,  resigned. 

Pathetic  —  affecting,  touching, 
moving. 

Patience  —endurance,  fortitude, 
resignation. 

Patient— resigned,  compo  ed,  ei 
during,  calm,  passive,  an  invalid. 

Peaceable— ii'i''''.  OSlm,  serene, 
tranquil,  mild,  gentle. 

Peevish  —  fretful,     disagreeable, 

petulant,     cross,     captious,     irri- 
table. 
Penalty— punishment,  pain,  fine, 
forfeiture,  chastisement. 


Penitence  —  contrition,  remorse, 
compunction,  repentance. 

Penurious — parsimonious,  spar- 
ing, miserly,  niggardly,  beggarly. 

Penury— want,  poverty,  distress, 
indigence,  need. 

Perceive —observe,  discern,  dis- 
tinguish. 

Perception  —  belief,  conception, 
sentiment,  idea,  ^nsation,  notion. 

Peremptory — positive,  despotic, 
arbitral"}-,    dogmatical,    absolute. 

Perfect — done,  complete,  finished. 

Perfidious  —  false,  treacherous, 
faithless. 

Perforate  —  pierce,  bore,  pene- 
trate. 

Perform  —  execute,  accomplish, 
effect,  kchieve,  fulfill. 

Perfume— odor,  smell,  scent,  ex- 
halation, fragra  nee. 

Period— circuit,  date,  age,  epoch, 
era. 

Permit — allow,  suffer,  consent, 
admit,  tolerate,  yield. 

Pernicious  —  noisome,  ruinous, 
destructive,  mischievous,  hurttul, 
noxious 

Perpetual— uninterrupted,  inces- 
sant, unceasing,  constant,  con- 
tinual. 

Perplex  —  bewilder,  annoy,  con- 
tuse, involve,  molest,  puzzle,  em- 
barrass, harass,   entangle. 

Persevere  —  endure,  continue, 
persist,  insist,  pursue,  prosecute. 

Perspicuity— clearness,  transpar- 
ency, brilliancy. 

Penaade- urge,  induce,   exhort, 

influence,  entice,  prevail  upon. 
Perverse — stubborn,  untractable, 

on  manageable,  crooked,  en 
Pestilential  —destructive,     mis- 

chii  rous,    epidemical,  infectious, 

contagious. 

Petition  —  prayer,     supplication, 

request,  suit,  entreaty. 
Picture— likeness,    image,    effigy, 

representation. 

Pious  —  spiritual,  devout,  godly, 
religious. 

Pique  —  offense,  grudge,  dislike, 
malice,  spite,  ram    >j 

Pity  —  sympathy,  commiseration, 
compassion,  condolence,  mercy. 

Place— site,  ground,  post,  posi- 
tion. 

Placid— still,  calm,  gentle,  quiet, 
tranquil,  serene. 

Plague— perplex,  embarrass,  tan- 
talize, annoy,  importune,  vex, 
torment. 

Plain  —  perceptible,  discernible, 
manifest,  obvious,  clear,  appar- 
enl .  evident,  distinct. 

Plan— design,  contrivance,  device, 

scheme,     arrangement,     project, 

stratagem. 
Pleasant— cheerful,  jocular,  gay, 

\  Ivacious,    agrei  able,     facel  ious, 

witty. 

Please  —  gratifv,  satisfy,  humor, 
delight. 

Pleasure  —  satisfaction,  delight, 
happiness,  enjoj  mi  ni .  joi 

Pledge— pa«  a,  deposit ,  security, 
..-•'.  earnest. 

Plentiful  —bo  tmndant, 

copious,  exuberant,  ample,  plen- 
teous. 

Pliant  —  lithe,  limber,  yielding, 
bending,  supple,  flexible,  plia  trie 

Plight— predicament,  Btate,  case, 
situation,  condition,  conjunctui  e. 

Plot— plan,  arrangement,  project, 
conspiracy,  combination,  scheme, 

intrigue. 

Polite— courteous,  well-bred,  civil, 
polished,  refined,  genteel,  affable. 

Politeness  —good  manners,  civil- 
ity, courtesy,  suavity,  good  breed- 
ing. 

Politic— wise,  careful,  artful,  cun- 
ning, civil,  prudent. 


Pollute— corrupt,  taint,  defile,  in- 
fect, contaminate. 

Pompous— lofty,  stately,  ostenta- 
tious, showy,  dignified,  magnifi- 
cent. 

Ponder  —  study,  reflect,  think, 
muse,  consider. 

Portion  —  piece,  part,  quantity, 
share,  division,  doner,  fortune. 

Positive — confident,  certain,  real, 
dogmatic,  sure,  absolute. 

Possess— keep,  hold,  have,  enjoy, 
occupy. 

Postpone— retard,  delay,  prolong, 
protract,  defer,  procrastinate. 

Posture— figure,  gesture,  action, 
position,  attitude. 

Potent  —  powerful,  strong,  vigor- 
ous, mighty,  forcible. 

Poverty— want,  need,  indigence, 
penun, ,  suffering. 

Practicable  — possible,  feasible, 
available. 

Practice— custom,  style,  manner, 
form,  use,  habit. 

Praise— eulogize,  applaud,  laud, 
admire,  commend. 

Prayer— application,  petition,  re- 
quest, suit,  entreaty,  supplication. 

Precarious— uncertain,  dubious, 
doubtful,  equivocal,  unreliable. 

Precedence  — priority,  superior- 
ity, preference. 

Preceding  —  anterior,  previous, 
prior,  antecedent,  former,  fore- 
going. 

Precept— maxim,  rule,  principle, 
injunction,  law,  doctrine,  man* 
date,  command. 

Precious  —  choice,  costly,  valu- 
able, expensive,  uncommon,  rare. 

Precise  — careful,  particular,  ex- 
act, accurate,  correct,  nice. 

Preclude— intercept,  prevent,  ob- 
viate, hinder. 

Predicament — condition,  plight, 

position,  situation. 
Predict— prophesy,  foretell. 

Predominant  —  prevalent,  over- 
ruling, controlling,  supreme,  pre- 
vailing. 

Predominate— prevail,  rule  over. 

Preference  —  advancement,  pri- 
ority, choice. 

Prejudice — bias,  injury,  hurt. 
disadvantage. 

Preliminary— previous,  prepar- 
atory,  introductory,    antecedent. 

Prepare  —  arrange,  qualify,  fit, 
equip,  make  ready. 

Preposterous— impossible,  ridic- 
ulous, absurd,  foolish. 

Prerogative  —  immunity,  privi- 
lege. 

Prescribe  —  dictate,  ordain,  ap- 
point. 

Preserve— uphold,  maintain,  pro- 
tect, spare,  ■  tve 

Pressing— urgent,  emergent,  im- 
portunate, crowding,  squeezing, 
fori  : 

Presume— guess,  suppose,  think, 

surmise,  conjectui  i    t>    ■    ■ 

Presuming— forward,  arrogant, 
presumpi 

Pretext  -excuse,  pretense,  pre- 
tension. 

Pretty  —  lovely,    beautiful,     fine, 
i  hie. 

Prevailing  —  dominant,    ruling, 
Dining,    prevalent,    predom 

mating. 
Prevent-  -Impede,  obstruct,  hln- 

<i<  v.  obvia  te,  preclude. 

Previous— before,  prior,  anterior. 

preliminary,  introdui  I 

Priee  —  value,  worth,  expense. 
cost 

Pride—  self-esteem,      an    | 
hanghtini  as,  conci  it,  ostentation. 
loftiness,  vanity. 

Primary —  elemental,  first,  orig- 
inal, pristine. 


Principal— main,    chief,    capital, 

head,  leading,  important. 

Principle— motive,  tenet,  constit- 
uent part,  doctrine,  element. 

Print— impress,  stamp,  mark. 

Prior— before,  previous,  former, 
antecedent,  preceding,  anfa 

Priority— preference,  precedence, 
pre-eminence. 

Pristine  —  original,  first,  primi- 
tive. 

Privacy — seclusion,  solitude,  re- 
-  tirement,  Ion- 

Privilege  —  prerogative.  right, 
advantage,  Immunity,  exemption. 

Probability— supposition,  likelt- 
I d,  chance. 

Probity— reliability,  uprightness, 

honesty,  integrity,  veracity. 

Proceed  —  progress,   arise,   issue, 

advance,  emanate. 
Proceeding1— transaction,  course, 

progression,  work. 

Proclaim  —  declare,  publish,  an- 
nounce, tell,  advertise,  promul- 
gate. 

Proclivity— liking,  tendency,  in- 
clinatii  >j 

Procure — obtain,  acquire     . 

Prodigal  —  lavish,  extravagant, 
waster  ul. 

Prodigious  —  great,  astonishing, 

■  vast,  Targe,  amazing,  mom 

Profane— secular,  irreverent,  im- 

■  pious,  irreligious. 
Profession— calling,  employment, 

business,  vocation,  work,  labor. 

Proficiency  —  advancement,  Im- 
provement . 

Profit— gain,  advantage,  benefit, 
emolument. 

Profligate  —  depraved,  wicked, 
corrupt,  sinful,  vicious,  aban- 
doned. 

Profuse— lavish,  wasteful,  prodi- 
gal, extravagant. 

Progeny— descendants,  offs 
race,  issue. 

Project— invent,  design,  scheme, 
plan. 

Prolific — productive,  fruitful,  fer- 
tile. 

Prolix—  tir-  long, 

diffuse. 

Prolong — extend,  delay.  arutr***t, 
rie,    retard,    procrastinate. 

Prominent  —  eminent,  conspicu- 
ous, distinguished. 

Promise  —  agreement,  assurance, 
engagement,  declaration,  | 
i    obligation. 

Promote 
ward,  advance. 

Prompt  —  quick,     actil  B,      ready, 

assiduous. 
Pronounce  —  say,    speak,     utter. 
.   affirm,   articulat 

ciate. 

Proof— evidence,  testimony,  argu- 
ment . 

Propagate  —  multiply,  Im 

mate,     diffuse,     circulate, 

spread,  extend. 
Propensity—  liking,  inclination. 

■     ■ 

Proper  — fit.  right,  suitable,  just, 
appropriate. 

Propitious  —  favorable,  auspi- 
cious. 

Propitiate— conciliate,  appease, 
reconcile. 

Proportionate— equal.  ad< 
commensurate. 

Propose-  offer,  apply,  tender,  in- 
tend, purpose,  bid. 

Prospect  —  view,  landscape,  sur- 
■• '  3 

Prospective— future,  forea 
■  r.  form  aid. 

Prosperous  —  fortunate,  lucky, 
flourishing,  successful. 


DICTMNAKY    OF    SYNONYMS. 


Protect   -  uphold    guard,  shield, 

maintain,  defend, 

p. tM  onixe. 
proirnci    withhold,  retard,  pro- 
long, delft]    defer,  p    I  pone. 
Proud  ■  aiming,  arro 

gent,  tol ty,  i .mi,  oonosl 
Proverb    maxim,  Bftylnff,  adage. 
Provide      i sure,  furnish,  sup- 
pi  > .  1 1  ■  ■ 
Provident      cftutloae,     prudent, 

i  con 

Pr»vNo  -requirement,  oondltlon, 

BtlpnJ  < 
Provoke— exelte,  Irrlt  ite,  enrage, 

aggravate,  exasperate,  tantalise. 
Prudence    torel  noug  bl 

ness,    wisdom,    discretion,    Jud£- 

tnenl 
PuhlUh  -announce,  promulgate, 

proclaim,  advertise)  declare 
Puerile— infantile,  boyish,  child- 

i  - 1 1  .  Jui 
Pull  -bring,  haul,  draw,  drag. 
Pa  actual  —  prompt,     particular, 

exact 
Pun I nit      whip,    chastise,  correct, 

discipline. 
PurHiii'    follow,  prosecnte,  chase, 

.  i .  com  lone,  i"1*  ■'■■  ere. 
Puzzle  — conl  plex,  cm- 

bam    .  i" ■■■■■  lld<  i .  entangle. 

Q 

Quack— Impostor,   pretender,  em- 
it in. 

Qualified— capable,  flt,  adapted. 
competent. 

Quarrel      fight,    affray,    riot,   con 

test,   battle,   contention,    alterca- 
dispute,  tumult 
Query  —  question,    interrogatory, 
Lnqul    ■ 

Qlie«l  i<M>  doubt  , 

dispute,   cob  la<  i .   Inquire,    Inter- 

rog   ■■ 

Qlieolionublr        DSplcIOOS,  doubt- 

lii  1 

Quick— rapid,  active,  lively,  swift, 
prompt .  expeditious,  brisk 

Qni.i  calm,  repose,  tranquillity, 
rest,  ease,  peaceable,  placid,  still. 

Quit  - ■  i ■  ■  ■     resign,  aban- 

■ 
Quota     rati     share,  proportion. 
Quote— copy,  relate,  cite,  adduce, 


Race    lineage,  familj .  breed,  gen 

arse. 
Radiance     light,  glory,   bright 

ne  - .  brilliancy. 
Rage- Indignation,  anger,  fury. 
K:iIki-  —  heighten,   elei  ate 
■oiled    prop 

Rank.     claSt  »,    DOSl 

Hon 
Itanium— purchase,  free,  redeem. 
Rapuclou*-  voraeioiis.     greedy, 

i  ,\  enotts. 

Rapidity 

;  I-  v,  velocity. 

Rapture— joy,  dellg 

,  ,    i  . 

Bare  —  scarce,  uncommon,  excel 
Ingular,  unusual,  in* 
raw. 
Ra«h      Impulsive     hasty,  violent. 

thoughtless,  headsl  i 
Rate      price,   quota,    pn >p 

ratio,   value,  degree,  assi  ssment 
Ravenous— voracious,  rap 

Ka\     d  i  ■■■■  a,  i"  :"".  -''■■ no 

glim 
Real— certain,  true,  genuine,  pos- 

Rrall/c  ' 

■ 

Reason    put  po  ■     proof,   motive, 
argument,  origin,   understanding. 


Reasoaable— fair,  probable,  just, 

moderate,   •  • able,   honest,    nv 

1    li     Ml    I 

Rebuke  reprimand,  reproach, 
i  epi  oof,  censure. 

Recant  i  e\  okl  i  BC  ill,  renounce, 
withdraw  .   Pel  I 

Recede  —  retire,   retrograde,  fall 

1 1 .  .ii 

Recite-  ii  |n;.i.  m -hearse. 

Keck, mi  count,  Dumber,  csti- 
i,i.. i.  .  i  mpute. 

Reclaim— reform,  recover,  cor- 
rect 

Recollection      memory,  ran 

branco,  reminisces 

Recompense      i itlon,   pay, 

price,  reward,  equivalent,  remun- 
eration. 

Reconcile— propitiate,  conciliate. 

Recruit— repair,  retrieve,  replace, 

recover. 
Rectify     mend,  Improve,  correct, 

amend,  reform. 
Redeem— restore,  rescue,  recover, 

ransom. 
Bedreae— relief,  remedy. 

Refer  t,     allude, 

Ultimate,  hint 
Refined      graceful,  genteel,  pol- 

lahed,  polite,  elegant. 

Ite  tor  m     correct,  amend,    rectify, 

Impi ove,  inn.  i 
Refractory— unmanageable,  on* 
ruly,  -'"in  amadous,  pei  rei  - 

Refrain    -forego,    forbear,  spare, 

■  i.  tain. 

Regale     refresh,   entertain,  feast, 

irr.itit  \ . 

Regard     respect,    esteem,    value, 

reverence,  mind,  heed. 
RctEiirdicM    careless,   negligent, 

indifferent,       unconcerned,       uiiub- 

-i ii  \ .nit,  heedless. 
Region section,  quarter,  district, 

count  i-> 
Regret     sorrow,  complaint,  grief, 

Ii Ht . 

Regulate— control,    rule,    direct, 

govern,  dispose,  ad 
Rehearne 

i  ecapll  nlate, 

Reject  -refuse,  deny,  decline,  re- 
pel. 

Rejoinder^  response,  answer,  re- 
ply. 

Reliance      tint     belief,   repose, 

confidence,  dependi  d 
Relieve— assist,  help,  nuee  ■ 

aJlei  late,  mltlgab 
Religions-  plou  ml    holy. 

Remain         "iiiuiue,    stay,    abide, 

tarry,  sojourn. 

Remainder  -rest,    residue,    rem- 

ii.ini 

Remark— comment,  observation, 
note. 

Reminiscence— recollection,  re- 
membrance 

Ri-mlu  nc^lifrcnt,  inat- 

■     ■  ■■ 

K<-mit     send     transmit,    liberate, 

pardo 
Remorse    pi  atritlon, 

Renew  

Renounce  ftbdl- 

c  ite,  abandon ,  foi ego,  relinquish, 

Renown  —  reputation,   celebrity, 

Repair  —  lm|  ■  ■  I  6,     re 

cover,  restore. 
Reparation     restitution,    restor- 

■i    amentia 
Repeal      c  mo  I     annul,    revoke, 

i,  Kbrogate,  destroy 
Repeat  -d.-tail,    rehearse,    recite. 
Repetition    tautology,  prolixly, 

■     ■ 
Replenish— supply,  Oil,  refill. 

Repose— ease,  sleep,  reht,  quiet. 


Reproach    blame,   reprovi 
sure,    .-oini.' ,    opbi  -i  ] ■  i .    reprl 

in  > nd 

Krpug nance  hmt  Ion,  ibhor 
i.  lire,    antipathy,  disUltS,    hatred 

Repugnant  oostlle,  adverse,  Op- 
posite,  emit  i  aiy. 

Reputation  1 1  putt  I  i  me,  char- 
acter, honor,  renown,  credit. 

Request  solicit,  ask,  demand, 
cntn  ..  oh,  implon 

Requlwlte  —  important,  necessary, 

i'i.  expedient, 
Research— investigation,     study, 
examination,  Inquiry. 

RcMemhlance  —  slrailarity,    Rem 

blance,  similitude,  Uk< 
Residence    borne,  abode,  house, 

dwelling,  doml 
Residue  —  leavings,     remainder, 

rest. 

Resign  i  ii  indicate,  renounce, 
relinquish,  forego. 

Resignation      patience,    endnr 

ance,   submission,     acquiescence. 
Resist  —  endure,     oppose,      with 

Resolution  -flrmm  a,  del 

tlon,  fort  Itude,  courage,  decision. 
ReKort  -visit,  frequent,  haunl 

Reaped     i     | ,      ■  .1,     defer- 

.     at  tention .     conslde]  i t, 

good  will ,  est  uii'i  l<  hi 

RcMpectful     "1"  tin  m  ill.   di'liful, 

obedient,  civil. 

Rcuplle        delay,     BUSpenSlOn,     Ml 

tei  vol,  reprieve 

Response  —  reply,  answer,  re- 
joinder. 

Responsible— amenable,  answer- 
able, accountable 

Real      qui"  I     ease    repost     Inter 
,  .-I     itop,  cee   ition 
1 1  malnder. 

Itesiore  —  cure,  renew,  return, 
repaj .  rebuild. 

Restrain  —  confine,  repress,  re- 
strict, coerce,  limit ,  constrain. 

Restrlcl    -  Limit,     drcumsci  Ibe, 

in. id,  bind. 

KcHiilt   -  effect,     issue,    ultimate. 

consequence,  ei  ent 

Retain  — hold,  detain,  keep,  re- 
■ 

Retard— hinder,  defer,  protract , 
i  ione  dela] .  procrastinate, 
prolon  mpede 

Retire  —  recede,  withdraw,  re- 
treat, 

Retract  annul,  take  back,  re- 
voice,  recant .  rece  1 1 

Retrieve  —  renew,  recover,  re- 
gain. 

Reveal— Impart,  divulge,  comma- 

ite,  disclose,  ex]  o 
Revenge    vindicate,  avenge. 
Revere  —  adore,    worship,   rever- 

,  ii.'.    1 1  aerate. 

Review  examine,  survey,  no- 
tice, n  vision. 

Revive  —  enliven,  renew,  reani- 
mate, 1 1 1 ii  -ii.  renovate. 

Revoke    cancel,   annul,   i U  h, 

.  i  ■    .i    abrogate,  efface,  retrai  I 

Ren  artl  ■       <•    \  •  inunern 

tlon,  compensation,  Batlsfactlon. 

Riches  —  wealth,    opulence,    allln 

•  nee. 
Ridicule  —  deride,  banter,  laugh 

at. 
Ridiculous— droll,  absurd,  ludic- 
rous, preposterous,  unreasonable. 

Improbable, 
Right  —  correct,     Just,      i ■-<. 

pronei  claim,  direct, 

straight,  Immunity. 
Righteous— just,  godly,  upright, 

honest,  Incorrupt,  virtuous. 

Rite  —  form,    custom,    ceremony, 

obsei  i  i 
Road— path,  way,  course,  route. 


Koutn  —  wander,     ramble,     stroll, 

i  ange,  rove 

Itoiim         i-lminli.  i  .  |     in 

anartmt  n1 

■tough  — harsh,    uncivil,    in  : 

ri.ui ii.    unmannerly,    impolisned, 
rugged,  -•  vsi  s,  -im  rnj 
Round  -globular,  spherical,  orb, 
circuit,  tow. 

Route     |>;ttli,  course,   wny.  road. 

Rude    KMik'li.  Impertinent 
Impudent,  unpolished,  saucy,  dls- 
reeable,  bold 
Rule    authority,  law,  regulation, 

government .      custom,      maxim, 
libit,   precept,   tfuide. 


Nneretl     holy,  divine,  devoted. 
Had  —  sorrowful,       i irnfiil,       de- 

ted,  gh iv.  ii"  i  tni  holj 

Nauaciiv       pei  cent  Ion      penet  rs 

tlon,  ftouteness,  discernment. 
Salary    wagt     paj     tlpi  nd,  hire, 

reward,  re erauon. 

Sanction     iimiiiI.iiii 
hold,    counts  nana       rat  Ify,    sup- 
port. 

Sapient       discreet,     wise,    sage, 
telous. 

Sarcasm— satire,  irony,  ridicule. 

sat  Isfactlon      com] tlon 

mum  i  ftl  Ion    conti  nl  ment .  atone- 
ment, i  ■<■  ■     in 

Savinte-  prudent,  thrifty,  frugal, 
ei  "i tlcal,  close,  sparing,  sting}  , 

penurious. 

Baying  adage,  maxim,  proverb, 
bj  word,  relating,  speaking,  utter- 
ing, communii 

Sc.i.nhi  i    disgrao 
credit,  baseness,  Infi 

Scarce    -  uncommon,      m 
singuli - 

Scatter    disseminate,     dli  ip 

,■■    ad    -I i  i"  i   i 

Bceaf    odor,   smell,  perfume,  fra- 
Gtaoff    ridicule,    sneer,  jeer,     Jibe, 

belittle 
Scope  -  object,     tendency,    aim, 
drift 

Scruple  -  ii-  sltate,  doubt,  Hue 
tuate. 

Scrupiilouo  —  truthful.     Upright, 

i  i     careful,     conscientious, 

cautions. 
Scrutinize— search,  examine,  in 

vestigate. 
Scurrilou*    disgusting,   abusive, 

offenslvi    in  u  Ii  En  ■    tent. 

Search  Uiqull  \         .\:i  iiiin.it  ion, 

scrutiny,  pursuit,  Investlgs 

Secede    withdraw    retire,  recede. 

Seclusion  -  quietude,      pi 

de,  i  et  Iremenl .  loneliness. 

Secondary  BUOOrdinate,  inte- 
rior. 

Secret  bidden,  quiet,  still,  con- 
cealed,    latent,   mj  itei  loo 

d<     Miic. 

Secular    temporal    > 

Secure-  sale,    certain,    conlldent, 

nure,  procure,  warrant. 
Security--  pledge,       irranty,  d< 

fensf .  b  uaru,  protection. 
sedate  m  uffled, 

erned,    still,    quiet,    com- 

i i 

Seduce  —  decoy,    betrny, 

allure. 
See — examine,    look,    behold,    ob- 

pero  i  lew. 

Senwe  —  idea,     feeling,     meanine, 

judpment,  import,  reason. 
Sensitive-  keen,    susceptible,   ap- 
.  . '  ive. 

Sentence  —  mandate,    judgment, 
•  I.-.-)-], in.  period,  phrase,    i 
tlon. 

Sentiment  Ml  >n,  opinion, 

notion .  reel  ing 


DICTIONARY    OF    SYNONYMS. 


40 


Separate  —  dissociate,  detach, 
disengage. 

Settle— determine,  fix,  establish, 
arrange,  adjust,  regulate. 

Settled— conclusive,  decided,  con- 
lu  tned,  established. 

Sever  —  separate,  disjoin,  divide, 
detach. 

Several  —  sundry,  different,  va- 
rious,  diverse. 

Severe — cold,  stern,  harsh,  sharp, 
rigid,  cruel,  heartless,  rough, 
strict,  unyielding,  austere,  rig- 
orous. 

Shake  —  shiver,  quiver,  shudder, 
quake,  agitate,  totter. 

Shame— dishonor,  disgrace,  igno- 
miny. 

Shameless  —  insolent,  impudent, 
immodest,  indelicate,  indecent. 

Shape— form,  fashion,  mould. 

Share— divide,  distribute,  appor- 
tion, participate,  partake. 

Sharpness— shrewdness,  penetra- 
ti.ui,  keenness,  acuteness,  saga- 
city, cunning. 

Shelter  —  shield,  defend,  screen, 
harbor,  protect,  cover. 

Shine  —  illumine,  glisten,  gleam, 
glitter,  glare. 

Shining  —  bright,  glittering,  ra- 
diant, glistening,  brilliant. 

Shocking  —  disgusting,  terrible, 
dreadful,  horrible. 

Short— brief,  concise,  scanty,  de- 
fective, brittle. 

Shorten— lessen,  contract,  reduce, 
abridge,  curtail. 

Show— display,  exhibition,  pomp, 
parade,  representation,  spectacle, 
sight. 

Showy— grand,  ostentatious,  gay, 
gaudy,  fine,  sumptuous. 

Shrewd— sharp,  acute,  keen,  pre- 

•  ■!->■. 

Shun — evade,  avoid,  elude. 
Sickly— unwell,  sick,  ill,  diseased, 

indisposed. 
Sign — indication,  omen,  symptom, 

signal,  note.  mark,  token. 

Signify— imply,  express,  betoken, 
denote,  declare,  utter,  intimate, 
testify. 

Silence— quietude,  stillness,  mute- 
ness, 

Silent  —  dumb,  mute,  speechless, 
still. 

Silly— ridiculous,  foolish,  absurd, 
stupid,  dull,  weak,  simple. 

Similarity  -  resemblance,  like- 
ness,  Bimifitude. 

Simple— weak,  silly,  artless,  fool- 
ish, unwise,  stupid,  plain,  single. 

Simply— solely,  merely,  only. 

Since— for.  as,  inasmuch,  after. 

Sincere — true,  honest,  frank,  op- 
right,  incorrupt,  plain. 

Singular  —  particular,  eccentric, 
odd,  strange,  remarkable,  rare, 
scarce. 

Situation  —  place,    position,  em- 
'"'.  ment,    sue,     locality ,     case 
ondltion,  plight. 
Skillful  —  expert,   adroit,    adept, 

dexterous,  accomplished. 
Slander— defame,    vilify,    calum- 
niate, detract. 

Slavery    -  servitude,      hi  ■ 

captivity. 

Slender  —  slight,  slim,  fragile, 
thin. 

Slow  —  tardy,    dilatory,    tedious, 

dull. 

Small— little,  minute,  diminutive, 
narrow,  inflnitesimii  I 

Smooth—  i';i-v,  mild,  bland,  even, 
level. 

Smother  —  Buffocate,  stifle,  sup- 
press, conceal. 

Snarling  —  snappish,      w 

surly. 

Sober  —  grave,  moderate,  tem- 
perate, absten s. 


Social— sociable,  companionable, 
convivial,  familiar. 

Society  —  fellowship,  company, 
congregation,  association,  com- 
munity. 

Soft  —  flexible,  ductile,  yielding, 
pliant,  mild,  compliant. 

Solicit  — request,  ask,  entreat,  im- 
plore, beg,  beseech,  supplicate, 
importune. 

Solicitation  —  entreaty,  invita- 
tion, importunity. 

Solicitude  —  care,  earnestness, 
anxiety. 

Solid — enduring,  firm,  hard,  sub- 
stantial. 

Solitary  —  sole,  alone,  desolate, 
only,  lonely,  remote,  retired. 

Soothe — quiet,  compose,  appease, 
calm,  pacify,  assuage,  tranquil- 
ize. 

Sorrow— trouble,  grief,  affliction. 
Sort — order,  kind,  species. 
Sound— tone,  firm,  whole,  hearty, 

healthy,  .sane. 
Sour  —  tart,    acid,    acrimonious, 

sharp. 

Source— head,  origin,  fountain, 
cause,  spring,  reason. 

Spacious  —  capacious,  ample, 
large. 

Sparkle— glitter,  glisten,  shine, 
glare,  radiate,  corruscate. 

Speak  —  utter,  talk,  articulate, 
pronounce,  converse,  say,  tell, 
recite,  relate. 

Species— order,  kind,  class,  sort. 

Specific — definite,  particular,  spe- 
cial. 

Specimen  —  sample,  model,  pat- 
tern. 

Spectator  —  beholder,  observer, 
auditor. 

Speech— oration,  address,  lecture, 
harangue,  sermon. 

Speechless — dumb,  silent,  mute. 

Spend  —  expend,  exhaust,  dissi- 
pate, squander,  waste. 

Sphere — orb,  circle,  globe. 

Spirited  —  quick,  animated,  ar- 
dent, vivacious,  active. 

Spiritual — ethereal,  immaterial, 
unearthly,  incorporeal. 

Spite— pique,  malice,  grudge,  ma- 
lignity, hate. 

Splendid  —  superb,  magnificent, 
grand,  sublime,  heavenly. 

Splendor  —  magnificence,  luster, 
brightness,  brilliancy. 

Splenetic— peevish,  melancholy, 
morose,  sullen,  gloomy,  fretful. 

Sport— play,  game,  amusement, 
!■■-,  'iiv  i  sion,  recreation. 

Spotless  — fan  It  l.-ss,  unblemished, 
blameless,  unsullied,  clear,  untar- 
nished, pure,  innocent,  stainless. 

Spread— distribute,  diffuse,  circu- 
late,  expand,  dlsp<  rse,  dissemi- 
nate, pi  ■  i>.<  _•  .i-  ,  scatter,  dis- 
pense,  sow. 

Spring— leap,    arise,    start,    flow, 

proceed,  emanate,  jump,  issue. 

Sprinkle— bedew,  water, 

besprinkle. 
Sprout  —  vegetate,       germinate, 

bud. 
Stability  —  fixedness,  continuity. 
m  -s,  firmness, 

Stain— mar.  soil,  tarnish,  blemish, 
blot,  flaw ,  -i">! .  speck,  tinge, 
color,  discolor. 

Stammer  —  hesitate,  stutter,  fal- 
ter. 

Stamp — mark,  print,  impri 

Standard— test,  rule,  criterion. 

State  —  situation,  condition,  posi- 
tion, plight,  predicament. 

Station  —place,  situation,  post, 
position. 

Stay  dependence,  i  eliance  staff, 
prop,    abide,    remam,    continue, 

delay,  hinder,  suppOl  I. 


Sterility— barrenness,  unfru  it  ful- 
ness. 

Stern— unfeeling,  severe,  austere, 
strict,  cold,  rigid,  rigorous. 

Still— quiet,  calm,  silent,  appease, 
assuage,  lull,  pacify. 

Stimulate— arouse,  excite,  incite, 
urge,  impel,  encourage,  in 

Stock  —  supply,  collection,  fund, 
accumulation,  store,  provision, 
cattle. 

Stop— rest,  intermission,  vacation, 
cessation,  delay,  hinder,  impede, 
check. 

Story  —  tale,  anecdote,  incident, 
memoir. 

Straight— direct,  immediate. 

Stransre  —  unusual,  curious,  odd. 
singular,  surprising,  eccentric. 

Stratagem— deception,  cheat,  ar- 
tifice, fraud,  trick,  imposture, 
delusion. 

Strength  —  potency,  authority, 
power,  force,  might. 

Strict— precise,  exact,  particular, 
accurate,  nice,  severe,  harsh, 
rigorous,  stern. 

Strife— disagreement,  dissension, 
discord,  contest. 

Strong  — able,  powerful,  robust, 
stout,  vigorous,  firm,  muscular, 
hardy. 

Style  —  custom,  mode,  manner, 
phraseology,  diction. 

Subdue— vanquish,  conquer,  over- 
come, subjugate,  subject,  sur- 
mount. 

Subject— control,  liable,  exposed, 
object,  matter,  material. 

Subjoin— attach,  connect,  annex, 
affix. 

Sublime— lofty,  elevated,  great, 
exalted,  grand,  magnificent. 

Submissive—  obedient,  yielding, 
humble,  compliant. 

Subordinate  —  subject,  subserv- 
ient, inferior. 

Subsistence  —  livelihood,  living, 
sustenance,  maintenance,  support. 

Substantial—  reliable,  strong, 
solid,  stout,  real,  responsible. 

Substitute  —  agent,  representa- 
tive, exchange,  change. 

Subtle— sly,  artful,  cunning,  de- 
ceitful, crafty,  wily,  perfidious. 
insidious,  arch,  acute,  fine. 

Subtract— withdraw,  deduct,  take 
from. 

Subvert  —  ruin,  overthrow,  re- 
verse, controvert,  invert,  reverse. 

Successful  —  prosperous,  lucky, 
winning,  fortunate. 

Succession  —  series,  order,  con- 
tinuance. 

Succor— defend,  help,  aid.  assist, 
relieve. 

Sudden  —  unexpected,  unlooked 
for,  unanticipated.  h  istj  . 

Suffer— endure,   tolerate,   permit, 

bear,  allow. 
Suffocate— smother,  choke,  stifle. 
Sufficient  —  plenty,    abundance, 

enuugh,  competent,  adequate. 
Suffrage—  vote,  ballot,  aid,  voice 
Sutrsrest    propose,  tnsinua  I  ■ 

allude,   intimate. 

Suitable  —  appropriate,  fit,  be- 
coming,  agreeable,  expedient. 

Suitor— beau,  wooer,  lover,  peti- 
tioner. 

Summon -cite,  call,  invite,  bid, 
convokei 

Sundry-  several, various,  dl 
different. 

Superficial— flimsy,  slight,  shal- 
low. 

Supersede  —  supplant. 

(llspi  i.  ■■ 

Supplicate— Solicit,  entreat,  beg. 

■ .  implore. 

Support  —maintain,  uphold,  sus- 
tain, di  orage,  second. 


prop,     protect,     favor,     forward, 
cherish,  assist,  endure. 

Sure— reliable,  confident,  certain, 

infallible. 
Sue-mi*.-  think,    guess, 

suppose,  beliei  •- 

Surmount  subdue,  overcome, 
vanqul 

Surpass  —  beat,  outdo,  outstrip, 
■ 

Surprise  astonishment,  admira- 
tion, wonder,  amazement. 

Surrender  — yield,  resign,  give 
up,  deliver. 

Surround  —  encompass,  enclose, 
encircle,  environ. 

Survey— review,  prospect,  retro- 
spect. 

Suspense— hesitation,  doubt,  un- 
certainty. 

Suspicion  —  distrust,  jealousy, 
apprehension. 

Sustain  —  carry,  bear,  support, 
uphold,  maintain. 

Sustenance  —  livelihood,   living, 

maintenance,  support. 
Swiftness— speed,  rapidity,    velo- 
city, fleetnes;-,  quickness,  celerity. 

Symbol— illustration,  type,  figure, 
emblem,  metaphor. 

Symmetry  —  harmony,  propor- 
tion. 

Sympathy  —  compassion,  condol- 
ence, agreement,  commisera- 
tion. 

Symptom  —  evidence,  indication, 
token,  sign,  mark,  note. 

System— order,  method. 


Talent  —  faculty,  ability,  gift, 
endowment,  capability,  Intellec- 
tuality. 

Talk- conference,  diseour-e.  chat, 
conversation,  sermon,  communi- 
cation, lecture,  dialogue,  col- 
loquy. 

Tantalize— plague,  tease,  taunt. 
provoke,  irritate,  torment,  aggra- 
vate. 

Taste  —  perception,  discernment. 
judgment,  flavor,  savor,  n 

Tax — duty,  assessment,  rate,  toll, 
tribute,  contribution.  cu>tom. 

Tedious  —wearisome,  slow,  tire- 
some, tardy. 

Tell  —  inform,  communicate,  re- 
veal, i:  lint,  impart, 
mention,  state,   talk,  report. 

Temper— mood,  humor,  tempera- 
ment, disposition. 

Temperate  —  moderate, 

abstemious,  abstinent. 

Temporal  —  worldly,    mundane, 

sublunary,    seeular. 

Temporary  —  uncertain,  fleeting, 
transitory,  transient. 

Tempt— allure,  induce,  entice,  at- 
tract. d< 

Tender-   propose,  offer,   bid. 
Tenderness— fondness,    love,    hu- 
manity, affection,  benignity. 

Tenet      bi  lief,   dogma,  doctrine, 

principle,  position,  opinion. 
Term*  conditions,  words    i 

- .  language. 
Terminate  —  close,    finish,    end. 

complete. 

Terrible  — awful,  frightful,  fear- 
ful, shocking,  terrific,  hoi 

Terror— alarm,  fear,  dread,  con- 
sternation, apprehension,  fright. 

Test -— experiment,  proof,  experi- 
ence, trial,  standard,  criterion. 

Testify  —  prove,   declare,   Bwear, 

signify,  witness,  affirm. 

Testimony— proof,  evidt 

Therefore  —  wherefore,  accord- 
ingly,   then,    hence,    bo,    oonse- 

quelltiV. 


.<; 


DICTIONARY    OF    SYNONYMS. 


Think— consider,  deliberate,  me- 
diate, ponder,  concelre,  content* 
plate,  Imagine,  iDrmlee, 

TlfcOUdph— allow,  while,  although. 

Thought- contemplation,  m<  dll  i 
llnii,  i  it  ion,  rc~ 

Beetlon,  conception,  conceit. 
Thoughtful  —  anxious,   oonstder- 
.  treful,    attentive,  discreet, 
eontemplai  Ire. 
Thought  if**  —  Inconsiderate)  In- 
llsci tl 

unthinking. 

Throw- heave,  cant,  hurl,  filnff. 

Time 

duration,  era,  epoch. 

Timely  —  opportiiii.  . 

early. 
Tired  —  wearied,    fatigued,    har* 

Title— name,  appellation,  claim. 

Token— emblem,  sign,  Indication, 

iptom,  mark,  n 
Tolerate— permit,  allow,  suffer. 

Toifiioui     tormenting,    crooked. 

Total      complete,  whole, 

gross,  nun. 
Touching    moving,  pathetic,  af- 
ting. 

Tour— round,  circuit,  jaunt,  trip, 
journey,  ramble,  e  ■  >ui  -inn. 

Trace— clue,  track,  mark,  \ 

Trade    -  vocation,   busini 

tag,    lab ii .  oocupal Lon, 

Tradnee— Injure,  condemn,  cen- 
sure, depredate,  degrade,  decry, 

Tranquillity—  stillness,    peace, 
oalm. 

Tran*uct— manage,  conduct,  ne- 

gotiate. 
Tranaeend  —  Burpaas,  excel,  ex- 

ceed   outdo. 
Transparent  —  dear,    pellucid, 

pervious,  translucent. 
Tranwlent -hi  let,  Meeting,  short. 

Transport  —  delight,      rapture, 
ity. 

Treiieherou*  —  Insidious,    faith- 
nest,  perfidious,   b<  u 
lees. 
Trepidation— palpitation,    emo- 
trembllng,    tremor,   aglto- 

Treapaae  ■ 

[on    offensi    misdem*  anor. 
Trial    endeavor,  attempt,   effort, 

proof,    tempttt- 

tton. 

Trick  --  che  tl        md,   d tlon, 

stratagem, 
.  lery, 

Trldlng— insignificant,  b aslder- 

able,    unlmpoi  tant,   light,   futile, 
pettj  ,  fj 

Trip— journey,  jaunt,  excursion, 
tour,  ramblt  .  i >yage. 

Trouble  -anxiety,  vexation,  ad- 
vitmi  j  sorrow,    dis- 

tress. 

Troublesome  -    annoying,     dis- 
turbing,  vexing,  perplexing,  Irk- 
Impor- 
tunate 

True  honest,  candid,  sincere,  re- 
Uabli  i. -lit. 

Truth— fidelity,  vei 
faithfulness,  honesty. 

Try — endeavor,  atb 

Turbulent     raging,   tumultuous, 
1 1  tons,  mutinous,  riot 

Turn— revolve,    whirl,    t«i-t     dr- 
wind,    gyrate,    contort, 
bend,  dlstorl .  wheel. 

Tj  i»«-  Illustration,  symbol,  figure, 
emblem,  mark. 


Vltlmute— lab  it,  but,  anal,  end. 

Umpire— judge,  arbitrator,  arbl- 
ter. 

Unbelief  -  tncredulll  v,  dl 
skepticism,  Infldelli 

Vu>>iemiNiied  —  faultless,  blame- 
less, Bootless,  ii  reproachable,  on* 
tarnished,  stainless. 

Unceasingly— eternally,  perpetu- 
ally, always,  constantly,  contlnu 
ally. 

Unchangeable— unalterable,  Im- 
mutable. 

Uncommon  —singular,  unusual, 
unique,  bafrsauenl ,  i 

scarce. 

Unconcerned— careless,  regard- 
leas,  uninterested,  Indifferent. 

Uncover— reveal,    expose,    strip, 

dl  01  iver. 
Undaunted  —courageous,    bold, 

i.-  1 1 1.  ■   .intrepid. 
Undeniable  —  indisputable.     In- 

avertible,  [uesi  lonable. 

Under  — Bubonlin.ii.-.    1o\m  r.    be- 
neath,   below,    Inta  lor,     abji  i  I 
subjacent. 

Understand!  nc— conception,  In- 
telligence, comprehension  i 
perception,  faculty,  reason,   intel- 
lect. 

Undetermined  -uncertain,  Irre- 
.    hesitating,    wavering,  un- 
steady, doubi  'Hi.  v ,,,  ma i Log,  fluc- 
tuating. 
Unfaithful  —  untruthful,    faith- 
dishonest,  disloyal,  treacher- 
,,u  .  i>t  rfldious. 

Unfold—  explain,  divulge,  reveal, 

unravel,    develop,    expand,    open, 

display. 
Unhandy  —  ungainly,    awkward, 

"Utli.  clumsy. 

Unhappy-  distressed,    mi-,  ruble, 

unfortunate,  afflicted,  «  n  I 
Uniform  —  even,    alike,     equal, 

Unimportant  trivial,  trifling, 
Immaterial,  la  Ignincant,  petty, 
Inconsiderable, 

I'niearneii  —  uninformed,  unlet- 
tered, Ignorant,  Ullb  rati  ■ 

Unlike  —  distinct,  dissimilar,  dif 

lil      Qt, 

1'nllmlted  —  infinite,     h.mnclle 
■in    I.  d|    i  I  Ii  mil   '  Die 

Unquestionable       Indue  I  ibli 
undeniable,    Lndl  putable,    incon- 
trovertible. 

Unravel  —  unfold,  disentangle, 
extricate,  reveal 

l '  ii  re  I  e  it  1 1  nir  u  n  forp-i  ving,  bard- 
hearted,  inexorable,   relentless. 

Unruly  —  unnmnju- 
trollable,     refractoi  > .    ungovern- 
able. 

Unseasonable  -  111  tl l.  unfit, 

untimely,  unsu  lab 

Unsettled   -doubtful,   wavering, 

undetermined,   OJUb    kdj 

lng. 
Unspeakable  -unutterable,  in- 
expret 

UiiMtable        incon   taut,    mutable. 
waver- 
ing. 

Untimely  -  - it  ■■ 

t  me  unsuitable. 

Unwilling  loth,  backward,  dis- 
inclined, disliking,  avei  se,  reluct- 
ant. 

Upbraid  reprove,  censure,  re- 
■  ii.  blame. 

Uproar  il  m  Ion,  bustle, 

tiniiiiit,  distui ' 

Urbanity  lability, 

suavity,  civility. 


Urge  -i>"  .  incite,  Impel,  tnett- 
gate,  stimulate,  encourage,  ani- 
mate. 

IVirent  —  Importumite,     pn      Intf, 

earni   L 
Usage  —  habit,    fashion,    en  torn . 
treatment,  prescription. 

Use— I"  i 

\  Ice,  usage,  adi  antage,  utility. 
Usually— generally,  commonly, 

Utility  —  U-c,    MTVIi'l'.     hem 

vanto  ge,  com  ei se,  usefulness. 

Utterly  —  perfectly,    completely, 

fully. 


Vacant— void,  empty,  devoid,  tin- 

used. 
Vague— unsettled,  indefinite. 
Vain    conceited,  useless,  fruitless, 

Idle,  Ineffectual. 

Valedictory  —  farewell,    taking 

leave. 

Valuable     expensive,  costly,  pre- 

clous,  useful,  worthy,  estimable. 

Value  pi  Hi-  ..nil.  rate,  appre- 
n    estimatii  >n .   account ,   an- 

i b    ■     .   compute,    : 

Vanity— pride,  haughtine  con 
celt,  an  ogance. 

Vanquish  -  subdue,  overcome, 
onouer,  confute,  subjugate, 

Variable  -transitory,  capricious, 
fickle,  un  tead) .  changeable,  ver- 
satile, wavering. 

Variation  —  deviation,  change, 
\  o  i  nt  \ ,  \  icl  isltude. 

Variety  diversion,  change,  dif- 
ference. 

Varlotm  —  sundry,    different,    dl- 

,  ,   . 

Vehement—  hot,  eager,    ardent, 

fli  i  ■. ,  ps     lonate,  violent.  impetu- 
ous. 

Velocity      i" '  d     celerity,   swift- 
ness,   rapldltj ,    quick* 

Q|     ■ 

Venerate  —  worship,     reverence, 

respt  el .  sdoi  e 

Veracity— honesty,  truth,  integ- 
rity. 

Verbal— oral,  vocal. 

Vestige   -  ei  tdence,  mat  i. 

Vexation  -    chagrin,  urn  ■ 
trouble,  sorrow,  mortification, 

Vicinity— locality,  neighborhood, 
nearness,  section. 

View 
land  cap  >ok,  behold. 

Vigorous  robust,  active,  ener- 
getic,   powerful,    agile,    forcible, 

pOt<  Dl 

Violent—  turbulent,    bol 

impel  ii.  >u  -.  furious. 

Virtue— chastity,  purity,  efficacy, 

g|  M  M  I  II  ■ 

Visible    -apparent,    dl  cernlble, 
plain,  distinct,  manlfe  t. 
doubtless,  obvious. 
Visionary  —fanatic,  enthuslsst, 

dreami  ■    itlcal. 

Volatility-    litrlilncss.  Mightiness, 

levity,     giddiness,     Bprightliness, 
liveliii 
Vouch— assure,    warrant,    affirm, 

aver,  pi 
Vulgar— ordinary,  common,  low, 

mean. 


w 

Wages  -stipulation,  hire,  salary, 

allowance. 
Wakeful      Igil  int,  attentive,  ob- 

Dl .  "atehful. 


Wamler        huiiii,    StTOU,    ramble, 

roi  e,  i  ange    loui  at  \ 
Want-  Indigi  no*,    need,    povi  rty, 

hick. 

Ware    g Is,  merchandise,  oom 

modlty. 

Warlike— military,  martiat 

w  iirmi  b      fen  or,    ardor,   cordi- 
ality, animation,  heal 
vigor,  gloa  .  seal,  n  he ■  ■  i 

Warning— notice,    advice,    m<ml- 

tlon   caution. 

VVary— oisci ,  watch- 

ful, cautious,  circumspect, 

Waste    -loo*  pend, 

expend,  consume,    lavl  ih,   H<nmn- 

.1.  i 

Wasteful     profuse,  cxtrai 

Is  i  lab,  prodigal. 

Watchful      cautious,  observant, 

vigilonl ,  careful,  ell  ■ 

teniive,  wakeful. 
W^aver— hesitate,  vacillate   Hue- 

tll.ltc,        sclupli-,        lo        |.e       liriilele]-- 

mined. 
Way-  plan,  m<  thod .  eoui  w,  man- 
ner, system,  means,  fashion,  road. 

■    ■ 

Weak— infirm,  feeble,  enfeebled, 
debilitated  em  rvated 

Wealth— opulence,  riches,  afflu- 
ence, 

Weakness  —  debility,  f<.  i 

i nuit v.    Infirmity,    tanguoi      fail 
lng,  unbecillty,  silliness,  folly. 

'WenrliieNN  —  lantrini      i.,      m  u<le, 

udlousness,  fatigue. 
Weary    annoy,  dial  1 1 

jade,  tire,  \  ex,  pei  plex,  subdue. 
Wedding;    mai  riage,  nupl  1 1 1 

Weluht-lo.nl,  hiiKlen,   heaviness. 

. 

Bon. 

Welcome  desirable,  agn  ••  ible, 
ptable. 

Wherefore  —  consequently,  ac- 
i  ..i dlngly,  bo,  then,  thei efoi e, 
thence,  hence. 

'Whiten    blanch,  fade,  bleach. 

Wttole  —undivided,  complete,  en- 
tire,   pei  feet,    total,    unln  lured, 

sum. 

IVlcked— elnful,    guilty,    unjust. 
■i     Irnplon      .in..... 
lalnous,  criminal,  depraved,  out- 
rageous 

Wily  -  cunning,  artful,  .subtle, 
crafty, 

\\    i-.l  ■■in     --    foresight,        pitch   lice. 

mding. 
Withdraw  ie.    go 

hack,     retire,     take     bad         retTC 

grade. 

'Withhold         foi  heal 

fuse,  hinder,  keep  hack. 

tVoniler— astonishment,    marvel. 

surprise,  admiration,  amacement, 

Wfinderftil  —  strange,    curious, 

astonishing,    Burprlaing,    marvel 

admirable. 

Worthy  —  estimable,    deserving, 

i  lous, 
'Wretched— unhappy,  mlserablv. 

■\Vrlter    -author,  -cnh.. 

Y 
Yearly- annually. 
Yet— but.  however,  notwithstand- 
ing, still,  in  '■.  .  i  i  Ii.  I. 

Yield— comply,  conform,  concede, 
allow,    produce,    permit,    i  ssign, 

mii  render. 


Zeal— warmth,    ardor,    fervor,   en- 

.    ■,. 

Zealous  concerned,  earnest,  ar- 
dent,  fervent,  anxious,  warm, 
enthusiastic. 


LETTERS    OF    CORRESPONDENCE. 


77 


OU  have  thoughts  that  you  wish 

to   communicate   to   another 

through    the    medium    of   a 

letter.     Possibly  you  have  a 

favor  to  bestow.      Quite  as 

likely  you  have  a  favor  to  ask. 

In  either  case  you   wish  to 

write  that  letter  in  a  manner  such  as  to  secure 

the    respect  and    consideration    of  the  person 

with  whom  you  correspond. 

The  rules  for  the  mechanical  execution  of  a 
letter  are  few ;  understanding  and  observing 
the  rules  already  considered  for  composition, 
the  writer  has  only  to  study  perfect  naturalness 
of  expression,  to  write  a  letter  well. 

Style  and  Manner. 

The  expression  of  language  should,  as  nearly 
as  possible,  be  the  same  as  the  writer  would 
speak.     A  letter  is  but  a  talk  on  paper.     The 


style  of  writing  will  depend  upon  the  terms  of 
intimacy  existing  between  the  parties.  If  to  a 
superior,  it  should  be  respectful :  to  inferiors, 
courteous ;  to  friends,  familiar ;  to  relatives, 
affectionate. 

Originality. 
Do  not  be  guilty  of  using  that  stereotyped 
phrase, 

Dear  Friend: 

I  now  take  my  pen  in  hand  to  let  you  know  that  I  am  well, 
and  hope  you  are  enjoying  the  same  great  blessing. 

Be  original.  You  are  not  exactly  like  any  one 
else.  Your  letter  should  be  a  representative  of 
yourself,  not  of  anybody  else.  The  world  is  full 
of  imitators  in  literature,  who  pass  on,  leaving 
no  reputation  behind  them.  Occasionally  origi- 
nals come  up,  and  fame  and  fortune  are  ready 
to  do  them  service.  The  distinguished  writers 
of  the  past  and  present  have  gone  aside  from 
the  beaten  paths.  Letter  writing  affords  a  fine 
opportunity  for  the  display  of  originality.  In 
your  letter  be  }rourself ;  write  as  you  would  talk. 


"  In  the  preparation  of  this  chapter  the  author  gaih.  r.  .1  n 


i  from  "  Frtwt's  Original  Lett«r-1 


I  other  work*  on  epistolary  eorrtipotnleoce.  published  by  I>iek  4  Fi tigroid.  Ne»  Y.rk. 


re 


urn. INKS   <>1''   A    LETTER. 


PARTS    OF    A    LETTER. 


Complimentary 

Date. 

address. 

Body  of  the  Letter. 

• 

Xnmr 

Complimentary  closing. 

Signature. 

Address. 

Purity  of  Expression. 

I '.tar  in  mind  the  importance,  in  your  corre- 
spondence, of  using  always  the  most  chaste  ami 
beautiful  language  it  is  possible  to  command, 
consistent  with  ease  and  naturalness  of  expres- 
sion. Especially  in  the  long  letters  of  friend- 
ship and  love  —  those  missives  that  reveal  the 
heart — the  language  should  show  that  the  heart  is 
pure.  Let  your  letter  be  the  record  of  the  fancies 
and  mood  of  the  hour ;  the  reflex  of  your  aspira- 
tions, your  joys,   your   disappointments ;    the 


faithful  daguerreotype  of  your 
intellectuality  and  your  moral 
worth. 

You  little  dream  how  much 
that  letter  may  influence  your 
future.  How  much  it  may  give 
of  hope  and  happiness  to  t  he  one 
receiving  it.  How  much  it  may 
be  examined,  thought  of,  laugh- 
ed over  and  commented  on;  and 
when  you  suppose  it  lias  long 
since  been  destroyed,  it  may  be 
brought  forth,  placed  in  type, 
ami  published  broadcast  to  mil- 
lions of  readers. 

When,  in  after  years,  the  letter 
you  now  write  is  given  to  the 
world,  will  there  be  a  word,  an 
expression,  in  the  same  that  you 
would  blush  to  see  in  print  ? 

Write  in  the  spirit  of  cheer- 
fulness. It  is  unkind  to  the 
correspondent  to  fill  the  sheet 
with  petty  complainings,  though 
there  are  occasions  when  the 
heart  filled  with  grief  may  con- 
fide all  its  troubles  and  sorrows 
to  the  near  friend,  and  receive 
in  return  a  letter  of  sympathy 
and  condolence,  containing  all 
the  consolation  it  is  possible  for 
the  written  missive  to  convey. 

The    length    of    letters   will 

depend  upon  circumstances.  As 

a  rule,  however,  business  letters  should  be  short , 

containing  just  what  is  necessary  to  be  said,  and 


no  more. 


Form. 


To  be  written  correctly  according  to  general 
usage,  a  letter  will  embrace  the  following  parts  : 
1st,  the  date  ;  2nd,  complimentary  address ;  3rd, 
body  of  the  letter  ;  4th,  complimentary  closing  ; 
5th   signature ;  6th,  superscription. 

The  above  shows  the  position  of  the  several 
parts  of  an  ordinary  letter. 


LETTER    WRITING    ILLUSTRATED. 


Position  of  the  Various  Parts. 

The  following  position  of  the 
several  parts  of  a  letter  should 
be  observed : 

1.  Write  the  date  near  the  upper  right  hand 
corner  of  the  sheet. 

2.  Commence  the  complimentary  address  on 
the  line  next  beneath  one  inch  from  the  left 
side  of  the  sheet. 

3.  The  horty  of  the  letter  should  be  com- 
menced nearly  under  the  last  letter  of  the  com- 
plimentary address. 

4.  Besrin  the  complimentary  closing  on  the 
line  next  beneath  trie  body  of  the  letter,  one 
half  of  the  distance  from  the  left  to  the  right 
side  of  the  page. 

5.  The  center  of  the  signature  may  be  under 
the  last  letter  of  the  complimentary  closing. 

6.  The  name  and  address  of  the  person  writ- 
ten to  should  come  on  the  line  beneath  the 
signature,  at  the  left  of  the  sheet. 


The  Complimentary  Address. 

Of  late  years  it  has  become 
common,  in  business  letters,  in- 
stead of  giving  name  and  ad- 
dress at  the  close,  to  write  the 
same  at  the  commencement; 
thus, 

To  the  Business  Man. 

Mr.  William  B.  Asiiton, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Pear  Sir: 

Your  note  of  the  1st  inst.  received,  etc. 

To  the  Married  Woman. 

Mrs.  Helen  E.  King, 

Baltimore,  Md. 
Bear  Madam : 

Enclosed  find  check  for,  etc. 

To  the  Unmarried  Woman. 

Miss  Harriet  A.  Kendall, 

Lowell,  Mass. 

In  reply  to  your  favor  of  the  4th  ult.,  etc. 


Notk.— It  is  cuatomary  to  address  the  married  woman  by 
the  name  which  she  uses  on  her  cards.  It  is  optional  with 
the  lady  whether  she  uses  her  own  name.  "  Mrs.  Helen  K. 
King,'  or  that  of  her  husband,  ■'  Mrs.  Ch^s.  H.  King.  " 


FORM    OF    A    LETTER. 


(Date.) 


(y-Cwey.,    (Q-m&ta*icl/  j&wue   -it,    ^7  ^7- 


(Complimentary  Address.) 


e^i't 


7* 


(Body  of  the  Letter.) 

tun  4V&PU  ■mate  -CrLti&t  &u&t  uwiu&£tt<ri&  -to  ■v**MsC 
■C/lade  ■n&tdsu.  d/z&neti  -wsLc&rl  C/  tvewe-t  ■cin^&a,  <z4teZ 
itdi-ton.  Cs  -n<i<ui  ■truislse  &L<&n  w&l  ez^/CW.  Cs  4-e^ 
4*iemu-e4-    -watt    -ct/^CA.    &s£t    ■£&&    fd-te^ta^n^,   Cy  e^t&t 


Cy  -Cav^e    -usitt  -awci    ■waadd.         C/   ■6/La>ri#t  suim  jCa't 


iwC  ot>eui&  ■£<>   ■u-e  ■£sLet4.  iz&uz   'U.o.ttd/ 
(Complimentary  Closing.) 

{Signature.) 


(Name.) 


<@fct££z**i  <^»«^*<o 


(Address.) 


Kinds  of  Paper  to  Use. 

Be  particular  to  use  a  sheet  appropriate  in 
shape  to  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  employed. 
Paper  is  now  manufactured  of  every  size  adapted 
to  the  wants  of  any  article  written.  The  nanus 
of  the  various  kinds  of  paper  in  general  use  are 
Legal-cap,  Bill-paper,  Foolscap,  Letter-paper, 
Commercial-note,  Note-paper  and  Billet. 

In  the  writing  of  all  Legal  Documents,  such  as 
wills,  taking  of  testimony,  articles  of  agreement. 


etc.,  legal  cap  is  generally  used,  characterized  hy 
a  red  line  running  from  top  to  bottom  of  the 
sheet. 

For  Bills,  paper  is  commonly  ruled  expressry 
for  the  purpose,  and  generally  bears  the  name 
and  business  advertisement  of  the  person  using 
the  same,  at  the  top. 

When  writing  Notes,  Orders,  Receipts,  Com- 
positions, Petitions,  Subscription  Headings,  etc., 
foolscap  paper  is  used. 

For  the  ordinary  friendship  letter  or  other 


so 


ETIQUETTE    UK    LETTER    WRITING    AND    TITLES. 


long  letter,  it  is  best  to  use  letter  paper,  which 
in  size  is  four-fifths  the  length  of  foolscap. 

The  common  Business  Letter  should  be  so 
brief  as  generally  to  require  but  one  page  of 
commercial  note,  which  is  somewhat  narrower 
and  shorter  than  letter  paper. 

Note  and  billet  paper  are  the  smallest  sheets 
made,  being  suitable  for  Notes  of  Invitation, 
Parents'  Excuses  for  children  to  teachers,  and 
other  written  exercises  that  are  very  brief. 

Etiquette  of  Letter  Writing. 

As  a  rule,  every  letter,  unless  insulting  in  its 
character,  requires  an  answer.  To  neglect  to 
answer  a  letter,  when  written  to,  is  as  uncivil  as 
to  neglect  to  reply  when  spoken  to. 

In  the  reply,  acknowledge  first  the  receipt  of 
the  letter,  mentioning  its  date,  and  afterwards 
consider  all  the  points  requiring  attention. 

If  the  letter  is  to  be  very  brief,  commence 
sufficiently  far  from  the  top  of  the  page  to 
give  a  nearly  equal  amount  of  blank  paper  at 
the  bottom  of  the  sheet  when  the  letter  is 
ended. 

Should  the  matter  in  the  letter  continue 
beyond  the  first  page,  it  is  well  to  commence 
a  little  above  the  middle  of  the  sheet,  extending 
as  far  as  necessary  on  the  other  pages. 

It  is  thought  impolite  to  use  a  half  sheet  of 
paper  in  formal  letters.  As  a  matter  of  economy 
and  convenience  for  business  purposes,  how- 
ever, it  is  customary  to  have  the  card  of  the 
business  man  printed  at  the  top  of  the  sheet, 
and  a  single  leaf  is  used. 

In  writing  a  letter,  the  answer  to  which  is  of 
more  benefit  to  yourself  than  the  person  to 
whom  you  write,  enclose  a  postage  stamp  for 
the  reply. 

Letters  should  be  as  free  from  erasures,  inter- 
lineations, blots  and  postscripts  as  possible.  It 
is  decidedly  better  to  copy  the  letter  than  to 
have  these  appear. 

A  letter  of  introduction  or  recommendation, 
should  never  be  sealed,  as  the  bearer  to  whom 
it  is  given  ought  to  know  the  contents. 


Titles. 

T  is  customary,  in  tbe  heading  of  petitions  to  persons 
In  official  positions,  in  tbe  complimentary  address  of  ■ 

letter,   and  in  supersiriptions,    to  give  each  their  | 

title.     TheBe  are  di\  Ided  Into  titles  of  respect,  military, 
and  professional  titles. 

Titles  of    respect   are: — Mr. ,   from   Master;   Mrs., 

fn>m  Jfisfrew;    SClss,  from  tbe  French,  Ds-moi-selfe; 

Esq.,  fniin  Esqvire\  :m  English  Justice  (if  tbe  Peace, 

<»r  member  of  tbe  legal  profession,  bnt  applied  very  indiscriminately 

to  males  throughout  this  country  generally. 

Two  titles  of  the  same  class  should   nol  be  applied  to  the  same 

m i,       TbOS,    in    addressing  John    Smith,    do   not    say   Mr.   John 

Smith,  Esq.  ;   though  we   may  Bay  Mr.  John   Smith,  or  John  Smith, 
Esq. 

If  the  profession  of  the  person  addressed  be  known,  tbe  pro- 
f , — - i < > r i .■  1 1  title  alone  should  be  used.  If  the  person  be  entitled  to 
two  MIL'S  tlic  highest  is  given 

Titles  of  respect  arc  usually  placed  before  the  name;  as,  Mr., 
Hon.,  Rev.,  Dr.,  and  military  titles. 

Professional  titles  sometimes  precede  and  sometimes  follow  the 
name;  as,  Dr.  John  Smith,  or  John  Smith,  Ml).;  Prof.  John 
Smith,  or  John  Smith.  A.M. 

The  following  list  illustrates  the  various  titles  used  for  the  different 
ranks,  among  Individuals,  either  in  the  comrjmentary  address  or 
superscription  on  the  envelope 

To  Royalty. 

"  T.i  tlf  Kint-'s  Most  BXCtlll  ,,)    Moie-t'l    " 

"  T"  the  Queen's  Host  Sect  lb  «'  VbJesty." 

"  To  his  Royal  Highness,  Albert  Edward,  I'rmee  of  Wales." 

In  like  manner  all  the  other  members,  male  and  female,  of  the 
Royal  family  are  addressed. 

To  Nobility. 

"  To  Ms  Grace  the  Duke  of  Argyle." 

••  To  the  m..*i  Noble  the  Marquis  of  Westminster." 

■■  To  the  Right  Bonorable  the  Earl  of  Deri 

"  To  the  night  Bonorable  Lord  Viscount  Sidney." 

■'  T"  the  Bonorol.l.    I'..o  "ii  i    i  oo,  "i  111   " 

The  wives  of  noblemen  have  the  same  titles  as  their  husbands; 

thus, 

"  To  her  Qraet  I  be  Duchess  of  Argyle. " 

■■  To  the  fefosf  Noble  the  Marchioness  of  Westminster. " 

■'  To  thr  l;  I 'lilt  Hum.!  ni.l.   I  he  i   "Unless  of   Derby.  " 

•■  To  the  Right  Bonorable  the  Vise it*  --  Sidney." 

"TotheB  '  luiiworth." 

The  title  of  Honorable,  in  great  Britain,  is  applied  to  the  yo 
eons  of  noblemen  (the  elder  son  taking,  by  courtesy,  the  title  next 
in  rank  below  that  of  his  father).     It  is  also  given  to  member-   of 
parliament  and   to  certain   persons  holding  positions  of    honor  and 
trust. 

To  Baronets. 

•Sir  Walter  Bcott,  Bart." 

To  Knights. 

"  Sir  William  Armstrong.  Kt. 

Ellsworth's  "Text-Book  on  Penmanship"  gives  the  following 
i  lasslfli  .in ""  of  the  various  titles  used  in  the  United  States. 

Titles  ot  Honor,  Profession  and  Respect. 

President    of     tie-    United    SI  i 
•  ins  Excellency  Richard  Roe,"     Qovemorof  any  State,  or  Minlnster  to 
Ign  Countries, 
v President,  Senators  and  Representa- 
tives of  the  r.  S. .  Lteut-Gov.  o<  State, 

State      Senators      and       Re] 

Judges,  Mayors,  Consuls,  Ministers  abroad, 
(.nil  Heads  of  Executive  Departments  of 
the  i  teneial  Government 


'  Bonorable  Richard  Roe." 


'  Rev.  Richard  Roe,  D.  D. " 

■■    Richard  Hoe.  LL.D.' 
"     Richard  Roe." 
'  Itr.   Riehart!  Roe  " 
'  Prof.  Rlehard  Roe." 
'Richard  Roe.  BeQ 

■  Mr  Richard  Roe." 

■  Richard  Roe." 


Iioetor  of  Divinity. 

I  a  I 

Minister  of  the  Qospi 
Phj  Id  oi  and  Surgeon. 

iher  of  any  art  or  science. 

M.-ini..  r  "i  the  legal  Fraternity. 
Non-professional  gentleiu.iu. 
Plain  signature. 

Unable  to  write  his  own  name. 


TITLES    IN    EUROPE   AND   AMERICA. 


81 


Titles  of  the   Dignitaries,  Prelates,  Clergy,   and    Other  Officers 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Of  the  Pope—  His  Holiness  Pope  Leo  XIII. 

Of  a  Cardinal—His  Eminence  John.  Cardinal  McCloskej. 

Of  an  Archbishop— Most  Rev.  T.J.  Burroughs,  D.  D. 

Of  a  Bishop— St.  Rev.  Thomas  Foley,  D.  D. 

Of  a  Vicar-General— Very  Rev.  J.  D.  Halbert,  D.  D. 

Of  a  Priest—  Rev.  Patrick  Kelly,  P.P. 

m  r,-     „.  ™  ~e  c.^1,  c  v.  -    i  -     S  Rev.  Provincial  James  Rice. 

Of  Directors  of  Pan»h  Schools-  j  ^  Bn>    D(rector  Ueary  Baker. 

Of  a  Directress  of  a  Seminary— Mada me  I>e  Vincent. 
•  If  a  Teacher  of  a  Seminary— Si's ter  Le  Clerc. 

Of  a  Lady  Superintendent  of  a  Convent—  Sister  Superior  Laflange. 
Of   a   Lady  Superintendent   of   a    Catholic   Orphan   Asylum  —  Mother 
Superior  St.  Agnes. 

Military  Titles  in  the  United  States. 

The  following  are  addressed  as  General,   Colonel,  Major,  Captain, 
lAeutenant,   Corporal,  or  ^rn^anf,  according  to  their  rank: 

COMMISSIONED  OFFICEBS. 
General  of  the  Army. 
Lieutenant-General  of  the  Army. 
Major-General. 
Adjutant-General. 
Inspector-General. 
Quartermaster-General. 
Commissary -General. 
Paymaster-General. 
Surgeon-General. 
Brigadier-General. 


Captain. 

Chaplain. 

Adjutant. 

First  Lieutenant. 

Second  Lieutenant. 

NONCOMMISSIONED  OFFICEBS. 
Sergeant- Major. 
Qum-termaster-Sergeant. 
Sergeant. 
Corporal. 
Company  Clerks. 


Brigade-Inspector.  Drum-Major. 

Colonel.  Fife  Major. 

Lieutenant-Colonel.  Hospital-Stewards. 
Major. 

Titles  and  Names  of  Naval  Officers. 
The  only  titles  generally  used  among  naval  officers  are  those  of 
Admiral,   Commodore,  Captain  and  Lieutenant. 

Kear-Admiral. 

Vice- Admiral. 

Commodore. 

Captain. 

Commander. 

Lieutenant-Commander. 

First  Lieutenant. 

Second  Lieutenant. 

Master. 

Ensign. 

Midshipman. 

Fleet  Surgeon. 

Ship's  Surgeon. 

Passed  Surgeon. 

Asssistant  Surgeon. 

Retired  Surgeon. 

Paymaster. 

Assistant  Paymaster. 

Chaplain. 

Professor  of  Mathematics. 

Engineer-in-Chief — on  shore. 

Chief  Engineer — on  ship. 

First  AssistantEngineer. 


Second  Assistant- Engineer. 

Third  Assistant-Engineer. 

Naval  Constructor. 

Navy  Agent. 

Purser,  or  Storekeeper. 

Secretary  to  Commander. 

Navy-yard  Clerks. 

Bandmaster. 

Musicians. 

Mate— First.  Second,  and  Third. 

Quartermaster. 

Master-at-Arms. 

Ship's  Corporal. 

Section  Captain. 

Boatswain. 

Coxswain. 

Carpenter. 

Sailmaker. 

Gunner. 

Armorer. 

Quarter-Gunner. 

Seamen, 

Marines. 


Superscriptions. 


XVELOPES    that  are   perfectly 
plain,  for  ordinary  letter  writing, 
are   regarded  as  in   much   the 
best  taste.    Ladies  do  well  to  use 
.    white.      Buff,  light  straw  color, 
or   manila    answer  for  business 
purposes,  though  it  is  always  in 
good  taste  to  use  white. 
The  upper  side  of  the  envelope  is  that  con- 
taining the  flap.     Care  should  be  observed,  in 
writing  the  superscription  on  the  letter,  to  have 
the  same  right  side  up. 

Extensive  practice  enables 
business  men  to  write  com- 
paratively straight  upon  the 
envelope,  without  the  aid  of 
a  line.  The  inexperienced 
penman  may  be  aided  in 
writing  on  the  buff  colored 
envelope  by  lead  pencil  lines, 
which  should  never  be  used, 
however,  unless  completely 
erased  by  rubber  after  the 
ink  is  dry. 


Care  should  be  taken  to  write  upon  the 
envelope  very  plainly,  giving  the  full  name  and 
title  of  the  person  addressed,  with  place  of 
residence  written  out  fully,  including  town, 
county,  State,  and  county  if  it  goes  abroad. 
The  designation  of  the  street,  number,  drawer, 
etc.,  when  written  upon  the  letter,  is  explained 
elsewhere. 

For  light  colored  envelopes,  a  piece  of  paper 
a  little  smaller  than  the  envelope    maybe  ruled 
with  black  ink   over  the  blue  lines,  t  litis,  and 
placed  inside. 


A  scrap  of  paper,  ruled  like  this,  when  placed 


inside  a  light -colored  envelope,  will  enable  the 


person    writing    on 


the  same    to   trace  distinctly 


these   lines,   and   thus   write    the    superscription 


straight. 


v_' 


FORMS    FOB    wimtinc,    BTTPERSCBIPTION8. 


In  writing  the  superscription,  commence 
the  name  a  little  to  the  left  of  the  center  of 
the  envelope.  The  town,  on  a  line  beneath, 
should  extend  a  little  to  the  right  of  the  name. 


The  State,  next  below,  should  stand  by  itself 
still  further  to  the  right.  The  county  may  be 
on  the  sameline  with  the  State, towards  the  left 
side  of  the  envelope;  thus< 


FORM  OF  SUPERSCRIPTION  ON  ENVELOPES. 


j^oW"  ,s  TBN  d*ts 


Ct-*HK   AND    *•»**" 


s*»- 


^LZ 


^W^y> 


^z-z.-z^^zz-?'?- 


Ltdmu 


.■0: 


snyp. 


it-e^ 


For  the  convenience  of  the  mailing  clerk  in 
handling  the  letter,  the  postage  stamp  should 
be  placed  at  the  upper  right  hand  corner  of  the 
envelope. 

If  the  town  is  a  large  metropolis,  the  county 


may  be  omitted.  In  that  event  the  street  and 
number  are  usually  given,  or  the  post  office  box. 
Each  should  be  written  very  conspicuously 
upon  the  envelope,  for  the  convenience  of  the 
post  office  clerk  and  the  mail  carrier;   thus, 


I  SI..,.] 

a*— ~*4$. 

cJh^  %$*&**/  B.  Qfa&i, 

Cy<nt^Cen^e-^vA^a/ 

'7* 

^fam^ypw?  '&&&&£'                          >'«. 

\  ship.  | 

T&  ••-  -GfZ. 

G$bu). 

(w~t*w  trig.  @il<ux4<*n, 

(>:■-, 

T* 

m«* 

*77- 

dW 

VARIOUS   FORMS   OF   SUPERSCRIPTION. 


S3 


If  written  in  the  care  of  any  one,  the  follow- 
ing may  be  the  form  : 


\-&vS 


If,  after  remaining  in  the  office  at  its  destina- 
tion a  certain  length  of  time    uncalled  for,  the 
writer  is  desirous  of  having  the  letter  forwarded 
or  returned,  the  same  may  be  indicated  upon 
the  outside  of  the  envelope  ;  thus, 


v  STIHF.  * 


<%*«,  cJkitS  @M  @fa+&C, 


If  not  called  for  in  10  days% 

P.  M,  please  forward  to 

Hotel de  VUle^  Part's^  France. 


(@4&ted%Z4U&' 


Letter  Sent  by  a  Private  Party, 

Acknowledging  on  the  envelope  obligation  to  the  person  carrying  the  aamo. 


&4n.    £i  S.  SBiotvti. 


It  is  usually  safest,  in  nearly  all  cases,  to  give 
the  county,  even  if  the  town  is  well  known;  thus, 


f              1 

k     i 

Sit— fcfj 

Sty 

<@<i»te 

<&, 

2Zftl4i-u*e4  f<fS. 

mi. 

Tourists,  when  receiving  letters  abroad,  fre- 
quently  have  their  letters  directed  in  the  care 
of  the  bankers  with  whom  they  deal  when  on 
the  continent,  the  form  of  superscription  being 

thus : 


\  STIVP.  if 


1/ not  called /or  in  fifteen  days,  please 

forwart*  to 

Royal  Bank  of  Scotland^  Glasgow. 


/ 


Letter  to  a  Person  in  the  Immediate  Vicinity 

Sent  by  carrier,  but  not  through  the  mail. 


84 


VARIOUS   FORMS    OF   SUPERSCRIPTION. 


SUPERSCRIPTIONS. 


A  letter  to  Germany  will  be  superscribed 
somewhat  as  i<<\] 


JOBN   KOENIG,  Esq., 

spandai; 

Near  Berlin,  Prussia.  PHUS31A. 


Letter  from  Germany  : 


SUmp. 

Mr. 

KA RL 

SOBULZE, 

BLO0M1NQT0N 

UMteid  States 
of  America 

Mclean  co., 
illinois. 

The  county,  town,  etc.,  on  a  letter  to 
Ireland,  is  shown  on  the  envelope  as 
follows  : 


Mr.  PATRICK  McGflRE, 

ENN1SKILLEX, 

IRELAND. 


County  of 
Forma 


When  it  is  desired  to  have  the  letter 
returned,  if  not  called  for,  sooner  than  it 
otherwise  would  be,  the  direction  may  be 
so  specified  upon  the  upper  left  hand 
corner,  similar  to  the  following: 


DOt  c.llrj  for  in  I"  ■!»»•,  rrtura  to 

JA.NstN.  M<  1 1  RO  &  CO., 

BookHlIrr*. 

Chicago.  Iujmoi*. 


GEN.  B.  H.  COOKE, 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS, 

NSW    YORK. 


Where  it  is  desired  to  express  the  title 
of  the  husband,  on  a  letter  or  note  of 
invitation  to  the  husband  and  wife,  the 
following  form  may  be  used : 

Bis  Excellency  anil  Mrs.  U.S.*bratlt. 
Governor  and  Mrs.  Wm.  B.  Rrown. 
Bon.  and  Itfr*.  D.  It.  Henderson, 
Rev.  .uirj  lira.  Chat.  n.  Smith. 
Professor  and  Mrs.  K.  A.  Benson. 

Where  a  letter  is  addressed  to  a  husband 
and  wife,  each  of  whom  have  a  title,  the 
address  may  read  as  follows  : 

Drs.  John  E.  and  Jane  B.  Brown. 


To  a  man  and  woman,  engaged  as  part- 
ners in  business,  but  unmarried,  the  ad- 
dress may  read : 

Mr.  irm.  H.  Smith  and  Mix*  Maru  B.  Boone. 

Or,  Wm.  B.  Smith  and  Maru  B.  Boone. 

To  a  husband  and  wife,  where  the  wife, 
alone,  has  the  title,  the  superscription  will 
read : 

Mr.  J.  B.  and  Mrs.  Dr.  E.  L.  King. 

To  a  husband   and  wife,  each  of  whom 
have  a  title,  the  address  may  be  as  follows: 
Rev.  W  B.  and  Mrs.  Dr.  A.  B.  Smith, 

Where  the  wife  has  a  title,  and  is,  alone, 
addressed,  the  form  maybe 
I:-      Mrs.  Chat.  I).  King. 
Or,  Rev.  Urt  Jam  E.  King. 
Or,  Rev.  Jane  E.  King. 

If  the  lady's  husband,   alone,   has  the 
title,  the  address  will  properly  read: 
Mrs.  Rev.  Chas.  D.  King. 

If  the  lady  is  unmarried,  and  is  a  minis- 
ter of  the  gospel  or  physician,  her  address 
may  read  : 

/,'.  <    MVh  Mary  ll'illiams. 

Or,  Uev.  Mary  Williams. 

Miss  Dr.  Helen  i:.  snow. 

Or,  Dr.  Belen  E.  Snow. 


Suggestions. 


If  people  wish  to  have  their  letters  perfectly 
secure  from  observation  it  is  better  to  seal  them 
with  wax,  which  cannot  be  broken  without  ex- 
posure. The  ordinary  envelope  is  easily  opened, 
and  sealed  again,  leaving  no  trace  of  the  fact ; 
though  a  very  heavy  fine  is  imposed  as  a  pen- 
alty on  any  one  convicted  of  opening  a  letter, 
that  is  not  authorized  to  do  so. 

In  the  United  States,  a  letter  not  called  for 
within  a  certain  length  of  time  is  then  adver- 
tised, after  which  it  is  held  thirty  days,  when, 
no  owner  being  found,  the  letter  is  forwarded 
to  the  Dead-Letter  Office  at  Washington,  where 
it  is  opened.  If  the  address  of  the  person  who 
wrote  the  letter  can  there  be  learned,  the  letter 
is  then  returned  to  the  writer. 

If  the  name  or  address  be  written  or  printed 
upon  the  envelope,  instead  of  going  to  the 
Dead-Letter  Office,  the  letter  will  be  returned 
to  the  writer  at  the  expiration  of  thirty  days.    If 


desirous  of  having  it  sooner  returned,  the  writer 
should  add,  "  Return  in  5  days,"  or  "10  days," 
etc.,  as  seen  in  the  letter  of  Jansen,  McClurg  & 
Co.,  shown  above. 

It  is  safest  for  persons  sending  letters  to 
place  stamps  upon  the  envelopes  themselves, 
and  not  depend  upon  postmasters  or  their  clerks 
to  do  so,  as,  in  their  haste,  they  sometimes  for- 
get directions. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  State  be  writ- 
ten first  upon  the  envelope  ;  thus, 

Missouri, 

CORNINC, 

John  Smith. 

As  the  State  to  which  the  letter  is  directed,  is, 
however,  no  more  conspicious  at  the  ton  of  the 
superscription  than  at  the  bottom,  there  is  no 
advantage  gained  in  this  mode  of  address,  on 
the  score  of  legibility. 


DIRECTIONS    FOR    WRITING    BUSINESS    LETTERS. 


00 


v-     <., 


"  ■  . '} 


Business  ^Letters. 


YSE^* 


;■".- 


N  letters  of  business,  use  as  few  words 
as  possible. 

'2.       Business     letters     should    be 
~rC      promptly  answered. 

3.     Use  a   clear,    distinct    wjiting, 
avoiding   all   flourish  of  penmanship 
or  language. 

4.  Come  at  once  to  your  subject,  and  state 
it  so  clearly  that  it  will  not  be  necessary  to 
guess  your  meaning. 

5.  Give  town,  county.  State  and  date  ex- 
plicitly. It  is  frequently  of  great  importance 
to  know  when  a  letter  was  written. 

6.  Read  your  letter  carefully  when  finished, 
to  see  that  you  have  made  no  omissions  and 
no  mistakes.  Also  carefully  examine  your 
envelope,  to  see  that  it  is  rightly  directed,  with 
postage-stamp  affixed. 

7.  Copy  all  business  letters,  of  your  own.  by 
hand,  or  with  the  copying-press  made  for  the 
purpose. 

S.  Send  money  by  Draft.  P.  <  >.  Money-Order, 
or  Express,  taking  a  receipt  therefor;  thus  you 
have  something  to  show  for  monej  .  guarantying 
you  against  loss.  Always  state  in  your  letter 
the  amount  of  money  you  send,  and  by  what 
means  sent. 

9.  Write  date,  and  by  whom  sent,  across  the 
end  of  each  letter  received,  and  file  for  future 
reference,  fastening  the  letters  together  with 
rubber  bands,  or  binding  in  a  letter-tile  adapted 
to  the   purpose.      The   possession    of  a   letter 


sometimes  prevents  litigation  and  serious  mis- 


understandiiiir. 


Ordering  Goods. 

In  ordering  goods,  state  very  explicitly  the 
amount,  kind,  quality,  color,  shape,  size,  etc., 
and  on  what  terms  wanted.  Whether  you  wish 
the  same  sent  by  freight  or  express,  and  what 
express.  Much  inconvenience  is  experienced 
among  business  men  because  of  a  neglect  to 
designate  explicitly  what  is  wanted. 

Should  the  writer  wish  to  make  suggestions, 
ask  questions,  or  add  other  matter  to  the  letter, 
which  is  foreign  to  the  subject,  such  words 
should  be  placed  entirely  separate  from  the 
order.  Of  fifty  or  a  hundred  letters  received 
to-day  by  the  merchant,  that  one  which  is 
mixed  up  with  complaints,  enquiries,  etc.,  will 
probably  be  laid  over  till  to-morrow,  or  until 
time  can  be  spared  to  read  it  through.  Had  the 
order  been  explicitly  stated,  and  the  suggestions 
placed  elsewhere,  the  goods  would  have  been 
forwarded  immediately.  It  is.  in  fact,  better  to 
write  the  order  on  a  separate  sheet  from  the 
other  matter. 

Send  vour  order,  also,  early  enough  to  irive 
yourself  plenty  of  time  in  which  to  receive  the 
g Is  before  they  are  needed. 

Books,  being  a  common  article  ordered,  may 
be  taken  as  an  example  showing  the  importance 
of  giving  a  careful  description  of  the  ijoods 
wanted.  To  illustrate:  he  explicit  in  giving 
name  of   hook,  name  of  author,  by  whom   pub- 


86 


FORMS   OF    BUSINESS   LETTERS. 


lishetl,  style  of  binding,  price  at  which  it  is 
advertised,  etc.  Thus,  a  careless  person,  order- 
ing of  Harper  A:  Brothers  a  United  States 
History,  will  say,  "Send  me  a  United  States 
History."  <  >f  course  the  firsl  query  of  the 
shipping-clerk  is,  "  Whose  biBtory?"  There 
are  niaiiv  histories  of  the  United  States,  pub- 
lished by  as  many  different  authors,  and  the 
clerk  is  liable  to  send  the  one  not  wanted;  in 

which  case  the  person  ordering   18  very  likely  to 

unjustly  blame  Harper  &  Brothers. 

[f  the  writer  should  say,  "Send  me  a  copj 
of  Willard's  History  of  the  United  States,  by 
Emma "Willard, published  by  A.s.  Barnes&Co., 
bound  in  cloth,"  there  would  be  no  liability  to 
mistake.  The  following  will  serve  as  sample 
forms: 


Form  of  Letter  Ordering  Books. 

RocKFORD,  hi...  Murch  1,18—. 
Messrs.  Jansen,  McCltjro  a  Co., 

IgO,  111. 

Dear  Sirs  : 

Enclosed   find  draft   for  $48.75,  tot  which  please 
send,  by  American  Express, 

10  Tennyson's  Poems.      Published  by  Harper  4  Bros.  $1.25  $12.60 

10  Thirty  Tears  In  the  Harem.  "        "        "  •  .50  '■"' "" 

ratnre  and  Art.  by  M.  Puller.  "  Fowler  &  Wi  Us.  1.00  10.00 

5  Getting  on  in  the  World,  Mathews.    S.  C.  Griggs  &  Co.    235  11.25 

- 

Thanking  yon  for  the  promptitude  with  which  you  have  filled  my 

orders  heretofore,  I  am, 

Very  Respectfully, 

CASH  DOWN. 


Form  of  an  Order  to  a  Dry-Goods  Merchant. 

April  5, 18—. 
Messrs.  A.  T.  Stewart  S 

New  York. 
Dear 

Enclosed  find  Post  Office  Order  for  $25,  tor  which 
please  send,  by  American  express,  the  following  goods: 

2  Lancaster  Tabli  $  "°0 

Alexandre  Kid  Gloves  ($&£0),  No  '•'  i,  Brown, 

n,  Fellow,  Black,  10-00 

g  yd-  Irown,  with  small  figure  (25c.),  2.00 

IS     »         •■      White,      "       "    pink  3-00 

2  Linen  Handkerchiefs  LOO 

4  prs.  Ladies'  Cotton  Uosc  (59c.),  No.  9,  -  '" 

$26.00 
Mrs.  MARY  WILSON. 

El.KUART,  INI) 


From  a  Young  Man  Commencing  Business,  to  a  Wholesale 
House,  with  Order. 

Km  im  .   WlB.,  Aug.  10,  18—. 

Messrs.  Fiei.p.  LXITBB  .V  Co., 

I  hi.  ago,  ill. 
yirs: 

Having  recentl]  commenced  business  for  myself, 
ccess,  l  shall  be  pleased  toopen  an  account 
with  vn ii r  house, and  trust  it  will  be  to  our  mutual  advantage.    51 
you  think  favorably  of  the  matter,  yon  will  please  fill  the  accom] 
ing  order  with  the  leasl  possible  delay,  and  on  your  best  terms. 

For  t.-ti I  to  Carson,  Plrie,  Scott  ft  Co.,ofyonr 

city,  by  whom  1  have  been,  until  recently,  employed;    but,  as  this  is 

my  firsi  transaction  with  your  house,  u] fo 

of  goods,  ami  deducting  your  nana!  dlacoonl  for  cash,  l  will  remit  a 
siirhi  draft  on  the  First  National  Bank  of  your  city,  for  the  amount,  by 
return  mail.    Expecting  your  usual  prompt  attention,  I  am, 
Your*  Respectfully, 

lli:\l;Y  MAYNAKh. 


Reply  from  Wholesale  House,  with  Invoice. 

i  BnoASO,  Ang.  12, 18—. 
Mb.  Henry  U  wnarii, 

Racine,  Wis. 

'ear  Sir 

w<-  take  pleasure  in  sending  this  day,  by  your 

order,  the  enclosed  invoice  of  goods,  amounting  to  $1,400! 

nt  discount  for  prompt  cash. 

Your  referem  iry,  we  have  no  hesitation 

In  opening  an  account  and  allowing  you  our  !<c-t  terms.    Trusting 

thai  the  goods,  which  are  shipped  bj  express,  will  arrive  sail 

in.,  i  jrour  favor,  we 

Yours  Truly, 

FIELD,  LEITER  &  <  10 


Requesting  Information  Concerning  the  Opening  of  a  Store. 

BOSTON,  Mass.,  Sept.  18,  18—. 
Chab.  II.  Williams, 

Bennington,  vt. 

Mj  partner  and  myself  being  desirous  of  esl 
b  store  in  the  clothing  trade,  l  take  the  privilege  of  a 
friend  in  asking  you  to  seJS  me  the  Dumber  of  clothing  Btores  already 
in  your  village,  ami  such  other  information  as  may  be  m 
ceroing  the  feasibility  of  establishing  our  business  In  your  place.    An 
early  reply  will  greatly  oblige, 

Yours.  Very  Truly. 

WM.  B.  HOPKINS 


Answer  to  the  Foregoing. 

Bennington,  Vt.,  Sept.  20,  18 — 

Mr.  Wm.  B.  Hoi-kin-. 

Boston,  Mass. 

Dear  ..,.,.    .u 

I  have  taken  occasion  to  enquire  in  relation  to  the 

extent  and  number  of  clothing  stores  In  (his  plai  e,  and  am  happy  to 
,:,ii,.  thai  departmenl  of  trade  Is  verj 

tog  fora  first-class  store,  such  as 
your  house  would  undoubtedly  establish. 

i  i-  also  a  large  Btore  Just  vacated,  in  the  center  of  the  village, 
one  of  (he  best  locations  In  the  town,  which  can  he  had  at  reasonable 
rent.     Hoping  that  you  may  carry  out  your  design  or  locating  here, 
and  trusting  that  yon  may  rcali/.-  your  expectations,  I  am, 
Yours  Truly, 

i  II  \S    II.  WILLIAMS. 


FORMS    OF    BUSINESS    LETTERS. 


Enquiry  Concerning  Real  Estate. 

SPKINGLAXS,  Mich.,  Sept.  4,  iS — . 
Messrs.  S.  Town  &  Son, 

Aurora,  111., 
Dear  Sirs  ; 

Having-  heard  much  said  in  praise  of  your  beauti- 
ful city,  particularly  concerning'  railroad  privileges,  church  and  educa- 
tional advantages,  I  have  concluded  to  make  your  town  my  permanent 
.■place  of  abode,  if  I  can  locate  myself  aright,  inasmuch  as  I  have  a  lar^e 
family  of  children  to  educate,  and  the  numerous  lines  of  railway  radi- 
ating- from  your  city  will  afford  me  the  desired  accommodations  in  my 
traveling  agency. 

My  object  in  writing  you  at  present  is  to  learn  your  best  terms  for  a 
residence  containing;  not  less  than  ten   rooms,  having  from  six  to  ten 
acres  of  land  attached,  situated  not  over  a  mile  from  the  postoffice. 
An  immediate  answer  will  oblige. 

Your  Obedient  Servant, 

HARVEY  B.   WILCOX. 


Superintendent's  Resignation. 

Galesburg,  III.,  Sept.  1, 
To  the  General  Superintendent  of  the  C,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R., 
Chicago,  111., 
Dear  Sir  ; 

I  herewith  tender  my  resignation  as  local  superin- 
tendent of  the  railroad  repair  works  in  this  city,  my  labors  in  behalf  of 
your  company  to  cease  October  1,  1S7S. 

Respectfully  Yours, 
D.  B.  LAWSON. 

Short  Form  of  Resignation. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  Dec.  2,  1S79. 
To  the  Directors  of  the  Pittsburgh  Glass  Works, 

Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
Dear  Sirs  : 

Please  accept  my  immediate  resignation  as  business 
manager  of  your  manufactorv. 

Yours  Respectfully, 

WM.   D.  WEBSTER. 


Clergyman's  Resignation. 


To  the  Trustees  of  First  Baptist  Church, 

Pittsfield,  Mass., 

Gentlemen  : 

It  has  now  been  seven  years  since  the  commence- 
ment of  my  pastoral  connection  with  the  b'ir>>t  Baptist  Church  of  this 
city.  During  this  time  the  church  society*  has  grown  in  numbers,  the 
sabbath  school  has  been  continually  blessed  by  a  large  attendance,  and 
the  relations  between  pastor  and  congregation  have  always  been  of  a 
most  pleasant  character.  For  these  and  other  reasons  it  would  be 
agreeable  to  continue  my  connection  with  the  society  longer;  but  other 
fields  of  labor  affording  wider  and  better  opportunities,  I  feel  it  but  just 
that  I  accept  the  privileges  offered. 

Thanking  the  congregation  to  whom  I  have  ministered  for  their  kind 
and  unwavering  support,  and  praying  for  your  continued  prosperity,  I 
desire  you  to  accept  my  resignation  as  pastor  of  your  society,  to  take 
effect  January  15,  1S7S.  Yours  Very  Respectfully, 

<  II  \s.  p..  HANFORD. 


Letter  Complaining  of  Error  in  a  Bill. 

Troy,  N.  Y.,  June  10,  iS — . 
Messrs.  H.  B.  Ci.aflin  &  Co., 

New  York, 
Dear  Sirs  : 

Upon  examining  bill  accompanying  your  last  lot 
of  goods,  I  find  that  I  am  charged  with  four  dozen  pairs  of  cotton  hose 
which  I  never  ordered  nor  received.  I  enclose  the  bill  and  copy  of  the 
invoice  of  goods,  that  the  error  may  be  corrected.      I  am,  gentlemen, 

Yours  Very  Respectfully, 

H.  B.  MOORE. 


Answer  to  the  Foregoing. 

Xt-w  York,  June  n,  iS — . 
Mr.  H.  B.  Moore, 

Troy,  N.  V., 
Dear  Sir  : 

We  regret  that  you  were  put  to  any  trouble  by  the 
carelessness  of  a  clerk,  who,  having  proved  himself  incompetent,  has 
left  our  service.  We  enclose  the  correct  bill  to  you,  and  offer  apologies 
for  the  error.  Truly  Yours, 

H.  B.  CLAFLLV  &  CO. 


An  Application  for  a  Situation  on  a  Railway. 

Davenport,  Ia.,  Jan.  15,  iS — . 
Ho.v.  B.  C.  Smith, 

Dear  Sir  : 

Understanding  that  you  are  a  shareholder  in  some 
of  the  principal  railways,  and  on  intimate  terms  with,  several  of  the 
directors,  I  venture  to  solicit  your  kind  interest  in  behalf  of  my  eldest 
son,  William,  now  in  his  twentieth  year.  His  education  has  been 
varied  and  useful,  and  his  character,  so  far  as  I  know,  is  above  reproach. 
For  several  years  he  has  expressed  a  desire  to  enter  the  employ  of  r. 
railroad  company,  and  under  the  circumstances  I  venture  to  write  to 
you,  in  the  hope  that,  should  you  have  it  in  your  power  to  oblige  me, 
you  will  kindly  intercede  in  his  favor.  By  doing  so  you  will  confer  a 
lasting  obligation  both  on  him  and  me.  I  remain,  sir, 
Your  Ob'd't  Servant, 


Recommending  a  Successor  in  Business. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  Dec.  24,  iS — . 
Messrs.  Bell  &  Hardy, 
Dear  Sirs  : 

We  flatter  ourselves  that  there  are  many  friends 
among  our  connection  who  will  regret  that  we  are  on  the  point  of  relin- 
quishing business.  In  doing  so  our  premises  and  stock  of  goods  will 
be  transferred  to  the  hands  of  Messrs.  Williams  &  Co.,  who  will  in 
future  carry  un  the  business  on  the  same  approved  system  and  extensive 
scale  as  ourselves,  provided  they  can  rely  upon  receiving  the  patronage 
of  our  connection;  in  the  hope  of  which,  it  is  our  pleasure  and  duty  to 
present  these  gentlemen  to  your  notice.  We  cannot  speak  too  highly 
of  the  confidence  we  feel  in  their  liberal  mode  of  conducting  mercantile 
transactions;  and,  in  the  hope  that  they  may  be  honored  with  the  same 
countenance  received  by  ourselves  from  your  respected  firm,  we  beg  to 
sign  ourselves 

Your  Most  Obedient  Servants, 

HOPE,  GOOD  &  CO. 


Notice  of  Having  Forwarded  Goods. 

B  Haven,  Mich.,  Sept.  1,  i$— . 
Messrs.  IIager,  Spies  A  Co., 

Chicago,  111., 
Dear  Sirs  ; 

According  to  your  order,  I  have  shipped  you  this 
day,  per  Steamer  Morning 

200  baskets  Peaches,  (Marked  H..  S.  &  Co.) 

10  bbls.  Sweet  Potatoes,  "  '*  " 

13     "      Apples,  "  '*  " 

Trusting  that  these  will  prove  as  satisfactory  as  those  heretofore  sent, 
and  bring  as  good  a  price,  I  am 

Respectfully  Yours, 

A.  M.  GOODFELLOW. 


Requesting  a  Friend  to  Make  Purchases. 

Kankakee,  iu.,  Jan.  1,  iS — . 
Dear  Mary  : 

going  to  trespass  on  your  kindness  by  asking  you  to 
make  a  few  purchases  for  me.  Enclosed  find  twenty  dollars  and  a 
memorandum  of  what  I  want. 

My  household  duties,  combined  with  the  objection  I  have  to  leaving 
my  children  at  this  season  o\  tin-  year  in  the  care  of  servants,  very 
closely  confine  me  to  my  home,  and  are  my  excuse  for  troubling  you. 


88 


FORMS    OF    BUSINESS    LETTERS. 


We  are  in  usual  health,  and  I  hope  this  note  will  find  your  family 
all  well.  With  kind  regardi  to  Mr.  Webster  and  love  to  children,  I 
remain, 

\  oar  Sincere  Friend, 

HELEN   D    WELLS 
To  Hbs.  m  ki  Bi  srsoir, 

v  ,  Chicago. 


Requesting  Settlement  of  Account. 

Memphis  Tenn.,  Oct.  9,  18— 
Hiram  Baxter,  Esq., 

.  ille,  Tenn. 

Sir; 

I  enclose   your  acconnt.     1  shall    feel  obliged   by  your 

settlement  at  an  early  date,  Bfl  I  have  BevenU  heavy  payments?  to  make. 
k  Trnstlng  that  you  will  excuse  my  tronbling  you,  I  am, 
yours  Respectfully, 

DELOS  DARTWELL. 


Reply  to  the  Preceding. 

Nashville,  Tens.,  Oct  12, 18—. 
Delos  IIartweli..  i 

Memphis,  Tenn. 
Sir; 

A-  I  am  unable  to  Bend  yon  the  money  for  settlement  of 
onr account,  witbont Inconvenience,  I  enclose  my  acceptance  for  thirty 
days,  which  1  trust  you  will  be  able  to  USS 

Truly, 

III  HAM   BAXTER. 


Urging  Payment  of  Rent. 

i  irch  11,  18—. 
Mr.  D.  P.  HOTT. 
Dear 

I  have  waited  patiently  for  your  convenience  in 
the  payment  of  rent  for  the  house  you  arc  at  preBent  occupying.  As. 
however,  yon  have  now  been  my  tenant  fur  four  months  without  meet- 
ing any  of  the  payments,  which  w<  i  Donthly,  I  feel 
obliged  to  remind  yon  of  the  fact  that  there  are  now  $*0  due  to  me. 

Trusting  thai  yon  will  give  the  subject  your  immediate  attention,  I 
am, 

Yours  Truly, 

WEBSTEfi  GREEN; 


Letter  to  a  fiioneer  Settler  in  the  West. 

Toledo,  Ohio,  July  9,  18—. 
Kb.  Mabtth  i'i  i.i.ER. 

I  take  the  Liberty,  though  a  stranger,  of  addressing 
youafew  lines  relative  to  the  inducements  for  new  settlers  Ln  your 
section  of  the  country,  having  been  recommended  to  do  so  through 
our  mutual  friend,  Artemas  Carter. 

As  I  have  sold  out  my  biishi  ity  for  ten  thousand  dol- 

lars, I  am  anxious  to  invest  the  proceeds  in  a  large  farm  in  a  young 


State,   feeling    satisfied    that    a    new  country,   like    that  you  are  now 
at  for  young  and  energetic  men  nol  fbnnd  in  the 
old  cities. 

Ynu  w  ill  mucD  oblige  me  t  -  limate, 

soil,  water,  timber,  and  other  Inducements  for  settling  in  your  vicinity. 
Dg  thai  doing  so  will  not  seriously  trouble  yon,  and  that  I  may 
m  soon,  I  remain, 

\  out.-,  Very  Respectfully, 

<   HAS     \\\   |   AM'IKLD. 


Answer  to  the  Foregoing. 


Bio  Stranger,  Kansas,  Aug.  15,  18—. 

Mi:.  <    i!  \-     W.  <   AM'IELD, 

Toledo,  Ohio.     - 
Dear  Sir; 

welcome  letter  was  received  yesterday.    I 
can  assure  yon  that  I  will  be  only  too  happy  to  furnish  you  all  the 
itlon  you  desire  relative  to  tin-  prospects  in  this  portion  of 
i  i  ■      -...  -  domains. 
I  have  now  been  two  yearfl  in  this  place,  and  I  can  truly  say  that 
rears   have   been    the   happiest   of   my  life.       True,    we 
endured  some  hardships  Incident  to  pioneer  lif--;  but  the  glorious 
freedom  from  the  frivolities  of  fashion  and  the  formalities  of  aristo- 
cratic iii'\  common  to  the  old  towns  in  the  ther  with  the 
in  making  new  improvements,  all  have  combined 
to  render  our  family  perfectly  delighted  with  the  country. 
i  o]    i  quarter  of  the  money  in  your  possession,  you  can  purchase  all 
ad  yon  will    de-ire   to  cultivate;    the  remainder  you  can  loan 
abOUtS,  on  bond  and  mortgage,  at  good  inter> 

The  climate  here  Lb  healthy  and  invigorating;  the  soil  good,  with 
running  streams  in  Bnfficient  abundance  to  water  mont  of  the  farms. 
Plenty  of  building  material  and  fuel  can  he  had  in  the  Limber  skirtniL' 
tie  Btreama;  and  the  prospect  for  the  ultimate  opening  of  the  land  in 
iliis   BeCtion  to  a  ready  market,  through  several  linos  of  railway  now 

in  contemplation,  i-  very  Battering.    At  present,  however,  the  i, 

station  to  my  farm,  on  the  stage  route,  is  Chesterfield,  thirty-four 

distant,  at  which   place  1   will  take   great    pi 
you.  witli  my  team,  at  any  time  you  may  appoint 

A  very  excellent  farm,  adjoining  mine,  can  be  bought  for  five  dollars 
($5)  per  acre.  One  corner  of  the  land  is  crossed  by  a  never-failing 
Btream,  with  considerable  timber  along  the  same. 

Yon  will  have  to  roiiL'li  it    for  a  little  while  after  yon  arrive  ;  but  the 
neighbors  will  all  turn  ou1   to  aid  in  L""iiiL'  up  your  log  house 
which  you  will  in-  ai  home  " under  your  own 

We  have  two  rooms  in  our  house,  and,  till  your  hi 
we  win  them  to  your  family.     It  a  little  odd,  at 

tirst,  for  a  fashionable  family  of  six  or  eight   persons  to  occupy  one 
room,  with  wolf  and  deer  SldUS   for  quilts  and  coverlets ;  but,  by-and- 

re  in  Jusi  as  good  style  as  any- 
se,  they  will  dismiss  their  fastidiousness,  and  think  it  jolly  fun. 
These  privation-  thai  we  at  ftrsl  endnre  are  necessary,  perhaps,  to 
enable  ue  to  appreciate  Hi-'  tine  homes  which  we  all  expect  to  ha 
the  good  time  coming.  Iloj>in_'  to  have  the  pleasure  of  welcoming 
yourself  and  family  0  .  I  am, 

Yours,  Very  Truly, 

MARTIN  FULLER. 


LETTERS    APPLYING    FOR    EMPLOYMENT. 


VJ 


Letters  Answering  Advertisements. 


IE    following    advertisements,    taken 
rom    metropolitan    papers,    are    but 
samples   of  hundreds   of  such   to   be 
seen  every 
vertismg 


day  in  the  ad- 
columns  of  the 
leading  daily  newspapers 
great  cities;  showing  that 
abundant  opportunities  constantly 
offer  for  obtaining  employment,  the 
positions  to  be  secured,  however,  by 
letters  making  application  for  them. 


As  a  hundred  different  persons  will  sometimes 
make  application  for  one  position,  which  will  be 
given  to  the  individual  writing  the  best  letter, 
everything  else  being  equal,  this  illustrates  in  a 
striking  manner  the  importance  of  being  able 
to  write  a  letter  elegantly  and  correctly. 

Answer  to  an  Advertisement  for  an  Assistant  Editor. 


WANTED. 


Miscellaneous. 


WANTED 
literary  paper 


ferred. 


AN  EDITORIAL  ASSISTANT  ON  A 
A  thoroughly  competent  lady  pre- 

Address  D  71,  Herald  office.  New  York. 


WANTED— IN  A  GRAIN  COMMISSION  HOUSE, 
a  smart  lad  for  office  work :  must  be  a  good  pen- 
man.   Address,  in  <>wn  handwriting,  stating  nge  and 

Hillary  exjierteil.  W  :I\I.  Ledger  office. 

WANTED  — A  YOUNG  LADY  CLERK  IN  A  DRY 
goods  store.  Must  be  accustomed  to  the  business. 
Address,  with  reference,  B  80,  Picayune  office. 

WANTED— AN  ASSISTANT  BOOKKEEPER, 
one  who  writes  neatly  and  rapidly;  willing  to 
work  for  a  moderate  salary,  and  who  can  bring  A  No.  1 
recommendations.  Address,  stating  experience  and 
particulars,  X.  Y.  Z..  Bulletin  office. 

-llTAXTED—  AN  EXPERIENCED  BOOKKEEPER 
VV  in  a  bank.  Address,  with  reference,  Z  61,  Journal 
office. 

WW  TED—  LADY  COPYIST,  ABLE  TO  WRITE  A 
bold,  distinct  band.      Salary  L'ood.      Address,   in 
applicants  own  handwriting,  COPY,  Republican  office. 

WANTED  — A  COMPETENT  SALESMAN  TO 
sell  pianos  —  one  who  has  experience  ami  good 
references.  Address,  Btating  salary  expected,  PIANOS, 
Tribune  office. 

WANTED  — AN  ACCOMPLISHED.  EDUCATED 
young  lady  as  a  companion,  to  travel  for  si\ 
months  in  Europe,  with  a  gentleman,  wife,  and  daugh- 
ter.   Must  be  a  ready  writer,  a  good  conversationalist, 

and  possess  vivacity  and  pleasing  manners.   Ward 

furnished,  and  mouey  to  pay  all  expenses.  Address 
Z.  B  M.,  CommercialorBce,  stating  where  an  iuterview 
can  he  had. 


,'  - . 


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LETTERS    APPLYING    l-'OK    SITUATIONS. 


General  Directions. 

Letters  in  reply  to  advertisements  should  be 
written  immediately,  else  you  may  be  too  late. 

Paste  tlic  advertisement  al  the  head  of  your 
letter;  thus  it  will  be  known  exactly  what  your 
communication  bas  reference  to. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  Bpeak  much  in  praise  of 
yourself,  but  yon  may  state  your  reference, 
your  experience,  and  qualifications  fitting  you 
for  the  position,  the  whole  being  told  as  briefly 
as  j .. » — i  1  >le. 

Write  your  application  yourself,  your  hand- 
writing and  the  manner  <>t'  expressing  yourself 
being  the  test  by  which  the  advertiser  judges 
you.  Ef  you  have  written  testimonials,  copy  the 
same,  marking  them  as  such,  and  enclose  the 
copy. 


From  a  Boy  Applying  for  a  Clerkship. 

Market  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Nov.  t.  18 — . 

DEAK  Sii: 

i  notice  in  this  morning's  "Ledger*1  yonr  advert! 
of  "a  boy  wanted  in  a  grain  commit  which  poe 

fake  the  lir-t  opportunity  to  apply  for. 

I  am  fourteen  years  old.  have  I it  at  school  most  of  the  time,  win 

ir  the  past  eevi  ind  bookkeeping  a  i 

ducting  corresp lence  pretty  well,  having  assisted  my  father  much 

of  the  time  while  he  was   in  the  coal  trade,  which  was  about  three 

I  am  perfectly  willing  and  ready  to  lake  my  coat  otT  and  l,'«»  riL'ht  to 
work  at  handling  grain  or  an-,  tl  □  -our  line. 

1  refer  you  lo  Mr.  Ira  Belden,  coal  i  in  Btreet,  who 

has  always  known  me. 
I  will  board  at  home,  anil  will  try  to  earn  for  yon  five  dollars  a  week. 
Very  Respectfully  Yours, 

JOHN  CLANCY. 


From  a  Young  Lady  Applying  for  a  Clerkship  in  a  Store. 

Murray  St.,  BuTFALO,  X.  V..  May  19,  IS—. 
DEAB  Sin: 

I  take  the  earl. eft  opportunity  of  replying  to  the  enclosed 
nt. 
I  have  been  for  the  past  two  years  in  the  employ  of  Bennett  &  Haw. 
Icy,  dry-goods  dealers,  492  Camden   street,   until  ion   of 

their  firm,  about  four  weeks  ago.     I  beg  to  refer  you.  for  testimonials, 
to  Mr.  (has.  II.  Bennett,  of  tie'  linn  of  Snow,  Williams  A  Bennett, 
173  Harvard  street,  should  you  entertain  my  application. 
Yonr  Very  Obedient  Servant, 

MARY  II.  BENSON. 


Answering  an  Advertisement  for  a  Bookkeeper. 

ii-i  l.ongworth  St.,  Cincinnati.  0.,  May  i,  18—. 
Deab  Sib: 

Inreplj  to  yonr  advertisement  Inti  rial" 

for  a  clerk  or  assistant  bookkeeper,    I  beg  to  otter  m 
your  tirm. 

1  have  been  in  the  employ  of  Mr.  Wm.  11.  Wilson  for  thi    i 
years,  until  he  eold  out  hU  tgo,  having  kept  the 

books  of  iiis  house  during  the  time. 

lie  permits  me  to  refer  to  him  for  any  testimonial  of  character  or 
ability  which  you  may  require. 

application  meet  your  views,  it  will  be  my  earnest  endea- 
vor to  faithfully  and  punctually  fulfill  the  duties  required.  I  have  the 
honor  to  remain, 

fours,  Vei  ally, 

HOMES  la  xtiiN. 


Answering  an  Advertisement  for  a  Cook. 

48  Wentworth  Ave.,  PnTSBUBSH,  Pa. 

Maui 
Mi;-.  I).  N.  IIa-kins. 

/.'.  ./..  i  './   tfadatn: 

Seeing  an  advertisement  01  Qtng'e 

••  I'm--      foi  B  /Ni.l  plain  uiul  fancy  cook,  I  take  tie-  opportunity  to 
apply  for  the  situation. 

I  have  been  with  my  present  miBtreBS,  Mr«-  Burton,  for  threi 
and  only  leave  because  ahe  has  rented  her  house  for  tie'  summer,  to 
make  an  extended  \i-it  amo  '      land. 

1  remain  lien    until  Tuesday  next,  lllih-ss  I  find  a  place  - 
and  Mrs  Burton  will  give  you  any  information  you  may  desire  regard- 

ing  my  capacity. 

I  Remain,  Very  Respectfully, 

SARAH  K.  WESTON. 


Answer  to  an  Advertisement  for  a  Chambermaid. 

],<  . ,  ',    nu  rU  />■'  '  ''  '"■) 

No.  St.,  Nashvii.i.k,  Tl  \\\. 

Feb.  14,  18—. 

Deab  Madam: 

In  answer  lo  lie  ertisement,  I  beg  to  state 

that   I  am  about  to  -  Mrs.  Han 

with  whom  I  navel d  forthepast  six  years,  Is  about  breaking  up 

.;  and  I  take  the  opportunity  to  apply  for  the  position 

you  offer. 

Mrs.  Harrington  a-sures  me  that  she  will  take  pleasure  in  n 

mending  me  to  any  person  who  may  apply   to  her  concerning  my 

Industry  and  trustworthy  „».„.„„ 

MARGARET  BALLENTINE. 


Application  for  a  Situation  as  Gardener. 


No. 


7th  St.,  New  Tobk, 

June  10,  18—. 


Deab  Sue 

Understanding  that  you  want  a  ga/dener,  1  beg  to  offer 
myself  as  a  candidate  to  till  the  place.    I  havj  I  I  experience 

for  ten  years,  both  in  nurs.  ry  grounds  and  privab  ind  am 

thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  management  of  the  greenhouse  and 

The  enclosed  testimonials,  from  genMemen  for  whom  I  have  worked, 
will,  I  trust,  prove  satisfactory.  My  hist  employer,  Mr.  Snow,  1  would 
like  to  have  you  see  personally  e. 

I  am  a  married  man.  thirty. three  years  of  age.     If  favorable  to  my 
application,  please  address  as  above,  and  oblige, 
Your  Obedient  Servant, 

JAKES  H.  UAHPER. 


APPLICATIONS    FOR     EMPLOYMENT. 


Application  for  a  Situation  as  Coachman. 

178 St.,  Boston, 

April  10, 18—. 
Mr.  John  II.  Williams. 
Dear  Sir.' 

Having  been  informed  that  you  are  in  want  of  a 
coachman,  I  take  the  liberty  of  enclosing  you  the  accompanying  testi- 
monials, to  which  I  ask  your  attention.  Though  reared  in  Deerfield, 
I  have  been  in  Boston  for  the  past  fourteen  years,  having  constantly 
had  charge  of  horses  during  that  time,  as  I  did  on  the  farm  before 
leaving  home. 

Ae  further  evidence  of  my  ability,  I  may  mention  that  I  had  chief 
charge  of  the  Tremont  Street  Livery  Stable  until  the  death  of  the 
owner,  Mr.  Paxton,  after  which  the  stock  was  sold  and  the  stable 
closed. 

Should  my  application  meel  your  favor,  I  shall  be  glad  to  engage  as 
your  coachman,  and  will  do  all  in  my  power  to  merit  your  approval. 
Yours  Respectfully, 

HIRAM  WILDER. 


Application  from  a  Governess  Answering  an  Advertisement. 

(Advertisement  pasted  in.) 

No.  7&4 St.,  Trot,  N.  Y., 

July  18,  18—. 
Mrs.  C.  B.  William*. 
Dear  Madam  : 

In  answer  to  the  above,  I  would  say  that  I  am 
seeking  such  a  situation  as  you  offer.  My  present  term  of  teaching 
will  close  August  15th,  at  which  time  I  would  be  ready  to  enter  upon 
the  work  of  superintending  the  education  of  your  daughters. 

I  haw-,  for  Beveral  years,  taught  tin-  higher  English  studies,  besides 
German,  Latin  and  drawing.  For  testimonials,  I  beg  to  refer  you  to 
the  principal  of  my  school,  Rev.  H.  B.  Watson. 

Hoping  that  I  may  hear  from  you  soon,  and  that  we  may  make  an 
arrangement  mutually  satisfactory,  I  remain, 

Very  Respectfully  Yours, 

HELEN  B.  CHANDLER. 


Requesting  the  Character  of  a  Governess. 

No.  *4  St.,  Troy,  N.  Y., 

July  19,  18—. 
Rev.  H.  B.  Watson, 

Principal,  Glenhaven  Seminary. 
M>t  Dear  Sir; 

Having  inserted  an  advertisement  in  the  papers 
requiring  the  services  of  a  governess  competent  to  instruct  my  two 
daughters,  I  will  esteem  it  a  great  favor  if  you  will  inform  me  concern- 
ing the  ability  of  Miss  Chandler  to  give  instructions  in  the  higher 
English  studies,  German  aud  drawing,  she  having  referred  me  to  you. 
I  am  especially  desirous  of  securing  the  services  of  a  young  lady 
whose  moral  influence  will  guard  my  children  from  danger  — one 
whose  amiability  of  character  will  make  her  a  pleasant  companion  as 
well  as  teacher.  I  am  much  pleased  with  the  appearance  of  Miss 
Chandler,  and,  if  your  report  is  favorable,  I  shall  not  hesitate  to  per- 
fect an  engagement  with  her  at  once. 

Yours,  Very  Respectfully. 

CLARA  B.  WILLIAMS. 


Favorable  Reply  to  the  Foregoing. 

Glenhavkn  Skmin- art,  N.  Y. 
July  21,  18-. 
Mrs.  Clara  B.  Williams. 
Dear  Madam  : 

Your  tetter  of  enquiry  in  regard  to  Miss  Chandler 
is  before  me,  in  reply  to  which  it  affords  me  much  pleasure  to  bear 
testimony  to  the  high  moral  character,  ami  superior  intellectual  cul- 
ture, of  which  she  is  p  issi '—'■<!.  During  five  years'  residence  in  our 
family  she  has  ever  been  as  one  of  our  own  household,  and  I  can  thus 
speak  understanding^  of  her  merits.     She  is  thoroughly  conversant 


with  the  higher  English  branches,  and  is  quite  fluent  in  Latin  and 
German.     Should  you  complete  an  engagement  with  her.  I  feel  confi- 
dent you  will  have  every  reason  for  being  pleased  with  having  done  so. 
Very  Truly  Yours, 

HARVEY  B.  WATSON. 


Unfavorable  Reply  to  the  Foregoing. 

Glenhaven  Slminaky,  X.  Y., 
Mrs.  Clara  B.  Williams.  July  21,  IS — . 

Dear  Madam  : 

In  reply  to  your  polite  inquiries,  I 
say  that  the  educational  acquirements  of  Miss  Chandler,  I  fear,  will 
not  be  up  to  the  standard  you  require.  While  she  has  taught  the 
higher  English  for  some  years,  knowing,  as  I  do,  the  proficiency  of 
your  daughters,  I  doubt  if  she  is  capable  of  advancing  them  iu  their 
studies.  Another  very  unfortunate  fault  ol  which  she  is  possessed, 
which  causes  me  to  dispense  with  her  services  at  the  close  of  the 
present  terra,  is  her  failure  to  sufficiently  command  her  temper.  In 
other  respects  I  have  nothing  to  Bay  to  her  prejudice. 

Regretting  that  I  cannot  give  a  more  favorable  reply  to  your  letter, 
I  remain,  Your  Most  Obedient  Servant, 

HARVEY  B.  WATSON. 


Answering  an  Advertisement  for  an  Apprentice  to  a 
Dressmaker. 

(Advertise  m-  if  pasted  in.) 
Mrs.  Harriet  Mitnson.  Chicago,  III.,  Aug.  1, 18—. 

Dear  Madam: 

In  answer  to  the  above,  I  respectfully  apply  for 
the  situation.  Though.  I  never  took  up  the  business  as  a  trade,  I 
have  long  been  in  the  habit  of  doing  all  the  dressmaking  for  our 
family,  and  feel  myself  competent  to  do  all  plainer  kinds  of  sewing 
neatly  and  rapidly. 

Having  recently,  by  the  death  of  an  only  brother,  been  thrown  upon 
my  own  resources,  I  am  thus  induced  to  seek  a  position  which  I  think 
I  will  enjoy. 
Hoping  that  you  will  accept  my  services,  I  remain, 
Very  Respectfully  Yours, 

PAMELIA  HARRISON. 


Answer  to  an  Advertisement  for  a  Music-Teacher. 

Walnut  Grove  Academy,  Mass., 
June  9, 18 — . 
Col.  H.  B.  Darling. 
Dear  Sir: 

Seeing  your  advertisement  in  today's  "Journal,"  I 
write  to  offer  my  services  as  music-teacher  in  your  family. 

I  am  a  graduate  of  Music  Yale  Seminary,  and  have  taught  a  music- 
class  in  this  institution  for  the  past  three  terms.  My  training  has 
been  with  special  reference  to  teaching  the  piano,  the  guitar,  and 
vocal  music. 

lam  permitted  by  Professor  Weston,  the  teacher  of  music  in  the 
Academy,  to  refer  to  him  for  any  testimonial  of  ability.    I  am, 
Yours,  Very  Respectfully, 

AMELIA   I>.  POUTER. 


Answering  an  Advertisement  for  an  Apprentice  to  a  Printer. 

Troy  Grove,  III, 
Mr.  A.  B.  took.  Feb.  4,  18—. 

/'<  or  Sir: 

Baring  Been  your  advertisement  Inthelasl  / 
would  respectfully  apply  for  the  position  for  my  son  Henry,  who  i^ 
anxious  to  learn  printing.     He  is  well  versed  in  the  common  English 
branches,  having  been  regular  in  attendance  at  the  public  school  for 
the  past  seven  years,    lie  is  now  fifteen. 

I  would  like  to  have  you  take  him  on  trial  for  a  few  weeks,  and.  if 
he  pleases  you,  will  arrange  to  have  him  remain  until  he  masters  the 
trade.  Respectfully  Yours, 

2.  K.  HENDERSON. 


92 


TESTIMONIALS    OF    CHARACTER    AND    ABILITY. 


Letters  of  Recommendation. 


„, 


^ 


NOWLEDGE     of     persons     recom- 
mended, of  their  fitness  and  capacity 
for  the  work  they  engage  in,  is  always 
essential,  before  tlu-y  can  lie  conseien- 
t  ii  m-l  v  commended  to  others. 

A  letter  of  recommendation  should  be  written 
in  a  plain  hand,  in  as  few  words  as  can  be  used 
to  express  the  idea  distinctly. 

A  recommendation,  after  considering  the 
moral  character  of  the  individual,  should  relate 

directly  to  the  WOrk«of  which  the  person  makes 

a  specialty. 

An  individual  giving  a  recommendation  is, 
in  a  certain  sense,  responsible  for  the  character 
and  ability  of  the  person  recommended;  hence, 
certificates  of  character  should  be  given  with 
caution  and  care. 


Recommending  a  Salesman. 

Syracuse,  n.  Y.,  April  10, 18-. 
Messrs.  Ddtton  .v  r.imwN. 
Sin: 

-...in  fovor  of  the  4th  Inst.,  relative  to  the  ability 

..f  Mr.  Benjamin  Walker,  la  received.    VI  e  take  greal  pleasure  In  teBtl- 

to  his  high  moral  worth  and  his  business  capacity.    He  was  in 

iploy  for  foni  i  salesman,  daring  which  time  his  afla- 

and  anlform  courtesy  to  customers,  coupled  with  his  truthful 

representations  i gard  i"  goods,  made  Ihth  :i  nnlversal  favorite. 

\.  <  hi  ite  hi  i. ■■■ ts,  readj  and  graceful  ae  a  penman,  attentive  and 

kind  to  all,  he  Is  a  mosl  useful  man  In  the  counting  room;  and  the  linn 

m      I listed  on  their  good  fortune. 

Very  Truly  1 

SMITH  A  PAXTOB 


Recommending  a  Schoolmistress. 

(ii.F.s  Dale  seminary, 

March  1, 18—. 
Gen.  A.  B.  Oottrell. 
Dear 

it  gives  me  pleasure,  in  reply  to  yonr  note  of  the 
•Jlth  nil.,  to  mosl  cordially  recommend  Miss  Fannie  Chapman  to  On- 
position  of  tea  our  village  sen 

graduate  of  this  Seminary,  and  subsequently       a  I her,  much 

of  the  time  conducting  the  various  classes  alone,  she  has  proven  her 
self  thoroughly  competent  to  conduct  a  school  under  almost  an]  dr- 
mces. 
ii,.,..  i,  i  she  is  a  stricl  dlsi  Ipiinarian,  and  thoi 

mt  with  the  ordinary  branches  of  an  English  education. 
Yours  Respectfully, 

DELOS  SIMPSON, 

Principal  Glen  Dale  Seminary. 


Recommending  a  Bookkeeper. 

Whitehall,  N.T.,  Sept.  10,  18—. 
Mr.  Ransom  Fellows  having  been  In  my  employ  for  the  past  two 
years  as  a  1mm .kkeeper,  it  Lnves  niu  L'n-ut  pleasure  t<>  testify  tu  his 
ability.  He  la  an  upright,  conscientious  exemplary  yonng  man,  a 
good  penman  and  accountant,  and  a  mosl  faithful  clerk,  lie  leaves 
my  employ  voluntarily,  with  my  lest  wishes. 

M  \iril\   BIGELOW. 


Recommending  a  Waiter. 

Tremont  House,  Chioaoo, 

Aug.  11, 18—. 
Arthur  Brooks,  who  has  been  in  my  employ  for  two  years,  has  given 
entire  sat  is  faetion,  both  to  myself  and  guests,  as  :i  table-waiter.     Hon- 
est,  obliging  and  neat,  il  affords  me  pleasure,  ae  he  now  leaves  my 
employ,  to  commend  him  as  a  BrstK^ase  hot.)  waiter. 

BROWN  PORTER, 

Steward,  Tremont  House. 


Recommending  a  Cook. 

Habbisbubg,  Pa.,  Dec.  20, 18 — . 

This  is  to  certify  that  Catherine  Miller  did  the  eookini'  for  my  family 

i  n ii i b,  i ■.  entire  satisfaction,  sen  tng  me  both  as  a  plain 

and  fancy  cook.    She  if  very  attentive  to  her  work,  and  stricl  Ij  honesl 
and  reliable. 

MYKA  D.  HOWE. 


Recommending  a  Washerwoman. 

New  0BLEAH8,   I. a..  May  7,  18— . 
This  certifies  that   Hannah  Webber,  who  has  been  employed  in  my 
laundry  for  the  past  year,  is  an  excellent  washer  and  Ironer,  under 
standing  line  starching,  crimping,  polishing,  etc 

lli:i. I.N    MAYDWELL. 


Recommending  a  Porter. 

Charleston,  8.  C,  Sept  is.  18 — 
Donald  Kennedy,  the  bearer  of  this,  has  bet  D  in  my  employ,  as  a 
porter,  for  the  last  eighteen  months.    He  is  a  strong,  honest,  reliable 

man.  and  always  very  punctual,  careful,  mid  fulthful  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duty. 

JOHN  II    la.iss 


Declining  to  Recommend  a  Cook. 

Savannah.  Ga.,  Oct.  10,  18—. 
Mi;s    Ballard: 

1 11  -ply  to  your  note  of  enquiry,  1  decline  to  recom- 
mend Bridget  Mallory.  She  is  both  dishonest  and  addicted  to  Intem- 
perance. 

HENRIETTA  SANFORD. 


LETTERS    OF    SYMPATHY    AND    CONDOLENCE. 


93 


Letters  of  Sympathy. 


EXPRESSIONS    OF    CONDOLENCE. 


LETTER  of  sympathy  and  condo- 
lence, though  unpleasant  to  write, 
may  afford  inexpressible  comfort 
to  a  friend  in  the  hour  of  affliction. 
Make  your  letter  as  brief,  but 
earnest  and  sincere,  as  possible. 
Do  not  commit  the  mistake  of 
insinuating  that  the  misfortune  is  the  fault  of 
your  friend.  Better  leave  the  letter  unwritten. 
Admit  the  loss.  Do  not  attempt  to  make 
light  of  it.  If  you  are  satisfied  that  it  will 
eventuate  in  a  blessing,  you  may  gently  point 
the  way,  but  with  a  full  admission  of  the  pres- 
ent deep  affliction. 


To  a  Friend,  on  the  Death  of  a  Husband. 

Newark,  O.,  Oct.  18,  18—. 
Dear  Friend: 

I  know  that  no  words  can  make  amends  for  the  great 
Iosb  you  haw  su-tained.  I  deeply  realize,  from  havingpassed  through 
a  similar  bereavement,  that  expressions  of  condolence  wholly  fail  to 
restore  the  loved  and  lost  one,  yet  I  cannot  but  hope  that  the  heartfelt 
sympathy  of  a  sincere  friend  will  not  be  deemed  intrusion  on  vour 
grief 

It  ha-  la-, -ii  well  said,  that  "  we  weep  for  the  loved  and  IobI  becanse 
we  know  that  our  tears  are  in  vain."  I  would  ease  your  sorrow,  and 
yet  i  know  not  how.  We  can  only  acknowledge  that  the  affliction  is 
God's  will.  Over  in  the  beautiful  land  to  which  1  trust  your  lit.  "mi 
panion  has  gone,  we  may  not  doubt,  he  te  free  from  the  pain-  that  he 
60  long  endured  here;  and  when  W6  gather  at  the  river,  is  it  not  a  sweei 
consolation  to  think  that  among  the  loved  and  lost  he  may  meet  you 
on  the  other  side? 

Commending  you  to  Him  who  doeth  all  things  well.  I  remain,  in  the 
tendercst  friendship, 

Your  Sincere  Friend, 

WINFIELD  BROWN. 
To  Mne.  Clara  Wayland, 
Columbus,  O. 


Reply  to  the  Foregoing. 

Columbus,  O.,  Oct.  20,  18—. 
My  Dear  Friend: 

I  can  scarcely  express  to  yon  how  grateful  1 
am  for  your  sympathizing  letter,  yet  the  loss  of  my  husband  ha6  so 
prostrated  me  that  I  am  hardly  able  to  write  this  reply. 

My  friends  assure  me  that  time  will  reconcile  me  to  my  great 
bereavement.  Yes,  time,  and  the  great  consolation  that  you  speak  of, 
which  comes  from  the  hope  that  we  will  meet  our  friends  in  a  world 
where  partings  are  no  more,  will,  I  trust,  enable  me  to  bear  my  sorrow. 
God  bless  you  for  your  thought  of  me  in  the  dark  hours,  and  your 
sweet  words  of  consolation. 

Your  Friend, 

CLARA  WAYLAND. 


To  a  Friend,  on  the  Death  of  a  Mother. 

Evansville.Tenn.,  Oct.  16. 18—. 
Friend  Albert: 

I  have  ju6t  learned,  on  my  return  from  a  visit  in 
the  far  West,  of  the  death  of  your  mother.  Having  suffered  the  loss 
of  my  mother  when  a  child,  I  know  how  to  sympathize  with  you  in 
your  affliction;  though,  fortunately  for  you,  your  mother  lived  to 
guide  the  footsteps  of  her  boy  till  manhood's  years  had  crowned  his 
intellect  with  judgment  and  fixed  moral  principles.  It  can  truly 
be  said  that,  in  the  training  of  her  family,  in  the  church,  in  the 
social  circle,  she  always  did  her  duty  nobly,  and  was  an  ornament  i" 
society.  Ripened  in  years,  and  fully  prepared  for  another  - 
existence,  she  passes  on  now  to  enjoy  the  reward  of  a  life  well  spent 
on  earth. 

Restored  to  maidenhood  prime,  we  cannot  doubt  that  in  the  Bowery 
walks  of  spirit  life  she  is  the  same  good  woman  that  we  knew  so  well 
here. 

Truly  Yours. 
To  A.  II.  STEWART,  hartley  joxes 

Belle  Plain,  Mi*s. 


To  a  Friend,  on  the  Death  of  a  Brother. 

Lexington,  Mo.,  Dec.  10, 18 — . 
Dear  Henkv : 

I  have  learned  with  profound  regret  of  the  death  of 

yonr  brother.     I  condole  with  yon  most  sincerely  on  the  sad  event. 

and.  if  sympathy  of  friends  can  be  any  consolation  under  the  trying 

circuniM  --tired  that  all  who  knew  him  -hare  in  your  e 

for  his  loss.    There  is,  however,  a  higher  source  of  consolation  than 

earthly  friendship,  and,  commending  you  t,»  that.  I  remain, 

Y'onrs  Faithfully, 

S  \NFORD  F.  BARTON. 


94 


I.KTTEKS    OF    SYMPATHY    AM)    CONDOLENt   I  . 


To  a  Friend,  on  the  Death  of  a  Wife. 

Bi  i.i  mg pok,  [on  v.  Nov.  10,  18 — . 
Mv   DBAB  Kki.win: 

I  know  that  thlB  letter  will  find  yon  tilled 
with  grief  tit  the  loss  of  your  dear  wife.  Too  nave,  Indeed,  suffered  a 
great  affliction.  A  more  faithful  partner  never  lived,  and  few  men,  I 
vesture  to  say,  ever  enjoyed  more  domestic  tranquility  than  3  ouraelf. 

a  true  wife,  and  a  devoted  mother!  No  higher  eulogy  can  b 
nounceil  upon  any  woman.  How  the  little  motherless  children  "ill 
miss  her  tender  care  I  How  those  fragile  little  girls  will  miss  her 
sweet  presence  at  the  evening  hour,  when  she  sal  by  the  bedside  and 
d  t<>  their  Innocent  prayers,  soothing  their  little  spirits  a--  they 
dropped  off  to  sleep!  Truly  the  great  central  son  of  your  household 
has  goue  down,  and  I  most  truly,  deeply  sympathize  with  you  In  your 
affliction. 

Let  u-  hope,  however,  in  the  language  of  Scripture,  "I  go  to  prepare 
11  place  for  you."  tli:it,  in  the  golden  Bummer  of  another  life,  children, 
mother  and  btherwUl  gather  again  in  a  sweet  reunion,  where  part- 
ings are  anknov  a. 

Though  the  days  are  dark  now,  spring  "ill  Come  once  more.  Thus, 
I  trust,  pleasant  days  will  come  again  for  yon  and  yours. 

1  i t 1 1  ■  ■  L'irl-  to  -in   home  for  B  months  visit,  mid 
come  j  -  yon  tan  find  time  to  do  so.    My  previously 

arranged  departure,  to-morrow,  prevents  my  visiting  yon. 

Your  Friend, 

S.  B.  OSGOOD. 
To  D.  B.  Maxwell, 

Henderson,  Kentucky. 


To  a  Friend,  on  the  Death  of  a  Sister. 

Ai  r.riiN,  N.  Y.,  .1  uly  lti,  18—. 
Dear  Friend: 

I  have  learned,  with  sorrow,  of  the  death  < 
sister  Helen.  Though  I  never  knew  her  personally,  1  knew  hei  - 
through  you,  that  It  seems  as  U  [,  myself,  had  lost  a  very  near  and 
Intimate  friend.     I  recollect  her  from  that  Bweet   1  aUeness 

of  mmiiitT,  us  I  saw  her  once  in  your  company,  that  impressed  me 
with  the  belief  that  she  was  on.-  of  the  angelic  ones  of  earth. 

I  know  how  deeply  you  must  have  grieved  at  her  death.  No  one 
could  mourn  her  1"--  bo  truly  as  yourself.  lounger  than  you,  frail  ami 
delicate,  her  guardianship  entrusted  to  youi  -  irythlng 

it  was  natural  that  to  a  si-trr's  affection  Bhould  !"■  added,  also, 
almost  ii  mother's  love  for  your  gentle  sifter  Helen,  she  died,  too,  at 
a  time  when  life  was  apparently  all  blossoming  before  her.  Blow 
hard  to 

tinned  presence  Is  so  necessary  to  our  happiness.  But  may  we  not 
hope  that  the  same  Bweet  voice,  and  gentle,  confiding  heart,  that  was 
so  dear  to  sister  and  kindred  here,  is  waiting  for  yo  rammer 

land?     "Not  dead,  hut  gone  bit 

The  loss  of  ti'nr  friends  thus  calls  for  our  contemplation  of  another 

life  toward  which  we  are  all  tending.     You  and  I.  dear  m.,  have 

talked  these  matter-  over  often.  I  know  you  expect  to  meet  her  "ii 
the  other  Bide;  so  do  I.  Believing  that  your  faith  in  that  golden, 
sunny  Future,  which  you  and  I  oofti  0  considered,  will  BUStaln 

you,  I  am, 

Your  Ever  Faithful  Friend, 

.1  V^.  I>.  HENRY. 


To  a  Friend,  on  the  Death  of  a  Daughter. 

HABTrORD,  «'oNN..  Nov.  14,  18 — . 

My  Dear  Friend: 

It  i-  with  profound  sorrow  that  I  have  heard  of  the 
death  of  dear  Mary.  While  you  have  lost  a  dutiful  and  affectionate 
daughter,  I  have  lost  one  of  the  dearest  frieuds  on  earth.  Outside  of 
yourself,  I  am  confident  no  one  could  more  fully  appreciate  her  loss 
than  myself.  We  were  so  much  together  that  I  can  hardly  reconcile 
myself  to  the  thought  that  I  can  no  more  meet  her  here.  True,  hex 
death  teaches  us  that,  sooner  or  later,  we  must  all  make  the  journey 
across  that    mystic  river.    The  angels  called,  and.  in  the  wave  of  an 


Providence,   it  was  best  that  she  should  go.     We  all  have 
the  ordeal  to  pass.     Fortunate  it   would  be   if  all  could   be   U   Certain 

of  being  among  the  exalted  angels  as  was  our  darling  Mary.    I  will 
come  and  see  you  soon.    Apropos,  I  send  you  this  little  poem,  "The 

■  1  Bridge.'1 

Your  Friend,  MVK\ 

THE  COVERED  BRIDGE. 

BY  DAVID  BABKEB. 

Tell  the  fainting  soul  in  the  weary  form, 
There  's  a  world  of  the  purest  I 

That  is  linked,  as  the  bouJ  and  form  are  linked, 
Itv  a  Covered  Bridge,  willi  this. 

Yet  to  reach  that  realm  on  the  othei 

We  musl  pa>s  through  a  transient  gloom, 

;  must  walk,  unseen,  unhelped.  and  alone, 
Through  thai  l  overed  Bridge     the  tomb. 

Hut  we  all  pass  over  on  equal  term". 
For  the  universal  toll 

Is  the  outer  garb,  which  the  hand  of  (bid 
ii:i-  flung  around  the  soul. 

Thon^h  the  eye  is  dim,  and  the  bridge  is  dark, 

And  the  ri\er  it  spans  is  wide, 
Xet  Faith  points  through  to  a  shining  mount, 

That   looms   nil    the   nth.   I    -I.I.'. 

To  enable  our  feet  in  the  next  day's  march 

mb  up  Chat  1 1 
We  must  all  lie  down  for  one  night's  rest 

Insidi  Bl  ulge. 

To  a  Friend,  on  the  Death  of  an  Infant. 

PbHSEBTOH,  Miss..  Nov.  18,18 — . 
Mv   DSAB   I  BJ 

I  realize  that  this  letter  will  And  you  buried  in  the 
deepest  sorrow  nt  the  h)-s  c.f  your  darling  little  Emma,  and  that  words 
of  mine  will  be  entirely  Inadequate  to  assuage  your  overwhelming" 
grief;  yet  I  feel  that  I  must  write  a  few  words  to  assure  yon  that  I  am 
thinking  of  yon  and  praying  for  you. 

If  there  can  he  a  compensating  thought,  it  is  that  your  darling 
returned  to  the  God  who  gave  it,  pure  and  unspotted  by  the  world's 
temptations. 

The  white  rose  and  hud,  I  send,  I  trust  you  will  permit  to  rest  upon 
your  darling's  pillow. 
With  feelings  of  the  deepest  sympathy,  I  remain,  dear  friend, 
TOUTS,  Very  Sincerely, 

M  \1;[on   BRADSHAW. 


To  a  Friend,  on  a  Sudden  Reverse  of  Fortune. 

II  wmi-.ai..  Mo  .  Aug.  18,  18 — . 
Fiuemj  Stewart: 

I  regret  to  hear  of  your  sudden  and  unexpected 

heavy  loss,  and  hasten  to  offer  you,  not  only  my  earnest  sympathy,  but 
aid  in  whatever  way  I  can  BSSist  VOU. 

I  know  your  energy  and  hopeful  spirit  too  well  to  believe  that  you 
will  allow  this  tO  depress  or  discourage  yon  from  further  effort.  Per- 
haps there  Is,  somewhere,  a  blessing  in  this  reverse.  1  have  had  my 
dark  days,  hut  I  learned  to  trust  the  truth  of  that  little  stanza  of  Cow- 

per: 

"Judge  not  the  Lord  by  I 
:  rust  him  for  in-  :■ 
Behind  a  frowning  Providence 
lb-  hides-  a  smiling  face." 

The  child  learns  to  walk  after  many  falls,  and  many  of  our  richest 
and  most  prosperous  men  have  attained  their  eminence  and  wealth 
only  by  the  experience  resulting  from  failure. 

I  predict  that  you  will  build  on  your  ruins  a  brilliant  future.  How 
can  I  serve  you?  Let  me  know;  by  so  doing,  I  shall  understand  that 
you  have  not  ceased  to  value  my  friendship. 

Sincerely  Your  Friend, 

HERBERT  D.  WRIGIIT. 
To  Rob't  II.  Stewart, 

Singleton,  Me. 


CONGRATULATORY  LETTERS. 


95 


SETTEES  of 
Congratula- 
tion are  very 
properly  writ- 
ten upon   re- 

ceivine  intel- 
© 

ligence   of    the    sudden 
prosperity  of  a  near  and 

intimate  friend. 

They  should  be  writ- 
ten as  soon  as  possible 
after  the  occasion  that 
calls  them  forth. 

These  letters  will  ad- 
mit of  an  abundance  of 
good-natured  merri- 
ment. 

Do  not  indulge  in 
over-praise,  or  too  much 
flowery  exaggeration, 
lest  your  friend  may 
doubt  your  sincerity. 

No  envy  or  discon- 
tent should  show  itself 
in  such  a  letter.  >«'<>r 
should  the  same  be 
marred  by  advice,  bad 
news,  the  expression  of 
any  doubt,  or  any  un- 
favorable prediction  cal- 
culated to  throw  a  cloud 
over  the  happiness  of 
your  friend. 


Form  of  Letter  Congratulating  a  Friend  upon  Election  to  Office. 

c/Ay  ^W*  C^Ue^e/  <^W£&.- 

GvVty-  i4&w<i?L<zpL&l   ■cHj£it4sryi& 

trie  ■£■&<&£   ■£&&    m&afe-Ce-    -ajc    ■uu-ti4.    ^g-eueri'Cu.  -riasibe   d*L&ui4i 

■CrL&ik    -a<Kif/     ?"^r?-m.ewt    ■&?*.  d^ceoCeJisO.    -if&ti    -Co-    -tefil&= 

d&wC    -Cne-m  «d     ^            '■yisC&yidewi    ojC    ct-uvZctc     ©Syi^tf^y. 

CM   &f2osUtd-  -wie-   -u*tjC&t-a<n&ez   fis&adwie.   -Co.    ■£e*z<t    *>jf    ■ine- 

crl&ice-   f&z&tma    ttfe&yi    'U.<i4e4d.&&t.           >     -           eesni£i<&e>y!,-t 

-£/ia<i    iv<L    feesui&yi    -tn    -u-o^oi.    <u^Cu.oi    co-u&/                  fyie. 

fl4?eice    -WKH&      fit<14s€£.t4slf<Zi) 

Gi.ccefi.'C  -tn^.  &0M^t*i&i&i£t<i4t<t. 

^O-C^Ul     C/lti-fy/, 

'      ■   ■         %                J& 

w 


i ONGRATULATOR^     LETTER 


Congratulating  a  Friend  upon  Receiving  a  Legacy. 

Wis.,  Jan.  1, 18 — . 
Friend  Gbobsb: 

I  have  learned  to~day,  through  out  friend  Charlie 

good  fortune  In  receiving  a  verj  material  addition 
■  !  worldly  possessloi  ■         I  congratulate  you.    1  know  of 

who  more  Justly  deserves  g 1  fortune,  and  i 

who  will  ust-  it  more  worthily.    You  would  be  ever  the  same  to  me, 
whether  good  or  ill  success  should  attend  your  pathway.    A-  it  Lb,  I 
ttik<-  a  friend's  delight  In  congratulating  you  upon  your  fortune. 
\  ..ur  Friend, 

DANIEL  TEMPLETON. 


Congratulating  a  Gentleman  upon  his  Marriage. 

KixeBTON,  < '  an  aha,  April  4,  IS-  . 
Deak  Will: 

1  have  just  received  a  little  missive,  which  Informs  me  of 
two  happy  in  one.     I  wish  you  much  joy.    Ton  have  my 

earnest  congratulations  on  the  event,  and  good  wishes  for  a  Ion;,'  and 
|y  happy  married  life.    May  each  succeeding  year  find  you  hap- 
pier than  the  one  b< 
God  b  "i  yours,  and  surround  you  ever  with  bis  choicest 

blessings. 

Your  Friend, 

JOHN  K.  BUEL. 


Congratulating  a  Friend  upon  the  Birth  of  a  Son. 

Graceland,  Fla.,  Jan.  3,  18—. 
Deak  CULBK  ■ 

Accept  my  warmest  congratulations  upon  the  birth  of 
be  long  in  the  land  which  the  Lord  grveth 

him.      May  he  honor  bis   father  and  his    mother,   anrl   be   the   blessing 

and  support  of  their  declining  years,     i  anticipate  holding  the  young 
gentleman  on  my  knee,  and  will  be  over  to  see  you  in  a  few  ds 
My  kindest  I  '■  I  remain, 

Faithfully  Your  Friend. 

DEI*.  BARTWJELL. 


Congratulating  a  Friend  upon  the  Twenty-fifth  Anniversary 
of  his  Wedding  Day. 

Dabthouth,  n.  h  .  March  5,  18 

My  Dear  Mi:    BANCROFT: 

I  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  a  kind 
invitation  to  l  at  the  celebration  of  the  twenty-fifth  annivers- 

ary of  your  marriage.      I  i  thai  large  numl 

your  friends  were  ;  the  occasion,  presenting  you  with  an 

abundant  and  varied  collection  of  silver,  and  other  elegant  and  appro 
priate  gifts. 

ogratulate  you  and  your  irood  wife  upon  passing  the  signal- 
station  indicating  a  quarter  of  a  century  of  blissful  wedded  life.    That 
ay  both  live  to  allow  your  friends  to  celebrate  your  golden  and 
diamond  weddings,  is  tn< 

Your  Sincere  Friend. 

PEIUtt  OLMSTED. 


Congratulating  a  Lady  upon  her  Approaching  Marriage. 

Bangor,  Mk.,  Dec.  9, 18— . 
I  athkkink: 

iv-  o  beautiful  cards  on  my  table  ud\  lee  me  of  your 

approaching  nuptials.    Allow  me  to  congratulate  you  upon  the  choice 

of  Bucb  a  Qoble  man,  to  whom  yon  are  to  entrusl  your  life's  happiness. 

That  the  in  id-day  and  evening  of  your  married  lif.-  may  be  as  cloudlet 

i]  oing  Is  the  eai  nesl  wish  of, 

Yum   |.o\  Ing   Friend. 

NELLIE  GRANT. 


Congratulating  a  Friend  on  Passing  a  Successful   School 
Examination. 

Dtica,  N.  Y.,  April 6,  18—. 

DRAB  IIki.kn: 

I  was  greatly  pleased  to  bear,  through  our  friend 
Bfary,  that  you  had,  through  diligent  application,  passed  through  the 

rlbed  course  of  stndj  In  the  Aurora  public  schools,  and  hai 
oated  with  honors.    Knowing  how  deeply  interested  your  parents  and 
relatives  have  been  In  youi  success,  it  Is  particularly  gratify  Ing  to  have 
yon  reward  them  bj  mentoi  such  rapid  progress.    Accept 

my  be6t  wishes  for  your  future  success 

"i  onr  Friend, 

ItKi.I.A  MAI  N  \IM> 


Congratulating  an  Author  upon  the  Success  of  his  Book. 

Marengo,  Va.,  May  ?,  18—. 
Fkikno  Kemple: 

I  have  just  finished  an  attentive  examination 
of  your  most  valuable  hook,  and  eannot  wonder,  alter  a  earrful  read- 
ing, thai  n  Is  meeting  so  large  a  Bale.  The  world  is  greatly  indi  bU  d 
to  you  for  presenting  In  such  an  attractive  form  the  amount  of  nseful 
information  you  have  collected  within  ' 

Thanking  you  for  the  benefit  I  have  obtained  from  it*  perusal,  I 
remain,  Fours  Truly, 

SILAS    \<  KLF.Y. 


Congratulating  a  Friend  upon  Obtaining  a  Business  Situation. 

Ashbubt,  Pa.,  June  B,  18—. 

FltlKM'    JOHS  : 

I  am  that,  notwitl 

in -j  the  general  dullness  of  business,  von  havi  in  obtaining 

a  clerkship.    I  doubt  not  your  firm  will  regard  themselves  fortunate 

In  securing  yo  jratula- 

Hoping  thai  your  stay  may  be  permanent  and  prosperous,  I  am, 
Your-  Truly, 

CIIAKI.KS  UEl.SHAW. 

JOHD    IiRLDEN. 


LETTERS    INTRODUCING    ONE    PERSON    TO    ANOTHER. 


Letters  of  Introduction.  <• 


ETTERS  of  Introduction  should  be 
written  very  plainly,  and  should  be 
brief,  as  the  person  introduced  is  com- 
pelled to  wait  while  the  letter  is  being  read. 

In  introducing  a  person  in  a  business  capacity, 
state  distinctly  what  is  his  business;  if  a  pro- 
fessional man,  his  profession,  and  your  knowl- 
edge or  information  of  his  ability. 

The  letter  of  introduction  should  be  left 
unsealed.  It  would  be  a  great  discourtesy  to 
prevent  the  bearer  from  seeing  what  you  have 
written. 

As  in  letters  of  recommendation,  the  person 
giving  a  letter  of  introduction  is,  in  a  measure, 
responsible  for  the  character  and  ability  of  the 
person  introduced.  Hence,  such  letters  should 
be  guardedly  written,  or  given  with  full  knowl- 
edge of  the  person  they  introduce. 

That  the  person  receiving  such  a  letter  may 
know  at  a  glance  its  character,  the  letter  should, 
on  the  envelope,,  be  addressed  thus: 


4/  f    5 ' 


Presenting  the  letter  of  introduction  at  the 
private  house,  send  it  by  the  servant  to  the  per- 
son addressed,  accompanied  with  your  card. 

At  the  business  house,  send  the  letter  to  the 
counting-room,  accompanied  by  your  card. 


Introducing  one  Gentleman  to  Another. 

Norway,  Maine,  July  9,  18 — . 
Friend  William. 

The  bearer  of  this,  Mr.  Sterling  Hepworth,  is  a 
dry-goods  merchant  in  our  town,  who  visits  your  city  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  purchases  for  his  fall  trade.  Mr.  H.  is  a  heavy  dealer 
in  his  line,  pays  cash  for  all  he  buys,  and  expects  the  discount 
accompanying  cash  payment.  Any  favor  you  can  render  him  by  intro- 
duction to  your  leading  wholesale  houses,  or  otherwise,  will  be 
appreciated  by  Mr.  Hepworth,  and  acknowledged  by, 

Your  Friend, 

m  WALTER  KIMBALL. 

William  Darling. 


Introducing  one  Lady  to  Another. 

Rome,  Ga,  Aug.  10, 18—. 
Dear  Annabel: 

I  take  this  occasion  to  introduce  to  you  the 
bearer  of  this  letter,  Mrs.  Pemberton,  who  is  on  a  visit  to  her  relatives 
in  your  city.  Mrs.  P.  is  my  very  dear  friend,  of  whom  yon  have  often 
heard  me  speak.  Believing  that  your  acquaintance  with  each  other 
would  be  mutually  agreeable,  I  have  urged  her  to  call  upon  yon  during 
her  stay.  Any  attention  you  may  bestow  upon  her,  during  her  visit, 
will  be  highly  appreciated  by, 

Your  Friend, 

DELIA  MAYBORNE. 


Introducing  a  Young  Musician  to  a  Lady  Friend. 

Salem,  Mass.,  Sept.  12, 18—. 
Mrs.  Stephen  Hawkins. 

Dear  Friend: 

The  bearer,  Miss  Serena  Snow,  visits  your  city 
for  the  purpose  of  pursuing  a  musical  education,  being  as  yet  undeter- 
mined whom  she  will  choose  a>  an  instructor.  Any  advice  and  assist- 
ance you  may  render  will  be  highly  appreciated  by  her,  and  duly 
acknowledged  by  her  parents,  who  have  great  confidence  in  your  judg- 
ment in  matters  pertaining  1o  music. 

Trnsting  that  you  will  find  it  agreeable  to  aid  my  young  friend,  I 
remain, 

Yours  Sincerely, 

MARY  A.  BARNET. 


Introducing  an  Officer  to  a  Brother-Officer. 

Holtoke,  Mass.,  Sept.  IT,  IS—. 
Dear  Captain: 

My  old-time  comrade,  Capt  H.  M.  Benson,  visits 
your  town  for  the  purpose  of  attending  the  Army  Reunion  on 
the  27th.  As  he  will  remain  some  little  time.  I  commend  him  to  yuur 
brotherly  core.  Believing  that  yonr  acquaintance  will  be  mutually 
agreeable,  I  remain, 

Fraternally  Yours, 

T.  M.  SEYMOUR. 
Capt.  A.  M.  Bellows. 


98 


LETTERS    OF    INTKom'CTION. 


Introducing  a  Gentleman  Seeking  a  Clerkship. 


Friend  Pattbbsoh: 


Dknvkii,  Col.,  Oct.  18, 1&— . 

This  letter  will  Introduce  to  you  my  young 
hi  Hatfield,  who  hai  i  clerk  for  the 

■  d  whom  I  would  -till  retain,  had  not  the  die 

Of  a  portion  of  mv  bUSlni 

of  others  of  my  clerks,  unnecessary. 

■.  tag  that  your  wide  Influence  would  very  materially  aid  him  In 
securing  a  good  position  In  the  di  radein  your  city,  I  presume 

upon   the  acquaintance  of  an  old  Mend  In  thus*  writing  you.     For 
ceyou  can  os< 

eving  that  you  will  not  afterwards  regret  any  assistance  you  ren- 
der the  young  num.  I  am, 


A.  Ii.  Patteksov  Esq. 


Friend, 

HKliBERT  HOPKINS, 


Introducing  a  Sister  to  a  Schoolmate. 

Nov,  14,  18 — . 
Dear  Fbxskd: 

This  will  be  brought  you  by  my  tdster  Callic,  of 
whmn  you  have  heard  me  talk  bo  much.  No  words  of  mine  are  necee- 
aary  In  Introducing  you.  [  have  told  you  both  so  much  of  each  other 
Lhatyoi  tainted.    Ibid  you  love  each  other  as  well  as 

I  i  ive  you  both. 

Ufectionatelj  Sours, 

JENNIE, 
ttlsfl  Lizzie  Brayton. 


Introducing  a  Clerk  to  an  Old  Fellow-Clerk. 

Bilvxb  Crrr,  New  Mexico,  Dec.  18,  IS—. 
Deai:  Hal  : 

Mv  Mend  and  fellow-clerk,  Wm.  Bell,  will  spend  b 

week  in  your  city,  and  want-  to  look  at  the  desk  where  you  and  I  -t 1, 

eide  by  side,  eo  lon<:.    You  will  And  him  a  genial,  friendly  fellow,  and 

will  most  assuredly  not  regret  my  sending  him  to 

Ever  Your  Friend, 

I  ON.   BALDWIN. 
EIalbert  Sti  - 


Introducing  a  Student  to  the  Writer's  Mother. 

g  ■  •■  Prak   isco,  i  'M...  Feb. 2, 18—. 
Dear  Mother: 

The  hearer  of  this  i-  mj  college  chum,  Barry 
Wbrthlngton.  Being  about  to  visit  his  parents  at  San  Jos.-,  i  have  per- 
suaded him  to  stop  over  one  train  to  eee  you  and  sister  Kate.     Harry 


is  in  Hm  with  myself,  and  Is,  I  can  assure  you,  a  splendid 

fellow.    Of  course,  you  and  Kate  will  treat  him  bo  finely  as  to  make 
him,  perhaps,  Btaj  longer  than  one  day.    He  will  tell  you  all  the  news. 
■^  our  Bver  Affectionate  Son. 

nA.MMV  DOBBIN. 


Introducing  a  Friend  to  a  Member  of  Congress. 

Dovf.k,  Del.,  Mar.  :j,  18 — . 
llo\.  n.  B.  Graham. 

Respected  8lr: 

The  bearer,  Mr.  D.  II.  Harmon,  Is  th< 
Mrs.  Lieut.  W.  II.  Harmon,  of  this  town,  whose  husband  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Iuka,  bravely  defending  the  flag.    This  young  man  has 
just  graduated  from  one  of  our  best  schools,  and  at  my  suggestion 

visits  Washington,  thinking  to  acquaint  himself  with  tl ■   tlonol 

things  at  the  Capitol,  and,  if  the  same  rouid  be  obtained,  would  gladly 

occupy  a  clerkship  for  a  time      Should  it  be  in  your  power  to 

him   BUCh  a  favor,  it  will   be   warmly  appreciated   by  his    mother  and 

myself.     I  remain, 

Yours  Eespectfully, 

V.  H.  MARTIN. 


Introducing  a  Literary  Lady  to  a  Publisher. 

Baton  ROUOB,  I. a.,  March  4, 18 — . 
Mr..  Warren  H.  Wkhster. 
I ><<<r  Sir; 

The  bearer.  Mrs.  Lydla  Huntington,  visits 
New  York  for  the  purpose  of  conferring  with  Borne  publisher  relative 
to  Introducing  her  first  i k  to  the  public  She  is  a  lady  of  well- 
known  repntal ion  and  acknowledged  talent  throughout  the  South, 
ami  will,  I  feel    sure,   assume  prominent    rank  en-   long  in    the   literary 

world.     I  take  the  liberty  of  an  old  friend  toask  of  you  a  consideration 
of  her  claims. 

Your-,  Very  Respectfully, 

B.  II.  CAMPBELL. 


Introducing  a  Daughter  About  to  Make  a  Visit. 

I  ii  m:i  i  9TOH,  S,  C  .  May  6,  18—. 
My  DBAS  Mi:-.  Hamilton:  r 

iu  compliance  with  your  oft-repeated 
request,  i  send  my  daughter  to  Bpends  few  weeks  of  her  vacation  in 
your  delightful  counl  :;  may  >"■  :i-  d< 

I'ui  for  her  ami  yonreelf  a-  mine  was  a  year  ago.    Anticipating  a  \  i-it 
you  all,  ere  the  close  of  the  present  Bummer,  I  remain, 
As  Ever,  Your  Devoted  Friend, 

MAHV   DAVENPORT. 


LETTERS    OF    ADMONITION. 


99 


Advising  a  Young  Lady  to  Refuse  Gifts  from  Gentlemen. 


@^«**ce^ 


■accefaZa&ioe 


OUE     life      has 

been     a     suc- 

eess,"   said   an 

individual      to 

an     old     and 

prosperous 

business    man. 

"To    what    do 

yon  attribute 
your  success? "  "  To  an  admonition 
given  me  by  my  father,  when  a 
boy,  which  was  this: 

"  Fiivt,  to  attend  strictly  to  my 
own  business.  Second,  to  let  other 
people's  business  alone.  <  )bsen  ing 
this,  I  incurred  no  ill  will  by  inter- 
meddling with  others,  and  I  saved 
my  time  for  the  development  and 
improvement  of  my  own  business." 
Be  very  sparing  of  letters  of 
advice.  As  a  rule,  you  will  have 
enough  to  do  to  attend  to  your 
own  affairs;  and.  as  a  general  thing, 
advice  even  when  solicited  is  liable 
to  give  offence. 

If,  however,  yon  are  asked  to  give 
an  opinion,  you  may  plainly  state 
it.  Do  not  give  it.  however,  as  a 
law.  nor  feel  offended  if  your  ad- 
vice is  disregarded. 

Beware  of  crivin<r  advice  from 
selfishness.  Sooner  or  later  your 
motive  will  be  discovered.  Let 
your  admonition  be  alone  for  the 
interest  and  welfare  of  your  friend.  If  you 
expect,  however,  to  lie  benefited  by  the  course 


ut 


"fii&cC  <>jC    -a 


%o-yu-o^tc^Ce/  \Q(.,  dr-e-d.  a,    -ft 


■umcedd   su-tut  -letKCei- 


,-  a 


dS  'Le&i&sijz&aw. 


'C&a.'n/  -£A.e/ 


■tM444<Le  -a.  -^<H^yi-a. 


■wi*z4<it.e<£,     ■£&& 


"■■■:' 


i-C&C  ■£&e>n-,  <l€jU€d&  -at&d-  4>ie'fn.  -as&c  ■a&w&em&n. 


^^<ui4.   t&vnc&ie  <j*-tte<n<^ 


'■etKi-ie.:     Z        3nd*&C) 


which  you  advise  the  person  topursue,yon  may 

frankly  state  the  fact. 


LOO 


LETTERS   OF    ADVICE. 


Letter  Advising  a  Young  Man  to  Beware  of  Bad  Company. 

Washington,  1».  C,  Jan.  1, 18—. 
My  Dsab  Zoung  Fan 

yonr  lasl  letter,  that 

coming  very  Intimate  with  Henry  Hubbard  and   I 

Mcintosh.     Kneed  nol  tell  yon  thai  your  letter  baa  given  me  mucti 

1  a  are  bad  char  u  tei  b,  and  j  on  cannol 

continue   yonr  association  with  them,  without  contaminating  your 

morals. 

1  man,  and  I  write  this,  my  boj .  with  b  most  earnest  desire 

for  your  happiness.    You  have  acquired  a  fine  education,  and  have 

sslon  with  ei  Ton 

have  a  widowed  mother  to  Bupport,  and  an  orphaned  Bister  looking  to 

■■■  guidance,    it  becomes  yon,  therefore,  to  maintain  o  reputation 

nnsnllied,  and  obtain  a  ■ I  credit,  which,  to  b  young  man  In  tin  i  om 

m hi  ofa  bnslness  career,  Is  equal  t«i  a  large  capital  of  Itself, 
Association  with  these  young  men  "ill  certainly  carry  yon  down- 
ward.   They  are  both  without  employment^  they  drive  msl  horses, 
they  wear  Sash  Jewelry,  they  frequent  gambling-houses,   they  both 
nse   Intoxicating  drink,  i  co,   and   talk   profane  language. 

What  would  yon  think  of  another  thai  mignl  be  Been  lb  their  company? 
People  "ill  judge  you  as  you  would  judge  anyone  else.    There  la 
much  truth  In  the  old  proverb,  "  A  man  le  known  by  the  company  he 
keeps,11  and  I  would  have  your  company  such  as  will  reflect  tin-  high- 
eat  honor  upon  row 
I  have  written  this  letter  earnestly  and  strongly,  for  I  believe  yonr 
ludgmenl  will  lake  it  kindly;  and  I  trust,  when  you  Blncerely 
upon  tii"  matter,  you  "ill  at  once  dismiss  that  class  of  associates 
iui  company. 

Your  Earnest  Well-Wisher 

and  Sincere  Friend, 

l>  \YII>  (LINK. 


Advising  a  Young  Man  Against  a  Hurried  Marriage. 

Rutland,  Vt.,  April  5,  18—. 
Pan  M'  '  hahlks: 

You  ask  in-'  it'  you  will  not  net  the  wiser  part  by 
marrying  Hiss  Kant  h<  Bt<  i  at  once,  and  Bottling  yourself  permanently; 
Mini  yet  you  inform  me  that  it  has  been  but  three  weeks  Btnceyou  first 
made  her  acquaintance.    You  may  possibly  be  In  jest,  and  pet l 
earnest :  In  either  case,  as  you  ask  my  advice,  I  can  but  give  it. 

The  i  panion,  dear  Charles,  is  s  too  serious 

matter  to  t>e  so  hastily  decided      The  selection  of  a  partner  for  a 

ora  ride  may  be  of  little  moment;  the  choice  ol 
for  business  may  be  determined  In  a  short  time;  but  the  acceptance 
of  n  partner  for  life   requires  the  mosl    b<  in.     You 

should  take  ample  time  Tor  the  study  of  the  character,  temperament, 
disposition  and  accomplishments  of  the  lady  whom  you  choose  to  be 

reverses  and  prosperity 
rjpon  this  Btephai  of  your  happiness  In  life.     Do  not 

tlly.    Trusting,  however,  that  I  will   some  day  set 
happily  married  and  settled,  I  am,  as  ever. 

Your  Most  Sincere  Friend. 

Gl  OKGK  HATCHKLDER. 


Advice  to  a  Gentleman  on  the  Subject  of  Health. 

i    s*.,  Mav  r,.  1$—. 
My  Dear  Friend: 

Yours  of  the  2d  Inst.  Is  before  me.    I  am  p] 
with  the  prosped  that  you  report  in  your  business,  bul  regret  that 
:i  your  health.     Con  ask  me  what  you 
had  better  do;  I  will  answer. 

crel  of  good  health  is  good  habits;  and  the  nerl  i- 
ariiy  of  habits.    They  an  aimed  up  in  the  following 

rules: 

1.— Steep.    Give  yourself  the  necessary  amonnt  of  sleep.    Some  men 
require    five   hours    of    the    twenty -four;    otfc  Lvold 

feather    beds.     Sleep   in    a    garment    not    worn   during   the   day       To 
maintain  robust  health,  sleep  with  a  person  up  healthy  as  your 


S.— Z?rsss,    in   cold   weather,   dress  warmly  with    underclol 
Remove  muffler,  overcoat,  overshoes,  etc  .  when  remaining  an 

Blderable  length  ol  time ■■  inn  room.     Keep  your  feel  warm  and 

dry.    Wash  them,  in  warm  water,  two  or  three  times  s  week.    °/ear 

I-.!  he  Bnow  or  wet. 
Wear  a  light  □  the  head,  always  keeping  ii  cool. 

:;.  (  teanlineas.  Have  always  •■!  plnl  or  quart  of  water  in  the  sleep- 
Ing  room,  in  the  morning,  :iiier  washing  and  wiping  hands  nnd  face, 
then  wet,  with  the  n  I  i         water  will  not 

be  disagreeable  when  applying  it  with  the  bare  hands.  w  Ipe  Imme 
dlately;  follow  i>>  brisk  rubbing  over  th  I  be  whole  opi  i 

need  not  take  over  five  minute-.    The  result  of  this  wash  is.  the  blood 

hi  to  the  Burface  of  the  skin,  and  marie  to  circulate  i 
throughout  thehodj      Yon  have  opened  the  j is  of  the  skin,  allow- 
ing Impurities   In  the  body  to  pass  off,  and  have  given  yoni 

morning  exercise.    Pursue  i  his  habit 
regularly,  and  you  will  seldom  lake  cold. 

■i.  filiation  of  ih\  lAings,  Five  minutes  Bpenl  In  th<  open  air,  after 
dressing,  Inflating  the  lungs  by  Inhaling; as  full  a  breath  as  possible, 
and  pounding  the  breast  during  the  Inflation,  will  greatly  enlarge  the 
chest,    Btn  agtheu    the    lung    power,  and  i  uly  ward   off 

consumption 

ft.— Diet.    If  Inclined  to  be  dyspeptic,  avoid  mince  pie,  sansage  and 
other  hlghlj    seasoned  food      Beware  of  eating  too  freely  of  u 
better  to  eat   food  dry  enough   to  emploj  the  aatnraJ  sallvaof  the 
mouth  in  moist*  oln    it      [f  inclined  to  over  eat,  partake  (reel]  i 
cracked  wheat,  and  other  articles  that  are  easily  digested 

Eat    freely  of  ripe   fruit,  and  avoid   excessive    n-e   of  im-nt-.      Kat  at 

regular  hours,  and  lightly  near  the  hour  of  going  to  bed.  Eat  slowly. 
Thoroughly  masticate  the  food.  Do  not  wash  it  down  with  continual 
drink  while  eat  Jul'.  Tell  your  funniest  stories  while  at  the  table  and 
for  an  hour  afterwards.  I)'«  not  entra^e  in  severe  mental  labor  directly 
after  hearty  eating. 

Q.—JExi  !■■><. .  Exercise,  not  too  violent,  but  sufficient  to  produce  a 
gentle  perspiration,  should  be  had  each  day  in  the  open  air. 

7,  Condition  <■/'  Mind.  The  condition  of  the  mind  has  much  to  do 
with  health.     Be  hopeful  and  joyous.    To  be  bo,  avoid  bnslnet 

tanglements  thai  maj  cause  pei  pies  Ity  and  anxiety.     Keej t  of  debt. 

Live  within  your  Income.  Attend  church.  Walk,  ride,  mix  In  jovial 
company.  Do  as  nearly  right  as  yon  know  how.  Thus,  conscience  will 
be  at  ease,  if  occasionally  disappointed,  remember  that  there 
ose  without  b  thorn,  and  that  the  darkest  clouds  have  a  silver 
lining;  thai  sunshine  follows  storm,  and  beautiful  spring  follows  the 
dreary  winter.    Do  your  duty,  and  leav<  ieth  all 

v,  ell. 

Hoping  to  hear  of  your  continued  prosperity  mid  recover]  ol 
I  am, 

\  our  Very  Sincere  Friend, 
A] UN  Matlock.  SIBLEY  JOHNSON,  M.  D. 


Advice  to  an  Orphan  Boy. 

ABXJNGTON,  X.  ('.June  7.  18—. 

Mv  Dear  Charlie: 

I  received  your  letter  last  event]  I  wae  greatlj 
pleased  to  heat  thai  rou  bai is  position  with  Colby,  Hender- 
son A  CO.,  and  that    y0UI  Bisters  BK  Comfortably  situated  in  their  new' 

homes.  You  ask  me  for  advice  as  to  what  you  shall  do  to  maintain 
the  good  opinion  of  your  employers,  and  thus  ultimately  prosperously 
establish  yourself. 

This  desire  that  yon  evince  to  please  le  one  of  the  very  best  evl- 

■  that  you  will  please      Your  question  Is  very  commendable. 

How  can  you  Bncceedl    That  should  be  the  great  question  with  nil 

young  men.    Et  is  best  ered   perhaps,  by  tht   reply  ol  the  wealthy 

and  honored  old  man,  who  id  vice  to  his  grandson: 

■   Mv  boy,  take  the  admonition  of  an  old  man  who  has  seen  every 

:  human  life. 

"If  I  could  give  you  bui  our  precept  to  follow,  it  would  be,  Keep 
good  company.    But,  adding  more,  I  will  Bay: 
"  Be  truthful ;  you  thus  always  have  the  confidence  of  ot 
"  Be  temperate;    thus  doing,  you  preserve  I  noney. 

11  Be  Industrious;  you  will  then  be  constantly  adding  to  your  acqui- 

"  Be  economical ;  thus,  you  will  be  saving  for  the  rainy  day. 
"  Becauttons;  you  are  not  then  so  liable  to  lose  the  work  ol 
"Be  polite  and  kind:    scattering  words  of  kindness,  thej 
flecb  d  bach  upon  yourself,  contlnnally  adding  to  yonr  happiness/1 

Observe  the*e  directions,  and  you  will  prosper.     With  many  n  Ishes 
for  your  success,  remember  T  am  always. 

Your  Friend, 

ABEL  MATTOCK. 


LETTERS     OF    APOLOGY. 


101 


A:fr. 


Letters  of  Excuse. 


ETTEES  of  Excuse  should  be  written 
as  promptly  as  may  be. 

Any  damage  that  may  have  been 
caused  by  yourself,  you  should,  if  pos- 
sible, repair  immediately,  with  inter- 
est. 

In  apologizing  for  misconduct,  failing  to  meet 
an  engagement,  or  for  lack  of  punctuality,  al- 
ways state  the   reason  why. 

By  fulfilling  every  engagement  promptly,  dis- 
charging every  obligation  when  due.  and  always 
being  punctual,  you  thereby  entirely  avoid  the 
necessity  for  an  excuse. 

Any  article  borrowed  by  measure,  be  certain 
to  return  in  larger  quantity  and  better  quality, 
to  make  up  the  interest.  To  fail  to  make  good 
that  which  has  been  borrowed  is  the  certain 
loss  of  credit  and  business  reputation  in  the 
neighborhood  where  you  live.  Xo  letter  of 
apology  can  make  amends  for  neglecting  to  pay 
your  debts. 


Apologizing  for  a  Broken  Engagement. 

Frederick,  Mn.,  July  13,  IS — . 
My  Dear  Miss  Mertox: 

I  fear  that  you  will  feel  injured  at  my  failure 
to  keep  my  appointment  this  evening.     You  will,  however.  I  know, 
me  when  I  explain.   When  about  to  proceed  to  your  residence, 
my  horse,  being  very  restive,  became  so  frightened  at  an  object  by  the 
roadside  as  to  cause  his  runaway,  throwing  me  violently  to  the  ground, 
breaking  an  arm,  and  completely  demolishing  my  carriage.     B 
ting  my  failure  to  keep  my  engagement,  I  am  yet  rejoiced  that  the 
accident  occurred  before  you  had  entered  the  carria 
Trusting  that  my  excuse  is  a  sufficient  apology,  I  remain, 
Tour  Faithful  Friend, 

ALBERT  BIGBEE. 


Apologizing  for  Failure  to  Pay  Money  Promptly. 

Daset,  N.  T.,  July  11,  18—. 
Mr.  D.  B.  Frisbie. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  very  much  regret  that  the  failure  of  H.  Cole 
<fc  Son  will  prevent  my  payment  of  your  note  on  the  20th  instant,  with- 
out serious  ineonvenience  to  myself.  I  shall  be  able  to  pay  it,  how- 
ever, promptly  on  the  25th.  Should  the  five  days'  delay  seriously  incom- 
mode you,  please  write  me  at  once,  and  I  will  aim  to  procure  the 
money  from  another  source. 

Your  Obedient  Servant, 

DANIEL  FRAZIER. 


Excuse  to  a  Teacher  for  Non-Attendance  of  Child  at  School. 

Wednesdat  Morning,  Sept.  4,  IS — . 
Miss  Blake  : 

Von  will  please  excuse  Gertrude  for  non-attendance  at 
school  yesterday  afternoon,  she  being  detained  in  consequence  of  a 
severe  headache. 

Very  Respectfully, 

MAKCIA  BARROWS. 


Apology  for  Breaking  a  Business  Engagement. 

Monticello,  Lll.,  Oct.  15, 18 — . 
Mr.  Paul  D.  Warrex, 
Kensington. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  very  much  regret  being  compelled  to  apologize 
for  not  meeting  you  at  the  railroad  meeting  in  Salem  last  Saturday,  as 
(to  do.  The  cause  of  my  detention  was  the  sudden  and  severe 
illness  of  my  youngest  child,  whose  life  for  a  time  we  despaired  of. 
Please  write  me  the  result  of  the  meeting.  Hoping  that  the  arrange- 
ments we  anticipated  were  perfected,  I  am, 

Yours  Truly, 

SOLOMON  KING 


Apology  for  Delay  in  Returning  a  Book. 


My  Dear  Amy  : 


Kknti-and.  Ind.,  Nov.  19,  18 — . 

You  must  excuse  my  long  delay  in  returning  your 
book.  The  truth  is.  it  lias  been  the  rounds  for  several  to  read,  though 
it  has  not  been  out  of  our  house.  When  I  bad  nearly  finished  its  read- 
ing. Aunt  Mary  became  Interested  In  ite  -  ind  read  it  through. 

lion  of  the  character  of  the  work  caused  ■ 
to  peruse  it:  so  thm  iu several  weeks.    We  feel 

very  grateful  to  you.  however,  for  furnishing  us  such  an  intellectual 
feast,  and  hope  to  have  the  pleasure  of  doini:  you  a  like  favor. 
Truly  Your  Friend. 

LIZZIB  DRAINARD. 


102 


LETTKRS    ASKING    AND    GRANTING     FAVORS. 


» 


I'  is  to  be  hoped  that  you  will  not 
often  be  compelled  to  write  a  let- 


ter asking  a  favor. 


Do  not  urge  your  claims  too 
s<  i' »ngly.   Should  yon  be  refused, 

you   will   feel   the   1 v   deeply 

humiliated. 

In  conferring  a  favor,  avoid 
conveying  the  impression  that  the  recipient  is 
greatly  under  obligation  to  you.  [lather  imply 
that  the  granting  and  accepting  of  the  favor  is 
mutually  a  pleasure. 

Letters  refusing  a  favor  should  be  very  kindly 
worded,  and,  while  expressing  regret  at  your 
inability  to  comply  with  the  request,  Btate  the 
reason  why. 

Requesting  the  Loan  of  a  Book. 

Wepnk-iiay  Horntng,  Jan.  1, 18 — . 
Dear  Bertha: 

Will  yon  he  BO  kind  as  to  loan  inc.  for  a  few  days,  "  How 
I  Found  Livingstone  I "    By  so  doing,  you  will  greatly  oblige, 

Your  Friend, 

NANNIE  WHITE. 


Reply  Granting  the  Favor. 

Wbdhzoday  Mobnh ran.l,   18 — . 

Dear  Nannie: 

I  send  you  the  hook  with  picture,  and  hope  you 
will  enjoy  it"  perusal  as  much  as  I  "lid.  I  shall  be  over  to  see  yon  next 
Thursday  afternoon. 

itely  Yours, 
BERTHA. 

Requesting  a  Loan  of  Money. 

Lisbon,  III.,  Feb.  ■■.',  18—. 
Friend  Baker: 

Will  you  do  me  the  kindness  to  loan  me  one  hun- 
dred dollars  until  of  next  week.  II  si  large 
collections  to  make  durin  turutheloan 
before  then.                                      Yours  Truly, 

GEORGE  HASEINS. 


Answer  Refusing  the  Request. 


Lisbon,  III.,  Feb.  i,  18—. 
Friend  Haskinb: 

I  regret  that  all  the  money  I  have  at  liberty  I  am 
compelled  to  use  this  afternoon;  else  I  would  comply  with  your 
reqnesl  with  pleasure.  Respectfully, 

JOHN  BAKER, 

Requesting  a  Letter  of  Introduction. 

Springfield,  m  .--  .  Harcb  4,  18 — . 
Friend  Rich: 

i  start  for  Boston  to  morrow,  to  make  at 

for  our  excursion.    I  shall  arrange  to  have  the  journey  extend  as  far 

as  the  Holy  Land.    Be  so  kind,  If  yon  pleas*    at  to  'jive  me  a  letter  of 

Introduction  to  Prof.  Win.  Kidder,  whom  I  hope,  also,  to  enlist    in    the 

scheme. 
With  warme  to  yonr  family,  I  remain, 

Very  Truly  Yours. 
HENRI    FRENCH. 

Reply  Granting  the  Request. 

Spabta,  R.  [.,  Murch  6,  18—. 
Dear  French: 

lose,  with  pleasure,  the  letter  to  Prof,  I 
ho    l  think,  will  lie  pleased  to  join  us.    Wishlngyou  much  BUCt 
I  am,  Yours  Truly, 

BARTON  RICH 

Requesting  the  Loan  of  an  Opera  Glass. 

Thursday  Afternoon,  April  7, 18—. 
Dear  Mabel: 

Fred  and  Jennie  Masters,  I  am 
to  He'  theater  i"  Qight,  and  in  behalf  oi  Fred  I  wish  you  would 
loan  me  your  opera-giass  for  (lie  evening. 

___ BECKUE  HOWELL. 

Answer  Refusing  the  Request. 

'I'n  ttSDJ  I     April  7,18—. 
Dear  Beckie: 

i  h.iili''  Hackney  called  and  borrowed  my  glass  about 
an  hour  since;  otherwise,  I  would  take  tie-  greatest  pleasure  in  grant- 
ing your  request.    Wishing  you  a  delightful  I  am, 
x"out  I 
MABEL  GALE. 

Requesting  the  Loan  of  a  Pistol. 

Friday  Hoi  18—. 

Friend  Godabd: 

Please  loan  me  your  pistol  this  forenoon,  and  oblige 
'  JOHN  OGDON. 

Reply  Granting  the  Request. 

Friday,  May  8, 18—. 
Friend  Joun: 

Accept  the  pistol.    Beware  that  you  do  not  get  hurt.    I 
shall  want  it  to-morrow.  Truly  Yours. 

BEN  GODARD. 


LETTERS    ACCOMPANYING    GIFTS. 


Accompanying  Gifts. 


-^yA%  SU ALLY,  in  sending 
gifts,  it  is  custom- 
ary to  accompany 
the  same  with  a 
prettily  written 
note.  Such  letters, 
with  their  answers, 
are  very  brief,  and 
are  usually  written  in  the  third  per- 
son, unless  among  relatives  or  very 
intimate  friends. 

Though  a  reply  should  be  given 
immediately,  no  haste  need  be  made 
in  repaying  the  gift,  else  it  would 
seem  that  you  feel  the  obligation, 
and  will  experience  relief  by  paying 
the  del  it. 


Accompanying  a  Betrothal  Gift  of  a  Ring. 

No.  84  Eldridge  Cocrt,  Jan.  1,  18—. 
Dear  Annie: 

Will  yon  accept  the  accompanying 
ring,  and  wear  it  as  a  pledge  of  the  undying  affection 
of, 

Yours  Constantly, 

WILLIAM. 


Reply  to  the  Foregoing. 

No.  8 St.,  Jan.  2,  18—. 

Dear  William: 

Tout  Ifl  la  on  mj  finger, 

where  it  will  be  ever  wood  of  your  love. 

Your*  Truly, 

ANNIE. 


-^Si^^Sts 


Form  of  Letter  Accompanying  Photographs. 


'■■■,. 


***«,  ■a*v€Z  i&e-usi.  -/Uvrn&Ce  d&tsiLizwt,  -t^i  -Cveu  ej?  -{ne- 
tL^d-t^L  'Z&zst  -mag  ■ans&c*faas£e<ci  ■rrKiJ&t'yua.  -w&n  'C#U& 
■me  win  fi 

■Co.    tmz&e    &u4.    ■a&uam    ■CG-'mfit&£e/    -a&iei    Cs    d-n^t^c 

^  </, 


Iu4 


LETTKKS    ACCOMPANYING    GIFTS. 


Answer  to  the  Foregoing. 

Jackson,  Miss.,  Oct.  25, 18—. 
Dear  I'mim: 

I  regrel  thai  we  are  not  to  have  the  anticipated 

visit  from  you  this  spring.    We  are  very  thankful  for  the  photographs, 

however,  if  we  can  <lo  no  better.    We  regard  them  very  life-like  In 

ml  truthful  in  representation.  When  baby  in  a  few  weeks 

older,  we  will  group ourselves  together,  and  i ue  as  we  are. 

Our  love  to  all  your  family,  and  remember  I 

Tour  Constant  Friend, 

HELEN  STANFORD. 


Accompanying  a  Book  Sent  by  the  Author. 

SriuNGDAi.E,  N. J.,  June  1,  18 — . 
Miss  Ilarmon  will  please  accept  the  accompanying  volume  as  a  token 
of  the  high  esteem  and  regard  of  the  Author, 

ARTHUR  WELLS. 
Miss  Maiitha  Harmon. 


Answer  to  the  Foregoing. 

No.  9 -St.,  Aug.  2,  i&— . 

Mi--  Harmon  presents  her  regards  to  Mr.  Wells,  and  accepts  with 
much  gratification  his  highly  esteemed  and  valuable  gift. 
Abtbub  Wells,  Esq. 


Accompanying  a  Boquet  of  Flowers  to  a  Lady. 

Will  Miss  Beveridge  honor  Mr.  Haines  by  carrying  the  accompany- 
ing Bowers  to  the  concert  this  evening? 


Answer  to  the  Foregoing. 

Mi--  Beveridge1*  compliments  and  thanks  to  Mr.  Haines.  His  beau- 
tiful and  fragrant  gift  will  be  a  welcome  addition  to  her  toilet  for  this 
evening. 


Accompanying  a  Birthday  Gift. 

Belvedere,  III.,  Dec.  10, 18 — . 
FRIEND  David: 

Sixty  years  ago,  to-day,  you  and  T  exchanged 
bitthd ;i .  then  In  onr  twentieth  year.    How  the  years  have 

fl'.wn  by  since  then,  sprinkling  our  heads  with  -now,  and  finally 
Ingtbem  with  white!   Vim  will  please  accept  thle  ridence 

mat  time  cannot  ilim  the  unchangiug  friendship  of, 

Your  Friend, 

JOSEPH  HARLOW. 


Answer  to  the  Foregoing. 

Fbeepobt,  III.,  Dec  10,  18 — . 
My  Friend  Joseph: 

Your  very  valuable  and  welcome  irift  came 
to-day.  I  lean  on  it,  and  look  hack.  The  noonday  of  our  life  ha-  passed. 
Gradually  we  ling  the  slope  towards  the  going-dowi 

ipointed  for  all  to  reach  life'e  meridian,  stand  there 
for  a  little  while,  and  go  down  on  the  other  side.    Youth  ma] 

re,  bui  I  doubt  not  thai  we  may  be  ;■  .  In  thai 

bonrne  towards  which  we  are  fas  I  passing.  During  my  remaining 
year-  1  will  cherish  your  gift.  Accept  my  warmest  thanks,  and  remem- 
ber me 

Your  Constant  Friend, 

DAVID  BINXINGER. 


Accompanying  a  Donation  to  a  Clergyman. 

To  The  Ukv.  Washington  smith, 

Pastor  or  the  —  th  St.  M.  B.  Church. 
Dear  sir : 

Will  you  confer  upon  us  (be  great  pleasure  of 
appropriating  to  your  own   oae  the  accompanying  check?    It 
Ben  ted  by  your  many  friends  in  your  congregation,  as  a  slight  token 
of  the  very  high  esteem  in  which  you  are  held  by  the  people,  as  a 
Dtlemau  and  a  mosl  eloquent  and  Instructive  preacher. 
Trusting  that  its  acceptance  will  afford  you  as  much  pleasure  as  is 
given  us  in  the  presentation,  we  are, 
Very  Respectfully, 

Maktin  Fuller, 

Wm.  B,  Kim.,  r     Com.  of  Presentation. 

Chas.  II.  Show. 


Answer  to  the  Foregoing. 

St.  Louis,  Ho.,  Jan.  1, 18 — . 
Messrs.  Martin  Fuller,  Wk.  B.  Kim;,  am.  Chas.  H.  Snow. 
I,,  ,,/h  in.  n  .■ 

Your  very  kind  and  COnrteoUfi  letter,  accompanied 
by  your  valuable  testimonial,  is  received,  for  which  please  accept  my 
grateful  acknowledgments.  The  gift  Itself,  however,  i-  not  more 
valued  than  the  golden  word-  of  sympathy  and  encouragement  that 
accompany  Its  presentation.  Trusting  that,  through  God's  blessing,  I 
e  able  to  serve  the  generous  donors  as  acceptably  in  the  future 
as  yonr  testimonial  leads  me  to  suppose  i  have  in  the  past,  I  am, 

Your  Very  Obedient  Servant. 

WASHINGTON  SMITH. 


Accompanying  a  Gift  to  a  Superintendent  upon  Retirement. 

Chicago,  III.,  Feb.  2, 18 — . 
Mn.  Arthur  p.  Stephens. 
Dear 

The  undersigned,  employes  of  the  Northwestern 
Sheet  Lead  and  Zinc  Work*,  deeply  regretting  your  departure  from 
among  as,  desire  yonr  acceptance  of  the  accompanying  memorial,  in 
ony  of  our  affection  and  respect  for  you  ass  gentleman  and  a 
mechanic,  and  as  a  faint  expression  of  our  appedatlon  of  your  kindly 
efforts  to  render  our  connection  with  this  manufactory  not  only 
pleasant  and  agreeable  to  ourselves,  hut  profitable  to  the  company. 

D  retting  that  our  connection  must  be  Bevered,  we  shall 

gratefully  remember  our  association  in  the  past,  and  hope  always  to 
he  held  in  pleasurable  remembrance  by  you. 

(Signed  by  the  Employes.) 


Answer  to  the  Foregoing. 


Chicago,  III..  Feb.  3, i&— . 
To  the  Employes  of  the  Northwestern  Sheet  Lead  and 
Zing  Works. 
Gent/emen : 

I  am  in  receipt  of  your  kind  letter  and  testimonial. 

Wherever  fortune  may  cast  my  lot,  I  shall  never  cea6e  to 

the  pleat  :tions  of  the  past   few  years,  and  the  many  kind 

.  ne  l  have  received  at  your  hands.    If  our  relatione  and  labors 

,1  do  net  forget  thai  they  were  largely  made  so  by 

your  always  generous  efforts  and  willing  cooperation. 

1  will  ever  cherish  your  beautiful  u'ift  as  a  memorial  of  our  pleasant 
years  together,  and  can  only  wis!  m,  when  occupying 

positions  of  trust,  may  be  as  warmly  supported  and  as  ably  assisted  by 
those  in  yonr  charge  as  I  have  been  since  mj  connection  witl 
-elves.    Thanking  yon  for  this  testimonial  and  your  generous  words 
of  approval,  I  remain, 

Tour  Friend, 

ARTHUR  P.  STEPHENS. 


LETTERS    TO    RELATIVES    AND    FRIENDS. 


105 


RITE    letters    to    friends 

and    relatives  very  often. 

A.B  a  rule,  the  more  frequent  snch 

letters,  the  more  minute  they  are 

in  giving  particulars;  and  the  longer 

you  make  them,  the  better. 

The  absent  husband  should  write  a  letter 

at  least  once  a  week.     Some  husbands  make 

it  a  rule  to  write  a  brief  letter  home  at  the  close 

of  every  day. 

The   absent   child   need    not   ask,  "  Do   they  miss 
me  at  home?"     Be  sure  that  they  do.     Write  those 
relatives  a  long  letter,  often,  descriptive  of  your  jour- 
neys and  the  scenes  with  which  you  are  becoming  familiar. 
And,  if  the  missive  from  the  absent  one  is  dearly  cherished, 
let  the  relatives  at  home  remember  that  doubly  dear  is  the 
letter  from   the  hallowed  hearthstone  of   the  home  fireside,  where  the 
dearest   recollection-   of  the  heart  lie  garnered.     Do  not  fail  to  write  very 
promptly  to  the  one  that  is  away.      Give  all  the  news.      Go  into  all  the  little 
particulars,  just  as  you  would  talk.     After  you  have  written  up  matters  of 
genera]  moment,  come  down  to  little  personal  gossip  that   is  of  particular 
i      interest.     Give  the  details  fully  about  Sallie  Williams  marrying  John  Hunt,  and  her  parents 
being  opposed  to  the  match.     Be  explicit  about  the  new  minister,  how  many  sociables  you 
have  a  month,  and  the  general  condition  of  affairs  among  your  intimate  acquaintances. 

Don't   forget   to  be   very  minute  about   things  at  home.      He  particular  to  tell   of  •■  huh."  and 
"sis,"  and  the  baby.     Even  "Major."  the  dog,  should  have  a  mention.     The  little  tid-bits  that 


106 


LETTERS   TO    RELATIVES. 


an  tucked  in  around,  op  the  edge  of  the  letter, 
are  all  devoured,  and  are  often  the  Bweetesl 
morsels  of  the  feast. 

Let  the  young,  more  especially,  keep  up  a 
continual  correspondence  with  their  friends. 
The  ties  of  friendship  are  thus  riveted  the 
Btronger,  and  the  fires  of  love  and  kind  feeling, 
on  the  altar  of  the  heart,  are  thus  kept  contin- 
ually burning  bright. 


will  drop  away  Into  happy  home?,  which,  If  they  do  not  make  them, 
they  will  at  least  adorn. 

And  eo  yon  are  married.  Well,  I  had  some  Intimation,  months 
ago,  that  such  an  event  might  sometime  take  place,  but  really  1  did 
not  think  you  would  change  your  name  so  soon.  Mi-.  Charles 
Blackwell I  — well,  that  do?*  sound  a  little  odd,  I  confess,  bnl  then  it  Is 
a  pretty  name,  nevertheless.  I  assure  yon  I  am  Impatient  to  meet  you, 
and  witness  how  yon  dignify  the  Dame. 

Accept  my  most  sincere  good  wishes  for  your  future  happiness,  and 
tell  your  husband  that  he  must  be  prepared  to  (eel  an  Interest  In  the 
welfare  of  all  your  old  friends,  especially. 

Your  Friend, 

CALLIE  BROWN. 


From  a  Husband,  Absent  on  Business,  to 
his  Wife. 

Detroit,  Mich.,  Feb.  1, 18—. 
My  Deajb  Henbibtta: 

I  have  been  to  the  end  of  my 
Journey,  and  am  now  homeward  bound.  Another 
week,  and  I  hope  to  kiss  my  wife  and  babies,  and 
tell  them  that  this  Is  my  last  journey  of  tin'  winter. 
One  or  two  journey  ind  then  I  am 

done   traveling  away  from  home.      What   better 
ra  I  write  you  than  thi  haps.  I 

have  better  oews  yet,  which  Is,  that  I  hav< 

such  arrangements,  during  my  absence  from 
you  this  time,  as  will  greatly  Increase  my  Income 
without  11  bein 

Isn't  that  pleasant!  How  I  long  to  gel  home 
and  tell  you  all  about  it.  At  present,  when  not 
closely  engaged  In  business,  I  am  busy  thinking 
of  many  Improvements  that  we  will  make  around 
our  home  next  Bummer,  being  the  - 
thai  yon  have  bo  long  desired,  bnt  which  our 
means  hitherto  have  not  permitted  us  to  make. 
Rlss  Sammie  and  Tilth-  for  me,  and  accept  many 
for  yourself.  I  will  write  you  from  (  leve- 
land,  If  not  be!  !  night 

Vo.ir  Loving  Husband, 

WM.  TILDEN. 


From  a  Young  Girl,  at  Boarding-School,  to  her  Mother. 


From  a  Young  Lady  to  a  Schoolmate  just 
Married. 

Galva,  III.,  Dec.  26, 18—. 
DXAB  Minnie: 

I  have  just  heard,  through  our 
mutual  friend  and  former  BChoolmate,  Nellie 
Crandall,  that  you  are  the  first  of  our  school-girl 
circle  who  has  taken  upon  herself  the  cares  and 
duties  of  married  life. 
Thus,  one  bj  one,  I  expect,  our  little  band  of 
-,  happy  girle,  eo  short  a  time  ago  together, 


aft@<>fe&v44>ce    Cfem-a-te    (Qfewuiuz.'i'U-/ 

(Qc/.    •,     JS 

4$eeu   C^faaJ/ei.- 

Of  -te^a^i^i  -Mew  ■£<!  ■tt&tisCe  *>ve  -a. 

■cesCi&l  &s£  osyice;    <i4&t3ie>.  ->^ie.    <ta    c<xtvie  Aa-wie-  -emci 

de>e  ■te.ott.         \j  <'    '          J  <i**t  do  <Ae-nie<uc-n,/       ^/Mou 

rLvtottt,    •mo'i/i&t,    -C&td    -cd  -t/ie    /i.-uiyi  ■fa-tite    Cs    -ttAad 

&u&t  ■e&u&ei '                     ■                           ■             /     ■'■   mud£  '&£ 

■i^^e  oa-me  4-t-a.A-i  A-cme,  o<t   C/  -tui-C^c  c^pCeti^t^u  <zte 

■Ojf   -^cM^ed^on^^edd.. 

/  \uu   O^ktde^a-dA  CfgshjZ/, 

(Q&a  OJeovn&isi. 

<T«  ofau.  i    \    .;,n**as. 

LETTERS    OF     FRIENDS    AND    RELATIVES. 


107 


Answer  of  the  Mother. 

New  York,  Oct.  3, 18—. 

My  Dear  Child: 

I  am  sorry  that  you  should  urge  me  to  grant  you 
such  an  unreasonable  request.  Of  course,  nothing  could  please  me 
better  than  to  have  my  darling  little  Ella  Bitting  on  my  lap  at  this 
very  moment;  but  think  how  seriously  the  absence  from  your  school, 
now,  would  derange  all  your  recitations  for  this  term.  You  must  not 
think  of  it;  recollect  that  all  your  brothers  and  Bifiters  have  been  away 
at  school,  and  always  remained  until  the  vacations.  It  is  true  that  you, 
being  the  youngest,  have  been  petted  more  than  the  rest,  but  it  would 
be  very  unfortunate  to  have  my  indulgence  interfere  with  your  studies. 
Y'ou  know  that  you  are  the  idol  of  our  hearts;  for  that  very  reason 
you  should  endeavor  to  become  proficient  in  those  branches  of  study 
that  will  render  you  an  accomplished  lady. 

Believe  me,  my  dear  child,  you  will  find  school  more  pleasant  even' 
day,  as  you  get  better  acquainted  with  your  schoolmates;  and,  through 
improvement  in  your  studies,  you  will  steadily  grow  in  favor  with 
your  teachers. 

I  will  write  Mrs.  Mayhew  to  render  your  tasks  as  light  as  possible  at 
first,  and  I  have  no  doubt  she  will  do  all  in  her  power  to  aid  you. 

Only  a  few  weeks,  remember,  and  you  will  be  home  for  a  long  vaca- 
tion, which  will  he  all  the  more  delightful  for  tin-  privation  you  are  at 
present  undergoing.  Your  father,  brothers  and  sisters  all  unite  with 
me  in  sending  you  their  love. 

I  remain,  my  dear  child, 

Yonr  Affectionate  Mother, 

NANCY  BENNETT. 

To  Ella  Bennett, 

Hopeville  Female  Seminar}'. 


From  an  Absent  Wife  to  her  Husband. 

Argtle,  N.  Y.,  March  2,  IB—. 
Dearest  Love: 

I  am  at  last  safely  under  uncle's  roof,  having  arrived 

here  last  evening,  baby  and  myself  both  well,  but  really  very  tired. 

We  had  no  delay,  except  about  two  hours  at  Buffalo.     Uncle  met 

me  at  the  depot  with  his  carriage,  and.  in   fifteen  minutes  from  the 

time  of  my  arrival,  I  was  cosily  seated  iu  my  room,  which  was  all  in 

readiness  for  me. 

Uncle  and  aunt  seem  greatly  pleased  with  my  coming,  and  both  are 
loud  iu  their  praise  of  the  baby.  They  very  much  regret  thai  you 
could  not  have  come  with  me,  and  say  they  intend  to  prevail  on  you  to 
make  them  a  visit  when  I  am  ready  to  go  home. 

Baby  looks  into  my  eyes  once  in  a  while  and  says,  solemnly,  "  Papa, 
papa !  "  I  do  actually  believe  he  is  thinking  about  home,  and  wants 
to  keep  up  a  talk  alum!  you.    Everybody  thinks  he  looks  like  his  papa. 

By  day  after  to-morrow  I  "ill  write  a  long  letter.  I  want  you  to  get 
this  by  the  first  mail,  so  I  make  it  short.     With  dearest  love,  I  am, 

Your  Wife, 
I    WiOLINE. 

Answer  to  the  Foregoing. 

Michigan  city,  Ind.,  March  7. 
Dear  Wife: 

I  was  indeed  rejoiced  to  hear  of  your  safe  arrival,  having 
telt no  little  anxiety  for  you,  which  is  relieved  by  the  receipl  of  your 
letter, 

I  miss  you  very  much,  tin-  bouse  look-  so  dreary  without  your  loved 
presence;  but  I  am,  nevertheless,  glad  that  you  are  making  your  visit, 
as  the  journey,  1  trust,  will  be  beneficial  to  your  health. 

Kiss  baby  for  me.  Only  by  bis  absence  do  I  know  how  much  I  have 
enjoyed  my  play  with  our  little  Charlie. 

Don't  take  any  concern  about  me.     Enjoy  your  visit   to  the  utmost 
extent.     In  one  of  my  next  letters  I  will  write  whether  I  can  gi 
and  return  with  you. 
Remember  me  to  uncle  and  aunt. 

Your  Ever-Faithful  Husbaud, 

ARCHIBALD. 


From  a  Servant  in  the  City,  to  her  Parents  in  the  Country. 

New  York,  June  1,  18—. 

Mr  Dear  Parents: 

I  take  the  first  opportunity,  since  I  arrived  iu  the 
city,  to  write  to  you.  It  was  a  sore  trial,  I  assure  you,  to  leave  home, 
but  since  coming  here  I  have  been  quite  contented,  and  I  am  get- 
ting so  well  accustomed  to  my  work  that  I  begin  to  like  my  place 
very  much. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Benedict  are  both  very  kind  to  me.  The  family  con- 
sists of  father,  mother  and  three  children,  the  yotm  a  little 
boy  three  years  old  — a  beautiful  little  fellow,  that  always  reminds  me 
of  brother  James.  Eliza,  the  oldest  girl,  is  thirteen,  and  Martha  is 
eleven.  They  are  both  very  kind  to  me,  and  do  so  much  about  the 
house  that  it  helps  rac  very  considerably. 

Mr.  Benedict  is  a  clothing  merchant  in  the  city,  and,  T  judge,  U  In 
very  good  circumstances.  The  girls  are  attending  school  at  present. 
All  the  family  are  very  regular  in  their  attendance  at  church. 

For  the  first  few  days  here,  everything  - ■> 'tie ■<]  \  ery  strange.  I  hardly 
knew  what  to  make  of  so  much  noise  and  so  many  people  on  the 
streets.  I  have  now,  however,  become  accustomed  to  the  multitudes, 
and  would,  I  presume,  consider  my  native  village  very  dull  indeed, 
compared  with  the  bustle  and  activity  of  the  city. 

I  realize  every  day.  dear  parents,  the  worth  of  your  good  advice  to 
me,  which  I  never  knew  the  value  of  so  much  before;  thanking  you 
for  the  same,  I  will  always  endeavor  to  follow  it. 

Give  my  love  to  Johnny,  Man',  Jimmy  and  all  inquiring  friends.  I 
shall  anxiously  look  for  a  letter  from  you.      Write  me  iu  the  care  of 

Solon  Benedict,  No. Thirteenth  Street. 

Tour  Dutiful  and  Affectionate  Daughter. 

BETSEY  ANN  FAIRBANKS. 
To  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  K.  Fairbanks, 
Swallow  Hill,  Pa. 


The  Mother's  Reply. 

Swallow  Hill,  Pa.,  June",  18 — . 

Dear  Betsey: 

Your  letter,  which  has  been  received,  affor 
pleasure  and  satisfaction  to  your  father  and  myself.  Nothing  could 
give  our  hearts  greater  happiness  than  to  know  of  your  enjoyment 
and  firm  purpose  to  do  right.  Now  that  you  are  removed  from  all 
parental  restraint,  il  \<  of  tue  most  vital  importance  that  yon  implic- 
itly rely  upon  the  religious  precepts  which  have  been  instilled  into 
your  mind,  and  that  yon  daily  pray  to  God  for  guidance  and  mercy. 

Weare  greatly  pleased  that  you  are  well  situated  with  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Benedict ;  in  re  I  urn  for  their  kindness  yon  must  be  honest,  industi 
kind  and  obliging,  always  doing  your  duty  faithfully,  which  will  be  a 
real  satisfaction  to  yourself  as  well  as  to  your  employ 

Several  of  tin-  neighbors,  who  have  called,  have  wished  to  be  remem- 
bered to  you;  Mary  and  Jimmy  unite  with  you  father  and  myself  in 
sending  you  love. 

We  shall  constantly  pray  for  your  continued  protection  and  pros- 
perity.    I  remain,  dear  Betsey, 

Your  Affectionate  Mother, 

II  \RRIET  FAIKBANKS. 


Letter  from  a  Father.  Remonstrating  with  his  Son. 
Danbi  by,  Conk.,  July?,  18—. 

My  Dear  Son  : 

T  am  sorry  to  learn  that  you  are  not  inclined  to 

Btrlcl  in  your  line  of  duty  as  von  should  be.      Remember,  im  SOB,  that 

a  down-hill  road  Is  hi  dess  you  rouse  j  ourself  and  shake  off 

immediately  the  habits  of  dissipation   that  are  fastening  the:--- 
upon  you.     Be  sure,  dear  boy.  that  nothing  but  sorrow  and  shame  can 
come  of  bad  company,  late  hours,  neglect  of  duty,  and  inattention  10 
the  obligations  of  morality      I  am  willing  to  think  that  you  have  not 
given  this  matter  BUfflcient  thought  heretofore:  that  your  acti<  I 
the  result  of  thoughtlessness,  rather  than  a  disposition  to  do  wron". 


ins 


DKSCUH'TIVK    LETTERS. 


But  be  forewarned  In  time.     You  must  change  jour  course  of  action 
latel] .  or  Incur  my  severe  displeasure. 
I  urge  this,  my  hoy,  tor  yonr  Bake.    Remember  that  my  bappl  i 
bound  In  your  own,  and  that  nothing  could  give  me  greater  pleasure 
than  your  prosperity.    I  trust  thai  it  will  nol  be  necessary  for  me  to 
use  more  severe  language  than  this. 

Four  Anxinus  Father, 

RUDOLF  MATHEWS. 


The  Son's  Reply. 

Boc  ton,  M  \--.,  June  9,  IS—. 
hi  \k  Father: 

I  realize  that  I  need  the  good  advice  contained 

In  your  letter.    lam  aware,  as  1  stop  to  think  of  my  conduct,  thai  I 

■    tety,  in!  [  Intend, by  attention  i«>  my 

reaiter,  and  a  complete  reformation  ol  my  habits,  to  give 

you  no  occasion  for  concern  about  me  In  the  future,    B*  Iteve  me,  I  love 

and  reaped  yon  too  much  to  Intentionally  wound  your  reelings,  or 

to  bring  down  your  gray  hairs  With  sorrow. 

Excuse  me,  dear  father,  for  having  given  you  this  uneasiness,  and 
trusl  me  as, 

Your  Affectionate  and  Repentant  Sou, 

CHARLES  M  VTIIKW's. 


From  a  Married  Man  to  a  Friend  About  to  Marry. 

Atlanta,  <J.\.,  Aug,  20, 18—. 
an  Batcbsldbb: 

Can  it  be  possible?  Am  I  right,  or  am  I 
dreaming?  Has  ii  conn-  to  ihi-  at  last ''  Von,  Batchelder  Button  —you 
cynic,  railer  against  women,  the  unalterable,  urn  ban  ■■  able  bachelor, 
—  is  it  possible  that  von  have  at  last  been  captured,  and  have  surren- 
dered all  your  ordnance,  heavy  guns  and  email  arm-  to  Che  enemj  I 

w  hat  a  defeat '    That  large,  strong  heart  of  yours  all  crumbling  to 
pieces,  and  surrendering  to  Cupid's  battery  I 

Well,  now ,  seriously,  my  Friend,  from  my  point  of  \  lew,  1  think'you 

have  done  'i  •  ery  BenBlble  thing.  The  man  who  lmcs  the  journey  a  lour 

through  life,  lives  but  half  s  life.  IT  you  have  found  tin  woman  fitted 

by  temperament  and  accomplishmenta  to  render  your  pathway  through 

lift-  the  joyous  one  that  the  married  state  should  i"\  you  are  certainly 

itulated  for  awakening  to  a  trni  our  condition, 

though  rather  late  in  the  day. 

Though  but  Blightly  acquainted  with  Miss  Howell,  I  have  formed  a 

i  of  her  Intelligence  and  worth,  which  "pinion,  I 

believe,  Is  generally  shared  by  those  who  know  her  best.    I  donbl  not, 

with  her  your  married  life  will  be  B  continually  happy  one 

Your  Friend, 

HERBERT  TRACET. 


From  a  Young  Man  Who  Has  Recently  Entered  College. 

11  u;v  «ro  College,  M  \--  ,  May  18,  18 — . 
Deak  Father: 

I  ;mi  happy  to  inform  you  that  I  passed  my 
examination  with  credit,  [flam  to  believe  the  commendation  bestowed 
upon  me  by  Or.  H — . 

I  was  very  agreeably  surprised,  soon  after  my  arrival,  to  meet  my 
former  schoolmate,  Hartley  Montague,  who  ii 

and  influential  In  Ins  class,  with  whom  I  am,  as  formerly,  on  quite 
Intimate  terms.     M  i  are  quite  new  to  an   bere 

much  mixed,  and  I  cannot  tell  just  where  my  level  Is;  but  I 
to  follow  Ldvice  of  my  parents,  and 

itives,  w  bo  have  labored  •  o 
■ 

ckyou  so  kiti«:  ■  hlch  was  rally  ade- 

quate to  cover  all  of  entrance,  and  leave  me  a  surplus 

lent  for  the  rest  oi  the  term. 

i-      Hoping   to  meet  you  all  at  our 
forthcoming  commencement,  I  am, 

Four  Affectionate  Son. 

i:\UFORD  D.  CLAY. 


Descriptive  Letter 
From  a  Young  Man  at  the  "  Old  Home/'  to  his  Parents  in  the 

West. 

Cambridge,  N.  Y.,  June  18,  1873. 

Deak  Pahbhts: 

\  greeable  to  j  i  >ur  request,  i  take  the  first 

opportunity,  after  my  visit  t.(  1 1 old  home"  and  a  hurried  call  upon 

our  relatives,  to  write  you  how  l  round  the  people  and  scenes  thai  you 
knew  bo  well  in  tii  -  \  n--,  and  that  I  remember  as  a  boj 

i  arrived  at  Cambridge  oiler  a  ninety  minutes1  ride  from  Troy.  What 
change  In  traveling!    When  last  I  was  here,  it  was  a  day's 

journej  from  Troy,  bj  ate ich.    To-day,  New  fork,  In  time,  in 

nearer  to  our  old  home  than  Troy  was  then;  and  Troy,  after  traveling 
the  thriving,  driving  cities  of  the  great  West,  seems  like  a  way- 
side village,  Instead  ol  the  greal  metropolis  that  it i    i  ■  an  d  to  be; 

thou  ii  [I  i-  &  beautiful,  growing,  wealthy  manufacturing  city  to-day, 
nevertheless,  it  \t  not  that  the  villages  and  cltli  b  that  we  once  knew 
grow  less,  but  by  observation  and  comparison  we  class  them  where 
thej  belong. 

At  Cambridge  I  secured  a  livery  tram  for  a  three  days'  sojourn 

among  the  n  ■  d<  b  of  my  boyh I.    Up  the  Battcnklll.  Could  ii  be  that 

this  was  the  greal  river  in  which  my  parents  were  In  Buch  constant 
fear  of  their  hoy  being  drowned?  Was  this  the  sfjssisslppl  of  my 
childhood?  AJael  thai  I  had  Boated  down  the  Ohio  River  to  the  real 
Mississippi,  thai  I  had  been  up  the  Missouri,  two  thousand  miles 
from  ii*  mouth,  and  that  I  had  navigated  the  Father  of  Waters  from 
ii-  fountain-head  to  its  outlet  In  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Had  the  Battenkill been  drying  up ?  Not  at  all.  Though  a  brook, 
con  paratively,  there  are  the  sane-  mill  dams,  the  same  trout-holes, 
and  the  same  bending  willows  by  its  side;  and  the  iirst  to  meet  me 
among  our  old  neighbors  was  uncle  Nat.,  the  same  old  Jolly  fisherman, 
returning  from  his  daily  piscatorial  excursion,  with  a  small  string  of 
trout.  Uncle  Nat  complains  bitterly  of  the  scarcity  offish  at  present 
in  the  river,  caused,  he  says,  by  "them  city  chaps"  from  Troy,  New 
x*ork  and  Albany,  who  are  In  the  habit  of  Bojourning  during  the  Bum- 
mer months  in  the  hotels  among  the  mountains  hereabouts. 

stopping  first  at  uncle  Henry's,  I  visited  the  old  homestead  to? 
eveningon  the  daj  of  my  arrival.  Whatever  may  besaid  aboul  the 
village  and  rivers  growing  Bmaller,  it  must  certainly  be  admitted  that 
the  mountains,  hills  and  rocks  hold  their  own.  Dp  there,  on  the  hill- 
side, was  "  the  old  house  at  home,"  which  1  had  nol  Been  for  fifteen 
years.  I  went  up  the  walk.  There  were  the  maples  that  I  assisted 
father  in  planting,  twenty  years  ago-  -great,  spreading  trees  now. 
There  was  the  same  rosebush  that  mother  and  I  <!\rn\  for  sixteen  years 
ago.  No  other  evidence  of  the  Bowers  and  shrubbery  that  mother  so 
much  delighted  in  remained  aboul  the  premises. 

[  had  learned  that  the  place  had  passed  into  the  bauds  of  an  Irish- 
man named  Sweeny,  so  1  rapped  at  the  front  door,  and  was  met  by 
Mrs.  s.,  from  whom  i  obtained  permission  to  Btroll  around  the  place. 
"Oh,  yes," said  the  kind-hearted  woman,  "go  all  about,  and  when 
Mr.  Swainy  comes,  he'll  go  w  Id  ye." 

So  i  strolled  In  the  quiet  evening  hour,  alone,  among  the  scenefl  of 
my  childhood,  where  we  hoys  picked  stones  and  played  ball  In  the 
summer,  and  slid  down  hill  and  chopped  firewood  in  the  winter.  The 
barn  was  the  same  old  barn.  I  clambered  to  it"  old  girtbearo,  and  sal 
looking  down  on  the  haymow  where  i  had  jumped,  hundreds  of  times, 
into  tin- hay  below.  I  climbed  to  the  box,  close  under  the  rafters, 
win-re  we  boys  used  to  keep  doves.  The  Bame  box  Is  there  yet.  I  went 
down  Into  the  stables,  where  we  bunted  hen.-'  eggs.  Apparently,  the 
same  speckled  hens  are  there  now.  And  down  around  the  barn  arc 
e  old  maples,  and  willows  beside  the  brook. 

I  went  out  to  the  fields.  What  immense  tracts  of  land  I  thought 
these  tei  -  when  I  was  a  boj  '    The  same  orchards  are  there. 

The  old  Jonee  sweet  apple  d,  however,  and  none  of  the  trees 

arc  looking  thrifty.  T  took  a  drink  from  the  upper  spring,  in  the 
i  blch  tasted  just  as  cool  as  ever,  and  getting  down  on  my 

hands  and  knees  to  drink  seemed  like  old  times.      I  saw   n  WOOdchnck 
reral  squirrels,  In  my  walk,  and  heard  the  same  old   raw.  caw, 
of  the  'Tow^.  which  brought  hack  the  past  the  most  vividly  of  any- 
thing I  had  heard. 


DESCRIPTIVE    LETTERS. 


109 


Returning,  and  looking  through  the  house,  I  found  almost  every- 
thing changed.  Two  American  and  three  Irish  families  had  occupied 
it  since  we  left,  and  they,  evidently  thinking  that  they  would  soon 
leave,  did  not  pretend  to  make  any  improvements  for  their  successors 
to  enjoy.  To  eum  up  the  description  of  the  house  —  it  has  never  been 
painted  since  we  left;  the  dooryard  fence  is  gone;  the  woodhouse 
has  been  removed;  the  outdoor  cellar  has  caved  in;  the  wagon- 
house  leans  so  badly  it  is  liable  to  fall  over  at  any  time;  the  house 
itself,  in  a  few  years,  will  go  the  way  of  the  fences;  and  must  of  the 
outbuildings  are  already  gone.  Nearly  every  American  family  that 
once  lived  here  has  gone  West ;  the  population  of  the  vicinity,  at  the 
present  time,  being  largely  made  up  of  Irish.  Another  generation, 
and,  it  is  probable,  scarcely  an  American  will  be  left  to  tell  the  tale. 
Though  sorrowing  to  see  the  wreck  of  our  old  home,  I  am  greatly 
enjoying  the  visit.  The  scenery  is  truly  beautiful;  though,  unfortu- 
nately, the  people  here  know  nothing  of  it-  beauties,  and  it  takes  us 
some  years  on  the  level  plains  of  the  West  t  o  learn  to  appreciate  it. 

One  thing  must  be  said  of  the  people  hen-,  however,  especially  the 
Americans  that  are  left — they  take  their  full  measure  of  enjoyment. 
Willi  continuous  snow  four  months  in  the  year,  the  winter  is  made  up 
of  sleighriding  to  parties  and  festal  occasions;  the  sunshine  of 
spring  is  the  signal  for  maple-sngar-making,  and  sugaring-off  parties  ; 
the  hard  work  of  summer  is  broken  up  by  fishing,  berrying,  and  fre- 
quent excursions  to  various  parts  of  the  country;  the  fall  is  charac- 
terized by  apple-parings  and  corn-huskings;  so  that,  with  their  maple 
sugar,  berries,  cream,  trout,  honey  and  pumpkin  pies,  they  are  about 
the  best  livers  and  happiest  people  I  ever  met.  I  never  knew,  till  I 
returned,  that  they  enjoyed  themselves  so  well. 

I  will  continue  the  record  of  my  visit  in  my  next. 
Yours  Affectionately, 

ALFRED  T.  WEEKS. 


Descriptive  Letter. 

From  a  Young  Lady  Visiting  Chicago,  to  her  Parents  in  the 

East. 

Chicago,  III.,  June  1, 1873. 

Dear  Parents: 

LTaving  been  the  rounds  among  our  relatives  here, 
I  seat  myself  to  give  you  something  of  an  idea  of  this  wonderful 
city  —  in  many  respects  one  of  the  most  remarkable  on  the  face  of  the 
earth,  having  a  population  to-day  of  over  300,000. 

You  have  heard  so  much  of  the  city  that  I  must  give  you  a  brief 
Bketch  of  its  history. 

The  first  white  man  ever  known  to  have  set  foot  on  the  spot  where 
Chicago  now  stands,  was  a  French  Mis-iuiiary,  from  Canada,  named 
Pierre  Jacques  Marquette,  who,  with  two  others,  having  been  on  a 
missionary  tour  in  the  southern  part  of  Illinois,  when  homeward 
bound  was  detained  at  this  place  in  the  fall  of  1673,  in  consequence 
of  the  severe  cold,  until  the  following  spring.  That  was  two  hun- 
dred years  ago. 

The  firM  settler  that  came  hen-  was  Point-au-Sable,  a  St.  Domingo 
ne^ro.  who,  in  17!**'»,  commenced  a  few  improvements  seventy  seven 
Bince.  An -Sable  soon  afterwards  removed  to  Peoria,  111.,  bis  im- 
provements passing  into  the  bands  of  one  Le  Mai.  a  Frenchman,  who 
traded  considerably  with  the  Indians.  The  fn>t  permanent  aettle 
was  John  Kin/,ie.  who  came  over  from  St.  Joseph,  Michigan,  and  com- 
menced his  improvements  iu  1804  —  sixty-nine  years  ago.  Mr.  Kin/ie 
was,  indeed,  what  Romulus  was  to  Rome,  the  founder  of  th 
There  was  a  fort  built  that  year,  a  blockhouse  made  OflOgS,  a  few  rods 
southwest  of  what  is  now  known  as  Rush  Street  bridge.  Mr.  Kinzie 
hid  a  house  near  the  south  end  of  the  bridge,  which  bridge,  of  course. 
had  no  existence  in  those  days.  An  employe  of  Mr.  Kinzie.  named 
Ouilmette,  a  Frenchman,  had  a  cabin  a  little  west  of  Mr.  Kinzie;  and 
a  little  further  west  was  the  log  cottage  of  one  Burns,  a  discharged 
soldier.  South  of  the  fort,  ou  the  South  Side,  a  Mr.  Lee  had  a  farm,  in 
the  low  swamp  lands,  where  now  stands  the  heart  of  the  business 
center  of  the  city,  and  his  cabin  was  a  half  mile  or  so  down  the  river. 


For  a  quarter  of  a  century  the  growth  of  the  village  was  remarkably 
slow,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  1830  there  were  but  twelve  houses 
in  the  village,  with  three  suburban  residences  on  Madison  street,  the 
entire  population,  whites,  half-breeds  and  negroes,  making  about  one 
hundred.    That  was  forty  years  ago. 

I  should  have  told  you  that  Chicago  has  a  river,  which  is  doul 
the  cause  of  the  wonderful  commercial  growth  of  the  place  of  late 
years,  which,  at  the  time  of  its  discovery,  was  two  hundred  feet  wide, 
and  twenty  feet  deep,  with  bunks  so  steep  that  vessels  could  come  up 
to  the  water's  edge  and  receive  their  lading.  A  half  mile  or  more 
from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  the  Btream  divides:  that  portion  north 
of  the  stream  being  known  as  the  North  Side ;  that  between  the  forks, 
the  West  Side;  and  that  south  of  the  river,  the  South  Side. 

At  that  time,  the  North  side  was  covered  with  a  dense  forest  of  black 
walnut  and  other  trees,  in  which  were  hear-,  wolves,  foxes,  wildcats, 
deer  and  other  game  in  great  abundance;  while  the  South  Side,  now 
the  business  center,  was  a  low,  swampy  piece  of  ground,  being  the 
resort  of  wild  geese  and  ducks.  Where  the  court  house  stands,  was  a 
pond,  which  was  navigable  for  small  boats.  On  the  banks  of  the 
river,  among  the  sedgy  grass,  grew  a  wild  onion,  which  the  Indians 
called  Chikago,  and  hence  the  name  of  the  city. 

On  a  summer  day,  in  1881,  the  first  vessel  unloaded  goods  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river.  In  1832,  the  first  frame  house  was  built,  b 
W.  Dole,  and  stood  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Dearborn  and  South 
Water  streets.  At  an  election  for  township  trustees  in  1833, — just  forty- 
one  years  since  —  there  were  twenty-eight  voters.  In  1840,  there  were 
less  than  5,000  people  in  the  place.  Thus  you  see  this  city,  now  the 
fifth  in  the  order  of  the  population  in  the  United  States,  has  grown 
from  5,000  to  300,000  in  thirty-three  years. 

It  is  needless  for  me  to  describe  the  wonderfully  rapid  up-buildiug  of 
the  city  since  the  fire.  You  have  heard  all  about  it.  What  I  want  to 
tell  you  more  especially  is  concerning  our  relatives.  Uncles  John, 
William  and  James,  you  recollect  perhaps,  all  came  here  in  1836. 
They  worked  that  summer  for  different  parties,  and  until  the  next 
spring,  when,  in  the  summer  of  1837,  each  of  the  men  they  had 
labored  for  failed.  Uncle  John  bad  due  him  (ISO.  Fortunal  ely,  as  he 
thought,  he  was  able  to  settle  the  claim  at  fifty  cents  on  the  dollar,  and 
with  $75  he  left  the  place  in  disgust,  and  went  to  work  for  a  farmer  in 
Dupage  County,  a  little  distance  west  of  Chicago.  Uncle  William 
could  not  get  a  cent.  He  even  proposed  to  take  $50  for  Ihe  $175 
were  due  him,  but  cash  could  not  possibly  be  obtained.  He  finally 
settled  his  claim  by  taking  six  acres  of  Bwampy  land  on  the  South 
Side,  which  he  vainly  tried  to  sell  for  several  years  that  he  might 
leave  the  city;  but,  unable  to  do  so,  he  continued  to  work  in  Chicago. 
Uncle  James  took  fifteen  acres  in  the  settlement  of  his  claim,  which  he 
also  found  it  impossible  to  sell,  his  experience  being  about  th'-  same  as 
that  of  uncle  William.  Well,  now  the  luck  begins  to  come  in.  Uncle 
William  got  independent  of  his  land  by  and  by.  but  at  last  sold 
an  acre  for  money  enough  to  put  up  one  of  the  most  elegant  resii 
you  ever  beheld.  He  sold  afterwards  another  acre  for  money  with 
which  he  bought  a  farm  three  miles  from  th  that  is  now 

worth  $500,000.  With  two  acres  more,  he  got  money  enough  to  put  up 
five  business  blocks,  from  which  he  gets  a  revenue,  each  year,  sufficient 
to  buy  several  farms. 

Uncle  James'  experience  is  almost  exactly  similar  to  uncle  William's. 
He  has  sold  small  portions  of  his  land  at  various  times,  re-investing 
his  money  in  real  estate,  until  he  is  worth  to-day  about  $'2,000,000. 
Uncle  William  is  said  to  be  worth  ahout  the  same  amount.  Uncle  John 
came  in  from  the  country  a  few  years  ago,  and.  in  various  capacities, 
is  working  for  his  brother-  around  the  city,  being  today  a  poor  man: 
but  will,  I  presume,  be  just  as  rich  in  eternity  as  uncles  Jam 
William. 

All  have  interestinir  families  of  Intelligent  children,  among  whom 
I  have  almost  terminated  one  of  the  most  delightful  visits  I  ever  made. 
Such  in  brief  i-  the  history  of  Chicago,  and  a  '•ketch  of  two  of  its 
sample  rich  men.  who  were  made  wealthy  in  spite  of  themsehe-. 

In  my  next  I  will  describe  the  parks  and  boulevards  about  the  city. 
Till  then,  adieu. 

Your  Affectionate  Daughter, 

I  I  \   SPA  III. AND. 


110 


HINTS   ON    WRITING    LOVE-LETTERS. 


Letters  of  Love.; 


■pp 


'  all  letters,  the  love-letter 
should  be  the  most  carefully 
prepared.  Among  I  lie  «  ritten 
missives,  they  are  the  mosl 
thoroughly  read  and  re-read, 
the  longesl  preserved,  and  the 
mosl 
after  life 


ikely  to  be  regretted  in 


l\iri.i;i  \MT.   >>v   r.\i;i:. 


They  should  he  written  with  the  utmost  re- 
gard  for  perfection.  An  ungrammatical  expres- 
sion, or  word  improperly  spelled,  may  seriously 
interfere  with  the  writer's  prospects,  by  being 
turned  to  ridicule.  For  any  jmtm.ii.  however, 
to  make  Bporl  of  a  respectful,  confidential  letter, 

because  of  b e  error  in  the  writing,  is  in  the 

highest  degree  unladylike  and  ungentlemanly. 

NECESSITY    OF   CAUTION. 

A-  a  rule,  the  love-letter  should  be  very 
guardedly  written.  Ladies,  especially,  should  be 
very  careful  to  maintain  their  dignity  when 
writing  them.  When,  possibly,  in  after  time 
the  feelings  entirely  change,  yon  will  regrel 
thai  you  wrote  the  letter  at  all.  If  the  love 
remains  unchanged,  no  harm  will  certainly  be 
i  if  you  wrote  with  judgment  and  care. 

at    W  il  VI     \i.i;    TO    w  RITE    LO\  C-l.l  I  I  I  BS. 

The  love-letter  is  the  prelude  to  marriage  —  a 
state  that,  it'  the  husband  and  wife  be  fitted  for 
each  other,  i-  the  most  natural  and  serenely 
happy;  a  state,  however,  that  none  should 
enter  upon,  until,  in  judgment  and  physical  de- 
velopment, Loth  parties  have  completely  ma- 
tured.    Many  a  life  has  been  wrecked  bv  a  blind. 


impulsive  marriage,  simply  resulting  from  a 
youthful  passion.  As  a  physiological  law,  man 
should  be  twenty-five,  and  woman  twenty-three, 
before  marrj  ing. 

4PPBOVAL    ok    PARENTS. 
While    there    may    be   exceptional    eases,  as   a 

rule,  corrcs] lence  should  be  conducted  only 

with  the  assent  and  approval  of  the  parents.  If 
it  is  nut  so,  parents  are  themselves  generally  to 
blame.  If  children  are  properly  trained,  they 
will  implicitly  confide  in  the  father  and  mother, 
who  will  retain  their  love  until  thej  are  suffi- 
ciently matured  to  cl Be  a  companion  for  life. 

It'  parents  neglect  to  retain  this  love  and  confi- 
dence, the  child,  in  the  yearning  for  affection, 
will  place  the  love  elsewhere,  frequently  much 
too  early  in  life. 

TIMES    l  OB    COl  KT8HTP. 

Ladies  should  not  allow  courtship  to  be  con- 
ducted at  unseasonable  hour.-.  The  evening 
entertainment,  the  walk,  the  ride,  are  all  favor- 
able for  the  study  of  each  other's  tastes  and 
feelings.  For  the  gentleman  to  protract  his 
\i-it  at  the  lady's  residence  until  a  late  hour,  is 

almost  sure  to  give  olfence  to  the  lady's  parents, 
and  is  extremely  ungentlemanly. 

HONES!  v. 

The  love-letter  should  be  honest.  It  should 
say  what  the  writer  means,  and  no  more.  For 
the  lady  or  gentleman  to  play  the  part  of  a  co- 
quette, studying  to  see  how  many  lovers  he  or 
she  may  secure,  ie  rery  disreputable,  and  bears 
in  its  train  a   long   list  of  Borrows,   frequently 

wrecking  the  d sstic  happiness  for  a  life-time. 

The  parties  should  be  honest,  also,  in  the  state- 


SUGGESTIONS    ON    MARRIAGE. 


Ill 


ment  of  their  actual  prospects  and  means  of  sup- 
port. Neither  should  hold  out  to  the  other 
wealth  or  other  inducements  that  will  not  In- 
realized,  as  disappointment  and  disgust  will  be 
the  only  result. 

MARRYING    FOR   A    HOME. 

Let  no  lady  commence  and  continue  a  corre- 
spondence with  a  view  to  marriage,  for  fear  that 
she  may  never  have  another  opportunity.  It  is 
the  mark  of  judgment  and  rare  good  sense  to 
go  through  life  without  wedlock,  if  she  cannot 
marry  from  love.  Somewhere  in  eternity,  the 
poet  tells  us,  our  true  mate  will  be  found.  Do 
not  be  afraid  of  being  an  "old  maid."  The 
disgrace  attached  to  that  term  has  long  since 
passed  away.  Unmarried  ladies  of  mature  years 
are  proverbially  among  the  most  intelligent. 
accomplished  and  independent  to  be  found  in 
society.  The  sphere  of  woman's  action  and 
work  is  so  widening  that  she  can  to-day,  if  she 
desires,  handsomely  and  independently  support 
herself.  She  need  not,  therefore,  marry  for  a 
home. 

INTEMPERATE    MEN. 

Above  all,  no  lady  should  allow  herself  to 
correspond  with  an  intemperate  man.  with  a 
view  to  matrimony.  She  may  reform  him.  but 
the  chances  are  that  her  life's  happiness  will  be 
completely  destroyed  by  such  a  union.  Better, 
a  thousand  times,  the  single,  free  and  independ- 
ent maidenhood,  than  for  a  woman  to  trail  her 
life  in  the  dust,  and  bring  poverty,  shame  and 
disgrace  on  her  children,  by  marrying  a  man 
addicted  to  dissipated  habits. 

MARRYI NG    WEALTH. 

Let  no  man  make  it  an  ultimate  objeel  in  life 
to  marry  a  rich  wife.  It  i>  not  tin-  possession,  but 
the  acquisition,  of  wealth,  that  gives  happiness. 
It  is  a  generally  conceded  tact  that  the  inherit- 
ance of  great  wealth  is  a  positive  mental  and 
moral  injury  to  young  men.  completely  destroy- 
ing the  stimulus  to  advancement.  So.  as  a  rule. 
no  man  is  permanently  made  happier  by  a 
marriage  of  wealth:   while  he  is  quite  likely  to 


be  given  to  understand,  by  his  wife  and  others, 
from  time  to  time,  that,  whatever  consequence 
he  may  attain,  it  is  all  the  result  of  his  wife's 
money.  Most  independent  men  prefer  to  start, 
as  all  our  wealthiest  ami  greatest  men  have 
done,  at  the  foot  of  the  ladder,  and  earn  their 
independence.  "Where,  however,  a  man  can 
bring  extraordinary  talent  or  distinguished  rep- 
utation, as  a  balance  for  his  wife's  wealth,  the 
conditions  are  more  nearly  equalized.  Obser- 
vation shows  that  those  marriages  prove  most 
serenely  happy  where  husband  ami  wife,  at  the 
time  of  marriage,  stand,  socially,  intellectually 
and  pecuniarily,  very  nearly  equal.  For  the 
chances  of  successful  advancement  ami  happi- 
ness in  after  life,  let  a  man  wed  a  woman 
poorer  than  himself  rather  than  one  that  is 
richer. 

POVERTY. 

Let  no  couple  hesitate  to  marry  because  they 
are  poor.  It  will  cost  them  less  to  live  after 
marriage  than  before  —  one  light,  one  fire,  etc., 
answering  the  purpose  for  both.  Having  an 
object  to  live  for,  also,  they  will  commence  their 
accumulations  after  marriage  as  never  before. 
The  young  woman  that  demands  a  certain 
amount  of  costly  style,  beyond  the  income  of  her 
betrothed,  no  young  man  should  ever  wed.  A-  a 
general  thing,  however,  women  have  common 
sense,  and,  if  husbands  will  perfectly  confide  in 
their  wives,  telling  them  exactly  their  pecuniary 
condition,  the  wife  will  live  within  the  husband's 
income.  In  the  majority  of  cases  where  men 
fail  in  l>u>ine>~.  the  failure  being  attributed  to 
the  wife's  extravagance,  the  wife  has  been  kept 
in  entire  ignorance  of  her  husband's  pecuiuary 
resources.  The  man  who  would  he  successful 
in  business,  should  not  only  marry  a  woman 
who  is  worthy  of  his  confidence,  hut  he  should 
at  all  times  advise  with  her.  She  i>  more  inter- 
ested in  his  prosperity  than  anybody  else,  and 
will  be  found  lushest  counselor  and  friend. 

CONFIDENCE  AND  HONOR. 

The  love  correspondence  of  another  should 
be  held  sacred,  the  rule  of  conduct  being,  to  do 


112 


LI  >\  E-LETTERS. 


to  others  as  you  wish  them  I"  do  I"  you.  No 
woman,  who  is  a  lady,  will  be  guilty  of  making 
lighl  of  the  sentiments  that  are  expressed  to 
her  in  a  letter.     No  man,  who  is  a  gentleman, 

will  boast  of  his  love  conquests,  among  1 i 

companions,  or  reveal  to  other-  the  correspond- 
between  himself  and  a  lady.  If  an  en- 
gagement is  mutually  broken  off,  all  the  love- 
letters  should  be  returned.  To  retain  them  is 
dishonorable.  They  wen'  written  under  cir- 
cumstances that  no  longer  exist.  It  is  better 
for  both  parties  to  wash  out  every  recollection 
of  the  past,  hy  returning  to  the  giver  every 
memento  of  the  dead  lo\  e. 

now    TO    BEGIN    A    LOVE    CORRESPONDENCE. 

Some  gentlemen,  being  very  favorably  im- 
pressed with  a  lady  at  first  sight,  and  having 
no  immediate  opportunity  for  introduction,  make 
hold,  after  learning  her  name,  to  write  her  at 
once,  seeking  an  interview,  the  form  of  which 
letter  will  be  found  hereafter.  A  gentleman  in 
doing  so,  however,  runs  considerable  risk  of 
receiving  a  rebuff  from  the  lady,  though  not 

always.  It  is  better  to  take  a  little  more  time. 
learn  thoroughly  who  the  lady  is.  and  obtain  an 
introduction  through  a  mutual  acquaintance. 
Much  less  embarrassment  attends  such  a  meet- 
ing; and,  having  learned  the  lady's  antecedents, 
subjects  are  easily  introduced  in  which  she  is 
interested,  and  thus  the  first  interview  can  be 
made  quite  agreeable. 

The  way  is  now  paved  for  the  opening  of  a 
correspondence,  which  may  he  done  by  a  note 
inviting  her  company  to  any  entertainment  sup- 
1  to  be  agreeable  to  her,  or  the  further 
pleasure  of  her  acquaintance  by  correspondence, 
as  follow  -: 

148 St.,  July  2, 18— . 

Idea  Mvra  Bbokson: 

Having  greatly  enjoyed  nnr  brief  meeting  at 
the  residence  of  Mrs.  Powell  last  Thursday  evening,  I  venture  to  write 
to  request  permission  to  cull  ou  you  (it  your  own  residence.  Though 
myself  almost  entirely  astranger  in  the  city,  your  father  remembers, 
he  told  me  the  other  evening,  Mr.  Williams  of  .Syracuse.  who  is  my 
uncle.  Trusting  that  yon  will  pardon  thin  liberty,  and  place  me  on 
your  list  of  gcntloman  acquaintances,  I  am, 

Yours,  Very  Respectfully, 

HARMON  WILLIAMS 


Favorable  Reply. 

<M4 St.,  Julyg,  IS-. 

Mh.  Harmon  Williams. 
8£r: 

It  prill  give  Tin  much  pleasure  to  see  you  at  our  resi- 
dence next  Wednesday  evening.  My  lather  desires  me  to  state  that  he 
retains  a  very  favorable  recollection  of  your  uncle,  in  consequence  of 
u  bich  he  will  t»e  pleased  to  continue  you.  acquaintance. 

"i  ours  Truly, 

MYRA  BRONSOR. 


Unfavorable  Reply. 

944 St.,  July  -Z,  18—. 

Miss  Myra  Broneon,  making  it  a  rule  to  receive  nogenUeman  visitors 
upon  such  brief  acquaintance,  begs  to  decline  the  honor  of  Mr.  Will- 
iam-'   Visits. 

Hakuon  Williams,  Esq. 


An  Invitation  to  a  Place  of  Public  Amusement. 

482 St.,  April  4, 18— . 

Miss  Fakuino.ton: 

M'n  l  request  the  very  ereat  pleasure  of  escorting 

you  to  Barman's  Museum,  at  any  time  Which   :nay  suit   your  < 
[enCOr  To  grant  this  favor  will  Li    '    in.        ■  j  much  idea  sure.   No  pnins 

will  be  spared  hy  myself  to  have  you  enjoj  the  occasion,  and  I  will 
consult  your  wishes  in  every  particular  as  to  time  of  calling  for  you 
and  returning.    Waiting  an  early  n-plv  to  this,  I  remain, 

Most  Sincerely, 

(Has    STEVENSON. 


Reply  Accepting. 

876—  ST.,  April  7,18—. 
Mn  Stevenson. 

/i,  in-  Sir:     I  thank  you  for  your  very  kind  invitation,  which 
I  am  happy  lo  accept.     I  will  appoint  next  Monday  evening,  at  which 
time,  if  you  will  call  for  me  at  our  house,  I  will  accompany  you. 
Yours  Sincerely, 

CLARA  FARRINGTON. 


Reply  Refusing. 

870- 


St.,  April  1,  18—. 
Mb.  Stevenson 

Dear  Sir:  I  am  grateful  to  you  for  your  very  polite  Invita- 
tion, but,  as  I  should  go  only  with  my  own  family  were  I  to  attend 
any  place  of  amusement,  I  am  unable  to  avail  myself  of  your  kind- 
Tbanking  you.  I  remain, 

Yours  Truly, 

CLARA  FARRINGTON. 


Reply  with  Conditions. 

876 St.,  April  4, 18—. 

Mr..  Stevenson. 

Dtar  Sir:  I  shall  he  most  happy  to  visit  Barnum's  Museum 
with  you,  but  will  prefer  being  one  of  a  company  in  which  yourself  is 
included,  such  also  being  the  wish  of  my  mother,  who  sends  her  kind 
regards.  A  visit  from  you  at  our  house,  next  Tuesday  evening,  will 
enable  us  to  decide  upon  the  time  of  going. 

Very  Sincerely, 

CLARA  FARRINGTON. 


LOVE-LETTERS. 


113 


Love  at  First  Sight. 


96 St.,  June  1,  18—. 

Dear  Miss  Hawley: 

You  will,  I  trust,  forgive  this  abrupt  and  plainly 
epoken  letter.  Although  I  have  been  in  your  company  but  once,  I 
cannot  forbear  writing  to  you  in  defiance  of  all  rules  of  etiquette. 
Affection  is  sometimes  of  slow  growth,  but  sometimes  it  springs  up  in 
a  moment.  I  left  you  last  night  with  my  heart  no  longer  my  own.  I 
cannot,  of  course,  hope  that  I  have  created  any  interest  in  you,  but 
will  you  do  me  the  great  favor  to  allow  me  to  cultivate  your  acquaint- 
ance? Hoping  that  you  may  regard  me  favorably,  I  shall  await  with 
much  anxiety  your  reply.     I  remain, 

Yours  Devotedly, 

BENSON  GOODRICH. 


Unfavorable  Reply. 

694 St.,  June  1,  18—. 

Mh.  Goodrich. 

Sir:  Yonr  note  was  a  surprise  to  me,  considering  that 
we  had  never  met  until  last  evening,  and  that  then  our  conversation 
had  been  only  on  commonplace  subjects.  Your  conduct  is  indeed 
quite  strange.  Yon  will  please  be  so  kind  as  to  oblige  me  by  not 
repeating  the  request,  allowing  this  note  to  close  our  correspondence. 

MARION  HAWLEY. 


Favorable  Reply. 

6M St.,  June  1, 18—. 

Mr.  Goodrich. 

Bear  Sir:  Undoubtedly  I  ought  to  call  you  severely 
to  account  for  your  declaration  of  love  at  first  sight,  but  I  really  can- 
not find  it  in  my  heart  to  do  so,  as  I  must  confess  that,  after  our  brief 
interview  last  evening,  I  have  thought  much  more  of  you  than  I  should 
have  been  willing  to  have  acknowledged  had  you  not  come  to  the  con- 
fession first.  Seriously  speaking,  we  know  but  very  little  of  each 
other  yet,  and  we  must  be  very  careful  not  to  exchange  our  hearts  in 
the  dark.  I  shall  be  happy  to  receive  you  here,  as  a  friend,  with  a 
view  to  our  further  acquaintance.     I  remain,  dear  -ir, 

MARION  HAWLEY. 


A  Lover's  Good-bye  Before  Starting  on  a  Journey. 

104 St.,  May  10, 18—. 

My  Darling  Minnie: 

I  go  weft,  to-morrow,  on  business,  leavingmy 
heart  in  your  gentle  keeping.  You  need  be  at  no  expense  in  placing 
a  guard  around  it,  for  I  assure  you  that,  as  surely  a<=  the  needle  points 
towards  the  pole,  so  surely  my  love  is  all  yours.  I  shall  go,  di 
by  the  first  train,  hoping  thereby  to  return  just  one  train  sooner,  which 
means  that  not  an  hour,  not  a  minute  longer  will  I  be  absent  from 
you,  than  is  imperatively  necessary.  Like  the  angler,  I  shall  "drop  a 
line"  frequently,  and  shall  expect  a  very  prompt  response,  letter  for 
letter.  No  credit  given  in  this  case;  business  is  business  — I  must  have 
prompt  returns. 

Ever  Faithfully  Yours, 

WINFIELD  BAKER. 


Reply  to  the  Foregoing. 

814 St.,  May  10,  18— . 

Dear  Wixfield: 

I  have  had  my  cry  over  your  letter  — a  long,  bard 
cry.  Of  course,  I  know  that  docs  not  help  the  matter  any.  I  suppose 
you  must  go,  but  I  shall  he  so  lonely  while  you  are  gone.  However, 
you  promise  that  you  will  return  at  the  earliest  moment,  and  that  is 
one  little  ray  of  sunshine  that  lines  the  cloud.  Shall  wo  be  enoazh 
happier  after  your  return  to  pay  for  this  separation?    Thinking  that 


we  may  be,  I  will  let  that  thought  sustain  me.  In  the  meantime,  from 
this  moment  until  your  return  I  will  think  of  you,  just  once —  a 
long-drawn-out  thought. 

Your-  Affectionately, 

MINNIE  LA  SURE. 


Letter  Asking  an  Introduction  through  a  Mutual  Friend. 

912 St.,  April  2, 18—. 

Friend  Henry: 

I  am  very  desirous  of  making  the  acquaintance  of 
Miss  Benjamin,  with  whom  you  are  on  terms  of  intimate  friendship. 
Will  you  be  so  kind  as  to  give  me  a  letter  of  introduction  to  her?  I 
am  aware  that  it  may  be  a  delicate  letter  for  you  to  write,  but  you 
will  be  free,  of  course,  to  make  all  needed  explanations  in  your  letter 
to  her.  I  will  send  her  your  letter,  instead  of  personally  calling  upon 
her  myself,  thus  saving  her  from  any  embarrassment  that  may  result 
from  my  so  doing.  By  granting  this  favor,  you  will  much  oblige, 
Yours,  Very  Respectfully, 

WM.  H.  TYLER. 


Reply. 

117 St.,  Aprii  2,  18— . 

Friend  Tyler: 

Enclosed,  find  the  note  you  wish.     As  you  will  observe, 
I  have  acted  upon  your  suggestion  of  giving  her  sufficient  explanation 
to  justify  my  letter.     Your  desire  to  please  the  lady,  coupled  with  your 
good  judgment,  will,  I  doubt  not,  make  the  matter  agreeable. 
Truly  Yours, 

HENRY  PARSONS. 


LETTER  OF  INTRODUCTION. 

Dear  Miss  Benjamin:  This  will  introduce  to  you  my  friend 
Wm.  Tyler,  who  is  very  desirous  of  making  your  acquaintance,  and, 
having  "no  other  means*  of  doing  so,  asks  of  me  the  favor  of  writing 
this  note  of  introduction,  which  he  will  send  yon,  instead  of  calling 
himself,  thus  leaving  you  free  to  srrant  him*  an  interview  or  not. 
Mr.  Tyler  is  a  gentleman  I  very  highly  respect,  and  whose  acquaint- 
ance, "I  think,  you  would  not  have  occasion  to  regret  NevertJ 
you  may  not  regard  this  a  proper  method  of  introduction,  in  which 
case,  allow  me  to  assure  you,  I  will  entertain  the  same  respect  for 
yourself,  if  you  will  frankly  state  bo,  though  it  would  be  gratifying 
t"  Mr.  Tyler  and  myself  to  have  it  otherwise.  With  sincere  re« 
I  am, 

Verv  Respectfully, 

HENRY  PARSONS. 


To  the  Father  of  the  Lady. 

Burlington,  Iowa,  Jan.  1,  18—. 

Respected  Sir: 

I  take  this  means  of  consulting  you  on  a  - 
that  deeply  interests  myself,  while  it  indirectly  concerns  you:  and  I 
trust  that  my  presentation  of  the  matter  will  meet  with  your  approval. 

For  several  months  your  daughter  Mary  aud  myself  have  been  on 
intimate  terms  of  friendship,  which  has  ripened  into  affection  on  my 
part,  and  I  hai  o  think  that  my  attentions  are  not  indifferent 

to  her.    My  business  and  are  such  that  I  flatter  myself  I 

can  provide  for  her  future,  with  the  same  comfort  that  has  surrounded 
her  uuder  the  parental  roof.    Of  my  character  and  qualifications,  I 
have  nothing  to  say;  I  trust  they  are  sufficiently  known  to  you  b 
confidence  in  the  prospect  of  your  child's  happiness 

Believing  that  the  parents  have  such  an  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the 
daughter  as  makes  it  obligatory  upon  the  lover  to  consult  their  d 
lu-fore  taking  her  from  their  home,  I  am  thus  induced  to  reqn 
to  express  your  wishes  upon  this  subject. 

I  shall  aDxionsly  await  your  answer. 

Your  Very  Obedient  Servant, 

IMXIEL  HARRISON. 
To  Wm.  Fn.vxKi.rN,  Esq., 
184 St. 


1U 


LOVE-LETT1 JRS. 


Favorable  Reply. 

184 St.,  Jan.  1,18—. 

My  Deab  Mb.  Harrison: 

I  very  highly  appreciate  the  manly  and 
honorable  way  Id  which  you  have  addressed  me  in  reference  to  my 
daughter  Mary. 
Believing you  to  be  honest,  Industrious,  ambitions  to  do  well,  and 
Bed  of  mi  excellent  moral  character,  I  unite  with  Mrs.  Franklin 
in  the  belief  thai  our  darling  child  may  very  safely  trust  her  happi- 
ness to  your  protecting  < 

[f  agreeable  and  convenient  to  yon,  we  shall  be  happy  to  have  you 
dine  with  us  to-morrow. 

Very  Sincerely  Yours, 

\VM.  FRANKLIN. 
To  Mb.  Daniel  Harrison. 


Unfavorable  Reply. 

184 St. 

Dear  Sir: 

Btghly  appreciating  the  straightforward  and  gentlemanly 
manner  in  which  you  have  written  me  concerning  a  subject  that 
every  parent  has  an  Interest  in,  I  urn  compelled  to  inform  you  that, 
though  my  daughter  has  treated  you  with  much  friendliness,  as  she  is 
accustomed  to  with  all  her  friends,  she  "ill  be  unable  to  continue  with 
yon  a  love  acquaintance  with  a  view  to  marriage,  owing  to  a  prior 
■miit  with  B  gentleman  of  worth  and  respectability,  which  con- 
tract she  ha-,  do  0)  caeiou  to  regret. 

Fully  sensible  of  your  most  excellent  qualities,  and  the  compliment 
paid  in  your  selection  of  her,  my  daughter  unites  with  me  in  the  wish 
that  you  may  meet  with  a  companion  in  even-  way  calculated  to 
ensure  your  happiness. 

Yours,  Very  Respectfully, 

V7M.  FRANKLIN. 

To  Mr.  Daniel  Harrison. 


Reply  to  a  Young  Man  that  Uses  Tobacco. 

662 St.,  July  18,  18—. 

Mr.  Bannister. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  am  in  receipt  of  your  courteous  letter,  containing  a 
declaration  of  love.  I  will  be  frank  enough  with  you  to  admit  that, 
while  I  have  been  sensible  of  your  affectionate  regard  for  me  for  some 
months,  I  have  also  cherished  a  growing  Interest  in  you.  In  truth,  to 
make  a  candid  confession,  1  moat  sincerely  love  you.  I  should,  per- 
haps, say  no  more,  but  I  feel  it  due  to  you,  as  well  ,i*  to  myself,  1"  be 
strictly  honest  in  my  expression,  lest  we  foster  this  growing  love, 
whi.ii,  under  preseni  conditions,  most  be  broken  off. 

1  have  always  admired  your  natural  ability;  I  appreciate  you  for 
your  industry;  I  respect  you  f«>r  your  filial  conduct  towardf 
parents.  In  fact,  I  consider  you  quite  u  model  young  man,  were  it  not 
for  one  habit,  which  has  always  been,  heretofore,  »  very  delicate  Sub- 
ject for  me  to  Bpeah  of,  fearing  that  it  mlghl  give  you  offense.  But 
believing  it  best  that  I  be  true  to  my  convictions  and  state  my  objec- 
tions plainly,  I  thus  freely  write  them. 

I  have  reference  to  the  nse  of  tobacco.  Apparently,  this  is  a  little 
thing.  I  am  aware  that  ladies  generally  consider  it  beneath  their 
notice;  but  so  thoroughly  convinced  am  I  that  it  is  one  of  the  most 
destructive  habits,  sapping  the  morality  and  vigor  of  our  young  men, 
that  I  could  never  consent  to  wed  a  man  addicted  to  its  use,  my  reasons 
being  as  follows: 

/(  would  impoverish  my  horn*.  Only  ten  cents  a  day  expended  for  a 
cigar,  in  a  lifetime  of  forty  years,  with  its  accumulations  of  interest, 
amounts  to  over  four  thousand  dollars!  The  little  sum  of  elevei 
per  day,  saved  from  being  squandered  on  tobacco,  and  properly  put  at 
interest,  amounts  in  that  time  to  $6,1601  No  wonder  so  many  homes, 
the  heads  of  which  use  tobacco,  arc  without  the  comforts  of  life. 

It  might  wreck  my  happiness.  It  is  a  well-known  physological  fact 
that  the  use  of  tobacco  deadens  the  sense  of  taste:  that  water  and  all 
common  drinks  become  insipid  and  tasteless  when  tobacco  is  used,  so 


that  the  person  using  the  same  involuntarily  craves  strong  drink,  in 
■  it.    Therein  ties  the  foundation  of  I  e  of  the 

drunkenness  of  the  country.    Observation  proves  that,  while  many 
men  use  t}al  are  not  drunkard  drunkard  is  a 

user  of  tobacco,  having  nearly  always  formed  the  habit  from  the  use 
of  thin  narcotic  weed. 

trround  me  with  filth.  To  say  nothing  of  the  great  dralu 
on  the  physical  health  by  the  constant  expectoration  of  saliva,  thus 
ruining  the  health  of  many  robust  constitutions,  1  could  not  endure 
the  fetid  breath  of  the  tobacco-user.  I  sicken  at  the  Bight  of  the  brown 
saliva  exuding  from  between  the  lips;  physiology  proving  that,  with 
nearly  all  the  waste  fluids  from  the  body  pass 
through  the  mouth.  I  am  Immediately  faint  at  the  thought  of  dragging 
my  skirt*  through  Bpittle  In  a  railway  car,  or  any  place  where  it  Is 
thrown  upon  the  floor;  I  turn  with  disgust  at  the  atmosphere — God's 
pure,  fresh  air-  that  Is  tainted  with  the  stench  of  tobacco  smoke. 
tt  would  corrupt  my  husband's  moral*.  All  the  associations  of  tobacco 
arc  bad.  It  Is  true  that  many  good  men  use  tobacco.  It  is  also  a  truth 
that  nearly  every  man  that  in  bad  is  addicted  to  Its  use.  To  smi 
peace,  the  man  must  resort  t<>  the  place  where  others  Bmoke.    in  thai 

room  are  profanity,  obscene  language  and  every  species  of  vulgarity. 

There  may  be  occasionally  an  exception.    The  (act  Is  patent,  however, 

that,  in  the  room  in  which  vulgarity  and  obscenity  prevail,  there  is 
always  tobacco  -moke  in  the  air.  ami  the  vile  spittle  on  the  tloor. 
You  will  forgive  me  for  speaking  thus  plainly.    I  love  you  too  well 
lisc  Hi-,  feelings,  on  the  subject.  I  could  not  possibly  constantly 
love  a  tobacco-user,  for  the  reasons  thai  i  have  given. 

While  I  devotedly  love  you,  I  cannot  consent  that  you  BDOUld  bestow 
your  affections  npon  a  person  thai  would  Instinctively  repel  you. 
Believing,  therefore,  under  the  circumstances,  that  our  further  cor- 
respondence should  cease,  I  remain. 

Your  Friend  and  Well-Wisher, 

MARIETTA  WILCOX. 


Letter  to  an  Entire  Stranger. 

478 St.,  Jan.  1, 1ft—. 

Kiss  Sefdsbson: 

I  beg  to  apologize  for  addressing  you  thus, 

being  an  entire  stranger;  but  having  the  misfortune  to  be  unknown  to 
yon  le  my  excuse  (<>r  this  strange  proceeding,  which,  I  am  well  aware, 
is  entirely  at  variance  with  the  rules  of  etiquette,  T  nave  for  two  sab- 
baths  seen  you  at  church,  and  T  am  frank  to  confess  that  your  appear- 
ance has  mad**  bo  deep  an  Impression  upon  me  as  t.i  make  me  extremely 
your  acquaintance.  I  am,  at  present,  a  clerk  in 
the  ribbon  department  at  Smith  &  Brown's,  store.  Will  you  do  me  the 
great  favor  of  allowing  this  to  commence  a  friendship,  which,  I  trust, 
will  never  be  regretted  by  yourself.  Please  deign  to  give  me  at  least 
a  single  line  in  reply  to  this,  and  obli 

Your  Sincere  Admirer, 

VI  l.si.KY  IJARNTM. 


Mr. 


Unfavorable  Reply. 

Barntm. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  considerably  question  whether  It  is  due  to  propriety 
to  answer  yonr  note  at  all.     But  as  yon  mlghl  fear  that  your  letter  had 

tied,  and   tun  :  d  towrite  again, it  iu  best, probably, 

for  me  to  make  an  immediate  reply,  and  thus  settle  the  affair  entirely, 
and  relieve  you,  possibly,  of  further  suspense  El  will  be  lmp< 
for  me  to  recognize  you.  or  to  think  under  any  circumstances  of  per- 
mitting an  acquaintance  to  be  commenced  by  such  an  introduction  as 
yon  seem  to  deem  sufficient.  More  especially  should  I  regret  allow- 
ing a  friendship  to  be  formed  by  recognition*  in  the  hours  of  divine 
service  in  church,  while  the  mind  should  be  employed  in  religions 
observances.  You  will,  therefore,  please  understand  that  I  am 
not  favorable  to  further  recognition,  nor  to  a  continuance  of  corre- 
spondence. 

AMELIA  HENDERSON. 


LOVE-LETTERS. 


115 


Reply  More  Favorable. 

355 St.,  June  10,  18—. 

Mr.  Babnum. 
Dear  sir: 

I  am  iu  receipt  of  your  note,  and  must  confess  that  I 
am  surprised  at  your  request.  I  am  entirely  opposed  to  commencing, 
on  general  principles,  an  acquaintance  with  such  an  introduction,  and 
consider  it  very  improper,  especially  to  allow  it  to  originate  in  church 
during  the  hours  of  divine  service.  Were  it  not  that  I  think  your 
meaning  kind  and  your  intentions  good,  I  would  return  your  letter 
unanswered.  As  it  is,  I  will  take  your  request  under  consideration, 
and,  if  I  think  hest  to  grant  it.  yon  may  know  of  the  fact  by  my  recog- 
nition at  the  close  of  the  service  in  the  Sabbath  School. 

Respectfully, 

AMELIA  HENDERSON. 


An  Advertisement  in  a  Morning  Paper. 


PERSONAL.— Will  the  lady  who  rode  up  Broadway  last  Thursday 
afternoon,  about  two  o'clock,  in  an  omnibus,  getting  out  ;it 
Stewart's,  accompanied  by  a  little  girl  dressed  in  blue  suit,  please 
send  her  address  to  D.  B.  M.,  Herald  office? 


REMARKS. 

It  is  useless  to  advise  people  never  to  reply  to 
a  personal  advertisement  like  the  above.  To  do 
so  is  like  totally  refusing  young  people  the  priv- 
ilege of  dancing.  People  will  dance,  and  they 
will  answer  personal  advertisements.  The  best 
course,  therefore,  is  to  properly  direct  the  dan- 
cers, and  caution  the  writers  in  their  answers 
to  newspaper  personals.  If  the  eye  of  the 
young  lady  referred  to  meets  the  above  adver- 
tisement, she  will  possibly  be  indignant  at  first, 
and  will,  perhaps,  resolve  to  pay  no  attention 
to  it.  It  will  continue  to  occupy  her  attention 
so  much,  however,  and  curiosity  will  become  so 
great,  that,  in  order  to  ease  her  mind,  she  will 
at  last  give  her  address;  in  which  ease  she 
makes  a  very  serious  mistake,  as  any  lady  re- 
plying to  a  communication  of  such  a  character, 
giving  her  name  and  residence  to  a  stranger, 
places  herself  at  a  great  disadvantage.  Sin  mid 
her  communication  never  be  answered,  she  will 
feel  mortified  ever  afterwards  that  she  committed 
the  indiscretion  of  replying  to  the  advertisement 
at  all;  and,  should  the  person  she  addresses 
prove  to  be  some  worthless  fellow  who  may 
presume  to  press  an  acquaintance  upon  the 
strength  of  her  reply,  it  may  cause  her  ven 
serious  perplexity  and  embarrassment. 


It  is  clearly  evident,  therefore,  that  she  should 
not  give  her  name  and  address  as  requested; 
and  yet,  as  the  advertisement  may  refer  to  a 
business  matter  of  importance,  or  bring  about 
an  acquaintance  that  she  will  not  regret,  she 
may  relieve  her  curiosity  on  the  subject  by 
writing  the  following  note  in  reply: 

THE    REPLY. 

(Advertisement  pasted  in.) 
D.  B.  M .: 

I  find  the  above  advertisement  in  the  "Herald"  of  this 
morning.  I  suppose  my6eltf  to  be  the  person  referred  to.  You  will 
please  state  your  object  in  addressing  me,  with  references. 

Address,  A.  L.  K.,  Herald  Office. 

It  is  probable  that  the  advertiser,  if  a  gentle- 
man, will  reply,  giving  his  reasons  for  request- 
ing the  lady's  address,  with  references,  upon 
receiving  which,  the  lady  will  do  as  she  may 
choose  relative  to  continuing  the  correspond- 
ence; in  either  case,  it  will  be  seen  that  she  has 
in  no  wise  compromised  her  dignity,  and  she 
retains  the  advantage  of  knowing  the  motive  and 
object  that  prompted  the  advertisement,  while 
she  is  yet  unknown  to  the  advertiser. 

Great  caution  should  be  exercised  in  answer- 
ing personals.  The  supposition  is.  if  the  adver- 
tiser be  a  gentleman,  that  he  will  honorably 
seek  an  interview  with  a  lady,  and  pay  court  as 
gentlemen  ordinarily  do.  Still,  an  occasion  may 
happen  to  a  man.  who  is  in  the  highest  sense 
a  gentleman,  wherein  he  sees  the  lady  that  he 
very  greatly  admires,  and  can  learn  her  address 
in  no  other  way  without  rendering  himself 
offensive  and  impertinent;  hence,  the  apparent 
necessity  of  the  above  personal  advertisement. 

Instances  have  also  occurred  where  gentlemen, 
driven  with  business,  and  having  but  little  time 
to  mingle  in  female  society,  or  no  opportunity, 
being  strangers  comparatively,  desirous  of  form- 
ing the  acquaintance  of  ladies,  have  honestly 
advertised  tor  correspondence,  been  honestly 
answered,  ami  marriage  was  t lie  result. 

Those  advertisements,  however,  wherein 
Sammy  Brown  and  Coney  Smith  advertise  for 


11C 


LOVE-LETTERS. 


correspondence  with  any  number  <>t'  young 
ladies,  for  fun,  mutual  improvement,  "and  what 
may  grow  out  of  it,  photographs  exchanged/3 
etc.,  young  hulies  should  l>c  very  wary  of  an- 
swering. Instances  have  been  known  where 
scores  of  young  ladies,  having  answered  such 
an  advertisement,  could  they  have  looked  in 
upon  those  young  men,  a  week  afterwards, 
would  have  seen  them  with  a  pile  of  photo- 
graphs and  letters,  exhibiting  them  to  their 
companions,  and  making  fan  of  the  girls  who 
had  been  so  foolish  as  to  answer  their  advertise- 
ment. 

It  is  true  that  no  one  hut  the  meanest  kind  of 
a  rascal  would  be  guilty  of  such  a  disgraceful 
act  as  to  advertise  for  and  expose  correspond- 
ence thus,  and  it  is  equally  true  that  the  young 
lady  who  gives  the  advertiser  the  opportunity 
to  ridicule  her  shows  herself  to  he  verv  foolish. 


Personal  Advertisement. 


PERSONAL.— A  gentleman,  a  new  comer  In  the  city,  having  a  snffl- 
■  ■  ■  v  of  tola  world's  goods  to  comfortably  support  himself  And 
wife,  le  desirous  of  making  tho'acquaintanceofalaayof  middle  years, 
with  a  view  to  matrimony.  Address,  in  the  strictest  confidence,  giving 
name,  residence  and  photograph,  11.  A.  B.,  Station  II,  Postofflce. 


THE    REPLY. 

Ton.  A.B. 

Sir: 

I  am  led  to  suppose,  from  the  reading  of  the  above,  that 
it  i«  dictated  in  sincerity,  bj  a  desire  to  meet  with  q  lad;  who  wonld 
be  treated  with  candor  and  respect  l  have  at  present  no  acquaintance 
to  whom  I  am  Inclined  to  give  a  very  decided  preference,  nor  have  I 
ever  had  any  very  distinct  ideas  on  the  subject  of  marriage.  I  am  free, 
however,  to  confess  that,  should  circumstances  favor  my  acquaintance 
with  a  gentleman  whom  I  could  honor  and  respect,  I  might  seriously 
think  of  a  proposal.  Believing  that  you  wish,  as  you  Intimate,  this 
letter  in  confidence,  I  will  pay  that  I  am  —year*  old,  am  in  receipt  of 

annually,  from  property  that  in  leased.    I  have  been  told  that  I 

was  handsome,  though  others,  probably,  have  a  different  opinion.  Of 
that  fact,  you  must  be  the  judge.  I  am  entirely  free  to  feint  whom- 
soever I  may  choose.  My  social  standing,  I  trust,  would  be  satisfac- 
tory, and  my  accomplishments  have  not  been  neglected,  it  Is  nol  nee 
easary  thai  I  Bhonld  write  more.  I  shall  be  happy  to  correspond  with 
yon  with  a  view  to  better  acquaintance,  when,  If  mutually  agreeable, 
an  introduction  may  take  place.  You  desire  me  to  send  name,  ad- 
dress and  photograph,  which,  I  trust  y<m  will  perceive,  would  be 
improper  for  me  to  do.  It  is  due  to  myself,  and,  under  certain  circum- 
stances, to  you,  that  I  should  he  very  guarded  as  to  the  manner  of  my 
introduction.  A  letter  addressed  to  M.  A.  I..,  Station  A,  Postoffice, 
will  reach  me. 
I  sign  a  fictitious  name,  for  obvious  reasons. 

Respectfully, 

NANCY  IITLLIS. 


A  Gentleman  Makes  a   Frank  Acknowledgment.  — Gushing 
with  Sentiment,  and  Running  Over  with  Poetry. 

White  Mountains,  N.  ii .,  Oct  1,  is—. 
My  Dkau  Mahy: 

One  by  one  the  brown  leavea  are  fail  i  ml',  reminding 
us  that  the  golden  Bummer  thai  we  have  bo  delightfully  loitered 
through'  approach'-*  it-  clo>e.  How  thickly  our  pathway  ban  been 
strewn  with  roses;  how  fragrant  have  been  the  million  blossoms; 
how  Bweetly  the  birds  have  Bung;  how  beautiful  have  been  tie- 
sunny  days;  how  Joyous  have  been  the  starry  nights  1  Dear  M-,  I  do 
not  need  to  tell  yon  that  t IiIh  delightful  mihhd-t  has  i«xn  to  me  one 
grand  Elyslan  scene.    I  have  gazed  on  and  dreamed  of  thy  beauty.    I 

have  i d  led  by  thy  sparkling  repartee  and   merriment;   I   have 

drank  at  the  fountain  of  thy  intellectuality;  but  the  feast  Ib  ended, 
and  gradually  the  curtain  is  falling.  Dear,  beautiful  summer;  so 
beautiful  to  me  because  of  thy  lo>  ed  presence.  And  standing  now  on 
the  threshold  of  a  Bcene  all  changed,  I  take  a  last,  fond,  long,  lingering 
look  on  the  beautiful  picture  thai  will  return  to  me  no  more ;  and  yet, 
who   knows,   bnlon   in    that   great   eternity   we   may   live   again   these 

Eden  hours. 

"  Like  a  foundling  in  slumber,  the  summer  day  lay 

On  the  crimsoning  threshold  of  even, 
And  I  thought  that  the  glow  through  the  azure-arched  way 

Was  a  glimpse  of  the  coming  of  Heaven. 
There  together  we  sat  by  the  beautiful  stream ; 

We  had  nothing  to  do  bul  to  love  and  to  dream 
In  the  days  I  hat  hai  i ae  i  m  befoi  e. 

These  are  not  the  Bams  <!a\  b,  though  they  bear  the  same  name, 

With  the  ones  1  shall  welcome  no  more, 

"  But  it  may  be  the  angels  are  culling  them  o'er, 
For  a  Sabbath  and  Summer  forever. 

When  the  years  shall  forget  the   Decembers  they  wore, 

Ami  the  shroud  shall  be  woven,  no,  never! 
In  a  twillghl  like  that,  darling  M.  for  a  bride— 

Oh  !  what  more  of  the  woi-H  could  one  wish  beside, 
Ah  we  gazed  on  the  river  nnroird 

Till  we  heard,  or  we  fancied,  its  musical  tide, 
Where  it  flowed  through  the  Gateway  of  Gold?'" 

Dearest,  you  must  forgive  my  ardent  expressions  in  this  letter. 
With  a  temperament  gushing  to  the  brim  and  overflowing  with  senti- 
ment and  rhapsody,  I  have  passed  the  fleeting  summer  in  thy  charm- 
ing presence  In  one  continual  dream  of  poesy.  I  cannot  now  turn 
back  to  the  solemn  duties  before  me,  without  telling  you  what  trem- 
bled on  my  tongue  a  thousand  times,  as  we  gathered  flowers  together 
and  wove  our  chaplets  in  the  sunny  days  gone  by.   Dear,  darling  Mary, 

/  lovi  'i''"-  l  '!>?■',;  you.  How  often  iu  the  beautiful  moonlight  nights, 
as  we  strolled  among  the  lilacs  and  the  primroses,  have  I  been  on  the 
verge  of  Clasping  your  jeweled  hand  and  telling  you  all  my  In-art. 
But,  oh!  I  did  not  quite  dare ;  the  hours  were  bo  delightful,  < 
they  were.  Fearing  that  1  might  be  repulsed,  1  chose  to  accept  the 
joy  even  that  there  was,  rather  than  run  the  risk  of  losing  it  all. 

.How  many  a  morning  have  I  arisen  and  firmly  resolved  that,  ere 
another  day,  I  would  know  my  fate!  But,  ah!  the  twilight  would  fall, 
and  the  evening  hour  would  pass  by,  and  I  never  completely  dared  to 
risk  the  result  of  a  declaration.  The  morrow  I  knew  would  be  joyoue 
If  I  bridled  my  Impulse;  it  might  not  be  If  I  made  a  mistake.  But 
the  dream  has  passed  by.  To-morrow,  I  bid  adieu  to  these  silvan 
groves,  the  quiet  meadows  and  the  gurgling  brooks,  to  go  back  to  the 
prose  duties  of  business.  And  now,  at  the  close  of  this  festal  season, 
as  i  am  upon  the  verge  of  going,  having  nothing  to  lose  and  every- 
thing to  gain,  I  have  told  you  my  heart.  I  have  DOt  the  slightest  idea 
what  your  reply  will  be.  You  have  been  to  me  one  continual  puzzle. 
If  your  answer  Is  adverse,  I  can  only  entertain  the  highest  respect  for 
yon  i  v.t  iii  the  future;  and  memory  shall  keep  alive  the  recollection 
of  tin-  mosl  blissful  summer  I  have  ever  known.  Ifyonr  reply  is 
favorable  -dearest, may  l  fondly  hope  thai  it  will  be!  then  opens 
me  B  great  volume  of  happiness,  of  which  this  joyous  summer 
has  been  but  the  opening  chapter. 

Dear  M.,  may  I  come  again  and  see  you,  and  address  you  hence- 
forth as  a  lover?  The  messenger  who  brings  you  this  will  return 
again  in  an  hour  for  your  answer.  I  need  not  tell  you  what  an  hour 
of  suspense  Ibis  will  be  to  me.  Upon  your  reply  hangs  my 
future.     If  your  reply  is  favorable,  I  shall  tarry  another  day;  and  will 


LOVE-LETTERS. 


in 


you  grant  me  a  long  interview,  as  I  have  much  to  talk  over  with  you? 
If  unfavorable,  please  return  this  letter  with  your  note.  Accept  my 
warmest  thauks  for  the  entertainment  which  I,  in  common  with 
others,  have  received  at  your  hand  in  the  past;  and,  if  I  may  not  sign 
myself  your  devoted  lover,  I  shall  at  least,  I  trust,  have  ever  the 
pleasure  of  subscribing  myself, 

Your  Sincere  Friend, 
CLARENCE  HARRINGTON. 


Favorable  Reply. 

Dear  Clarence: 

I  shall  not  attempt  in  this  to  answer  your  missive 
with  the  same  poetic  fervor  that  colors  your  letter  from  beginning  to 
end.  While  it  is  given  you  to  tread  the  emerald 
pavements  of  an  imaginative  Eden,  in  my  plainer 
nature  I  can  only  walk  the  common  earth. 

I  fully  agree  with  you  in  your  opinion  of  the 
beautiful  summer  just  passed.  Though  in  seasons 
heretofore  many  people  have  been  here  from  the 
cities,  I  have  never  known  a  summer  so  delightful. 
Yes,  Clarence,  these  three  months  have  been  joy- 
ous, because  — shall  I  confess  it?— because  you 
have  been  here.  I  need  not  write  more.  You  have 
agreed  to  stay  another  day;  I  shall  be  at  home  this 
afternoon,  at  two  o'clock,  and  will  be  happy  to  see 
you. 

Yours  Very  Truly, 

•        MARY  SINGLETON. 


the  lady  who  knows  how  to  get  an  excellent  breakfast  early  in 
the  morning,  who  is  not  only  a  model  of  neatness  herself,  but  relieves 
her  mother  in  household  duties,  keeping  her  younger  brothers  and 
sisters  clean  and  orderly. 

I  have  admired  and  loved  you  for  your  musical  talent  and  your  fine 
conversational  powers,  but,  as  I  could  not  keep  the  necessary  servauta 
to  enable  you  constantly  to  gratify  those  talents  to  the  exclusion  of 
the  more  substantial  duties,  I  feel  that  our  marriage  would  be  a  mis- 
take for  us  both. 

You  asked  my  reason  for  my  changing  love;  I  have  reluctantly, 
yet  plainly,  stated  it.  Hoping,  however,  that  you  may  always  be  happy 
in  life,  I  am, 

Your  Friend, 

CLINTON  HOLMES. 


To  a  Lady,  from  a  Gentleman   Confessing 
Change  of  Sentiment. 


844 St.,  April  2,  18—. 

Miss  Marion  Thornton: 

Your  note  accusing  me  of  cold- 
ness is  before  me.  After  spending  several  hours 
in  a  consideration  of  this  subject,  to  determine  what 
is  my  duty,  I  have  concluded  that  it  is  decidedly 
best  for  me  to  be  perfectly  frank  with  you,  and  give 
my  reasons  for  a  change  of  sentiment. 

I  do  not  think  we  could  live  happily  together  if 
we  were  married,  because,  from  disparaging  re- 
marks I  have  heard  you  make  concerning  people 
that  are  not  wealthy,  I  thinkyou  would  be  entirely 
dissatisfied  with  my  i'i  it  u  instances ;  and  the  fur  lb-  r 
fact  that  you  allow  your  mother  to  do  all  the 
drudgery  of  the  household,  you  sitting  in  the  parlor 
entertaining  gentlemen,  and  affecting  to  have  no 
knowledge  of  housekeeping,  is  proof  that  our 
tastes  would  not  accord  in  home  matters.  1  con- 
sider  it  just  as  honorable,  and  just  as  important, 
that  young  ladies  should  do  something  to  support 
themselves,  as  that  young  men  should,  [f  the  op- 
portunities are  not  as  great  for  them  to  go  abroad, 
they  can,  at  least  while  at  home,  learn  to  be  good 
in  sewing,  rooking  and  housekeeping,  and  tints  be 

prepared  when  opportunities  offer,  to  make  pru- 
dent, economical,  tidy  housewives.  I  i\^  not 
uuder-valuc  the  importance  of  being  proficient  in 
the  lighter  accomplishments  which  go  to  moke 
a  lady  at  case  in  society;  but  I  vastly  more  prize 


Reply  to  a  Young  Man  Addicted  to  Intemperance. 


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LOVE-LETTERS. 


One  Way  of  Breaking  the  Ice. 

5& St.,  July  1,  18-. 

Mt  Dear  Friend  Caroline: 

I  returned  yesterday  from  a  brief  trip 
into  Canada,  my  Journey  being  most  agreeable;  only  ouc  little  episode 
breaking  the  monotony. U  1  neared  borne,  which  was  this:  iu  the 
next  peat  behind  me  iu  the  car  eat  a  young  couple,  who  were  evidently 
regretting  that  their  ride  was  so  near  an  end.  Though  burled  in  my 
reading,  I  could  not  avoid  hearing  much  that  they  said.  One  question 
asked  by  the  yonng  man  made  a  striking  Impression  cm  my  mind. 
"  Maggie,11  Bald  he,  "  we  have  now  been  acquainted  a  good  while;  yon 
know  me,  and  I  know  you.  I  do  not  need  to  tell  you  that  I  love  you 
with  all  my  heart;  now,  do  you  love  me?" 

1  knew  the  yonng  fellow  had  taken  that  occasion,  when  the  care 
were  thundering  along,  BO  that  he  might  DOt  be  knocked  down  by  the 

ig  of  his  own  heart.  I  confess  to  have  been  guilty  of  eavi 
ping,  then,  l  listened  Intently  for  the  lady's  answer,  but  ju-t  al  thai 
moment,  as  my  ill  Inch  would  have  it,  another  train  came  thundering 
by  as,  and  her  voice  was  drowned  in  the  noise.  I  got  to  thinking  like 
this:  BuppoBeyou  and  I  were  riding  thus,  and  I  should  ask  precisely 
the  same  question;  what  would  be  your  replj  (  I  am  very  curious  to 
know  What  your  answer  WOUld  lie,  and  shall  await  a  letter  fp  : 
with  much  anxiety. 

Most  Truly  Yours, 

ROLAND  MILLS. 


An  Offer  of  Marriage. 

SM8 St.,  Dec.  10,  18—. 

Dearest  Berth a: 

I  have  intended,  oh,  how  many  times!  when  we 
have  been  together,  to  put  the  simple  question  which  I  Intend  this 
note  shall  ask;  but,  although  apparently  a  very  easy  matter  to  ask  the 
hand  in  marriage  of  one  I  so  deeply  love  as  yourself,  it  is  no  easy  task. 
I  therefore  write  what  I  have  never  found  courage  in  my  heart  to 
rpeak.  Dearest,  will  you  bestow  upon  me  the  great  happiness  of  per- 
mitting me  to  call  you  mine?  If  I  have  spoken  this  too  boldly,  you 
will  forgive;  bnt  I  fondly  hope  that  you  will  nol  I"'  Indifferent  to  my 
appeal.  I  trust,  if  you  answer  this  in  the  affirmative,  that  yon  will 
never  regret  doing  oo.  Anxiously  awaiting  your  answer,  I  remain, 
Tours  Affectionately, 

11AHLAN  DEMPSTER. 


Favorable  Reply. 

867 St.,  Dec.  10,18—. 

Dear  Sir: 

Your  proposal  is  quite  unexpected  to  me,  but  it  is  made 
with  such  candor  and  frankness  that  I  can  take  no  offence.  I  cannot, 
in  this  note,  give  you  a  definite  reply.  Marriage  is  a  very  serious  mat- 
ter; and,  while  I  regard  yon  with  the  greatest  favor,  I  desire  to  consult 
my  near  relatives,  ami  consider  the  subject  myself  ear  -fully  for  a  few 
days,  ere  I  give  you  a  final  answer.    I  think  I  can  assure  you,  however, 

that  you  may  hope. 

Very  Sincerely, 

FANNIE  KIMBALL. 


Letter  from  a  Young   Man   Who  Proposes    Marriage   and 
Emigration. 

482 —  St.,  April  lfi,  18—. 

Dear,  Clara: 

Sou  have  doubtless  heard  of  my  intention  to  go  West 
in  the  coming  mouth.    Th<  tnded  here  with  my  relate 

all  the  many  friends  of  my  boyhood,  I  have  an  Intense  desire  to  try 
my  fortune  am  u  -,  feeling  that  the  fetters  thai  now  bind  me 

and  seem  to  hinder  my  upward  progre^  will  then  be  broken, 

I  Bhall  -under  my  ties  with  some  regretS]  but,  to  commence  my  bust* 
neee  career  as  I  am  desirous  of  doing,  i  most  make  the  sacrifice;  In 
so,  l  do  no  more  than  thousands  have  done  before  me.  In  the 
great,  broad  fields  of  the  prowlng  West,  s  young  man  of  resolution, 
ambition,  honesty,  temperance  and  perseverance  cannot  null,  [believe, 
to  better  his  condition  much  more  rapidly  than  he  can  here;  you 
will,  I  think,  coincide  with  me  In  this  opinion. 

Dear  Clara,  of  all  my  farewells,  none  will  be  so  sad  to  me  as  thai  I 
shall  bid  to  you.  Dear,  dear  Clara,  you  cannot  be  iudifl'erent  to  the 
foci  thai  1  have  long  devotedly  loved  you  ;  ami,  at  the  hour  id  parting, 
I  feel  that  I  cannol  go  withonl  telling  yon  my  heart,  and  asking  you  If 

I  may  not  have  your  love  in  return.  And  now,  while  I  am  a^kini-, 
will  you  not  take  me  and  my  heart,  and  in  turn  allow  me  to  be  your 
protector  through  life? 

Dearest,  I  am  going  to  press  my  suit  still  further.  Will  you  not  be 
mine  before  I  go,  and  accompany  me  on  my  jonrney?  I  know  this  is 
asking  a  greal  deal  of  you.  To  accept  of  this  proposition,  is  to  take 
you  from  a  home  of  affluence,  where  you  are  surrounded  with  every 
L  comfort.  I  have  no  right  to  ask  the  sacrifice;  and  ye!  I  have 
ed  to  make  hold  before  I  go,  and  tell  you  all.  If  you  accepl  my 
offer,  and  will  consent  tocast  your  fortunes  with  me  out  in  the  great 
Sea  of  the  Hereafter,  1  can  assure  you  that  no  trouble  or  sorrow  will 
come  to  you  through  me;  and  that,  as  you  will  be  my  dear,  dear  com- 
panion and  sai  red  trust,  so  will  I  be  to  you  all  that  a  lover  and  husband 
can  be. 

Now,  dearest,  if  yon  will  accept  my  future  as  your  own,  and  place 
yourself  by  my  side,  accepting  the  sorrow  and  partaking  of  the  Joy 
in  store  for  me,  you  will  make  me  the  nappies'  "f  men.  If  you 
ass.-nt,  Cod  grant  that  you  may  never regrel  your  faith.  Do  not  decide 
tin-  question  hastily.  The  sacrifice  is  ench,  in  leaving  home  and  kin- 
dred, that  you  may  not  accepl  i  I  saJ  even  though  you  love. 
When  you  have  fully  determined,  however,  please  send  the  answer, 
which  I  shall  most  anxiously  await.  Ever,  Dear  Clara, 
Your  Affectionate, 

HENRY  ADAMS. 


Reply. 

178 St.,  April  16,18—. 

Dear  IIenrt: 

T  can  make  a  reply  to  your  candid  question  at  once. 
I  do  not  need  to  deliberate  upon  !t  long.  1  low  you  ;  I  COUflde  in  you. 
I  will  trust  you;  I  will  go  with  you;  I  will  accept  thelove  ami  the  future 
you  offer.     You  may  have  many  joy-  ;  you  DO  tee  some  sor- 

rows: [will  share  am!  bear  them  all  with  you.  trusting  that  patient, 
earnest,  willing  effort  may  crown  our  labors  with  Buccess.  Believing 
thai  '  tod  will  guide  and  prosper  us,  I  can  only  add,  hoping  to  eec  you 
eoon,  that  I  am,  Ever  yours, 

CLARA  DUNHAM. 


NOTES   OF   INVITATION   AND   "WEDDING   CAEDS. 


119 


WEDDING 

tif^F  the  lady  who  marries  resides 
with  her  parents,  with  relatives, 
guardians,  or  friends,  and  the 
marriage  receives  the  approval  of 
those  parties,  the  ceremony  usu- 
ally takes  place  at  the  residence 
of  the  bride,  or  at  the  church 
where  she  generally  attends ;  a 
reception  being  held  at  her  resi- 
dence soon  afterwards  or  upon  the  return  from 
the  bridal  tour. 

Some  parties  prefer  to  marry  very  quietly, 
having  but  few  guests  at  the  wedding.  Others 
make  more  elaborate  display,  and  observe  the 
time  as  an  occasion  of  general  rejoicing.  Where 
many  guests  are  invited,  it  is  customary  to  issue 
notes  of  invitation  to  those  persons  whose  at- 
tendance is  desired,  accompanied  by  wedding 
cards  bearing  the  name  of  the  bride  and  groom. 
The  form  of  wording  such  notes  and  cards  has 
changed  but  little  for  several  years,  though  the 
style  in  which  such  wording  appears,  changes 
frequently. 

Two  methods  are  pursued  in  preparing  the 
invitations  and  cards  :  one  being  to  have  them 
neatly  printed  from  type  ;  the  other,  and  more 
expensive  manner,  is  to  have  them  engraved  and 
printed  in  the  metropolis,  by  a  card-engraver, 
who  makes  an  exclusive  business  of  preparing 
such  cards. 

The  later  style  for  cards  and  notes  of  invita- 
tion is  to  have  the  most  of  the  wording  in  a 
light  script,  upon  very  fine,  white,  billet  paper, 
and  the  cards  upon  thin  bristol-board,  some- 
times long,  and  frequently  nearly  square,  accord- 
ing to  fancy. 

The  following  cards  and  notes  of  invitation, 
while  expressing  the  suitable  wording,  do  not, 


CARDS. 


in  all  cases,  represent  the  size  of  the  card  or 
note  of  invitation.  They  are  of  various  sizes, 
according  to  fancy,  and  generally  a  little  larger 
than  here  illustrated. 

In  sending  the  note  of  invitation,  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  inclose  the  cards  in  the  same  envel- 
ope. In  cases  where  no  guests  are  invited,  yet 
it  is  desired  to  inform  the  acquaintances  through- 
out the  country  of  the  marriage,  it  is  usual  to 
inclose  the  cards  alone.  Formerly,  it  was  com- 
mon to  use  but  one  card,  having  Mr.  &  Mrs. 
Chas.  H.  Smith  in  the  center  of  the  card,  while 
the  lady's  maiden  name  was  placed  upon  the 
lower  left-hand  corner.  Of  late,  it  is  regarded 
more  in  style  to  use  two  cards,  one  considera- 
bly larger  than  the  other ;  the  larger  bearing 
the  names,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Chas.  H.  Smith,  the 
smaller,  the  lady's  name  alone,  thus: 


120 


NOTES   OF    INVITATION   TO   WEDDINGS. 


If  it  is  definitely  decided  where  the  future 
permanent  residence  of  the  newly  wedded 
couple  is  to  be,  it  is  proper  to  place  the  name 
of  t lie  town  and  state,  at  the  lower  left-hand 
corner  of  the  larger  card,  as  shown  herewith. 


Invitations  to  the  Wedding. 

HE  following,  are    among   the   many 
of  the  various  styles  of  notes  of  invita- 
the 


tiun     to 
wedding  cere- 
mony.     The 

form  shown 
here,  is  printed  on  paper 
about  the  width,  but  a 
little  shorter  than,  com- 
mercial note  paper,  the 
wording  being  on  the 
lower  half  of  the  sheet. 
In  the  center  of  the 
upper  half  of  the  sheet 
is  the  monogram,  com- 
posed of  the  initial  let- 
ters of  the  surnames  of 
the  bride  and  groom, 
blended  together.  This 
monogram  is  also  printed 
upon  the  flap  of  the  en- 
velope containing  the 
invitation  and  cards. 
The  accompanying  is  the 
note  of  invitation  issued 
by  -Mr.  &  Mrs.  D  Col- 
lins, on  the  occasion  of 
the  marriage  of  their 
daughter,  M.  Louise,  to 
Jay  H.  Sal  nay ,  the  cere- 
mony taking  place  at 
their  residence.  Two 
cards  accompany  this 
rote,  one  reading  Mr.  ,J- 
Mrs.  Jay  H.  Sabray,  the 
Other,  M.  Louise  Collins. 


Actual  sire  of  one  form  of  Note  oHdtIUUod.    This  doited  Hue  ■bowl  the  fold. 


&i 


f-  ^  fifrs-  fl' 


e_y /tuldaay 


fH^ILoutse  to  j|as  1$.  jrabra?), 


AT  THEIR  HOME,  ATLANTA,  GA. 


NOTES   OF   INVITATION   TO    WEDDINGS    AND   RECEPTIONS. 


121 


If  desirous  of  giving  information  of  the  time 
of  return  from  the  bridal  tour,  and  an  invita- 
tion to  receptions  afterwards,  the  address  is 
omitted  on  the  larger  card,  and  a  third  card 
may  accompany  the  other  two,  worded  as  fol- 
lows: 


This  style  of  invitation,  printed  on  a  fine  card 
about  the  size  of  a  large  envelope,  is  frequently 
employed.  If  desirous  of  using  colored  card- 
board, a  light  olive  or  pink  tint  is  sometimes 
admissible,  though  white  is  always  in  best 
taste. 


Aftek  December  14, 187S, 

Cor.  of  Seventh  and  Clinton  Su.  MILWAUKEE,  WIS. 


THOS.  H.  CCMMINGS. 


MARY  C.  BEXHAH. 


WEDNESDAY  EVE'G,   MAR.  10,  1872, 
At  Eight  o'clock. 


This  style  of  invitation,  requiring  no  cards,  is  |       The  following  note,  announcing, "  At  Home," 
frequently  used  :  I  after  October  15,  requires  no  cards: 


ti 


*»*  »«"BT  obj^ 


'     <_£=sS«.  Paul,  Minnesota. *^-> 


tJ /luteaa'u  X£i'e??(??t7,  SdOec.  J27M,   /tfjW, 

A.T  B  O'CLOCK:. 
OEOROE  H.  VANCE.  ALICE  D.   SPENCER. 


H.  D.  MILES. 


MARY  D.  WILLIAMS. 


Cfjirt)  Vrcsfyjtcrian  (ftjntrdj 

CHICAGO, 


AT  F07B  0'CLC:S,  P.  k. 


At  Berne,  »fler  October  15th. 


No.  12  OiilAnd  Street. 


1 22 


NOTES    OF    INVITATION    TO    WEDDINGS    AND    RECEPTIONS. 


The  cards  are  often  made  in  this  proportion, 
and  fastened  with  a  ribbon,  thus : 


Not  unfrequently    the  cards  are  fastened  at 
the  top,  as  shown  in  this  illustration: 


The  following  invitation  is  accompanied  by 
the  cards  shown  above,  fastened  by  a  ribbon  in 
the  center.  The  larger  card  bears  the  names  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Wilson;  the  other,  the 
name  of  the  bride,  Angeline  Sherman. 


^t.lTriroi'liao.lfShcnnnn. 


//te  C  //alttfia* 


Of  their  Daughter,  Angeline,  Tuesday  Eve'g,  Apr.  23d,  '72, 
CMgMJtQJTY.  *r  9  G'eZOGK. 

Ill  CliDloo  St..  Boctca. 


The  succeeding  invitation  is  issued  by  the 
parents  ot  the  bride,  the  reception  taking  place 
at  their  residence,  after  the  ceremony  at  church. 
As  with  the  other  invitations,  this  is  also  accom- 
panied by  the  monogram. 


5J|r.  |  5{ro.  Samuel  rfcmlcroon. 


Hbnrt  D.  Ham)  Jennie  L.  Henderson. 

CLEVELA2STD,  O. 


MARRIAGE   CEREMONIES. 


123 


0tes  of  £ 


AVING  resolved 
upon  marriage,  the  lady 
will  determine  when  the  cere- 
mony shall  take  place. 

No   peculiar   form  of    cere- 
mony is  requisite,  nor  is  it  im- 
perative that  it  be  performed  by  a  particular 
person.     In  the  United  States,  marriage  is 
regarded  as  a  civil  contract,  which  may  be  entered 
into  by  a  simple  declaration  of  the  contracting  parties, 
made  in  the  presence  of  one  or  more  witnesses,  that  they,  the 
said  parties,  do  respectively  contract  to  be  husband  and  wife." 

In   consequence    of  the   recognized  vast  importance  of  mar- 
riage  to  the  parties  contracting  the  same,  long  usage  has  estab- 
lished the  custom,  almost  universally,  of  having  the  ceremony  perform-     — ■/ 
ed  by,  or  in  presence  of,  a  clergyman  or  magistrate. 

To  be  entitled  to  contract  marriage,  the  following  requisites  are  necessary 
1st,  That  they  be  willing  to  marry  ;  2d,  That  they  be  of  sound  mind ;  3d,  That  they 
have  arrived  at  the  age  allowed  by  law ;  4th,  That  neither  of  the  parties  is   mar- 
ried already  to  another   who  is  living,  and  from  whom  such  party  lias  not  obtained  a  divorce 
from  the  bonds  of  matrimony  ;  and    5th,  That  the  parties  are  not  so  nearly  related    by  consan- 
guinity, as  to  prohibit  their  marriage,  by  the  laws  of  the  State  in  which  the  marriage  is  contrac- 
ted. 


L24 


THE    MAi:i:IAGl-;    I.ICKNSE 


In  most  of  the  States,  the  common  law  re- 
quires that  the  male  be  fourteen  and  the  female 
twelve  years  of  age,  before  the  marriage  can 
take  place.  In  certain  States  seventeen  for 
mules  and  fourteen  for  females;  in  others,  the 
age  for  males  is  eighteen,  for  females,  fourteen. 

Formerly  in  certain  Eastern  States,  parties  in- 
tending to  marry  were  required  by  statute  to  re- 
cord a  notice  of  such  intent  with  the  town  clerk 
for  three  weeks,  at  the  expiration  of  which  time, 
if  no  objection  was  interposed,  the  clerk  was  au- 
thorized to  give  a  certificate  to  that  effect,  and  the 
clergyman  or  magistrate  was  empowered  to  per- 
form the  ceremony.  In  various  States,  the  law 
requires  that  parties  intending  marriage  shall 


previously  obtain  from  the  city  or  town  clerk,  a 
certificate  of  their  respective  names,  occupa- 
tions, ages,  birth-places,  and  residences  upon 
receipt  of  which,  any  clergyman  or  magistrate 
is  authorized  to  perform  the  ceremony. 

In  several  States  of  the  Union,  the  consent 
of  the  parents  or  guardians  is  required,  before 
the  proper  officer  can  issue  a  license,  if  the  male 
be  under  twenty-one  years,  or  the  female  under 
eighteen 

In  some  of  the  States,  alicense  to  marry  must 
first  be  procured  of  the  city,  town,  or  county 
clerk,  empowering  the  clergyman  or  magistrate 
to  marry  the  contracting  parties,  which  is  word- 
ed as  follows : 


^it^,:"-':"j 


-w< 


JTCflrriflgF 


-State  of- 


^ 


ftirpnsF. 

—County  of— 


$7it  Arc/i/e  t/  //it    f//tt/r  </ ,.  /o  anil    Athlon   UaaUu  au/AoiUed  /o    io&mntU 

G,naHtaar,   UilEE  TI.JfQ  f         '//<«  ale  Atlr/y  ait/AoMeJ  /e totn   in  //te  Ao/u  AontL  tJ '  Q-Htt/ltmcny-,  ant/ 

/o  et/t/ut/t  /At   It'/tJ  ant/  eeleinenttS  of C  Hantaan,  Ae/wftn   /tiT , 

ana  jiH ,  accoUUna  /o  In*  <i  Aual  custom  ana  IcuuS  o/ /At    .J/a/e  94 

f  una  you  tilt   ttatttlea    to  ie/ttin  /At'.i  /trtn-ie  /o  me  uUin*n   /Ati/y  t/ttt/.y. /itun 

/Ae  ee/eAlrt/t'on   o/  itteA  Q.//alltaye,  tat/A  a    /ftl/t/tca/e  of //te  dame,  a/i/ient/et/ /Aete/o,  and  iiyned  Ay*-  V0") 
ttnt/tl    /At   Aena//y   </  t ne    'S/itnt/iet/  fj  «//aU. 

U\  itnr  ss ,  <MU  y 

out  data    trnetl/  ana  /Ae  o/eai  tneltoA  a/  /toi  n/jftee,  tn ; 


t'*t  data    uca>i/u}  //ttA  day  *  / 


_/<$</ 

County  Clerk. 


irtatc  of 


tfounti). 


\-s.s. 


*,. 


,  Atle/nt  etl/t/o  -  //at/  on 


/At  t/ay  r/ ,  Atf? ,  OS  /<  iiirt/ in  E  //alit'tiye, 

JH  r.  ,  an  J  iH ,  ayleeaA/e  /o   /Ae 

ti"//a x'/u    ai'tii  in  /At  aoevt  Sietn6e,  attaint  euilomt  and  law*  t/ /At.,    i/lai*. 

9,trt,i    t^it/tl    my     Aant/   ant/ ' Ma/,    /At'.i da*/*   of.. _ ,QJX.  3). ,  /<Jy 


u_i_ 


SEAL 
-r- 


CEREMONY    OF    MARRIAGE,    AND    MARRIAGE  CERTIFICATE. 


12c 


The  Ceremony. 

Tlie  license  procured,  the  ceremony  of  mar- 
riage may  take  place  wherever  it  best  suits  the 
convenience  of  the  parties  marrying,  and  may 
be  performed  by  a  clergyman,  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  judge  of  an  inferior  court,  jus- 
tice of  the  peace,  or  police  justice;  one  or  more 
witnesses  being  present  to  testify  to  the  mar- 
riage. The  clergyman  or  magistrate  may  visit 
the  candidates  for  matrimony  at  a  private  resi- 
dence, hotel,  hall,  church  or  other  place;  or  the 
parties  may  call  upon  the  clergyman  at  his 
residence,  or  visit  the  magistrate  in  his  office, 
where  the  rite  may  be  performed.  When  the 
ceremony  is  conducted  by  the  magistrate,  the 
following  is  the  usual  form. 

Form  of  Marriage. 

(The  man  and  woman  rising,  the  justice  will  Kay  to  the  man  .-} 
"  Will  yon  have  this  woman  to  he  your  wedded  wire,  to  live  together 
after  God's  ordinance,  in  the  holy  estate  of  Matrimony,  to  love  her, 
comfort  her,  honor  and  keep  her,  in  sickness  and  in  health,  and,  for- 
saking all  others,  keep  thee  only  nnto  her,  so  long  as  you  both  shall 
live?" 

(Then,  addressing  the  wo?nan,  the  justice  will  say:) 

"  Will  you  have  this  man  to  be  your  wedded  husband,  to  live  together 
after  God's  ordinance,  in  the  holy  estate  "t"  Afatrimony,  !<i  love,  honor 
and  keep  him,  in  sickness  and  in  health,  and,  forsaking  all  others, 
keep  thee  only  unto  him,  so  long  as  you  both  shall  live !  " 

(The  parties  answering  in  theajfirmatire.  the  justice  will  then  instruct 
to  join  hands,  and  say: 

"By  the  act  of  joining  hands  you  take  upon  yourselves  the  relation 
of  husband  and  wife,  and  solemnly  promise  and  engage,  in  the  pres- 


ence of  these  witnesses,  to  love,  honor,  comfort  and  cherish  each  other 
as  such,  so  long  as  you  both  shall  live;  therefore,  in  accordance  with 
the  laws  of  the  State  of ,  I  do  hereby  pronounce  you  hus- 
band and  wife." 


Short  Form  of  Marriage. 

(The  justice  will  instruct  the  parties  to  rise  and  join  hands,  and 
then  say:) 

"  By  this  act  of  joining  hands  yon  do  take  upon  yourselves  the  rela- 
tion of  husband  and  wife,  and  solemnly  promise  and  engage,  in  the 
presence  of  these  witnesses,  to  love  and  honor,  comfort  and  cherish 
each  other  as  such,  as  long  ;i-  yon  both  shall  live;  thereforein  accord- 
ance with  the  laws  of  the  State  of ,  I  do  hereby  pronounce 

you  husband  and  wife." 


The  form  used  by  clergymen  is  essentially 
the  same,  though  the  wording  may  vary  slightly 
to  suit  the  occasion  and  conform  to  the  rites  of 
the  church,  under  which  the  parties  marry. 

The  marriage  license  is  returned  by  the  mag- 
istrate or  clergyman  to  the  clerk  that  granted 
it,  for  record.  At  the  time  of  procuring  the 
license,  however,  the  bridegroom  or  other  per- 
son should  obtain  a  blank  marriage  certificate, 
usually  furnished  by  the  clerk,  which  should 
be  filled  by  the  clergyman  or  magistrate  at  the 
close  of  the  ceremony,  certifying  to  the  mar- 
riage of  the  parties;  which  certificate  should  be 
always  preserved  by  the  husband  and  wife,  as 
proof  of  marriage,  if  necessary,  when  they 
have  removed  to  other  parts  of  the  country. 

The  following  is  the  form  of  the  marriage 
certificate: 


Marriage 


tatt  of. 


Certificate. 


X£  omtto, 


G^  THIS     CERTIFIES^) 


That of. in  the  State  of ..and of 

were  at in  the  said  County,  by  me  joined  together  in 

HOLY~^MATRIM01TY 


in  the  State  of. 


I  On  the ,day  of. 

In  Presence  op 


.,  in  the  year  of  onr  Lord,  One  Thousand  Eight  Ilundred  and  Seventy 


126 


NOTK'KS    i  H      M  \RRI.\GK. 


SIDE  from  the  entertainments  of 
guests  al  the  residence  of  the  bride, 
the  expenses  of  the  marriage  are 
entirely  home   I ►  v  the  groom,  who 

is  underst 1   to  he  the  winner  of 

the  prize.  If  the  parties  marrying 
^^  are  wealthy  and  of  undoubted 
standing  and  respectability  in 
society,  they  can  appropriately  celehrate  the  nup- 
tial ceremony  in  an  expensive  manner,  the  occa- 
sion being  taken  by  the  relatives  and  friends  as 
an  opportunity  for  the  making  of  every  descrip- 
tion of  present  to  the  bride  and  groom.  If,  hon  - 
ever,  the  parties  move  in  the  humbler  walks  of 
life,  an  expensive  bridal  tour,  and  very  great 
display  at  the  wedding,  are  not  advisable.  It  is 
much  better  for  the  newly  wedded  couple  to 
commence  life  in  a  manner  so  plain  and  modest 
that  succeeding  year-  cannot  fail  to  steadily 
increase  their  wealth  and  give  them  better 
opportunities.  People  always  more  highly 
respect  those  persons  who  steadily  go  npward, 

no  matter  howslowly,  than  those  that  attempt  a 
display  beyond  their  ability  honestly  to  maintain. 
To  legally  marry  in  the  I'nited  States,  only  a 
few  incidental  expenses  are  really  necessary.  Of 
these,  the  license  costs,  indifferent  States,  from 
one  to  two  dollars,  and  the  magistrate,  for  per- 
forming the  ceremony,  is  allowed  by  law  to 
charge  two  dollars.  While  no  law  regulates 
the  price,  it  is  customary  to  quietly  present  the 
clergyman  five  dollars  or  more,  according  to  the 
ability  and  Liberality  of  the  groom.  In  giving 
notice  of  the  marriage  to  the  newspaper,  it  is 


courtesy   always   to    enclose,   with   the   same,  a 
dollar  Mil. 

The  wording  of  the  marriage  notice  will 
depend  upon  circumstances.  If  the  parties  have 
a  large  circle  of  acquaintances,  to  whom  they 
desire  to  offer  an  apology  for  not  haying  invited 
them  to  the  wedding,  they  will  announce,  with 
the  notice,  that  no  general  invitation  was 
extended,  thus: 

MAIiRIED. 

Leonard  — liEYxni.DS.— In  IhlscltJ  at  I  lie  residence  of  the  bride's 
Cither,  January  i.  1878,  bj  the  Rev.  Chas.  <;.  Robinson,  rector  of 
Christ  Church,  Mr.  Thcron  D.  Leonard  and  Mrs.  A.  H.  Reynolds, 
daughter  of  Win.  Fairbanks,  K*o,..  all  of  Philadelphia.    No  cards. 

Other  marriage  notices,  according  to  circum- 
stances, will  read  a-  follows: 

In  this  city,  by  the  Rev.H.  \  Henderson,  Cuari.es  II.  Williams 
and  Myra  IJ.  Coolbt,  both  of  Chicago. 

OnTu  iili  Inst.,  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Belmont,  at  tie-  residence 

of  the  brides  unit-',  Harvey  linker,  Esq.,  Cyrus  K.  Mavinml,  of  New 
York,  and  Miss  Lizzie  II.  wentworth,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

On  Thursday,  January  20th,  at  the  residence  of  Mr.  Asa  Sprague,  l  it 
Mayberry  St..  Anton  D.  Miller,  of  St.  Joseph,  Mich.,  and  Harriet  A. 
Sprague,  of  this  city. 

St.  Jo  please  copy. 

At  the  Lclnnd  bouse,  Springfield,  LU.,  January  80,  by  the  Bev.  J.  L. 
Stoddard,  Stephen  M.  Byron,  of  Detroit,  Mich.,  and  Carrie  D.  Paine, 
Ingfleld,  in. 

On  Hi  i  the  BOth,  «t  tie'  Revere  House,  by  Wlnfleld  Gard- 

ner. Miss  Emma  Brown  to  William  Wedgewood,  all  of  tin- 

In  this  city,  on  Monday,  at  the  resilience  of  the  hride's  father,  Mr.  II. 
A  Waldron  and  Miss  Agnes  E.  Wlllett. 

The  ceremonies  took  place  at  the  residence  of  Henry  Wil 
left,  Esq.,  on  Beverly  Place,  yesterday  morning  at  nine  o'clock, 
only  a  select  company  of  friends  being  present.  The  happy 
couple  departed  at  once  on  their  wedding  tour,  with  Xew  York 
as  their  main  point  of  destination.  Then  %  t-i t  will  lie  protracted 
until  the  middle  of  next  month,  when,  upon  their  return,  Mr. 
Waldron  will  assume  the  secretaryship  of  the  (ireat  Western 
Mutual  Insurance  Company,  of  this  city,  to  which  position  he 
has  been  recently  called  by  the  directors  of  the  company. 


NOTES    OF   INVITATION. 


121 


Invitations  to  Receptions  and  Parties. 


%x,  §  $«.  ^nto 

£itttttt«Ml», 

Receive  J^riends, 

(ypye<&n&te&tzsi(. 

At  8  o'clock. 

Cwk<z<u.  ■*(><&(, 

m 


m 


$r.  §  Jto, William  ^ieuinti 


.^^^^t 


^/iet^t^at^tf  (Que  «,  C^W.  JO'&(/    /•/, 


AT  EI3HT  O'CLCCE. 


* 


itflr.  vV  i*lrs.  £23.  ?$.  Harriett, 


BTJRLHTGTOIT, 


At  8  1-2  o'clock. 


<:■: 


ST 


GBJfr&m& 


> 


Jhursday  ^veninc,  jIam  4TH,  1871. 


COMPLIMENTARY. 


<-€=^Yoarjel/  Md  Ladios  ir«  Cordially  latitat 


Committee  of  Arrangement*  • 

D.  O.  Lewis,  Wm.  W.  Bbowx,  D.  B.  Show, 

1  D.  Kiso,     Chas.  WtLsoH,    H.  E.  Potwih. 


128 


RECORD    AND    IilOGEAl'UICAE    SKETCHES    OF    THE    FAMILY. 


^■MHMHf 


Family  Hecords. 


How  to  Prepare  the  Register;  giving  Names  of  the  Family,  Births,  Marriages  and  Deaths. 


URING  LIFE,  a  carefully  prepared 
record  of  the  family,  which  should 
-*  be  arranged  by  the  head  of  the 
household,  is  of  great  convenience  for 
reference.  This  register  should  con- 
the  name,  birth,  marriage,  and  death 
each  member  of  the  family.  It  may  be 
kept  in  the  Bible,  on  a  paper  prepared 
especially  for  the  purpose,  suitable  for  framing,  or 
in  any  manner  whereby  the  same  may  be  preserved. 
It  may  also  contain  brief  biographical  sketches  of 
members  of  the  family. 


-»■>■■» — o— * — *— *^«3 
>g>  BIOGRAPHY 


UARDIANS    and   parents  are    also 
recommended  to  prepare  in  a  book 
of  blank  pages,  made  for  the  pur- 
pose,  a  biographical   sketch  of  eai  h 
child  under  their  charge,  noting  pecul- 
iarities of  birth,  attending  physician,  color 
of  hair,  eyes,  &c,  when  born ;  strength  of 
constitution,  subsequent  disposition,  age  at 
which  the  child  first  walks,  talks,  reads,  writes,  first 
attends  school,  and  so  on  upwards  until  the  child 
is  able  to  take  up  the  record  itself. 


N  preparing  the  register,  care  should  be 
taken  to  give  the  names  of  the  family  in 
full,  the  town  and  state  where  each  was 
born,  and  date  of  birth;  the  state  and 
town  where  each  died,  and  date  of  death ; 
town  and  state  where  each  married,  and 
date,  together  with  the  name  of  the 
officiating  clergyman,  or  magistrate,  and  of  one  or 
more  witnesses  to  the  marriage.  In  proving  claims 
to  pensions,  or  heirship  to  estates,  this  is  frequently 
of  great  importance.  Observe  carefully  the  form 
of  record  shown  on  the  opposite  page. 


CHILDREN.oC=>< 


HE  child's  record  should  be  made  very 
full  and  explicit  for  many  reasons,  the 
principal  being  that  it  may  be  of  great 
service  to  the  future  biographer  of  the 
child,  while  the  physiologist  may  draw 
an  important  lesson  by  a  comparison  be- 
tween the  habits  of  infancy  and  those 
of  mature  years.  This  record  will  certainly  be  a 
matter  of  value  to  the  family,  and  like  the  infant- 
picture,  it  will  be  of  especial  interest  to  the  man  and 
woman  as  a  daguerreotype  of  their  early  years. 


FORM   OF   FAMILY   RECORD. 


129 


AMILY 


EGISTER.fl  1 


130 


ANNIYKKSAKIF.S    OF    MARRIAGE. 


GOLD,   SILVER  AND   OTHER   WEDDINGS. 


AS f HON  has  established  the 
custom,  of  late  years,  of  cele- 
brating certain  anniversaries 
of  the  marriage,  these  being 
named  as  follows : 

The  celebration  at  the  expi- 
ration of  the  first  year  is  called 
the  cotton  wedding ;  at  two  years  comes  the 
paper  ;  at  three,  the  leather  ;  at  the  close  of 
five  years  comes  the  wooden  ;  at  the  seventh 
anniversary  the  friends  assemble  with  the  "wool- 
en, and  at  ten  years  comes  the  tin.  At  twelve 
years  the  silk  and  fine  linen  ;  at  fifteen  the 
CRYSTAL  wedding.  At  twenty,  the  friends  gather 
with  their  china,  and  at  twenty-five  the  married 
couple,  that  have  been  true  to  their  vows  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  are  rewarded  with  silver 
gifts.  From  this  time  forward,  the  tokens  of 
esteem  become  rapidly  more  valuable.  At  the 
thirtieth  anniversary,  they  are  presented  with 
pearls  ;  at  the  fortieth,  come  the  rubies  ;  and 
at  the  fiftieth,  occurs  the  celebration  of  a  glo- 
rious golden  wedding.  Beyond  that  time  the 
aged  couple  are  allowed  to  enjoy  their  many 
gifts  in  peace.  If,  however,  by  any  possibility 
they  reach  the  seventy-fifth  anniversary,  they 
are  presented  with  the  rarest  gifts  to  be  ob- 
tained, at  the  celebration  of  their  DIAMOND  wed- 
ding. 

In  issuing  the  invitations  for  celebrating  these 
anniversaries,  it  is  customary  to  print  them  on 
a  material  emblematical  of  the  occasion.  Thus, 
thin  wood,  leather,   cloth,   tin-foil,  silk,  silver 


and  gold  paper,  and  other  materials  are  brought 
into  use. 

Of  course,  those  who  accept  of  such  an  invi- 
tation, and  partake  of  the  hospitalities  of  the 
host  and  hostess,  are  expected  to  contribute 
to  the  collection  of  gifts  that  will  grace  the  oc- 
casion. 

The  form  of  invitation  for  such  an  anniver- 
sary is  represented  in  the  following  : 


■fSieO 


•<r/.20 


~  SILK  WEDDING. O 


COUNCIL  BLUFFS,  IOWA. 


INVITATIONS    TO    WEDDING     ANNIVERSARIES. 


131 


Invitation   to  the  Crystal  Wedding. 


CRYSTAL 


1858. 


WEDDINC. 


1873. 


r-  $  Jtrs-  H-  j|fcx*nst 


■£*  RE  CJg^iferTinN- 

mm 


ROME, 


N.  Y. 


Invitation  to  the  Silver  Wedding. 


[/I*  $  Mf^s.  H-  R..  Meaji, 

ceiclia/f^-  invite,  mm  to  Oe.  Auient  at  i/tctt  3?tve>t/y~= 

-<£%<(       ANNIVERSARY, 

i  n   Q,/tc>t</ay~   Cucniiia,     /une   /f,    l'ST.3. 


"^ 


No.  700  Broadway,  New  Vork. 


Ceremony  at  8  o'Clock. 


Invitation  to  the  China  Wedding. 


~^Xrr- 


O^inaWedd 


1850  |  1870 


fc  %@S*. 


WILL  RECEIVE  THEIR  FRIENDS  AT  THE 
TWENTIETH    ANNIVERSARY 

OF  THEIR 


RRlh  G3 


-af- 


CStie4<c&ay.    (Qiie..,     jXuwe   -/Z,    Jf^o. 


LONG  BRANCH. 


Invitation  to  the  Colden  Wedding. 


■tfzaSZ) 


■ffya-O 

itWIL 


OF  THEIR  MARRIACE, 

y*i    C/£.tt-i4c&a<if.    (  'f7sj 

174  MAYWOOD  ST.,  CHICAGO. 


132 


INVITATIONS    TO    PARTIES. 


AV  V  4, 


~v 


Notes  of  Invitation  to  Parties 


AND  ELSEWHERE. 


"tflAai 


OTES  of  invitation  to 
a  large  party  are 
usually  printed  and 
displayed  in  a  style 
similar  to  the  an- 
nexed, being  always 
worded  in  the  third 
person.  If  written, 
and  among  intimate  friends,  a  more 
familiar  style  may  be  adopted. 

Invitations  should  be  written  or 
printed  upon  a  whole  sheet  of  small 
note-paper,  and  should  be  issued  at 
least  a  week  before  the  time  appointed 
for  the  party,  sci  that,  if  necessary, 
asuitable  dress  may  be  obtained.  For 
a  costume  ball  or  masquerade,  two 
weeks  is  the  usual  time  allowed  for 
preparation. 

The  letters  R.  S.  V.  P.  are  some- 
times put  at  the  end  of  a  note.  They 
stand  for  the  French  phrase,  " Re- 
fomicz  s'il  vous  -plait  — answer,  if 
yon  please.  It  is  better,  however, 
when  an  answer  i>  particularly 
desired,  to  say,  "An  answer  will 
oblige." 

It  is  courtesy  to  reply  promptly  to 
a  note  of  invitation  requesting  an 
answer. 

If  no  reply  is  requested,  and  you 
send  no  regrets,  it  is  understood  that 
you  accept  the  invitation. 

Send  invitations,  to  persons  in 
your  own  city  or  neighborhood,  by 
your  own  messenger.     It  is  regarded 

a  violation  of  etiquette  to  send   them 
by  mail. 


Invitation  to  an  Intimate  Friend. 

Mrs.  Langford  may  write  to  her  intimate  friend.  Miss 
Burling,  as  follows: 


tV»A1S>.     <?//.        Jt 

2g[&a4  Sfjifflie: 

■   -ai^e  -Co.  ■na.t/^e  a  -CvCCce  (MictasC 

fea.'tsi'U- 

■an   ^/^is-<^uui.<z-a^f. 

awvuM-a.     'yi&vt,     ■UiJU&n 

tt^fuc  -ue  ■v&i'U.  ■c4tc<u*iwsC&Ce 

■tw£#La*vi  you.       cftce-ade- 

{WWl^,     ■ 

evmz  -tiyUMsa.    <u<)4vl  wudttn.  -un&i-    ■u.&u.      <ylQe 

ut&Ct    **«-«£     C*     ■Ctudi,    ■t&asui.-ie     «     -yiuide     jc^i-yn-a^c 

■tue<C<xim&. 

^u«* 

s      •  .   - 

/  edtveaeuiy.   <@ii&n-t4iiz,. 

INVITATIONS   TO    PARTIES. 


133 


Invitation  to  a  Lawn  Soiree. 

MR.  &  MRS.  HARRINGTON. 

MB.  D.  C.  IlARRrNGTON. 

Request  the  pleasure  of  your  company,  at  a  Lawn  Soiree,  Friday  eve- 
ning, from  half-paBt  seven  to  half-past  ten  o'clock,  June  20th,  18 — , 
weather  permitting. 
R.  S.  V.  P. 


Invitation  to  an  Evening  Party. 

Mrs.  Langford  requests  the  pleasure  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bell's  company 
on  Thursday  evening,  7th  inst.,  at  seven  o'clock. 
No.  7 St.,  Dec.  1st. 


Answer  Accepting  the  Invitation. 

:  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bell  accept,  with  pleasure,  Mrs.  Langford's  kind  invi- 
tation for  Thursday  evening,  the  7th  inst. 
No.  8 St.,  Dec.  2d. 


Answer  Declining  the  Invitation. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bell  regret  their  inability  to  accept  Mrs.  Langford's 
kind  invitation  for  Thursday  evening,  the  7th  inst. 
No.  8 St.,  Dec.  2d. 


Invitation  to  a  Dinner  Party. 

Mr.  Conklin  presents  his  warm  regards  to  Mr.  Belden,  and  requests 
the  pleasure  of  his  company  to  dinner,  on  Thursday  next  (18th)  at  5 
o'clock.  Mr.  Conklin  expects  the  pleasure,  also,  of  receiving  Mr.  Wil- 
bur, of  Buffalo. 

An  answer  will  oblige. 

No.  44 St.,  June  16, 18—. 


Answer  Accepting  the  Invitation. 

Mr.  Belden  presents  hie  kind  regards  to  Mr.  Conklin,  and  accepts, 
with  pleasure,  his  polite  invitation  for  Thursday  next. 
No.  17 St.,  June  17,18—. 


Answer  Declining  the  Invitation. 

Mr.  Belden  regrets  that  a  previously  arranged  business  engagement 
will  prevent  his  accepting  Mr.  Conklin's  kind  invitation  for  to-mor- 
row. Mr.  Belden  has  delayed  answering  until  to-day,  hoping  to  effect 
a  change  of  appointment,  but  has  learned  this  forenoon  that  no  change 
can  be  made  without  serious  disappointment  to  others. 
No.  17 St.,  June  17,  18—. 


4<?rtMU,l|te  ml  $mk  fall's 


COMPLIMHNTS  FOR 


■  r- :',.  t'-r ; 


a-t,    y<r/£». 


No.  481  MARBLE  STREET. 


COMPLIMENTS   FOR 


GW@fi#i<&asif/  (@4i&nt*ta,    <&e^i,    S-fd^   fti 


TJ-A-ITCIITQ-. 


Refreshments  will   be  Served  at  Ten  o'Clock. 


L34 


INVITATIONS    TO    PASTIES    AND    ITNKIIAI.S. 


Familiar  Invitation  to  a  Wedding. 


No.- 


-St.,  Dec.  12,  18-. 


DBAB  Hattik  : 

I  have  Issued  but  row  invitations 

f«>r  oar  Aggie's  wedding,  as  we  desire  to  be  almost 

ence  of  a  few  dear 

i    win  give  us  all  pleasure.    Can  we  count  you 

among  those  lew?   The  ceremony  will  be  at  seven, 

on  Tuesday  evening  next,  December  18th,  ami  at 

eight  we  will  receive  the  other  Invited  gi 

Hoping  to  see  you  early,  I  am, 

Yours  Affectionately, 

BERTH  A  HANSON. 


Answer  Accepting  the  Invitation. 


-St..  Dec.  13,  18—. 


No. 

Mv  DBAS  Bbbtha: 

I  accept  «  ith  great  pleasure 
your  kind  Invitation  to  Aggie's  wedding,  and  will 
be  punctual.  I  most  earnestly  pray  that  she  may 
be  very  happy  in  her  Dew  lift-  ami  home.  Please 
give  her  my  kindest  love  and  best  wishes. 
Your  Friend, 

HATTIE  HARMON. 


Answer  Declining  the  Invitation. 


No.- 
Mv  Dear  Bertha: 


-St.,  Dec.  13,  18- 


My  recent  great  bereavement 

must  pi.ad  in  :  not  attending  the  wedding 

of  your  dear  daughter  Aggie,    l  would  not  cloud  the 

cone  by  my  heavy  weeds  of  mourning,  and  I 

not  lay  them  aside,  even  for  an  hour,  while 

the  wound  in  my  heart  la  so  fresh  with  grief. 

Deeply  regretting  that  I  cannot  attend,  i  can  only 
wish  Aggie,  In  her  new  relations,  the  joyous  life  of 
happiness  she  so  richly  deserves. 

Your  Sincere  Friend, 

HATTIE  HARMON. 


The  following  exhibits  the  size  of  paper,  and  the  wording  of  a  Funeral 
Notice,  in  common  use  in  the  metropolitan  cities,  where  it  is  impossible, 
frequently,  for  all  the  friends  to  know  of  the  death. 


4nutcral  ^Jottcc. 


aaaiUiam  (tfomsstorfc, 


f4* 


A.ij.    -cexce-    -te<ii^e- 


-noe,    aw    Vfa 


■6.   <&&&&£, 


GwOa^vle-e,     ■Co^*M.a4.-to.-ut      <z-£%e-t-*KZ<M/     <i£ 


t/c/iuclecl,    <tt    //ie      '''<hU    \2fi'i/ifoU     i/tnirn,    immeaiatety- 
/'(/ole    /tie    /uiitlcif. 

gPMituivt,  q/Vov.  f,  Sty 4- 


Invitation  to  a  Picnic. 


Z\\t  jPoinltj  lathes  of  jHt.  ^opc  5riHinarn 

Solicit  the  jraw&c*  of  ToaiMlf  uJ  FrlmJi 
at  mua 

Annual  jRenntatiinti  ilicnjc 

©:*  thi  oaor^u«  or 

HQff.  WU.  STETEN5QH.  NEAB  KENWHQO. 

! '  iiaau  6  /ft*  >>"  >■->.(  \ ■/.  .7/A, 


At  TWO  O     Uh«. 


Invitation  to  a  Ball. 


Invitation  to  a  Festival. 


n 

fflfpi^ST  Annual  [Jul 


<io<- 


*.*<* 


,%4»1 


BOHTOTSHTAL  HDTEL. 


Fete  Champetre, 

OH  THE  GROUNDS  OF 


)«imrg  |!|[|k,u^u. 

SPRINGOALE, 
WEDHESD/T/FTEHIIOO^  JUN^E  10,  1874. 

Entrance  Ticket,  50  Cents. 


The  above  cards  may  be  displayed  In  this  manner,  but  for  actual  use  should  be  about  four  times  larger. 


VISITING   AND   C/THER   CARDS. 


135 


Visiting  and  Address  Cards. 


ffi*r.?t^~-Js- 


OUR  kinds  of  cards  are  in 
general  use,  viz. :  Wedding, 
Autograph  or  Visiting,  Ad- 
dress, and  Business  cards. 
The  wedding  has  already 
been  described.  The  visiting 
card  is  used  principally  by 
the  lady  in  her  calls  among  acquaintances  in  the 
city.  The  address  card  is  also  frequently- used 
for  the  same  purpose,  and  is  useful  to  present 
when  it  may  be  desired  to  open  future  corre- 
spondence. The  business  card  is  valuable  for 
advertising  and  as  being  introductory  to  busi- 
ness acquaintance.  In  the  autograph  card, 
Chas.  H.  Briggs  will  write  his  name  as  follows : 


1 1  is  wife  will  write  her  name: 


His  daughters  will  add  Miss  to  their  nanus. 

thus : 

NOTE. — A  former  rule  of  etiquette,  not  now  so  much  observed,  w 


ofc  &£6f  ,       \ 


Or  the  name  may  be  without  the  Miss,  thus : 


The  address  card  may  read  thus : 


G0&u.     \      -  { 


18  Beverly  Place. 


Or  it  may  read  thus  : 


<y^to.  % .  ■ 


Autograph  cauls  should  be  used  only  among 
those  acquaintances  to  whom  the  residence  is 
well  known.  Business  cauls  should  contain 
upon  their  face  the  name,  business,  address  and 
references,  if  references  are  used. 

as  Tot  the  eldest  daughter,  only,  to  prefix  "  Miss  "  to  her  name. 


Language 


'^^^s^^^t^^. 


iFlowers 


&> 


aj   9  m 


I 


A  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS. 


VERY  charming  and  interesting-  method  of  commu- 
ing  thought  is  by  the  aid  of  flowers,  their  lan- 
guage and  sentiment  being-  understood  by  the  parties 
who  present  them.  Although  the  following  list  is 
very  complete,  this  vocabulary  may  be  still  enlarged 
by  the  addition  of  other  definitions,  the  parties 
having  an  understanding  as  to  what  language  the 

flower  shall  represent.  Thus  an  extended  and  some- 
times important  correspondence  may  be  earned  on 
by  the  presentation  of  bouquets,  single  flowers  and 
the    charm    of   this    interchange   of 
Y  thought  largely  consisting  in  the  romance  attendant 

upon  an  expression  of  sentiment  in  a  partially  disguised  and  hidden 
I  i  ge. 
Of  course  much  of  the  facility  with  which  a  conversation  may  be 
conducted,  thus,  will  depend  upon  the  intimate  knowledge  possessed  of 
the  language  of  flowers  and  the  variety  from  which  to  select. 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

A  declaration  of  feeling  between  a  lady  and  gentleman  may  be  ex- 
pressed by  single  flowers,  as  follows: 

The  gentleman  presents  a  Red  Rose — "I  love  you."  The  lady 
admits  a  partial  reciprocation  of  the  sentiment  by  returning  a  Purple 
Pansy  —  "  You  occupy  my  thoughts."  The  gentleman  presses  his  suit 
still  further  by  an  Everlasting  Pea  —  "Wilt  thou  go  with  me?"     The 


lady  replies  by  a  Daisy,  in  which  she  says  —  "I  wi'l  think  of  it."  The 
gentleman,  in  his  enthusiasm,  plucks  and  presents  a  Shepherd's  Purse — 
*'I  offer  you  my  all."  The  lady,  douhtingly,  returns  a  sprig  of  Laurel  — 
"Words,  though  sweet,  may  deceive."  The  gentleman  still  affirms  his 
declaration  by  a  sprig  of  Heliotrope  —  "I  adore  you."  The  lady  ad- 
mits a  tenderness  of  sentiment  by  the  Zinnia  — "I  mourn  your  ah-  > 

LANGUAGE  OF   THE   BOL'QJL'ET. 

A  collection  of  flowers  in  a  bouquet  may  mean  very  much.  Thus  I 
Rose,  Ivy  and  Myrtle  will  signify  "  Beauty,  Friendship  and  Love."  A 
Bachelor's  Button  "  1  lope,  "  and  a  Red  Rose  "  Love, "  will  indicate  that 
"I  hope  to  obtain  your  love." 

I  DESIRE  TO  MARRY  YOU. 

Jonquil  —  Linden. 

I  HAVE  SWEET  MEMORIES  IN  MY  SOLITUDE. 

Periwinkle— Heath. 

PRAY  FOR  ME  IN  MY  ABSENCE. 
White  Verbena  —  Wormwood. 

Thus  longer  and  shorter  sentences  may  be  readily  expressed  by 
flower-language;  and  by  agreement,  if  the  variety  of  flowers  is  not  suf- 
ficient, a  change  t>l  definition  may  be  given  the  more  common  blossoms 
and  plants,  w  hereby  the  language  and  correspondence  maybe  conducted 
without  inconvenience. 


.V  ada,  Rose Friendship. 

- Art. 

i  Painful  recollections. 

Agnus  Castus Coldness;  life  without 

ii  >ve. 

Agrimony Gratitude. 

Almonds Giddiness;    heedless- 
ness. 

Aloe Bitterness. 

Amaranth Immortality;    Unfad- 
ing. 

Amaryllis ...Beautiful  but  timid. 

Anemone,  Garden Forsaken ;    Withered 

hopes;  Illness. 

Amethyst Admiration. 

Anemone,  Windflower  ...Desertion. 

Angelica Inspiration. 

Apple  Blossom Preference. 

Arbor  Vttae Unchanging   Friend- 
ship. 

Arbutus Thee  only  do  I  love. 

Ash ..Grandeur. 

Aspen Sighing. 

Asphodel Remembered    beyond 

the  tomb. 

Aster,  Double  German  ..Variety. 

Aster,  Large  flowered U'ter  thought;  Love  of 

van.  I 

Bachelors' Button Hope;  Single  Bless- 
edness. 

Balm,  Mint Pleasantry. 

Balm  of  Gilead Healing;!  am  cured. 

line Impatience. 

Barberry Petulance;  111  temper. 

Basil Give  me    your    good 

wishes. 

Bay  Leaf I  change  but  in  death. 

Beech Lovers^    tryst ;    Pros  - 

perity. 

Begonia Deformed. 

Bindweed Humility;  Night 

Birch .Grace;  Elegance. 

Bittersweet    Nightshade. Truth. 

Blackthorn,  or  Sloe Difficulties. 

Bladder  Tree Frivolous  amusement 


Flowers  and  their  Sentiment. 

Blue   Bell Constancy. 

Blue  Bottle Delicacy.' 

Borage Abruptness. 

Box Stoicism. 

Briers Envy. 

Broom Neatness ;  Humility. 

Bryony,  Black Be  my  support. 

Buckbean Calmness:  Repose. 

Bugloss Falsehood. 

Bulrush Docility. 

Burdock ..Touch  me  not;  Impor- 
tunity. 

Buttercup Riches';   Memories  of 

childhood. 

Cabbage Profit. 

Calls  - Delicacv;  Modesty. 

Camillia Gratitude;      Perfect 

Loveliness. 

Camomile Energy  in  Adver- 
sity. 

Candytuft Indifference ;  Archi- 
tecture. 

Canterbury  Bell  Constancy. 

Cardinal  Flower Distinction;  Prefer- 
ment. 

Carnation Pure  and  deep  love. 

China  Aster Love  of  variety. 

Cedar  Leaf I  live  for  thee.' 

Cherry A  good  education. 

Chestnut Do  me  justice. 

Cereus,  Night  Blooming. Transient  Beauty. 

Cniccory_-. Frugality:  Economy. 

t  lin  santhemum A  heart  left  to  desola- 
tion. 

Cinnamon  Tree Forgiveness  of  inju- 
ries. 

Cinquefoil A  beloved  daughter. 

Cistus Surety. 

r,  Red Industry. 

Clematis Mental  Beauty ;  Ar- 
tifice. 

Clover,  White I  promise. 

Clover,  Four  Leaved Be  mine. 

Cockle .Vain  is  beauty  without 

merit- 


Coltsfoot Justice  shall   he  done 

you. 

Columbine,  Red Anxious  and  trem- 
bling. 

Coreopsis Always  cheerful. 

Coriander Hidden  merit. 

Corn iliches;  Abund 

Cornelian,  Cherry Continuance;  Dura- 
tion. 

Cowslip Native    grace;     Pen- 

siveness. 

Coxcomb Foppery. 

Crocus Cheerful  ness. 

Cresses Stability. 

Crowfoot Ingratitude. 

Currant Thy  frown  will  kill  me 

Crown,  Imperial Power;  Pride  of  birth 

Cucumber Criticism. 

Cypress Despair;  Mourning. 

Dahlia Dignitv  ami  elegant  e. 

Daffodil Unrequited  love. 

1  I  varden I  share  your  feelings. 

Daisy,  Single  Field I  will  think  of  it. 

Dandelion Oracle:  Coquetry. 

Datura Deceitful  charms. 

Dew  Plant Serenade. 

Dittany  of  Crete Birth. 

Dodder Meanness  ;  Baseness. 

Ebony  Tree Blackness. 

Eglantine Poetry;    I    wound    to 

heaf. 

Elder Compassion. 

Elecampane Tears. 

Everlasting Always  remembered. 

Everlasting  Pea Wilt  thou  go  with  me? 

Fennel Force;  Strength. 

Fern Sincerity. 

Fir Elevation. 

Flax I  feel  your  benefits. 

Flos,  Adonis .Painful  recollections. 

Forget-me-not  Do  not  forget. 

Foxglove Insincerity  ;  Occupa- 
tion. 

Fraxinella -Fire. 

Fuchsia Taste;  Frugality. 


A  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  LANGUAGE  AND  SENTIMENT  OF  FLOWERS. 


137 


Gentian Intrinsic  worth. 

Geranium,  Ivy I  engage  you  for  the 

next  dance. 

Geranium,  Oak  _ A  melancholy  mind. 

Geranium,  Rose I  prefer  you. 

Geranium,  Scarlet Silliness. 

Gillyflower,  Common Lasting1  Beauty. 

Gillyflower,  Stock Promptness. 

Gladiolus Ready  armed. 

Goats'  Rue Reason. 

Gold  Basket Tranquility. 

Gooseberry Anticipation. 

Grape  Vine Intemperance. 

Grass. . Utility;   Submission. 

Greek  Valerian Rupture. 

Golden  Rod  Encouragement. 

Gorse,  or  Turze Anger. 

Harebell Retirement;  Grief- 
Hawthorn  Hope. 

Hazel Reconciliation. 

Heath Solitude. 

Heliotrope . I  adore  you  ;  Devotion 

Henbane Blemish  ;  Fault. 

Hibiscus Delicate  beauty. 

Hoarhound Fire. 

Hoi  ly Am  I  forgotten  ?  Fore  - 

sight. 

Hollyhock Fecundity;  Ambition. 

Honey  Flower ...Sweet  and  secret  love. 

Honeysuckle Devoted  love ;  Fidelity 

Hop Injustice. 

Hornbean Ornament, 

Horse  Chestnut Luxury. 

Houstania Innocence;  Content. 

Houseleek Domestic  economy. 

Hyacinth Constancy  ;  Benevo- 
lence. 

Hydrangea Vain-glory;     Heart  - 

lessness. 

Ice  Plant Your  looks  freeze  me. 

Indian  Plum •_ Privation. 

Iris,  Common  Garden A  message   for   thee. 

Iris,  German Flame. 

Ivy Friendship;  Marriage 

Jasmine,  White Amiability. 

jasmine,  Yellow   Grace  and"  elegance. 

Jonquil Desire;  Affection  re- 
turned. 

Jumper Asylum;    Aid  ;    Pro. 

lection. 

Laburnum Pensive  beauty. 

Ladyslipper Capricious  beauty. 

Larch  Boldness  ;    Audacity. 

Larkspur,  Pink Lightness ;  Fickleness 

Laurel,  American W  ords,  though  sweet, 

may  deceive. 

Lantana Rigor. 

Laurel,  Mountain Glory;  Victory;  Am- 
bition. 

Laurestine I  die  if  neglected. 

La vatera Sweet  disposition. 

Lavender Mistrust. 

Lemon  Blossom Prudence;  Discretion. 

Lettuce Cold    hearted ;   Cool  - 

ness. 

Lichen Dejection. 

Lilac,  Purple First  emotions  of  love 

Lilac,  White Youth. 

Lily,  Water Eloquence. 

Lily,  White Majesty  ;  Purity. 

Lily  of  the  Valley Return  of  happiness. 

Linden,  or  Lime Conjugal ;    Marriage. 

Liverwort Confidence. 

Locust  Tree,  Green Lovebeyond  the  grave 

Lotus  Leaf. Recantation. 

Lucern Life. 

Lupine Dejection. 

Madder Calumny. 

Magnolia .Love of  Nature. 

Maiden  Hair Discretion. 

Marjoram Blushes. 

Manchineel  Tree Falseness. 

Mandrake Rarity. 

Maple Reserve. 

Marigold Sacred  affection. 

Marigold,  Garden Grief;  Chagrin. 

Marigold,  Rainy A  storm. 

Marigold  and   Cypress. ..Despair. 

Marsnmallo  w .Beneficence. 

Marvel  of  Peru Timidity. 

Mayflower Welcome. 


Meadow  Saffron My  best  days  are  past 

Mezercon Desire  to  please. 

Mignonette Your  qualities  sur- 
pass your  charms. 

Milfoil.. War. 

Mint Virtue. 

Milkweed Hope  in  misery. 

Mistletoe I  surmount  ever  vthing 

Mock  Orange Counterfeit ;  Uncer- 
tainty. 

Monkshood Treachery;   A  foe  is 

near. 

Morning-  Glory Coquetry;     Affection. 

Mountain  Ash I  watch  over  you. 

Moss -Maternal  love. 

Mourning  Bride I  have  lost  all. 

Mugwort Good  luck;  Happiness 

Mulberry,  Black I  shall  not  survive  you 

Mulberry,  White Wisdom. 

Mullen Good  nature. 

Mushroom Suspicion. 

Musk  Plant Weakness. 

Myrtle Love  in  Absence. 

Myrrh Gladness. 

N arcissus Egotism  ;    Sel f -  Lo ve. 

Nasturtium Patriotism  ;  Splendor 

Nettle Cruelty. 

Nightshade Dark  thoughts;  Sor- 
cery. 

Oak Hospitality;  Bravery. 

Oleander Beware. 

Olive Peace. 

Orange  Flower Chastity. 

Orchis,  Bee Error. 

Orchis,  Spider Skill. 

Osier Frankness. 

Osmunda Reverie. 

Oxal is Wood  sorrel . 

Pansy,  Purple You     occupy     my 

thoughts. 

Parsley Festi v lty ;  Banquet. 

Passion  Flower Devotion ;     Religious 

fervor. 

Peach  Blossom I  am  your  captive. 

Peony Ostentation  ;  Anger. 

Persimmons Bury  me  amid  Na- 
ture's beauties. 

Peppermint Warmth  of  feeling. 

Pennyroyal Flee  away. 

Periwinkle     .Sweet  memories. 

Phlox Our  hearts  are  united. 

Pimpernel Rendezvous;  Change. 

Pine Endurance;  Daring. 

Pine  Apple You  are  perfect. 

Pink,  Red Pure  love. 

Plane,  or  Platane Genius. 

Plum  Tree Keep  your  promises. 

Plum,  Wild Independence. 

Polyanthus Heart's  mystery 

Pomegranate Conceit. 

Pompion,  or  Pumpkin Grossness;  Coarseness 

Poplar,  Black Courage. 

Poplar,  White Time. 

Poppy,  Corn Consolation. 

Poppy,  White Sleep;   Oblivion. 

Potatoe Benevolence. 

Primrose Modest  worth;  Silent 

love. 

Privit,  or  Prim Prohibition. 

Purple  Scabious Mourning. 

Queen  of  the  Meadow  ...Uselessness. 

Quince Temptation. 

Ranunculus,  Garden You  are  radiant  with 

charms. 

Reeds Music. 

Rest  Harrow Obstacle. 

Rhododendron Agitation, 

Rhubarb Advice. 

Rosebud Confession  of  love. 

Rosebud,  White Too  young  to  love. 

Rose,  Cinnamon Without  pretension. 

Rose,    Hundred  leaved The  graces. 

Rose,  Austrian Thou   art    all    that     is 

lovelv. 

Rose   Leaf. I  never  trouble. 

Rose,  Monthly Beauty  ever  new. 

Rose,  Moss.." Superior  merit;  Vo- 
luptuousness. 

Rose,  Musk Capricious  beauty. 

Rose,  Red I  love  you. 

Rose,  White Silence. 


Rose,  Wild,  Single Simplicity. 

Rose,  Yellow Infidelity';  Unfaithful  - 

ness. 

Rosemary Remembrance;   Your 

presence  revives  me 

Rue Disdain. 

Rush Docility. 

Saffron,  Meadow My  best  days  are  past 

Saffron*  Crocus Do  not  abuse  me. 

Sage Domestic  Virtue;  Es- 
teem. 

St.  John's  Wort .Animosity. 

Sardonia Irony. 

Satin  Flower Forgetfulness. 

Scratch  Weed Roughness. 

Scotch  Thistle Retaliation. 

Sensitive  Plant Sensitiveness;  Mod- 
esty. 

Serpent  Cactus Horror. 

Service  Tree,  or  Sorb Prudence. 

Shepherd's  Purse. I  offer  you  myall. 

Silver  Weed Naivete". 

Snapdragon Presumption. 

Snowball Goodness;  Thoughts 

of  Heaven. 

Snowdrop Consolation  ;  A  friend 

in  adversity. 

Sorrel Parental  Affection. 

Speed  wel  1 Fidelity. 

Spindle  Tree Your  charms  are  gra- 
ven on  my  heart. 

Star  of  Bethlehem Reconciliation;  Pu- 
rity. 

Straw,  Broken Quarrel. 

Straw Agreement ;  United. 

Strawberry Perfect  excellence. 

Sumach Splendid  misery. 

Sunflower,  Tall Lofty      and      wise 

thoughts. 

Sunflower False  riches. 

Sunflower,  Dwarf -Adoration. 

Sweet  Flag Fitness. 

Sweet  Pea A  meeting. 

Sweet  Sultan Happiness. 

Sweet  William Gallantry ;      Finesse ; 

Dexterity. 

Syringa Memory  ;      Fraternal 

love. 

Sycamore Cur  iosi  t  v. 

Tare Vice. 

Teasel Misanthropy. 

Thistle Austerity. 

Thorn  Apple  _ Disguise, 

Thrift Sympathy. 

Th  yme A'cti  vity. 

Tremella Resistance. 

Tube  Rose Dangerous   Pleasure  ; 

Voluptuousness; 
Sweet  voice. 

Tulip,  Variegated Beautiful  eyes. 

Tulip,  Red. Declaration  of  love. 

Valerian,  Common Accommodating  dis- 
position. 

Valerian Facility. 

Venus's  Looking  Glass.. Flattery. 

Verbena Sensibility;  Sensitive- 
ness. 

Verbena,  Purple I  weep  for  you;  Re- 
gret. 

Verbena,  White Prav  for  me. 

Vervain Enchantment 

Vernal  Grass Poor,  but  hippy. 

Vetch I  cling  to  thee. 

Violet,  Blue ..Faithfulness. 

Violet,  White Purity  ; Candor;  Mod- 
esty. 

Volkamcnia May  you  be  happy. 

Wall  Flower Fidelity  in  misfor- 
tune. 

Weeping  Willow Melancholy. 

Wheat.: Wealth.      " 

Whortleberry Treachery, 

Willow,  Common.- Forsaken. 

Willow  Herb Pretension. 

Wood  Sorrel Toy. 

Woodbine Fraternal  love. 

Wormwood Absence. 

Yarrow Cure  for  the  heart- 
ache. 

Yew Sadness, 

Zinnia 1  mourn  \our  absence. 


13S 


VOCABULARY  OF  "GIVEN"  NAMES,  FOR  REFERENCE. 


Names  of  Men, 

Alphabetically  Arranged. 

Aaron. 

Benjamin, 
Berlah. 

Ebeneser, 

Frederick. 

Isador. 

Leamler. 

Njili  mn. 

Edgar. 

Isaiah. 

Lemuel. 

Nathan. 

AbleL 

i.i. 

Bdmnnd, 

Gabriel. 

Israel. 

i 

NatnanleL 

Abijali. 

Berl  i  am. 

Edward. 

Gail. 

Ivan. 

Leon. 

Seal 

a  bne  i . 

Bertrand, 

Edwin. 

Galas. 

Leonard. 

\.  11. 

tin. 

Boniface. 

Egbert 

Gamaliel. 

Jahez. 

l.. das. 

Nehemlaa 

A  brain. 

Bnrnell. 

Gardner. 

Jacob. 

Leopold. 

Newton. 

Adam. 

Barton, 

Elbrldge. 

Garret 

Jalrus. 

Leroj 

Nicolas. 

addlson 

Byron. 

Eldri  d 

George, 
Gerald. 

1 

Levi 

Nllea 

■  ■  ii. 

;  .    izer. 

.in  pel  h. 

Lewis. 

Noah. 

Adolphus. 

Cadwallader, 

Kll. 

Gerard. 

Jared. 

Lincoln. 

Noel. 

Adoalram. 

CaSsar. 

Ellab. 

in. 

Jason. 

Linns. 

Norman, 

Alanson. 

i  aleb. 

Ellas. 

Gideon. 

Lionel 

Norton. 

Alartc. 

Calvin, 

Ellbu. 

Gilbert 

Jay. 

Llewelyn. 

Albert. 

i  Saslmlr. 

Elijah. 

G 

Je  in 

Loam!. 

Ohadiali. 

odor. 

Caas. 

!■  Ii|.halet 

Given. 

Jededlah. 

Lorenao, 

Alexis. 

Casstmer. 

! 

Goddard. 

Jefferson. 

Lot 

Alfred. 

Cecil. 

Elizur. 

Godfrey. 

Jeffrey. 

Louis. 

Octa\  us. 

Allan. 

ocey. 

Kll  is. 

ory. 

Griffith. 

Jeremiah. 

Loci  an. 

Oley. 

Alonxo. 

Charles. 

Ellsworth. 

Jen  nr,. 

Lucius. 

Oliver. 

Alpneua 

Christian. 

Elmer. 

Gostavos. 

■  i- 

Ludovlc. 

Ona 

Alphonso. 

Christopher. 

■ 

Guy, 

Jesse. 

Lndwlg. 

Orestes. 

Alvah. 

i  i.i u. i  ■ 

El  n. i!  hail. 

Jethro. 

I. like. 

Orlando. 

Al\  Mil. 

■  nee. 

BmanueL 

Hainan. 

Jul.. 

Luther. 

Orrlon. 

Alvln. 

Clark. 

Emery, 

Hanford. 

JoaL 

Lycurgus. 

Osear. 

Alwln. 

Emlltus. 

Hannibal. 

John. 

i  .  ■.  i  i  i  .  i  i  i 

«  tSlllollil. 

Amarhih. 

Clement 

Bmmerson. 

Harold. 

Jonah. 

Lysander. 

Oswald, 

Amasa. 

>  "ill  Kill!' U.S. 

Emmery. 

ii.ii  rle. 

JOOU. 

Othello. 

Ambrose, 

>  lonrad. 

Emoi  \. 

i  i;i  rrlsoiL 

Jonathan. 

31  a  doc. 

nn... 

Annul. 

Constant. 

Enoch. 

Soman, 

Joseph. 

\i.ni  ison. 

OWell. 

Amos. 

Cons  tan  tine. 

Enos. 

Henry. 

Josephus, 

Mahion. 

a  ndrew. 

Cornelias. 

Epbralm. 

Herbert 

Joshua 

Uanasseh. 

Patrick. 

1    l  Ml. 

Cuthbert 

Erasmus. 

Herman. 

.1.,      Ml, 

Mansfield. 

Paul, 

A  nson. 

Cyprian. 

1  ■ 

Hezeklah. 

Josi;is. 

Man  Hlus. 

Peleg. 

Anthony. 

Cyril. 

1     !    IC. 

Hiram. 

Jotham. 

M.i  i  i  i  U-. 

Peregrine. 

Antony. 

1 

Homer. 

Joy. 

Manns. 

Peter. 

Archibald. 

Ervlng. 

Hoi  ace. 

Judah, 

Mark. 

Philander. 

Axtemaa 

Dale. 

Ethan. 

Horatio. 

Julian. 

Marmaduke. 

Philemon. 

Arthur. 

Dan. 

Eugene. 

Hosea 

Julius. 

Mai  mi 

Philip. 

Aba. 

Dana. 

Eustace, 

Howard, 

Justin. 

Marvin. 

Phllo. 

■  ■ 

Danforth. 

Bran. 

iio«  e. 

Justus. 

Matthew, 

P 

Asaph. 

Daniel. 

Everett, 

Howell. 

Matthias, 

Plus. 

Asher. 

Harms. 

Kzekiel. 

Hubert 

Kenneth. 

Maurice. 

Plato. 

Aslmr. 

Dai  hi. 

K/ia. 

Hugh. 

King. 

Melvln. 

Pompey. 

Augustltt, 

Delos. 

Hugo, 

Kinnie. 

MertoD. 

Pontus, 

Augustine, 

|i.  Iv.  III. 

Felix. 

Humphrey. 

M.-ru  in. 

Austin. 

De  me  trios. 

Ferdinand, 

Laban. 

Maximilian. 

Queen. 

Augustus. 

Denla. 

Fernando. 

lohabod* 

Lambert 

Mlcah. 

A/ariah. 

Iirnnis. 

Festus. 

Iminainiel. 

Langdon. 

1 

Derrick. 

ler. 

Ingram, 
Inlgo. 

Laurence, 

Miles. 

Barnabas* 

I  Hon]  sius. 

Forrest 

Law  reliei-. 

Milton. 

Ralph. 

Barn 

Donald. 

Francis. 

Ira. 

i.  ii  ><.  etta 

Morgan. 

Ransom. 

Bartbol 

Frank. 

Irving. 

Lazaras. 

Hon  is. 

Raphael. 

Earl. 

i        ■:  Mn. 

I  rw  in. 

Legraml. 

Moses. 

Ray. 

BSben. 

Frederic. 

i  Baac 

Name 

9  of  Womei 

1,  Alphabet 

ically  Arrai 

iged. 

Abigail. 

Aurora. 

Coi  nella 

Ettie. 

Hebe. 

K.Uie, 

Marianne. 

Achsa. 

A/. ilia. 

Cynthia. 

Ethel. 

Helen. 

Katrina. 

1 

\.la. 

■i.i. 

Helena 

Kezlah. 

A 

line. 

Barbara. 

Daa  ina. 

Ethellnda. 

Henrietta. 

KJttle. 

■ 

A- Mi.-. 

Beatrice. 

Deborah, 

Eudora 

Hessa 

Mai  tha 

Adela 

Beatrix. 

Di  la 

Eudosla 

Heater. 

Larelda. 

\|     :   | 

Adelaide, 

Belinda. 

I'.   ll.L 

Eugenia 

Hestber. 

Laura 

Mathilda 

r,,  He. 

Delia 

Eugenia 

Hilda 

i  ..i  u  i  lei . 

Matilda 

ina 

■ 

Honora 

i  ..i  ii  i  letta 

Maud. 

Adeline. 

Bessie, 

Dinah. 

EupheinJa 

■  ia. 

Laurlnda. 

May. 

Adollne. 

Betsey, 

Dora 

Eva 

Hortensla. 

Lavlnla, 

Meggie. 

Adora 

Beolah. 

Dorcas. 

Evangeline, 

Huldah. 

■: 

Mehetabel 

Agatha. 

nda 

Eve. 

Leonora. 

M eh  liable. 

A  g  i  1  «  '  9  , 

AlHbea. 

Blam  he. 

hy« 

Ida. 

Letltla 

1 

1 

Doxle. 

imo^'ene. 

Lettii  a 

Meliss;,. 

i  adra 

lama. 

Iim  .: , 

i 

Meta 

AJexandrlna 

Camilla. 

Eilcssa. 

Fanny. 

i 

■ 

Metta. 

Capltola. 

Edith. 

Fara 

I  ■  ■  ■ 

Lillian. 

Alicia. 

Ine, 

■ 

Fatlma 

Isabel. 

Lilila 

Minnie. 

Alun-ila. 

■   ■ 

1 

Faustina. 

Isabella 

Lillv. 

■ 

A  l  nilra. 

1 1 1  ra. 

Eleanor. 

■ 

Isadora. 

Lois. 

Miriam. 

Althea 

<  lassie. 

Electa. 

Fidelia. 

Lorana 

Horella 

alvaretta 

i  Ina. 

Electra 

■ 

•lane. 

i 

Myra. 

Alzina. 

1  i       i  in.-. 

Elida. 

Floralla, 

Janet 

Louisa 

AmabeL 

i';i!  berl  no. 

Kll  nor. 

Florena. 

J.an. 

Louise. 

Xaney. 

\  manda 

Cecilia. 

FIoi  rtnee. 

Lucia 

Nannie. 

AinarUla. 

Elizabeth. 

Florenla 

Jeannette. 

Luclnda 

Nan /a. 

A  iix'lia. 

Eliza. 

Frances. 

Jemima 

LucrcUa, 

Naomi. 

A  1 1 1  ■  . 

Celeste. 

Ella. 

■  i  lia. 

Jennie. 

Lacy. 

Nellie. 

Angelica. 

Celestlne. 

Ellen. 

Fredrlca 

■ 

1      Mill 

Nettie. 

Angelina. 

Cell  a. 

■ 

Jerusba 

1 

Nina. 

Angelina 

Charity. 

■ 

Gabrlella. 

■ 

Lurella 

Nora. 

A  nn. 

Charlotte. 

1 

Genet 

Joan, 

■ 

Anna. 

Chloe. 

Elvira. 

Geneva 

■ 

i       ■  ita. 

<>ct;ivi:i. 

Annabel 

Christina. 

■  i.'ve. 

Josepha 

Lydia 

Olive. 

An  lit-. 

■ 

line. 

i  renii 

Joseph  1 

nii\  la 

Anne 

Clara, 

Emily. 

i  teorglana. 

li-  ral.iine. 

Joyce, 

Mabel. 

■ 

ill  i  ette. 

Clarice. 

Judith. 

Ma  dell  ua 

Olympla 

a  atonla 

Clari 

Emmerett 

Gertie. 

Jnlla 

Maggie. 
Mahala 

Ora. 

ulna. 

Claudia. 

Kola. 

■  ude. 

Jullanna 

(ii  ianna. 

Ila. 

Clementina, 

Errilla. 

Juliet. 

Mai  vlna 

■ 

Ardella 

Clementine, 

i            ;nie. 

Ha  gar. 

Jnlletta 

Marcella 

Orletta 

ai  lana 

■  lira. 

Bsmerelda. 

Hattie. 

Juui<  ! 

Marcla 

Othalia 

leth. 

nice. 

K>ther. 

Hannah. 

Margaret 

Maria. 

Orllnda. 

Athena. 

Cora. 

Eatusla 

Katharine. 

Augusta 

1   lii. 

Etta. 

Harriot 

Kathcrhie. 

Marie. 

Pansy. 

|    Aurella. 

Corlnna. 

Ravmond. 

Thi  obald. 

Reuben. 

Theodore. 

Reuel. 

i dorta 

■ 

rh.-o|. lulus. 

Richard. 

Theron. 

Robert 

Thomas. 

Thompson. 
TiiiiMlliy. 

Roderick. 

[(oilman. 

Titus. 

Rodolph. 

Tobias. 

Rodolphoa 

i  am. 

Roger. 
RoTand, 

tt  lyases. 

Hollo. 

1     !ll|.l    ' 

Romeo. 

Dranus. 

Roswell. 

Urban. 

Etovt  land. 

■ 

Royal. 

I'rlaii. 

Rudolph. 

i 

Kuilol], litis. 

RUfUS. 

Valentine. 

Rupert 

Var.l. 

Vardemond, 

Sul  em. 

\  ei  net 

Salmon, 

VeroriUS. 

Samson. 

Victor. 

Sampson. 

Vincent 

Samuel. 

Virgil. 

Saul. 

Vivian. 

Seba 

Sebastian. 

Wade. 

Si-  111 . 

Walter. 

Sereno, 

Washington. 

Serenas. 

w  llllam. 

Beth. 

Willis. 

Shelden, 

W'lntleld. 

Sherman. 

Wlnfred, 

Slglsmund. 

Silas. 

w  Inton. 

SUvanos. 

/abdlel. 

Silvester. 

Zaccbeus. 

Simeon. 

Zachary. 

Simon. 

Zadok. 

Solomon. 

Zabadlah. 

Solon. 

Zachaiiah. 

Stephen, 

Zedeklab. 

ate  \  en. 

Zelotea 

Sylvan. 

Zens  ■. 

SylvanuB. 

.'.  nia 

Sylvester. 

Zeno. 

Zenos. 

Tamer. 

Zephanlah, 

raylor. 

Zerl. 

I'liail.  1  IIH. 

Zerna 

Paulina 

Sophia. 

Paul  Ine, 

Sophronia 

Penelopa 

Stella 

I'era. 

Surella 

: 

Susanna. 

Petti  e. 

Susannah. 

!■!  i  be 

Sylvia 

Philip. 

Phoebe. 

Tab  it  ha. 

Phyllis, 

1 

PIna 

Theodora 

Tolly. 

Theodosla 

Porcla 

Theresa. 

Priscllla 

Thoinaslne. 

Tilda 

Rachel. 

Til  lie. 

Rebeci  a 

Tina. 

Rebekah. 

Tryphena. 

Rena 

: 

Ulrica. 

Rhoda 

■ 

Rosa 

Dretta 

RosabeL 

■ 

■ 

tJrsola 

Rosalia 

l"\  enia. 

Rosa  i  Ind. 

Rosamond. 

\  aleria. 

Rose. 

Vallna 

Rosella 

\  Ictoria. 

Rosetta 

V  Ictorlna 

Roxana 

Vil.-na. 

Roxle 

\  tola 

Ruth. 

\  loll  i. 

Vlorena 

Salome. 

Virginia 

Vivian. 

Samantha 

Samima 

Sara. 

Welthy. 

Sarah. 

Wiiiieimhia 

■ 

Winnie. 

Serena 

Sibyl. 

/el  la. 

Sibylla 

Zella 

Sonora. 

Zenohla 

PROSE    AND    POETIC    GEMS    FROM    THE    BEST    AUTHORS. 


139 


s 


fey^^-^s^^ig^j^ 


Selections 


0- :    ^  :^  c^ --  ^e^1^^" 


^g»^;^^^%Pm 


Album. 


s-**t^§?HE  individual  is  frequently  called 
**  upon  for  his  or  her  autograph.    In 
complying,    it    is    customary    to 
couple   with   the    same   a    senti- 
ment, signing  the  name  beneath. 
If  the  matter  written  is  original, 
be  it  long  or  short,  it  is  usually 
more  highly   valued.     If  a  brief  selection 
be  made,  some  of  the  following  quotations 
3*    may  be  appropriate : 

NATURE!  though  blessed  and  bright  are  thy 
rays, 
O'er  the  brow  of  creation  enchantingly  thrown, 
^Yet  faint  are  they  all  to  the  luster  that  plays 

In   a  smile  from  the   heart  that  is  dearly  our 
own ! 

^w-'    <sW$^     TAKE  heart,  nor  of  the  laws  of  fate  complain, 
^m/  W  *■    Though  now  'Us  cloudy,  't  will  clear  up  again. 

SO  far  is  it  from  being   true  that   men   are   naturally  equal,  that   no 
two  people  can  be  half  an  hour  together  but  one  shall  acquire 
evident  superiority  over  the  other. 


IF  others  Ik-  as  fair, 
What  are  their  charms  to  me? 
I  neither  know  nor  care, 
For  thou  art  all  to  me. 


PURCHASE  not  friends  by  gifts;  when  thou  ceasest  to  give,  such 
will  cease  to  love. 


SMALL  service  is  true  service  while  it  lasts; 
Of  friends,  however  humble,  scorn  not  one: 
The  daisy,  by  the  shadow  that  it  casts, 

Protects  the  lingering  dew-drop  from  the  sun. 


0 


LD  Time  will   end  our  story, 
But  no  time,  if  we  end  well,  will  end  our  glory. 


T 


HE  most  delicate,  the  most   sensible  of  all    pleasure.--,  consists  in 
promoting  the  pleasures  of  others. 


A 


ND  what  is  fame?  the  meanest  have  their  day; 
The  greatest  can  but  blaze  and   pass  away. 


AH!  could  you  look  into  iny  heart 
And   watch  your   image  there! 
You  would  own  the  sunny  loveliness 
Affection  makes  it  wear. 


II 


E  who  labors  with  the  mind  governs  others ;  he  who  labors  with 
the  body  is  governed  by  others. 

THERE  is  pleasure  in  the  pathless  woods, 
There  is  rapture  on  the  lonely  shore, 
There  is  society,  where  none  intrudes, 

By  the  deep  Sea,  and  music  in  its  roar: 
I  love  not  Man  the  less,  but  Xature  more. 


H 


E  who  surpasses  or  subdues  mankind. 
Must  look  down  on  the  hate  of  those  below. 


LET  us  deal  very  gently  with  the  erring.  We  should  always  re- 
member that  had  we  been  born  with  a  like  unfortunate  organiza- 
tion, and  been  trained  amid  as  unfavorable  circumstances,  we  would 
have  done  as  badly  ourselves. 

J  DEEMED  that  time,  I  deemed  that  Pride 
A  Had  quenched  at  length  my  boyish  flame; 
Nor  knew,  till  seated  by  thy  side, 

My  heart  in  all,  save  hope,  the  same. 


EARTH  holds  no  other  like  to  thee, 
Or  if  it  doth,  in  vain  for  me. 


OH!  many  a  shaft,  at  random  sent. 
Finds  mark  the  archer  little  meant; 
And  many  a  word,  at  random  spoken, 
May  soothe  or  wound  a  heart  that  's  broken. 

THOSE  who  have  finished  by  making  others  think  with  them,  have 
usually  been  those  who  began  by  daring  to  think  with  themselves. 

DESrRE  not  to  live  long,  but  to  live  well; 
How  long  we  live,  not  years,  but  actions  tell. 


wz 


O  does  the  best  his  circumstance  allows, 
Does  well,  acts  nobly;  angels  could  do  no  more. 


AH,  well!  i<>r  us  all  some  sweet  hope  lies 
Deeply  buried  from  human  eyes; 
And,  in  the  hereafter,  angels  may 
Roll  the  stone  from  its  grave  away. 

HE   who   sedulously  attends,    pointedly  asks,  calmly  speaks,  coolly 
answers,  and  ceases  when  he  has  no  more  to  say,  is  in  the  pos- 
session of  some  of  the  best  requisites  »>f  man. 

SOMETIME,  when  all  life's  lessons  have  been  learned, 
And  sun  and   stars  forever  more  have  set. 
The  things  which  our  weak  judgments  here  have  spurned. 

The  things  o'er  which  we  grieved  with  lashes  wet. 
Will  flash  before  us  out  of  life's  dark  night, 

\-    stars  shine  most  in  deeper  tints  of  blue ; 
And  we  shall  see  how  all  God's  plans  were  right. 

And  how  what  seemed  reproof  was  love  most  true. 


140 


SELECTIONS    FOR   THE    AUTOGRAPH    ALBUM. 


3& 


>  Q£+->*r^r\s^  ~ 


K^rif] 


;  ;  ft* 


*t» 


.Cfjcruse  these  simple  rhymes, 
^    If  ever  you  read  any. 

And  think  of  me,  sometimes, 
Among  the  many: 

5jray  you  through  life  remain  the  same, 
r     Unchanged  in  all  except  your  name. 

^rr°nd  Memory,  come  and  hover  o'er 
'%    This  allium  page  of  my  fair  friend; 
Enrich  her  from  thy  precious  store. 

And  happy  recollections  send. 
If  on  this  page  she  chance  to  eaze 

In  years  to  come — where'er  she  be— 
Tell  her  of  earlier  happy  days, 

And  bring  her  back  one  thought  of  me. 

hen  I,  poor  elf,  shall  have  vanished  in  vapor. 
May  still  my  memory  live — on  paper. 

c^-s  half  in  shade,  and  half  in  sun, 
^r-     This  world  along  its  path  advances, 
Oh!  may  that  side  the  sun  shines  on 

Be  all  that  ever  meets  thy  glances; 
May  Time,  who  casts  his  blight  on  all, 

And  daily  dooms  some  joy  to  death. 
On  thee  let  years  so  gently  fall 

They  shall  not  crush  one  flower  beneath. 

S.S  flowers  bloom'd  In  Petrarch's  favorite  grove, 
^     So  glows  the  heart  beneath  the  smile  of  love. 

KR&ongest  joys  won't  last  forever — 
3^     Make  the  most  of  every  day ; 
Youth  and  beauty  Time  will  sever. 
But  Content  hath  no  decay. 

care  not  for  beauty,  but  give  me  that  heart 
Where  truth  has  its  dwelling,  and  goodness  a  part. 

4®i  s  o'er  the  cold,  sepulchral  stone 
v^^     Some  name  arrests  the  passer-by. 
So,  when  thou  view'st  this  page  alone. 

Let  mine  attract  thy  pensive  eye; 
And  when  by  thee  that  name  is  read. 

Perchance  in  some  succeeding  year. 
Reflect  on  me  as  on  the  dead, 
And  think  my  heart  is  buried  here, 

Cnpld  be  blind,  as  the  ancients  declare, 
'Tis  strange  he  should  always  recognize  the  fair. 

tad  I  the  power  to  carve  or  print 
Thy  future,  my  dear  friend. 
It  would  be  fair  and  ever  bright 
Unclouded  to  the  end. 


Q 


bright  be  tbc  years  before  thee, 
Friend  of  my  childhood  days; 
Peace  weave  ber  olive  o'er  thee. 
And  joy  attend  thy  ways. 

ben  on  this  page  you  chance  to  look. 
Think  of  me  and  close  the  book. 

»rby  memory,  as  a  spell 
t*      Of  love,  comes  o'er  the  mind; 
As  dew  upon  the  purple  lull, 

As  perfume  on  the  wind. 
As  music  on  the  sea. 

As  sunshine  on  the  river, 
So  bath  it  always  been  to  me, 

So  shall  It  be  forever. 


?ood  sense  ami  virtue  mn-i  prevail 

*    O'er  hearts  where  wit  and  beauty  fail. 

¥be  changeful  sand  doth  only  know 
The  shallow  tide  and  latest; 
The  rocks  have  marked  its  highest  flow. 

The  deepest  and  the  greatest: 
And  deeper  ^lill  the  flood-marks  grow; — 

So,  since  the  hour  I  met  thee. 
The  more  the  tide  of  time  doth  flow. 
The  less  can  I  forget  thee  I 

hen  you  are  gone,  oh  where  has  fled  my  rest? 
When  you  are  near,  1  feel  supremely  blese'd. 


•  i  ' 


€ 


air  and  flowery  be  thy  way, 

The  skies  all  bright  above  thee, 

And  happier  every  coming  day 
To  thee  and  those  that  love  thee. 


f  weet  is  the  girl  who  reads  this  line; 
)    I  wish  her  Bweetnesfl  were  all  mine! 


ft  may  occur  in  after-life 
That  yon,  I  trust,  a  happy  wife, 
Will  former  happy  hours  retrace. 
Recall  each  well-remembered  face. 
At  such  a  moment  I  but  ask, 
I  hope  'twill  be  a  pleasant  task, 
That  you'll  remember  as  a  friend 
One  who'll  prove  true  e'en  to  the  end. 

rost  noble  and  generous,  benevolent  and  free, 

-  My  heartbeats  with  affection  and  friendship  for  thee 

^■yry  Album's  open  !     Come  and  seel 
G^r-  What !  won't  you  waste  a  line  on  me? 

Write  but  a  thought — a  word  or  two, 

That  Memory  may  revert  to  you. 


1 

.Y. 


ray  thy  voyage  through  life 
C^M"     Be  as  happy  and  free 
As  the  dancing  waves 
On  the  deep  blue  sea. 

visions  of  midnight  my  thoughts  are  with  thee; 
O  say,  are  thy  fancies  at  midnight  with  me? 


rrhose  who  have  written  here  before, 
p*      Have  sung  thy  praises  o'er  and  o'er; 

And  while  the  flattering  verse  they  made, 
They  doubtless  felt  the  words  they  said. 

I  lack  the  power  that  they  possessed; 
I  stand  in  weakness  here  confessed; 
Powerless  my  feelings  to  reveal, 
I  say  much  less  than  what  I  feel. 

irtray  all  your  hours  in  sweetest  bliss  be  spent, 
=&*"     Crowned  with  friendship,  happiness,  content. 

fhold  it  true,  whate'er  befall — 
I  feel  it  when  I  sorrow  most — 
'Tis  better  to  have  loved  and  lost, 
Than  never  to  have  loved  at  all. 

wrhough  Adam  was  holy,  and  Eve  was  fair, 
f      His  happiness  lingered  till  woman  was  there. 


T 


W 


hene'er  thine  eye  shall  fondly  trace 

These  simple  lines  I've  sketched  for  thee, 

Whate'er  the  time,  whate'er  the  place. 
Then  wilt  thou  think  of  me? 

rfhv  stars  of  heaven  are  not  more  true 
*      Than  this  unchanging  breast  to  you. 

Kp&ve  for  those  that  love  yon, 
tt3     For  those  whose  hearts  are  true. 
For  the  Heaven  that  smiles  above  you 
And  the  good  that  you  may  do. 


Trfake  care  of  these  verses,  preserve  them  awhile, 
•t*      And  some  tedious  hour  they  may  help  to  beguile. 


rysterious  maid!  uncertain  treasure, 

Thou  bring'st  more  of  pain  or  pleasure; 

Endless  torments  dwell  about  then. 

Yet  who  would  live,  and  live  without  thee? 


'or  week-  maj  pass  and  years  maj  end, 

Yet  you  will  find  in  nie  a  friend. 


i  the  storms  of  life, 
When  you  need  an  umbrella. 

May  you  have  to  uphold  it 
A  handsome  young  fellow. 

hen  the  billows  roll  and  waves  around  me  rise, 
One  thought  of  thee  will  clear  the  darkest  skies. 

i^T^s  life  flows  on  from  day  to  day, 
^*-      And  this,  your  book,  soon  fills, 
How  many  may  be  far  away 
From  treasured  vales  and  hills? 

But  there  is  joy  in  future  time 

To  turn  the  pages  o'er. 
And  see  within  a  name  or  rhyme, 

From  one  you'll  see  no  more. 


T*rhe  virtues  of  modesty,  candor  and  truth, 
*p-      In  woman  exceed  all  the  beauty  of  youth. 


hy  should  I  blush  to  own  I  love? 
'Tis  love  that  rules  the  realme  aboi  i 
Why  should  I  blush  to  say  to  all 
That  virtue  holds  my  heart  iu  thrall'.' 


mhe  girl  of  my  choice  must  be  free  from  die 

-*•     Show  her  heart  in  her  face  and  her  soul  in  her  eyes 

MOT""?  years  may  conn-  and  go. 
<=£=      Many  faces  greet  the  sight. 
But  among  them  none  can  show 
One  like  you  to  me  so  bright. 

,®ay,  when  I  plongb  the  watery  deep, 
-sJ     Wilt  thou  this  slight  memento 


hen  in  the  course  of  human  life, 
Five  things  observe  with  care; 

To  whom  yoo  Rpeak,  of  whom  you  speak. 
Bow,  when,  and  where. 


hen  the  charms  of  thy  youth  and  thy  beauty  are  gone, 
Then  goodness  and  virtue  thy  face  will  adorn. 


ithin  the  oyster-shell,  nnc 

The  pares!  crystal! 
Trust  in.',  you'll  find  a  hear)  sincere 

Within  the  rough 


^Strive  to  keep  the  " Golden  Rule,'  ami  learn  your  lee 


142 


RELE0TI0N8    FOR    TIIK    AUTOGRAPH    ALBUM. 


BaT-**.^,. 


.  ^a*3*ti!£ 


little  health,  a  little  « 
A  little  bouse  and  rreedi  n 
A  few  good  f riincls  for  certain  ends, 
And  little  use  to  need  them. 


fiome  write  for  pleasure,  some  write  for  fame,  but  I 
■&    write  simply  to  sign  my  name. 


ray  you  live  in  hllBS,  from  sorrow  away, 

Having  plenty  laid  up  for  a  rainy  day; 
Anil  when  you  are  ready  to  settle  in  life, 
May  you  find  a  good  husband  and  make  a  good  wife. 

mint  that  day  lost  whose  low  descending  sun,  views 
from  thy  hand  nc  worthy  action  done. 


T 


liink  of  me  when  you  arc  happy. 
Keep  for  me  one  little  Bpol : 
In  the  depth  of  tblne  affection 
Plant  a  sweet  "  Forget-me-not. 


jfjreanness  shun  and  all  its  train;  goodness  seek  and 
¥r     life  is  gain. 

Tvrhese  few  lines  to  you  are  tendered, 
^    By  a  friend,  sincere  and  true; 
Hoping  tnit  to  be  remembered 
When  I'm  far  away  from  you. 

5^8  it  vain  in  life's  wide  sea,  to  ask  you  to  remember  me? 
G  I  ndoubtcdly  it  is  my  lot,  just  to  be  known  and  then 
-forgot. 


Mtur  ay  happiness  I  ( ei  be  thy  lot 
<3r     Wherever  thon  shall  be, 

Ami  joy  and  pleasure  light  the  spot 
That  may  be  home  to  thee. 

remember  me   when  "far,  far  off,   where   the  wood- 
chucks  die  of  whooping  cough." 


S 


could  another  ever  share 


is  your  name. 


And  single  is  your  station, 
Happy  will  be  the  man 
Who  makes  the  alteration. 


n  the  golden  chain  of  friendship  regard  me  as  a  link. 


Think  of  me  in  the  hour  of  leisure. 
Think  of  me  in  the  hour  of  care, 
Think  of  me  in  the  hour  of  pleasure. 
Spare  me  one  thought  in  the  hour  of  prayer. 

tSNTot  to  go  back  Is  somewhat  to  advance. 


.-vjrTben  far  away  by  love  you're  carried, 
*  Ami  to  some  little  fellow  married, 

one  for  friendship's  --ike. 
Ami  send  me  a  piece  of  wedding  cake. 


~*J    This  wayward,  loveless,  hea  i.  it  would  be  thine; 
Bui.  check'd  by  every  tie.  l  may  nol  dare 
To  cast  a  worthless  offering  at  thy  shrine. 

te  is  a  coward  who  will  not  turn  hack,  when  first  he 
discovers  he's  on  the  wrong  track. 

k55f  ay  heaven  protect  and  keep  thee 
<&r      From  every  sorrow  free. 

And  grant  thee  every  blessing — 
My  earnest  wish  for  thee. 

f  thought,  1  thought,  I  thought  in  vain ;  at  last  I  thought 
I  would  write  my  name. 


ben  the  golden  sun  is  setting, 

Anil  your  heart  from  cure  is  free, 

When  o'er  a  thousand  things  you're  thinking, 
Will  you  Bometimes  think  of  me? 


ithin  this  book   so  pure  and  white,  let   none  but 
friends  presume  to  write;  and  may  each  line,  with 
friendship  given,  direct  the  reader's  thoughts  to  heaven. 

nrhongh  the  lapse  of  years  can  change 
Cherished  friendship  to  dei 

After  all,  within  its  range, 

I'm  your  friend  whene'er  we  meet. 

JjSjever  trouble  trouble,  till  trouble  troubles  you. 


\h,  woman!     Subtle,  lovely,  faithless  si 
y     Born  to  enchant,  thon  studies!  to  perplex: 
Ador'd  as  queen,  thou  play's!  the  tyrant's  part, 
And,  taught  to  govern,  would'st  enslave  the  heart. 


6&OT  smooth  sea  never  made  a  skillful  mariner. 


.  who  clothes  the  lilies 
And  murks  the  sparrow's  fall. 
Protect  and  Bella, 

And  guide  you  safe  through  all. 


s 

is 


THE  KULES  OF  CONDUCT  THAT  GOVERN  GOOD  SOCIETY. 


143 


of  all  is  to  be  happy.  This  never  varying 
instinct  lies  at  the  foundation  of  every  ac- 
tion; it  is  the  constantly  propelling  force  in  our 
every  effort. 

To  he  happy,  we  strive  for  the  acquisition  of 
wealth,  for  position  ami  place,  for  social  and  po- 
litical distinction.  And  when  all  is  obtained,  the 
real  enjoyment  in  its  pi.sM»ic>n  comes  from  the 
thousand  little  courtesies  that  are  exchanged  be- 
tween individuals  —  pleasant  words  and  kindly 
arts,  which  the  poor  may  enjoy  as  well  as  the  rich. 


In  reality  it  need  not  take  much  to 
make  one  happy.  Our  real  wants  are 
very  few.     To  be  fed  and  clothed,  and 
provided  with  comfortable  shelter,  are  the 
prime  necessities.      Added  to  these  are 
kindness  and  love  from  those  with  whom 
we  associate.  Given  all  these,  with  a  con- 
tented spirit,  and.  however  lowly  our  posi- 
tion, we  may  lie  very  happy. 

There  is  one  perpetual  law.  however,  running 
through  all  our  intercourse  with  others,  which  is 
that  we  may  rightly  possess  nothing  without  ren- 
dering therefor  just  compensation.  This  law  is 
recognized  in  the  commercial  world,  and  it  should 
lie  strictly  observed  in  the  etiquette  of  social  life. 


144 


THE   LAWS   OF   ETIQUETTE    IN    SOCIAL   AND   BUSINESS   LIKE. 


In  short,  in  the  many  varied  amenities  of  life, 
the  fundamental  rule  of  action  should  be  the 
golden  rule:  "  To  do  \mto  others  as  we  would 
that  others  should  do  onto  us." 

"We  are  at  ease,  we  are  made  peaceful,  satis- 
fied and  happy,  by  words  and  acts  of  kindly  feel- 
ing extended  to  us;  and  in  like  manner  we  may 
strew  the  pathway  of  others  with  roses  and  sun- 
shine, by  courteous  action,  and  kind,  gentle  and 
loving  conduct;  to  do  which  may  cost  us  no 
effort,  but  on  the  contrary  may  afford  us  real 
pleasure. 

In  a  business,  social  and  artistic  view,  it  is  of 
very  great  advantage  to  most  people  to  be  pos- 
sessed of  ease  and  grace  of  manner.  By  the 
possession  of  confidence  and  self-command,  a  sin- 
gle individual  will  oftentimes  cause  a  large  com- 
pany, that  otherwise  would  be  socially  very  inhar- 
monious, to  be  satisfied,  composed  and  perfectly 
at  ease;  and  in  a  thousand  ways  such  a  person 
will  scatter  happiness  and  blessings  among  those 
with  whom  he  or  she  may  come  in  contact. 

Natural  and  Acquired  Politeness. 

To  some,  a  pleasing  manner  comes  very  natu- 
rally, if  born  to  the  possession  of  an  easy  flow 
of  language,  agreeableness  of  address,  poetical 
and  imaginative  power,  and  large  knowledge  of 
human  nature,  the  whole  accompanied  by  judi- 
cious training,  good  education  and  wide  oppor- 
tunities, such  persons  will  most  surely,  without 
studied  effort,  be  self-possessed  and  at  ease  in  any 
company,  upon  any  occasion. 

On  the  contrary,  if  the  natural  advantages 
have  been  few.  and  the  opportunities  for  acquir- 
ing polished  deportment  limited,  then  we  may 
very  appropriately  make  a  study  of  the  Bubject 
of  how  to  please;  and  hence  the  necessity  for 
special  instruction  on  the  subject  of  Etiquette. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  i n i portance,  however,  that 
there  be  no  labored  effort  to  behave  by  rule,  and 
that  the  forms  of  etiquette  be  not  carried  too  far. 
The  law  of  common  sense  should  rest  at  the  basis 
of  our  intercourse  with  society,  and  a  kindly  de- 
sire to  make  happy  everybody  with  whom  we 


come  in  contact,  should  actuate  our  conduct. 
Still,  with  all  this,  there  are  thousands  of  people 
of  the  kindest  intentions,  with  much  breadth  of 
intellect,  who  continually  violate  the  common 
usages  of  society,  and  who  are  liable  to  do  the 
wrong  thing  at  important  times,  and  thus  em- 
barrass their  warmest  friends.  Hence,  the  need 
of  a  treatise  on  genera]  conduct  is  evidently  as 
much  a  necessity  as  is  the  text-book  on  grammar, 
penmanship  or  mathematics. 

If  the  soldier  is  more  efficient  by  drill,  the 
teacher  more  competent  by  practice,  the  parlia- 
mentarian more  influential  by  understanding  the 
code  of  parliamentary  law,  then  equally  is  the 
general  member  of  society  more  successful  by 
an  understanding  of  the  Laws  of  etiquette,  which 
teach  how  to  appear,  and  what  to  do  and  say  in 
the  varied  positions  in  which  we  may  be  placed. 

In  the  study  of  etiquette,  much  may  be  learned 
by  observation,  but  much  more  is  learned  by 
practice.  We  may  listen  to  the  finest  oratory 
for  a  dozen  years,  and  yet  never  be  able  to  speak 
in  public  ourselves;  whereas,  by  practice  in  the 
art  of  declamation,  with  passable  talent,  we  may 
become  quite  proficient  in  half  that  time.  We 
may  thoroughly  study  the  theory  and  art  of  lan- 
guage for  twenty  years,  and  yet  be  very  poor 
talkers.  We  may  practice  the  art  of  conversa- 
tion by  familiar  and  continuous  intercourse  with 
the  cultured' and  refined,  and  become  fluent  and 
easy  in  communicating  thought  in  a  few  years. 

Such  is  the  difference  between  theory  and 
practice.  Both  are  necessary  —  the  former  in 
pointing  the  way;  the  latter  by  making  use  of 
theory  in  practical  application.  Thus  we  may 
acquire  ease  and  grace  of  manner:  First,  by  un- 
derstanding the  regulations  which  govern  social 
etiquette;  and  secondly,  by  a  free  intermingling 
in  society,  putting  into  continual  practice  the  the- 
ories which  we  understand.  To  avail  ourselves, 
however,  to  the  fullest  extent  of  society  advan- 
tages, we  must  have  acquaintance;  and  hence,  we 
introduce  the  rules  of  etiquette  by  a  chapter  on 
the  forms  of  presentation  —  the  art  of  getting 
acquainted. 


FOKMS    OF    INTKOLH'CTIO.VS    AM>    SAIXTATIOXS. 


145 


«*> 


Etiquette 


*5iOF(«*- 


-jt-  ■ 


NTRODUCTIONS 


•<£*- 


howing  the  Means  by  which  People  are  Gracefully  and  Easily 

Introduced  to  One  Another.     Pleasant  Acquaintance 

Made,  Resulting  often  in  Lasting  Friendship. 


INHERE    art;   various    forms   of 
.^Jj     introduction  to  be  used,  each 
3\\>>J      depending  on  particular  cir- 
cumstances.      Thus,     when 
introducing  a    gentleman   to  a 
lady,  the  party  introducingthem 
will  say,  bowing  to  each  as  the  name  of 
each  is  pronounced,    "Miss  Williamson, 
allow  me  to  introduce  to  you  my  friend 
Grant;  Mr.  Grant,  Hiss  Williamson.  " 
Some  prefer  the  word  "present"  instead  of 
the  word  "introduce.**     The  choice  of  words  is 
not  material.     The  form  is  all  that  is  essential 
of  two  gentlemen  being  introduced,  one  of  whom  is  more  eminent 
in  position,   look  first  at  the  elder  or  superior,  with  a  slight  bow, 
saying,    "Mr.    Dunham,  I  make  you    acquainted    with 
Mr.  Stevens;  Mr.  Stevens,  Mr.  Dunham." 

The  last  clause,  repeating  the  names,  "Mr  Stevens, 
Mr.  Dunham,'*  may  be  justly  regarded  as  a  useless 
formality,  and  is  not  necessary  unless  for  the  purpose 
of  making  the  names  more  distinct  by  their  repetition. 
Persons  being  introduced  have  an  opportunity  for 
conversation,  and  are  immediately  set  at  ease  by  the 
person  introducing  giving  the  place  of  residence  and  the 
business  of  each,  with  the  introduction,  thus:  "Mr. 
Snow,  allow  me  to  make  you  acquainted  with  Mr.  Bur- 
ton. Mr.  Burton  is  extensively  engaged  in  mining 
in  Colorado.  Mr.  Snow  is  one  of  our  lawyers  in  this  City."  II»- 
may  still  continue,  if  he  wishes  to  aid  those  whom  he  is  introducing, 
by  saying,  "  Mr.  Barton  comes  East  for  the  pnrpose  of  disposing  of 
mining  stock  to  some  of  oar  capitalists,  and  it  is  possible,  Mr.  Snow, 
that  with  your  large  acquaintance  you  can  give  him  some  information 
thai  will  aid  him."  Such  an  introduction  will  immediately  lead  to 
a  general  conversation  between  the  parties,  and  the  person  having 
introduced  them  can  then  retire  if  he  so  desires. 

It  is  always  gratifying  to  any  one  to  be  highly  esteemed,  hence  you 
will  confer  pleasure   by  always  conveying  as  favorable  an  impres- 
sion as  possible  when  giving  the  introduction. 
Always  apply  the  titles  when  making  Introductions,   where  the 


Introduction  on  the  Street 


persons  are  entitled  to  the  same,  as  Honorable,  Reverend,  Professor, 
etc.  Thus,  in  introducing  a  clergyman  to  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture, it  is  etiquette  to  say:  "  Mr.  Shelden,  permit  me  to  present  to 
you  the  Reverend  Mr.  Wing."  Addressing  Mr.  Shelden,  he  say-: 
"Mr.  Wing  is  the  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  church  at  Troy, 
New  York."  Addressing  Mr.  Wing,  he  continues:  "Mr.  Shelden 
is  at  present  our  representative  in  the  State  Legislature,  and  author 
of  the  l  Shelden  Letters  *  which  you  have  so  admired.  " 

If  there  are  many  introductions  to  be  made,  the  simple  words, 
"Mr.  Smith,  Mr.  Jones,"  will  serve  the  purpose.  Mr.  Smith  and 
Mr.  Jones  will  then  take  up  the  weather  or  some  other  topic,  and 
proceed  with  their  conversation.  A  very  proper  reply  for  either 
party  to  make  when  introduced  i-.  ul  am  glad  to  meet  you,"  or,  "  I 
am  happy  to  make  your  acquaintance." 

If  several  persons  are  introduced  to  our.  mention  the  name  of  the 
single  individual   but  once,  as  follows:   "Mr.    B 
allow  me  to  introduce  Mr.    Haynard,   Mr.    Thompson, 
Hiss  Hay  ward,  Mrs,  Rice.  Mr.    Harmon,  Mr.    Brown," 
bowing  to  each  as  the  name  is  mentioned. 

When  introducing  a  couple  that  may  be  somewhat 
diffident,  the  parties  will  be  materially  aided  En  l"  com- 
ing BOCiable  and  reeling  at  rase,  by  a  very  full  introduc- 
tion, thus:  "Miss  Eennlcott,  allow  me  to  present  to 
you  my  friend  Mi-s  Swift.  Mi-s  KmnicoU  is  from  the 
far-famed  city  of  New  Haven,  Connecticut ;  and.  upon 
the  close  of  her  visit  hen  fornia  for  o 

\isit  of  a  year.      Miss  Swift  is  from  Buffalo,  New  York, 

and  is  attending  Ilnpedale  Seminary  in  this  i 

General  Suggestions  About  Introductions. 

Ladies  being  introduced  should  never  bow  hastily,  bnl   with  slow 
and  measured  dignity. 
The  inferior  is  to  be  introduced  to  the  superior;  the  yoni 

the  older;   the  gentleman  to  the  lady. 

It  is  the  lady's  privilege  to  recognise  the  gentleman  at: 
introduction,  and  his  duty  to  return  tin-  bow. 

Introductions  on  the  Btreets  or  In  public  places  should  be  m 
quietly  as  Dot  to  attract  public  attention. 


10 


146 


FORMS    OF    INTRODUCTIONS    AM>    BAXUTATXONS. 


Perfect  ease  and  Belf-possesslon  are  the  essentials  to  tbe  making 
rtful  and  happy  introductions. 

Etiquette  requires  that  a  gentleman  always  raise  bis  bal  when 
introduced  to  either  a  lady  or  gentleman  on  the  street 

Introduce  to  each  other  only  those  who  may  And  acquaintance 
agreeable,     if  any  doubl  exists  on  the  subji  beforehand. 

When  introducing  parties  pronounce  the  names  distinctly,  if 
yon  Fall  to  understand  the  name  when  introduced,  feel  at  liberty  to 
Enquire. 

One  of  the  duties  of  the  host  and  hostess  of  a  private  party  is  to 
make  tbe  guests  acquainted  with  each  other.  Quests  may,  however, 
make  introdui 

introductions  are  often  dispensed  with  at  a  private  ball,  II 
taken  for  granted  thai  only  those  are  invited  who  ought  to  be 
acquainted.  Thus  acquaintance  may  begin  without  formal  introduc- 
tion. If  upon  any  occasion  you  are  introduced  at  a  friend' e  bouse 
to  even  your  bitterest  enemy,  courtesy  requires  that  you  salute  him, 
or  ber,  and  give  no  sign  of  ill-feeling  while  you  are  the  gu 
your  friend. 

If  casually  Introduced  to  a  stranger,  when  makinga  call  at  the- 
house  of  a  friend,  etiquette  does  not  require  a  subsequent  recognition. 
i  with  the  parties  whether  the  acquaintance  be  continued 
or  not   after   such    accidental    meeting  and 
introdu< 

Always  pronounce  the  surname  when  giving 
the  introduction.  To  be  introduced  to  "my 
cousin  Carrie "  leaves  the  stranger  at  a  loss 
how  to  address  the  lady.  In  introducing  a 
relative,  It  is  well  tc  Bay,  "My  brother,  Mr. 
Wells;"  "  My  mother,  Mr*.  Byiggs, 

To  shake  hands  when  Introduced  is  op- 
tional; between  gentlemen  it  is  common,  and 
oftentimes  between  an  elderly  and  a 
person.  It  is  not  common  between  an  unmar- 
idy  and  a  gentleman,  a  slight  bow 
between  them  when  hotrod  ■  all  that 

etiquette  requires. 

The    married    lady  will   USA    her   discretion 

when  introduced  to  gentlemen.    Two  persons 
meetlngon  the  Btreet,  accompanied  by  friends, 

i   i  :  her  without  the 

Bity  of  introducing  their  friends,  though,  when  parting,  it  is 
courtesy  for  each  to  gh  •  a  friendly  salutation  as  though  acquaintance 
een  formed. 
Parties  who  may  meet  by  chance  at  your  bouse,  when  making  calls, 
need  nol  necessarily  be  introduced  to  each  other.     If.  however,  they 
continue  their  calls  together,   it  may  be  agreeable  to  make  them 
Lnted  in  order  to  more  pleasantly  carry  forward  conversation. 
If  you  are  .1  gentleman,  do  not  let  the  lack  of  an  introduction  pre- 
vent yon  from  rendering  services  to  any  unattended  lady  who  may 
them.     Politely  offer  your  protection,  escort  01  assistance,  and, 
when  the  service  has  been  accomplished,  graciously  bow-  and  retire. 
A  visitor  at  your  house  should  be  introduced  to  the  vat 

and  the  acquaintance  Bhonld  continue  while  the    friend  remain-  your 
guest.     All  caller-  should  aim  to  make  the  visit  of  the  frit 

at  as   possible,  treating  the  gnesl  as  they  would  wish  their 

-  to  be  treated  under  similar  circumstances. 
If  thrown  into  the  company  of  strangers,  without   the  formality  Of 
an  introduction,  as  :-  often  the  case  when  traveling  and  al  other 
times,  acquaintance  may  be  formed  between  gentlemen  and  ladies. 
with  proper  reserve,  but  duty  requires  tba  htesl  approach 

toward  undue  familiarity  should  be  checked  by  dignified  silence. 


.tlutation. 


11-  who  have  been  properly  introduced  have  claims  upon  the 
acquaintance  of  each  other  which  should  call  for  at  least  a  -tight  rei  - 
ognltlon  thereafter,  unless  there  be  very  decided  reason-  foi  cutting 
t lie  acquaintance  entirely.     To  completely  ignore  another  to  whom 

you  have  been  rightly  Lntrod I,   bj  meeting  the  person  with  a 

vacanl  stare,  Is  a  marl;  of  Ill-breeding, 

Introductions  at  Court  and  Presidential  Receptions. 

In  paying  your  respects  to  the  President  of  the  United  states,  yon 
will  be  introduced  by  the  master  of  ceremonies  on  public  occasions. 

A I  other  times,  to  send  in  your  card  will  secure  you  audience,  although 

the  better  nay  is  to  be  Introduced  by  a  mutual  acquaintance,  or  a 
member  of  Congress.  Introductions  at  Court  in  foreign  countries 
are  accompanied  by  a  good  deal  .if  formality.  At  the  English  court, 
the  stranger,  having  the  credential  of  the  American  Ambassador,  will 
be  introduced,  if  a  lady,  by  a  lady:   if  a  gentleman,  by    a    gentleman. 

Elsewhere  abroad  the  proper  method  In  each  case  can  be  best  learned 
from  our  national  representative  at  each  capital.  Court  etiquette 
requires  that  the  lady  appear  in  full  dress,  and  the  gentleman  in 

black    Suit,  With  white  VOSt,  gloves  and  necktie. 

Forms  of  Salutation. 
Common  forms  of  salutation,  in  America,  arc  the  bow,  the  kiss, 
words  of  address,  and  shaking  hands. 

Acquaintances  are  usually  entitled  to  the 
courtesy  of  a  bow.      It  i-  poor  policy  tO  refuse 

recognition  because  of  a  trilling  difference 
between  parties. 

Tin-  young  lady  should  show  similar  defer- 
ence to  an  elderly  lady,  or  to   one    in  superior 

position,  thai  a  gentleman  does  to  a  lady. 

A  gentleman  who  maj  be  smoking  when  he 
meets  b  lady  should,  in  bowing,  remove  the 
cigar  from  bis  mouth  and  from  her  presence. 

When  bowing  to   ladies,    it  i-    etiquette    for 

the  gentleman  to  raise  his  hat  from  his  head. 
If  pa-sing  on  the  street,  the  hat  should  be 
raised  and  Balute  given  with  the  hand  farthest 
from  the  person  addreeai  d 

A  bow  or    graceful   inclination   should    be 
made  by  ladies  when  recognizing  their  ac 
quaintancea  of  the  opposite   sex.     it  is  the  privilege  of  the  lady 

to  bow  first. 

A  gentleman  on  horseback  should  grasp  w  hip  and  reins  in  big  ],fi 
hand,  and   raise  his  hat  with  bis    right,  when    saluting    a   lady.      The 

lady  salute-  by  bowing  slightly. 

To  a  casual  acquaintance  you  may  bow  without  -peaking:  but  to 
those  with  whom  you  are  well  acquainted  greater  cordiality  is  due. 
A  bow  should  alway-  be  returned;  even  to  an  enemy  it  is  courtesy 
to  return  the  recognition. 

When  a  gentleman,  accompanied  by  a  friend,  meets  a  lady  upon 
the  Btreet,  it  is  courtesy  in  the  salutation  for  the  gentleman's  friend 

to  bow  slightly  to  the  lady  also,  as  a  compliment  to  his  companion, 
bough  unacquainted  with  the  lady. 

On  meeting  a  party,  some  of  whom  you  are   Intimately  acquainted 
with,  and  the  others  but   little,    the  salutation   should   be   made  as 
nearly  equal  as  possible.     A  slight  recognition  of  some  and  great 
'ration  of   pleasure  toward  others  is  a  violation  of   etiquette. 
A  gentleman   should  return  a  bow  made  him  on  the  Street,  even  If 
making  the  same  is  not  recognized.      The  person  may  possi- 
bly be  a  forgotten  acquaintance:  but,  even  if  a  mistake   has   been 


DIFFERENT    MODES    <»F    SHAKING    HANDS. 


147 


made,  there  will    be    less  embarrassment    if   the   bow  is    returned. 

A  gentleman  should  not  bow  from  a  window  to  a  lady  on  the  street, 
though  he  may  bow  slightly  from  the  street  upon  being  recognized 
by  a  lady  in  a  window.  Such  recognition  should,  however,  gener- 
ally be  avoided,  as  gossip  is  likely  to  attach  undue  importance  to  it 
when  seen  by  others. 

A  warm  cordiality  of  manner,  and  a  general  recognition  of  acquaint- 
ances, without  undue  familiarity,  is  a  means  of  diffusing  much 
happiness,  as  well  as  genial  and  friendly  feeling.  In  thinly-settled 
localities  the  habit  of  bowing  to  every  one  yon  meet  is  an  excellent 
one,  evincing,  as  it  does,  kindliness  of  feeling  toward  all. 

When  meeting  a  lady  who  is  a  stranger,  in  a  hallway,  upon  a  stair- 
>>r  in  close  proximity  elsewhere,  courtesy  demands  a  bow  from 
tin-  gentleman.  In  passing  up  a  stairway,  the  lady  will  pause  at  the 
foot  and  allow  the  gentleman  to  go  first ;  and  at  the  head  of  the  stair- 
way he  should  bow,  pause,  and  allow  her  to  precede  him  in  the 
descent 

How  to  Address  Others— Nicknames. 

Use  the  title,  when  speaking  to  others,  whenever  possible.  Thus, 
addressing  John  Brown,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  say  "  Squire;  "  Dr. 
Bell  you  will  address  as  "Doctor;"  Mayor  Williams,  as  "Mayor;" 
Senator  Snow,  as  "Senator;"  Governor  Smith,  as  "Governor;" 
Professor  Stevens,  as  "Professor,"  etc. 

Before  all  public  bodies,  take  pains  to  address  those  in  authority 
very  respectfully,  saying  to  the  presiding  officer,  "Mr.  President," 
or  if  he  be  a  Mayor,  Judge,  or  Justice,  addreeshim  as  "Your  Honor," 
etc. 

When  stopping  at  the  house  of  a  friend,  ascertain  the  Christian 
names  of  all  the  children,  and  of  those  servants  that  you  frequently 
have  to  address ;  and  then  always  speak  respectfully  to  each,  using 
the  full  Christian  name,  or  any  pet  name  to  which  they  may  be 
accustomed. 

To  approach  another  in  a boisterons  manner,  saving,  "IIi-Ho,  Old 
Fellow!"   "Hello,  Bob!"  or  nsing  kindred  expressions,  indicati 
breeding.       If  approached,   however,   in  this  vulgar  manner,  it  is 
better  to  give  a  civil  reply,  and  address  the  person  respectfully,  in 
which  case  he  is  quite  likely  to  be  ashamed  of  his  own  conduct. 

Husbands  and    wives  indicate  pleasant    conjugal  relation    exist- 


ing where  they  address  each  other  in  the  family  circle  by  their 
t.  bristian  names,  though  the  terms  of  respect.  "Mr."  and  "Mrs.," 
may  be  applied  to  each  among  strangers.  When  speaking  of  each 
other  among  near  and  intimate  relatives,  they  will  also  use  the 
Christian  name;  but  among  general  acquaintances  and  str 
th«-  surname. 

Never  call  any  one  by  a  nickname,  or  a  disrespectful  name.  Treat 
all  person-,  no  matter  how  lowly,  in  addressing  them,  as  you  would 
wish  to  be  addressed  yourself.  You  Involuntarily  have  more  reaped 
for  people,  outside  of  your  family  or  relatives,  who  call  yon  "Mr. 
Smith,"  or  "Mr.  Jones,"  than  for  those  who  call  you  "Jack,"  or 
"Jim."  Hence,  when  you  speak  to  others,  remember  that  you  gain 
their  favor  by  polite  words  of  address. 

When  speaking  to  a  boy  under  fifteen  years  of  age,  outside  of  the 
circle  of  relatives,  among  comparative  strangers,  call  him  by  his 
Christian  name,  as  "Charles,"  "William,"  etc.  Above  that  age,  if 
the  boy  has  attained  good  physical  and  intellectual  development, 
apply  the  "Mr. "  as  "Mr.  Brown,"  "Mr.  King,"  etc.  To  do  so 
will  please  him,  will  raise  his  self-respect,  and  will  be  tendering  a 
courtesy,  which  you  highly  valued  when  you  were  of  the  same  age. 

It  is  an  insult  to  address  a  boy  or  girl,  who  is  a  stranger  to  you,  as 
"Bub*"  or  "Sis."  Children  are  sometimes  very  sensitive  on  these 
points,  resenting  snch  method  of  being  addressed,  while  they  very 
highly  appreciate  being  spoken  to  respectfully.  Thus,  if  tin-  child's 
name  is  unknown,  to  say  "  My  Boy,"  or  "My  Little  Lad,"  My  Girl," 
or  "  My  Little  Lady,"  will  be  to  gain  favor  and  set  the  child  a  good 
example  in  politeness.  Children  forever  gratefully  remember  those 
who  treat  them  respectfully.  Among  relatives,  nicknames  should 
not  be  allowed.  Pet  names  among  the  children  are  admissible,  until 
they  outgrow  them,  when  the  full  Christian  name  should  be  used. 

Upon  the  meeting  of  intimate  friends  among  ladies,  at  the  private 
house,  the  kiss  as  a  mode  of  salutation  is  yet  common;  but 
there  it  is  not  as  customary  as  formerly.      The  custom   ought  to  be 
abolished  for  physiological  and  other  reasons. 

Lpon  the  meeting  or  departure  of  a  young  person,   as   h 
parents  and  children,  or  guardians  and  wards,  the  kiss  is  not  inappro- 
priate   in   public.      Between    all  other  parties   it   is  a  questionable 
propriety  in  public  places,  it  being  etiquette  to  avoid  conduct  that 
will  attract  the  attention  of  strangers. 


Etiquette  of  Shaking  Hands— Ways  of  Clasping  Hands. 


ACCOMPANYING  the  salutation  of  hand-shaking,  it  is  common, 
according  to  the  customs  of  EiiL'lisb-speakingpeople,  to  inquire 
concerning  the  health,  news,  etc. 
Offer  the  whole  hand.     It  is  an  insult,  and  indicates  snobbery,  to 
present  two  fingers  (Fig.  lj  when  shaking  bands.      It  is  also  insult- 
ing to  return  a  warm,  cordial  greeting  with  a  lifeless  hand  (  Pig     8), 
and   evident   indifference  of 
maniier,  when  hand-shaking. 
Present  a  cordial  grasp  (Pig. 
3)  and  clasp  the  hand  firmly, 
shaking  it  warmly  for  a  pe- 
riod of  two  or  three 
and  then    relinquishing    the 
grasp  entirely.      It  i-  rude  t"  grasp  the  hand  very  tightly  or  to  shake 
it  over-vigorously.      To  hold  it  a  very  long  time  is  often  very  em- 
barrassing, and   is  a  breach  of  etiquette.      It  is  always  the  lady's 
privilege  to  extend  the  hand  first.    In  her  own  house  a  lady  should 
give  her  band  to  every  guest. 

If  both  parties  wear  gloves,  it  is  not  necessary  that  each  remove 
them  in  Bhaking  bands;  if  one.  however,  has  ungloved  hands,  it  is 
courtesy  for  the  other  to  remove  the  glove,  unless  in  so  doing  it 


*%^i; 


would  cause  an  awkward  pause;  in  which  case  apologize  for  not  re- 
moving it,  by  saying,  "Excuse  my  glove."  The  words  and  forms 
will  always  very  much  depend  upon  circumstances,  of  which  individ- 
uals can  themselves  best  judge.  Kid  and  other  thin  gloves  are  not 
expected  to  be  removed  in  hand-shaking:  hence,  apology  is  only 
y  for  the  non-removal  of  the  thick,  heavy  glove. 
As  a  rule  in  all  salutations, 
t  is  well  not  to  exhibit  too 
much  haste.  The  cool,  delib- 
erate person  is  the  most 
ikely     to    avoid     mistakes. 


>5B 


nftn  "hen  ihaking  hui>h. 


L-  2.        Thf     DOld-Jtloodtd.     Unwi'l         , 

the  nervous,  qmck-motioned 
impulsive     individual     will 


Tig  3.    Tb#  e*»rtou*,  ftuk,  vhoU- 
pouled  livli*u>iiti»1.  that  n«*u  jou 

with  m  *ina,  bi -xttr  pr**p. 


need  to  make  deliberation  a  matter  of  study;  else,  when  acting  on 
the  spur  of  the  moment,  with  possibly  slight  embarrassment,  ludi- 
crous errors  are  liable  to  be  m  ide,  In  shaking  hands,  as  an  evidence 
of  cordiality,  regard  and  respect,  offer  the  right  band,  unless  the 
same  be  engaged:  in  which  case,  apologize,  by  saying  "  Excuse  my 
left  hand."  It  Is  the  right  hand  that  carries  the  sword  in  time  of 
war,   and   its   extension   i~    emblematic  Of    friendliness  in   time   of 


148 


BBG1  CATIONS    THAT   GOVERN    SHOBT     \M>    FORMAL    CALLS. 


•p 


Etiquette  of  ^Calling. 


- .  -:— 


-A 


'•-■^•faP® 


HE  morning' call  should  be  very  brief.    Thisforc 
—  ^        is  mainly  one  of  ceremony,  and  from  ten  to  twenty 
Tv«.rt  minutes  is  a  sufficient  length  of  time  to  prolong  it. 

^      it  should  never  exceed  half  an  hour. 


In  making  a  formal  call,  .1  lad]  do*  3  not  remove  her 
bonnel  or  wraps. 

Unless  there  be  a  certain  evening  set  apart  for  receiv- 
ing, tlie  formal  call  should  be  made  in  the  morning. 

It  is  customary,  according  to  the  code  of  etiquette, 
to    call   all  the   hours   of  daylight   morning,   and    after 
nightfall  evening. 

Calls  may  be  made  in  the  morning  or  in  the  evening.  The  call  in  the 
morning  should  not  be  made  before  12  M.,  nor  later  than  5  P.  M. 

A  gentleman,  making  a  formal  call  in  the  morning,  must  retain  his 
hat  in  his  hand.  He  may  leave  umbrella  and  cam-  in  the  hall,  but  not 
his  hat  and  gloves.    The  fact  of  retaining  hat  indicates  a  formal  call. 

When  a  gentleman  accompanies  n  lady 

nt  1  morning  call  (which  is  seldoi 

the  steps,  1  tngs  the  bell, 

anil    follows  her   into  the  reception-room. 

[|  is  for  the  lady  to  determine  when  thi  J 
should  lea 

All  uncouth  and  ungraceful  positions 
are  especially  unbecoming  among  lathes 

ntlemen  in  the  parlor.    Thu     I 
6"), standing  «  i  ikimbo,  sitting 

astride  a  chair,  wearing  the  hat,  and 
smoking  in  the  pri  t  of  ladies,  lean- 
ing back  in  th  ding  with  legs 
'  the  chairs  —  all  those 
acts  evince  lack  of  polished  manners. 

If  possible,  avoid  calling  at  the  lunch 

or  dinner  hour.    Among  society  people 

tie   hours   for  calling 

are   from    la   m.   to  ,i   P.  M.    At  homes 

where  dinner  or  lunch  is  taken  at  noon, 

calls  may  be  made  from  2  to  5  p.  M. 

Should  other  callers  be  announced,  it 
[swell,  as  soon  as  the  bustle  attending 
the  new  arrival  is  over,  to  arise  quietly, 
take  leave  of  the  hostess,  bow  to  the 
.  and  retire,  without  apparently 
doing  so  because  of  the  new  arrivals. 
This  saves  the  hostess  the  trouble  of  en- 
tertaining two  sets  of  callers. 

To  say  bright  and  witty  things  during  the  call  of  ceremony,  and 
soon   that  the  hostess   will   desire   the   caller  to  come  again,    i 
the  more  pleasant.      No  topi*-  of  a  political  or  religious  character  should 
be  admitted   to  the  conversation,  nor  any  subject  of  absorbing  interest 
likely  to  lead  to  discussion. 

A  lady  engaged  upon  fancy  sewing  of  any  kind,  or  needlework,  need 
not  necessarily  lay  aside  the  same  during  the  call  of  intimate  acquaint- 
ances.     Conversation  can  flow  just  as  freely  while  the  visit  continues. 


Fig 


No.  I.  Stands  with  amis  akimbo. 
■'  2.  Bluwith  eibow9  on  t u<*  kneca. 
"  3.  SiUasirlde  thechair 

hU  hat  In  the  parlor. 
"  i    E      utl  '  bj  preaa- 

Ing  agfJut  It  with  bis  bund ; 

eats  an  apple  kloae,  and  eland* 


During  the  visits  of  ceremony,  however,  strict  attention  should  be  given 
to  entertaining  the  callers. 

Gentlemen  may  make  morning  calls  on  the  following  occasions:    To 
Convey  congratulations  or  sympathy  and  condolence,  to  meet  ft  friend 

who  has  ju  l  returned  from  abroad,  to  Inquire  after  the  health  of  a  lady 
who  ma^  have  accepted  his  escort  on  the  previous  day.    (He  should  not 

delay  the  latter  more  than  a  day.)  He  may  call  upon  those  to  whom  let- 
ters of  introduction  are  given,  to  express  thanks  for  any  favor  which 
may  have  been  rendered  him,  or  to  return  a  call.  A  great  variety  of  cir- 
cumstances will  also  determine  when   it  other  times  he  should  make  calls. 

Evening  Calls. 

I '.-.  tiling  calls  should  never  be  made  later  than  9  P.  H.,  and  never  pro- 
longed later  than  10  p.  H. 

In  making  a  formal  call  in  the  evening,  the  gentleman  must  hold  hat 
and  gloves,  unless  invited  to  lay  them  aside  and  spend  the  evening. 

In  making  an  informal  call  in  the  eve* 

ning,  a  gentleman  may  leave  hat,  cane, 
overshoes,  etc.,  in  the  hall,  provided  he 
is  invited  to  do  so,  and  the  lady  may  re- 

mi  ■'.  e  ha  n  1 

The  evening  call  should  not  gener- 
ally be  prolonged  over  an  hour.  With 
\(i\    intimate    friends,  however,  it  may 

be  made  a  little  longer;  but  thi 

should  be  very  careful  that  the  visit  be 
not  made  tiresome. 

General  Suggestions. 

Calls  from  people  living  in  the  coun- 
try are  expected  to  be    longer    and    less 
miOUS  than  from  those  in  the  city- 

When  it  has  been  impossible  to  at- 

l'  ml  1  dinner  or  a  social  gathering,  a 
call  should  be  made  soon  afterwards,  to 
express    regret    at    the     inability    to     be 

present. 

\  iiitleman,  though  a  stranger,  may 
with  propriety  escort  an  unattended  lady 
to  the  carriage,    and    afterwards   return 

and  make  his  farewell  bow  to  the  1 


r\<  rRACEFI  I.  l't  »M  I  IONS, 


with  hi*.-  [aga  01 
Ho,    ■    EteaU  Ml  foot  u|»on  the  chnlr- 

i  bion. 
"  fi.  Tip*  back  hit  obalr,  s..ii<  1 1« «* 

wait  by  n  tin         I 

it,  ud  smokes  iu  tin-  pn  I  DOC 

of  Inn    . 


Should  a  guest  arrive  to  remain  for 
some  time  with  the  friend,  those  who  are 
intimate  with   the  family  should  call  as 
possible,  and  these  calls  should  be  returned  at  the  earliest  op- 
portunity. 

Unless  invited  to  do  so,  it  is  a  violation  of  etiquette  to  draw  near  the 
fire  for  the  purpose  of  warming  one's  self.  Should  you,  while  waiting 
the  appearance  of  the  hostess  have  done  SO,  you  will  arise  upon  her 
arrival,  and  then  take  the  seat  she  may  assign  you. 

When  a  lady  has  set  apart  a  certain  evening  for  receiving  calls,  it  is 
not  usual   to  call   at  other  times,  except  the  excuse  be  business  reasons 


ADDRESS,  VISITING,    BUSINESS   AND    PROFESSIONAL    CARDS    WHEN    CALLING. 


149 


CHARLES  BELDEN 
Cambridge,  Mass. 


THE  USE  OF  CARDS  WHEN  CALLING. 

The  gentleman's  card  should  bear  nothing-  but  the  name  and  address 
of  the  caller,  in  small  script  or  card  text.  In  addition,  the  lady's  card 
may  bear  the  "Mrs."   or    the  "Miss,  "thus: 

MRS.  H.  B.  KING, 

iy  Belmont  Place. 
At  Home  Thursday  Fveoiogs. 
The  eldest  daughter  and  unmarried  sisters  often  adopt  the  following: 
MISS  CLARA  D.  WELLS,  THE  MISSES  HAMMOND, 

No.  44  Birch  Street.  No.  1  Day  Street. 

The  physician  may  have  his  professional  title,  as 
DR.  ROBERT  HOLLAND,     or     ROBERT  HOLLAND,  M.  D. 
No.  70  Henderson  St.  No.  jo  Henderson  St. 

The  officers  of  the  army  and  navy  may  have  their  titles  thus  : 
LIEUT.  HENRY  H.  WEBSTER,  V.  S.  A. 
LIEUT.  HARVEY  B.  SNOW,  U.  S.  \\ 

A  card  left,  during  your  illness,  should  be  answered  by  a  call  as  soon 
as  your  health  will  permit. 

The  honorary  titles  of  Prof.,  Hon.,  Esq.,  etc.,  are  not  allowable  upon 
the  calling  card  in  the  LTnited  States. 

When  about  leaving  town,  the  card  which  is  left  will  bear  on  the 
lower  left-hand  corner  the  letters  "  P.  P.  C.  " — "Presents  parting  compli- 
ments," from  the  French  "Pour  Prendre  Conge" — to  take  leave.  The 
card  may  also  be  sent  by  mail  or  private  carrier,  the  latter  mode  of  con- 
veyance showing  most  respect.    * 

A  card  sent  to  a  person  who  is  ill  or  in  affliction,  from  the  loss  of  a 
relative,  should  be  accompanied  by  verbal  inquiries  regarding  the  per- 
son's health. 

Cards  may  be  left  immediately  where 
a  death  is  known,  but  a  call  of  sympa- 
thy and  condolence  is  not  usually  made 
within  a  week  after  the  bereavement. 

The  ladv  in  mourning  who  may  not 
desire  to  make  calls,  will  send  mourn- 
ing cards  instead  of  making  calls  for 
smh  period  of  time  as  she  may  not  de- 
sire to  mingle  in  general  society. 

Should  the  servant  reply  to  a  gentle- 
man that  the  lady  of  the  house,  to 
whom  the  call  is  made,  is  not  at  home, 
but  the  daughter  is,  he  should  send  in 
his  card,  as  it  is  not  usual  for  young  la- 
dies to  receive  calls  from  gentlemen  un- 
less they  are  quite  intimate  friends. 

It  is  well  to  have  cards  in  readiness 
at  every  call.  If  a  servant  meets  you  at 
the  door,  to  send  up  a  card  will  save  mis- 
pronouncing your  name,  and  if  the  ladv 
is  not  at  home  it  will  show  that  you  have 
called.  Should  there  be  twoor  more  la- 
dies in  the  household,  to  turn  down  one 
corner  of  the  card  will  signify  that  the 
call  was  designed  for  all  the  family. 

The  handsomest  style  of  card  is  that 
which  is  engraved;  next  is  that  which  is 
prettily  written.     Succeeding,  comes  the 

printed  card,  which,  with  some  of  the  modern  script  or  t<  -xt  types,  makes 
a  most  beautiful  card  if  neatly  printed.    Extra  ornament  is  oul  of  place. 

When  desirous  of  seeing  anyone  at  a  hotel  or  parlor,  send  up  your 
card   by  the   waiter,  while    you   wait  in    the   reception -room    or   office. 

The  hostess  should,  if  not  desiring  to  see  anyone,  send  word  that  she 

is  "engaged"    when    the   servant   first   goes    to    the    door,    and    not    after 
the  car:!  has  been  sent  up.    Should  she  desire  certain  persons  only  to  be 
admitted,  let  the  servant  understand  the  names  definitely. 
•  P.  P.  C.  cards  are  do  longer  left  when  leaving  home  to  be  absent  a  few  months. 


Fig.  7.    GENTILITY  IN  THE  PARLOR. 


The  figures  In  t! 
tion  represent  gnu  eftll 

1 

tlemea  in  tin-  parlor.     Ai  will  be 

1  It  or  fan, 
lading,  the  posi- 
tions are  alt  cur  and  graceful. 


WHAT  SHOULD  BE  AVOIDED  WHEN  CALLING. 

Do  not  stare  around  the  room. 
Do  not  take  a  dog  or  small  child. 
Do  not  linger  at   the   dinner-hour. 
Do  not  lay  aside  the  bonnet  at  a  formal  call. 
Do  not  fidget  with  your  cane,  hat  or  parasol. 
Do  not  make  a  call  of  ceremony  on   a  wet  day. 
Do  not  turn  your  back  to  one  seated  near  you. 
Do  not  touch  the  piano,  unless  invited  to  do  so. 
Do  not  handle  ornaments  or  furniture  in  the  room. 
Do  not  make  a  display  of  consulting  your  watch. 
Do  not  go  to  the  room  of  an  invalid,  unless  invited. 
Do  not  remove  the  gloves  when   making  a  formal  call. 
Do  not  continue  the  call  longer  when  conversation  begins  to  lag. 
Do  not  remain  when  you  find  the  lady  upon  the  point  of  going  out. 
Do  not  make  the  first  call  if  you  area  new-comer  in  the  neighborhood. 
Do  not  open  or  shut  doors  or  windows  or  alter  the  arrangement  of  the 
room. 

Do  not  enter  a  room  without  first  knocking  and  receiving  an  invitation 
to  come  in. 

Do  not  resume  your  seat  after  having  risen  to  go,  unless  for  important 
reasons. 

Do  not  walk  around  the  room,  examining  pictures,  while  waiting  for 
the  hostess. 

Do  not  introduce  politics,  religion  or  weighty  topics  for  conversation 
when  making  calls. 

Do  not  prolong  the  call  if  the  room 
is  crowded.  It  is  better  to  call  a  day  or 
two  afterwards. 

Do  not  call  upon  a  person  in  reduced 
circumstances  with  a  display  of  wealth, 
dress  and  equipage. 

Do  not  tattle.  Do  not  speak  ill  of 
your  neighbors.  Do  not  carry  gossip 
from  one  family  to  another. 

Do  not,  if  a  gentleman,  seat  vourself 
upon  the  sofa  beside  the  hostess,  or  in 
near    proximity,  unless  invited  to  do  so. 

Do  not,  if  a  lady,  call  upon  a  gentle- 
man, except  officially  or  professionally, 
unless  he  may  be  a  confirmed  invalid. 

Do  not  take  a  strange  gentleman 
with  you,  unless  positively  certain  that 
his  introduction  will  be  received  with 
favor. 

Do  not,  if  a  gentleman,  leave  the  hat 
in  the  hall  when  making  merelv  a  for- 
mal call.  If  the  call  is  extended  into  a 
visit,  it  may  then  be  set  aside.  Whether 
sitting  or  standing  (Fig.  7),  the  hat  may 
be  gracefully  held  in  the  hand. 


To  assume  an  ea^y.  genteel  atti- 
tude, the  tndivUoaJ  must  be  self* 

■ 
be  given  to  easy  flow  of  1 
happy  expi  right,  study 

of  cultured  society  and  the  general 
laws  of  en  , 


Duty  of  the  Hostess. 

truest  with 
g  nice. 
She  should  avoid  leaving  the  room  while  u  -ent. 

She  should  furnish  refreshments  to  those  callers  who  come  a  long  dis- 
tance  to  see  her. 

She  should  1"    aided,  upon  important  ,  ■  a  gentleman,  in  the 

reception  n(  g-u 

She  should  avoid  speaking  disrespectfully  of  those  who  have  previ- 
ously called  upon  her;  she  lly  divide  her  attentions  among 
the   several  callers,  that  none  may  feel  slif 


L50 


DISAOREl    VBLE    CALLERS.       NEM     YI.UTS    CALLINI 


The  Inquisitive,  Disagreeable  Caller. 


TTMt>N<;  Tin-  disagreeable  callers  art-  the  husband   and  wife  who 
ad  a  small  dog;  the  husband  making  himself 

r;iiiiili:ir  with  I  he  hostess,  the  dog  barking  at  the  cut,  the  child  taking 
the  free  run  of  the  honse,  while  the  wife,  in  the  meantime,  passes 
aroond  r  I  adling  and  examining  the  ornaments. 

Other  onpleasant  callers  are  the  man  with  the  muddy  boots,  and 
the  Individual  just  in  out  of  the  rain,  from  whose  overcoat  and 
umbrella  the  water  drip?  on  the  carpet. 


Ready  to  Go.  Yet  Waiting. 

omMi  tilers  make  themselves  od  tinning  their 

^  visit  too  long,  and  even  «hen  they  have  risen  to  depart  they 
lack  decision  of  purpose  to  go,  bnl  will  frequently  stand  several 
minutes  before  taking  flnal  leave,  and  then  when  wraps  are  01 

e  nearly  gone,  they  will  stand  in  the  doorway  to  tell  one 
more  story  while  the  hostess  protects  herself  as  besl  she  can  from 
the  incoming  gusts  of  wind  and  storm,  sometimes  thus  taking  a  cold 
thai  ends  in  death.     When  the  guest  Is  ready  to  go — go. 


New  Year's  Calling. 


U"  F  LATE  year-  it  has  become  fashionable  for  ladies  in  man\ 
and  villages  to  announce  In  the  newspapers  the  fact  of  their 
intention  to  receh  e  calls  upon  New  Fear' a  day.  which  practice 
is  verj  as   it   enables  gentlemen  to  know  positively  who 

will  be  prepared  to  receive  them  on  thai  occasion;  besides,  changes 
of  residence  are  bo  frequent  in  large  cities  as  to  make  the    publi- 
cation of  name-  and  places  of  culling  a  great  convenience. 
The   practice   of   issuing  personal   notes  of   invitation,  which  is 
to  a  list  «>f  gentlemen  acquaintances,  Btatlng  that 
i  ladies  will   receive  on   New  Year's  day,  is  not  to  be  com- 
mended.      It  looks  very  much  like  begging  the  gentlemen  to  come 
and  Bee  them;  moreover,  should  the  practice  generally  prevail,  it 
would,  in  a  brief  time,  abolish  New  Year's  calls  altogether,  as  gen- 
tlemen wonld   not   feel  at   liberty  t « >  make 
calls  unless  personally  invited;  and  thus  the 
mi  go  into  disuse. 
Upon  calling,  the  gentlemen  are  invited  to 

remove   overcoat  and   hat,    which  invitation 

■  pted  unless  it  is  the  design  to  make 
the  call  very  brief.  If  refreshments  are 
provided,  the  ladies  will  desire  to  have  the 

men  partake  of  them,  which  cannot 
conveniently  be  done  in  overcoat,  with  hat 
in   hind.     Gloves   are   sometimes   retained 

upon    the    baud   dnriiiL'    the   call,  but    tin-  Is 

Cards  are  sent  up,  and  the  gentle-  Gentlemen  Making 

men  are  ushered  Into  the  t  im.    The  call  should  not  e 

ten  or  fifteen  minutes,  unless   the  callers   are  few  and  it  should   be 
mutually  agreeable  to  prolong  the  stay. 

B<  si  taste  will  suggest  thai  a  lady  having  the  conveniences  shall 
receiv.  sts  at  her  own  home,  but  it  is  admissible  and  common 

for  several  ladies  to  meet  at  the  residence  of  one  and  receive  calls 
b  t.     Whether  ladies  make  announcement  or  not,  however,  it 
will  be  usually  safe  for  gentlemen  to  call  on  their  lady  fri*  i 
New  "i  visit  will  generally  be  received  with  pleasure. 

customary  for  the  ladies  who  announce  that  they  will  i 
to  make  their  parlors  attractive  on  that  day.  and  present  themselves 
in  full  dress.  They  should  have  a  bright,  cheerful  fire,  if  the  weather 


be  cold,   and  a  table,  conveniently  located   in  the  room,    with   re- 
freshments, consisting  of  fruits,  cukes,  bread  ami  other  food,  BUCD 
;i-  I,,  r.  be  deemed  desirable,  with  tea  and  coffee.     Nointo^ii 
drink-  should  be  allowed.      Refreshments  are  in  no  case  absolutely 
essential.     They  can  be  dispensed  with  if  not  convenient. 

Ladies  expecting  calls  on  Neu  rear's  Bhould  be  in  readiness  to 
reeei\e  from  ID  a.  m.  to  D  r.  M.      It  i-   pleasant    for   two  or  more 

ladle-  to  receive  calls  together  on  that  ocra-ion,   as  several  ladil 

the  more  easily  entertain  a  party  of  several 
present  at  one  time.     While  gentlemen  may  go  alone,  they  also  fre- 
quently go  in  pairs,  threes,  fours  or  more.     They  call  upon  all  the 

ladi'-  of  the  party,  and  where  they  are  nol  acquainted   introdni 
take  place,  care  being  taken  that  persons  do  not  Intrude  theme 

Where  they  would  not  be  welcome.  Each 
gentleman    BbOUldbe    provided  with    a    large 

number  of  cards,  with  hie  own  name  upon 
each,  one  of  which  he  will  present  to  every 
lady  of  the  company  where  be  call-. 

The     ladies     keep    theSS     card-     for     fUtUTS 

referent 

the  incidents  of  the  day  by  subsequent  ex- 
amination of  tie   cards  received  upon  that 
occasion. 
An  usher  should  be  present  wherever  many 
--^m*~r'.  --.-    — -  L,  to  receive  guests  and  care 

New  Year's CaIIa.  fnr  li:it_  ;ili[1  ,,,.,,„     'p|1(.  ,..,]]_  ,ir,.  M,  ,  . 

very  brief,  and  are  made  delightfully  p  i    .ntinual  ch  tl 

face  and  conversation.     But,  however  genial  and  free  may  be  the  In- 
„.-  of  compliments  upon  thi-  occasion,  no  young  man  «  hi 
er  to  the  family  should  feel  at  liberty  to  call  again  without 
a  subsequent  invitation 

The  two  or  three  days  succeeding  New  Year's  arc  the 
for  calling,  npon  Which  occasion  tiny  pass  the  compliments  of  the 
season,  comment  upon  the  incidents  connected  with  tite  festivities 
of  the  holiday,  the  number  of  call-  made,  and  the  new  faces  that 
mad.-  their  appearance  among  tin-  visitors.  It  i*  customary  upon 
this  occasion  of  ladies'  meeting  to  offer  refreshments  and  to  enjoy 
the  intimacy  of  a  friendly  visit 


TWO    STORES    CONTRASTED. 


151 


tfF^cl  ^yFHK   above   -hows  the    in- 
■*■    teriorof  the  grocery  store 
where   cheese,    batter,     flour, 
sugar  and  other  articles,  con- 
taining moisture,  are  saturated 
with  tobacco  smoke.     It  may 
be   the  privilege  of  the  proprietor 
to  make  his  store  the  general   re- 
ort  of  amusement    seekers,   loungers 
and  smokers,  but  such  a  course  is  never 
to  be  commended  as  profitable  to  business. 


:•■•: 


TFFIE  charming  window   dis< 
^    play  of  goods  in  this  store 
attract  to  the  interior,  where 
the  order  and  general  neatness 
are  evidences  that  the  groceries 
for  sale  here  are  of  pure  quality, 
the  butter   not  filled    with  the 
flavor  of  tobacco,  nor  the  sugar 
kerosene.    These  pleasant  surro 
ings    further  indicate    that    prompt 
and  genteel  attention  will  be  given  the  custom- r 


Suggestions  About  Shopping.    Conduct  in  the  Store. 


PURCHASERS  should,  as  far  as  possible,  patronize  the  merchauts 
of  their  own  town.  It  is  poor  policy  to  send  money  abroad  for 
articles  which  can  be  bought  as  cheaply  at  home. 

Do  not  take  hold  of  a  piece  of  goods  which  another  is  examining. 
Wait  until  it  is  replaced  upon  the  counter  before  you  take  it  up. 

Injuring  goods  when  handling,  pushing  aside  other  persons,  loung- 
ing upon  the  counter,  whispering,  loud  talk  and  laughter,  when  in  a 
6tore,  are  all  evidences  of  ill-breeding. 

Never  attempt  to  "beat  down"  prices  when  shopping.  If  the 
price  does  not  suit,  go  elsewhere.  The  just  and  upright  merchant 
will  have  but  one  price  for  his  goods,  and  he  will  strictly  adhere  to  it. 

It  is  an  insult  to  a  clerk  or  merchant  to  suggest  to  a  customer 
about  to  purchase  that  he  may  buy  cheaper  or  better  elsewhere.  It 
is  also  rude  to  give  your  opinion,  unasked,  about  the  goods  that 
another  is  purchasing. 

Never  expect  a  clerk  to  leave  another  customer  to  wait  on  you ; 
and,  when  attending  upon  you,  do  not  cause  him  to  wait  while  you 
visit  with  another.  When  the  purchases  are  made  let  them  be  sent 
to  your  home,  and  thus  avoid  loading  yourself  with  bundles. 

Treat  clerks,  when  shopping,  respectfully,  and  give  them  no  more 
trouble  than  is  necessary.     Ask  for  what  is  wanted,  explicitly,  and 


if  you  wish  to  make  examination  with  a  view  to  future  purchase,  say 
so.    Be  perfectly  frank.     There  is  no  necessity  for  practicing  deceit. 

The  rule  should  be  to  pay  for  goods  when  you  buy  them.  If.  how- 
ever, you  are  trusted  by  the  merchant,  you  should  be  very  particular 
to  pay  your  indebtedness  when  you  agree  to.  By  doing  as  you  prom- 
ise, you  acquire  habits  of  promptitude,  and  at  th-  estab- 
lish credit  and  make  reputation  among  those  with  whom  you  deal. 

It  is  rude  in  the  extreme  to  find  fault  and  to  make  sneering 
remarks  about  goods.  To  draw  unfavorable  comparisons  h- 
the  goods  and  those  found  at  other  stores  does  no  good,  and  show- 
want  of  deference  &nd  respect  to  those  who  are  waiting  on  you. 
Politely  state  that  the  goods  are  not  what  you  want,  and,  while  you 
may  buy,  you  prefer  to  look  further. 

If  a  mistake  has  been  made  whereby  yon  hive  been  given  more 
goods  than  you  paid  for,  or  have  received  more  change  than  was 
your  due,  go  immediately  and  have  the  error  rectified.  You  cannot 
afford  to  -ink  your  moral  character  by  taking  advantage  of  such  mis- 
takes. If  yon  had  made  an  error  to  your  disadvantage,  as  a  merchant, 
yon  would  wish  the  customer  to  return  and  make  it  right.  You 
should  do  as  you  would  be  done  by.  Permanent  success  depends 
upon  your  being  strictly  honest. 


A  COMMON  saying  is,  "A  man's  manners  make  his  fortune." 
This  is  a  well-known  fact,  and  we  see  it  illustrated  every  day. 
The  parents  who  considerately  train  a  child  amid  kindm 
love,  rear  a  support  for  their  declining  years.  The  teacher  that  rules 
well  and  is  yet  kind,  is  beloved  by  his  pupils.  The  hotel  proprietor, 
by  affability  and  an  accommodating  spirit,  may  fill  his  hotel  with 
guests.  The  railway  conductor  who  has  a  pleasant  word  for  the 
lonely  traveler,  is  always  remembered  with  favor.  The  postotflce 
clerk  who  very  carefully  looks  through  a  pile  of  letters  and  says. 
"not  any"  very  gently,  pleasantly  adding  a  word  of  hope  by  - 
"it    may    come    on    the    afternoon    train."   we    always    gratefully 


Say  "No"  Politely. 

recollect.     When  the  time  comes  that  we  can  return  the  k: 
we  take  ^reat  pleasure  in  doing  so. 


The  man  who  shows  himself  to  be  a  gentleman,  even  tbongb  he 
may  not  buy  what  we  have  to  sell  when  we  solicit  him,  we  always 
know  will  gel  his  reward.  His  affability,  when  he  declined,  demon- 
strated that  he  could  say  "no"  with  a  pleasant  word.  The  very  fact 
of  his  impressing  ns  so  favorably,  even  when  he  did  not  purchase, 
clearly  indicated  that  he  was  thoroughly  schooled  in  the  ways  of 
politeness,  and  that  he  lived  np  to  the  golden  rule  of  doing  to  others 
a<  hv  desired  others  to  do  to  him. 


152 


WIIVI     T ISERVE    AM.    WHAT    TO    A  \  ■  U I  >    WHIN    TALKING. 


os 


tiquette  of  Conversation 


HOW,    WHEN    AND    WHERE    TO    SPEAK. 


>  ACQUIRE  Hi''  art  of  conversation  in  a  BUpe- 
rior degree,  there  must  lit-  intimacy  wltn  those 
who  possess  refinement  ami  general  informa- 
tion.    There  muel  also  be  observed  certain  general  rules 

in  order  to  accomplish  the  best  results,  prominent  among 
which  are  the  following: 

In   the    first   place,  in 

ordei  Well, 

there    must   he  knowl- 
edge; there  must   be    a 

command  of    language,  assisted 

by    imagination;  there  mast   be 

I  aiding  "f  the  rtilev  of  con- 

■  II    to     Frame    sentences 
aright;  there  must  be  confidence 

in,     ami     there 

must    be    courage    to    overcome 

failure. 

To  he  an  excellen 

i  i-  a  \  ery  desirable  ac- 
complishment. We  taik  more  than 
u .-  do  anything  else.  Bj  i 
sation  we  may  make  friends,  we 
iln  them,  or  we  may  lose 
them.  We  may  impart  informa- 
tion; we  may  acquire  it.  v 
make  the  company  with  whom  we 
associate  contented  with  Itself, 
or  we  can  sow  inharmony  and 
Our     sneers      in     life 

l  irgelj  i  "ur  ability  to 

converse     well;      therefore,     the 
■v  of  our  carefully    stndy- 
ing  what  should  and  what  should 
ben  talking. 


Coarse  and  Boisterous. 


How  to  Please  in  Conversation 

i '  b<  clear,  distinct  w<  irde  to  ex- 
tone  «f  your  voice  Bhould  be  - 

Be  o  i  and  pflf-posscsged,  usim;  respectful,  chaste  and 

appro] 

Always  defend  the  absent  person  who  i-  beini:  spoken  of,  as  far  as 
truth  and  justice  will  permit. 

Allow  people  that  you  are  with  to  do  their  full  share  of  the  talking 
if  they  evince  a  willingness  to  converse. 

Beware  of  talking  mnch  about  yourself.     Your  merits  will  be  dis- 
d    in  due  time  without  the  necessity  of  sounding  your  own 
■ 

sy,  when  another  person  joins  the  group  wh< 


WHS  refinement  and  culture  of  an  individual  can  be  largely  deter- 

A      mined    by    the  tone   of  voice    and    the    manner   of   speaking.      In 
ordinal  on  the  wild  gesticulation,  ill'-  coarse  and  boisterous 

langh,  aiul  tlu-  uncouth  position  are  all  indicative  of  ill-breeding.     In 
such  a  domestic  group  as  is  her.'  represented  the  tiesofnatm 
be  quite  as  strong  as  in  more  refined  circles,  and  encj  is 

to  introduce  a  variety  of  topics   into  the  general  conversation   that 
wen-  better  not  discus  Bed.     'I  he  rude  jest,  the  roars.-  criticism  of 
bsenl  "Hi--,  the  unclean  m'H1.'  and   Che  foolish   retort,  are   the  natural 
outgrowth  of  i  mil'.    Education  and  knowledge  of  the  rules 

that  govern  polite  society  would  have  prevented  such  a  sci  ne  as  this 
by   providing   instruction   and   lessons   of    culture   and    reflm 
While  there  i-  at   the  present  day  every  facility   for  improving  the 
minds  of  the  yonng,  it  is  no  less  true  that  politeness  and  respect   f<<r 

superiors  arc  not  prop.  ; 


are   relating  an    incident,  of   recapitulating    what    has    !■ 

said,  for  the  adi  antage  of  the  new-comer. 

Recollect  that  the  object  of  conversation  is  to  entertain 
and  amuse;  the  social  gathering,  therefore,  Bhould  not  be  made  the 

arena  of  dispute.       Even  slight  mis'akes  ami  inaccuracies    it  is   well 

to  overlook,  rather   than  to  allow 

inharmony  to  present  itself. 
Aim  io  adapt  yonr conversation 

to  the  comprehension  of  those 
with  whom  you  are  conversing. 
1'..  I  in  fill  that  you  do  not  un- 
dervalue them.  It  i-  possible 
that  they  are  as  intelligent  as 
!i.  ami  their  convei  Bal  Ion 
i  mi.  perhapB,  take  as  wide  a  range 
as  your  own. 

Remember    that  the    person  to 

whom  you  are  speakim.'  i-  DOt  to 
blame    for  the    opinion    he    enter- 

tains  Opinions  are  not  made  b y 
lis,  bat  they  are  made  for  us  by 
circumstances.  With  fb< 
organization,  training  and  cirenm- 
stances  around  us,  wewonld  have 
the  &ame  opinions  ourseli  es. 
Remember  that  people  are  fond 

Of  talking  of  their  own  affairs. 
The  mother  likes  to  talk  of  her 
children,  the  mechanic  of  hi- 
workmanship,  the  laborer  of  what 
he  can  accomplish.  Give  every  one 
an  opportunity .  and  yon  « ill  gain 

much  valuable  information  besides 
being  though)  courteous  and 
well-bred. 

Be  patient.    Tin-  foreigner  can- 
not, perhaps,    recall    the    word    he 
desires;  the  speaker  may  be  slow 
ech;   you  may  have  heard  the  story  a   dozen  times;  but  even 
then  you  most  evince  interest  and  listen  patiently  through.     By  so 
doing  you    gain    the    esteem  of   the  person    with    whom  you    are 
com  ersing. 

What  to  Avoid  in  Social  Conversation. 

■  i  manifesl  impatience. 
Do  imt  eng  ment. 

i  interrupt  another  when  speaking. 
Do  not  find  fault,  although  you  may  gently  criticise. 
Do  in.i  talk  of  your  prl  >nal  and  family  matt.  rs. 

Do  not  appear  to  no  -  i  ch  in  others. 


REFINEMENT    A.9    INIH<  ATED    BY    CONVERSATION. 


Do  not  allow  yourself  to  lose  temper  or  to  speak  excitedly. 

Do  not  allude  to  unfortunate  peculiarities  of  any  one  present. 

Do  not  always  commence  a  conversation  by  allusion  to  the  weather. 

Do  not,  when  narrating  an  incident,  continually  say  "you  see," 
"  you  know,"  etc. 

Do  not  introduce  professional  or  other  topics  in  which  the  company 
generally  cannot  take  an  interest. 

Do  not  talk  very  loud.  A  firm,  clear,  distinct,  yet  mild,  gentle 
andViusical  voice  has  great  power. 

Do  not  be  absent-minded,  requiring  the  speaker  to  repeat  what  has 
been  said  that  you  may  understand. 

Do  not  speak  disrespectfully  of  personal  appearance  when  any  one 
present  may  have  the  same  defects. 

Do  not  try  to  force  yourself  into  the  confidence  of  others.  If  they 
give  their  confidence,  never  betniy  ii. 

Do  not  use  profanity,  vulgar  terms,  slang  phrases,  words  of  double 
meaning,  or  language  that  will  bring  the  blush  to  any  person. 

Do  not  intersperse  your  language  with  foreign  words  and  high- 
sounding  terms.  It  shows  affecta- 


tion,  and  will  draw  ridicule  upon 
you. 

Do  not  carry  on  a  conversation 
with  another  in  company  about 
matters  of  which  the  general  com- 
pany knows  nothing.  It  is  almost 
as  impolite  as  to  whisper. 

Do  not  allow  yourself  to  speak 
ill  of  the  absent  if  it  can  be 
avoided;  the  day  may  come  when 
some  friend  will  be  needed  to 
defend  you  in  your  absence. 

Do  not  speak  with  contempt 
and  ridicule  of  a  locality  where 
you  may  be  visiting.  Find  some- 
thing to  truthfully  praise  and 
commend;  thus  make  yourself 
agreeable. 

Do  not  make  a  pretense  of  gen-  

tility,  nor  parade  the  fact  that  yon      _„   ,  .  , 

,     .     .  ...        TN  the  social  ^fathering  here  brought  to  view  we  have  a  strong  con- 

e  a  descendant  of  any  notable      I     tra8,  tlJ  thdt  on  lhe  opposUe  page.    The  posilinI!,  Ml,  and 

Tou  must  pass  for  just     easy,  with  quietude  and  gentleness  of  manner,  and  the  self-possession 


lauds.      All  this  is  no  evidence  of  auy  real  genuine  worth  on  your 
part. 

Do  not  use  the  surname  alone  when  speaking  of  your  husband  or 
wife  to  others.      To  say  to  another,  that  "  I  told  Jones,"'  referring  to 
your  husband,  sounds  badly.      Whereas,  to  say,  "  I  told  Mr.  J 
shows  respect  and  good-breeding. 

Do  not  feel  it  incumbent  upon  yourself  to  carry  your  point  in  con- 
versation. Should  the  person  with  whom  you  are  conversing  feel 
the  same,  your  talk  will  lead  into  violent  argument. 

Do  not  yield  to  bashfulness.  Do  not  isolate  yourself,  sitting  back 
in  a  corner,  waiting  for  some  one  to  come  and  talk  with  you.  Step 
out:  have  something  to  say.  Though  you  may  not  say  it  very  well, 
keep  on.  You  will  gain  courage  and  will  improve.  It  is  as  much 
your  duty  to  entertain  others  as  theirs  to  amuse  you. 

Do  not  attempt  to  pry  into  the  private  affairs  of  others  by  asking 
what  their  profits  are,  what  things  cost,  whether  Melissa  ever  had  a 
beau,  and  why  Amarette  never  got  married.  All  such  questions  are 
extremely  impertinent,  and  are  likely  to  meet  with  rebuke. 

Do   not   whisper   in   company: 


do  not  engage  in  private  conver- 
sation ;  do  not  speak  a  foreign 
which  the  general  com- 
pany present  may  not  comprehend, 
--  it  is  understood  that  the 
foreigner  is  unable  to  speak  your 
own  language. 


Cultured  and  Refined. 


family. 

what  you  are,  and  must  stand  on 

your  own  merit. 

Do  not  contradict.  In  making 
a  correction  say,  "I  beg  your 
pardon,  but  I  had  an  impression 
that  it  was  so  and  so.  "  Be  careful 
in  correcting,  as  you  may  In- 
wrong  yourself. 

Do  not  be  unduly  familiar:  you 


will   merit  contempt  if  you  are. 

Neither  should  you   be   dogmatic  in   your  assertions,  arrogating  to 

yourself  much  consequence  in  your  opinions. 

Do  not  be  too  lavish  in  your  praise  of  various  mrmb.-rs  of  your 
own  family  when  Bpeaking  lo  strangers;  the  person  to  whom  you  are 
speaking  may  know  some  faults  that  you  do  not. 

Do  not  allow  yourself  to  use  personal  abuse  when  speaking  to 
another,  as  in  so  doing  you  may  make  that  person  a  ]if.'  long  enemy. 
A  few  kind,  courteous  words  might  have  made  him  a  life-long  friend. 

Do  rot  discuss  politics  or  religion  in  general  company.      You  prob- 
ably would  not  convert  your  opponent,  and  he  will  not  convert 
Tm  discuss  those  topics  is  to  arouse  feeling  without  any  good  result 

Do  not  make  a  parade  of  being  acquainted  with  distinguished  or 
wealthy  people,  of  having  been  to  college,  or  of  having  visited  I 


which  true  politeness  always  produces.  An  air  of  refinement  in  dress 
and  gesture  indicates  a  degree  of  mental  culture  secured  by  early 
tiaining  and  the  careful  observance  of  the  rules  of  social  etiquette.  In 
such  a  circle  we  should  naturally  expect  the  utterance  of  only  the 
finest  sentiments,  the  earnestness  of  sincerity,  the  purest  of  wit. 
Nothing  is  strained,  far-fetched  or  improper,  and  the  conversation  is 
of  that  character  that  all  may  take  a  part  in  it  and  impart  or  receive 
-  of  truth  and  beauty,  the  remembrance  »>f  which  will  last  as 
long  as  life  itself.  It  is  not  necessary,  in  order  to  reap  these  ad  van - 
i  iges,  to  imass  immense  wealth.  Even  in  the  humblest  households 
politeness,  good  nature  and  an  easy  demeanor  may  be  cultivated 
with  the  happiest  effects. 


Do  not  take  it  upon  yourself  to 
admonish  comparati 
on  religious  topics;  the  persons 
to  whom  you  speak  may  have 
decided  convictions  of  their  own 
in  opposition  to  yours,  and  your 
over-zeal  may  seem  to  them  an 
impertinence. 

Do   not   aspire    to   be 
story-teller:  an  inveterate    teller 
stories  becomes  very  tire- 
some.     To  tell  one  or   two    witty, 

short,  new  stories,  appropriate  to 
the  occasion,  is  about  all  that 
one  person  should  inflict  on  the 
company. 

Do   not    indulge    in    satire;  no 
doubt  you  are  witty,  and  you  could 
say  a  most  cutting  thing  that  would 
bring  the  laugh   of  the  company 
upon    your    opponent,     but    you 
must  not   allow  it.  unless   to   re- 
buke an   impertinent   fellow  who 
pressed  in  noother  way. 
Do  not  fori.'*'!  thai  "words  are  the  chariot  wheels  of  thought,"  and 
S    nuel  Johnson,  Addison  and  Goldsmith  won  honor  by  the 
grace  and  e1<  their  languafj 

Do  not  spend  your  time  in  talking  scandal:  you  sink  your  own 
moral  nature  by  so  doing,  and  you  arc.  perhaps,  doing  great  injustice 
to  those  about  whom  you  talk.  My  do  not  understand  all 

the  circumstances.     Were  they  understood,  you  would,  doi 
be  much  more  lenient. 

Do  not  flatter;   in  doing  so  you    embarrass   those   upon   whom   you 
nay  not  wish  to  offend  you  by  repelli 
and  yet  they  realize  that  if  they  accept  it  they  merit  your  contempt 
You  may.  however,  commend  their  work  whenever  it  can  truthfully 
be  done:    but  do  not  bestow  praise  where  it  is  not  deserved. 


L54 


SUGGESTIONS    CONCERNING     I  III:    DANCE. 


The  Dance-  Rules  that  Should  Govern  It. 
The  Preparations.    The  Invitations  and  General  Conduct  of  the  Entertainment. 


E  entertainment  yon  Intend  giving  is  larger 
than  a  dinner  party— one  to  which  yon  "ill 
Invite  n  greater  number  <>f  yonr  friends  and 
associates — so  great  a  number,  Indeed,  of  young 
and  middle-aged  people,  that  the  Berions  question 
is,  bow  they  shall  be  entertained;  you  conclude  that  yon  will  allow 
them  to  dance,  and  yon  will  name  your  entertainment  a  ball. 

In  this  connection  we  will  not  express  an  opinion  concerning  the 
propriety  or  the  Impropriety  ol  dam  Ing.  I"  the  simple  act  of  pass- 
ing through  the  figures  of  the  dance  there  need  be  no  wrong 
committed;  but,  as  the  ball  Is  often  conducted,  very  Berions  and 
unfortunate  results  follow. 

Evils  of  the  Ball. 
For  tin-  company  to  assemble  at  a  late  hour  and  engage  in  unusual, 
exciting  and  severe  exercise  throughout  the  entire  night  i-  often  too 
great  a  tax  upon  the  physical  Bystem  To  drees  too  thinly,  and  In  a 
.1  ,ti  ol  perspiration  to  be  exposed,  as  ladies  at  the  ball  frequently 
an-,  to  drafts  of  cold,  Is  oftentimes  to  plan!  the  seeds  of  a  disease 

from  which  the]  never  recover.     Again,  to  c i  in  contact,  as  ladies 

:M-,.  |iaWe  to  'i".  more  especially  at  the  public  ball,  » 1th  disreputable 
men,  Is  sometimes  to  form  alliances  that  will  cause  n  lifetime  ol 
sorrow. 

Well  may  the  watchful  parent  look  with  anxiety  and  suspicion 
upon  the  ball,  because  Its  associations  are  so  frequently  dangerous, 
if  in  this  chapter  we  may  give  admonitions  and  suggestions  thai  shall 

t,.,„l  t rrecl  ■ i  of  the  evils  of  the  dance,  onr  labors  will  not  be 

in  vain. 

The  dancing-master  should  beln  the  highest  Bense  "f  the  term  a 
gentleman  ;  be  should  be  thoroughly  BChooled  in  the  laws  of  etiquette; 
i  man  of  good  moral  character;  he  should  l>e  a  pbysiol- 
hc  should  be  a  reformer.   Sucha  man  at  the  bead  of  ad 

Bel i  would  be  of  infinite  assistance  to  the  young  men  and  women 

Ing  upon  the  stage  of  action.     In  hie  class  be  would  teach  Ids 

pupils  the  laws  of  good  behavior:  he  would  warn  them  concerning 
the  evils  of  bad  association;  be  would  instruct  them  in  the  Importance 
of   regularity  of  habit   and   of  keeping  proper  hour-:  with  which 
Instruction  he  wonld  reform  many  abuses  that  now  exist  at  pnbllc 
entertainments 
Fortunately  we  have  some  instructors  who  appreciate  the  Impor- 
r  their  work,  and  are  thus  instrumental  In  doing  a  great  amount 
,  to  those  n  ho  arc  so  favored  as  to  attend  tie  Ir  classes. 
How  to  Conduct  the  Ball. 
The  management  of  the  ball  will  largely  depend  upon  whether  it  is 
a  public  or  private  entertainment.     If  public,  it  will  be  under  the 


control  of  managers  who  will  send  out  tickets  to  those   likely  to 

attend,  ofien  several  weeks  before  the  bail  is  given.     These  tickets 

are  sent  only  to  gentlemen  who  invite  such  ladies   to  attend   the    kill 
with  them  as  they  may  choose. 
In  tendering  tin-  invitation,  the  gentleman   frequently  visits  the 

lady  personally .     If  he  sends  a  written  note  of  invitati 'be  form 

may  be  as  follows  : 

Wednesday,  Oct.  n> 
Hiss  Hammond : 

Mtnj  I  havt  tin  pleasun  of  your  company  to  thi  ball  at 
the  Gran>  I  Central  Hotel,  i»  -V. "   York,  "nil"  evening  of Qctobn 
at  eight  O'clockt  Very  respectfully, 

W.  II  SIMPSON. 

The  following  may  be  the  reply  : 

Thursday,  Oct.  ii. 
Mr.    II".  //.  Simpson  : 

Tehall  i"  it'ipjni  tn  accompany  you  t>>  ti,.  t,nu  at  tin 
i  Central  ""  tlu  evening  of  October  zjth. 

C  I /.'/.'//•:  Ii.  HAMMOND. 

or,  if  the  invitation  is  declined,  the  note  may  have  this  form  : 

Thursday,  Oct.  it- 
Mr.    if.  //.  Simpson  : 

I  regret  that  abeena  from  tin   city  (or  assign  such 
niher  cause  as  may  occasion  tie-  refusal  i  will  deprivt  if  of  tin  ph  as 
urt  of  accompanying  you  in  tin  /"til  m  tin   Grand  Central  <"<  tin 

/  of  OctObt  r  2$th. 

C  LRRIE  II.    II  AM  Mil  Ml 

If  the  hall  is  to  be  given  at  a  private  residence,  the  note-  of  invita- 
tion should  be  sent  by  messenger  or  post  to  each  guest,  two  or  three 
week-  before  the  dance,  and  will  read  as  follow-: 

Mrs.  Conklln'e  compliments  to  Was  Henry,  requesting  thi  pleasurt 
of  h.  r  company  at  a  ball  on  Thursday  evening,  April  uii,.  ai  eight 
o'clock. 

Thi-  should  invariably  be  au-wered  within  a  day  or  two,  and,  if 
accepted,  the  reply  may  read  in  the  following  form: 

bflss  Henry's  compliments  in  Mrs.  Conklin,  accepting  with  pleasvrt 
her  kind  invitation  for  Thursday  evening.  A/nit  i.-ih 

If  declined,  tin  answer  may  be — 

Miss  II'  nry'scompllnu  nts  tn  Mrs.  Conklin,  n  gretting  that  tl":  recent 
death  of  a  reUUiVi  (or  assign  such  other  cause  a-  may  occasion  the 
refusal]  "ill  prevent  her  acceptance  of  it"  kind  Invitation  for  the 
evening  of  April  u/h. 


i-i.i:m>   «>f   invitations — INDIVIDUAL  CONDUCT. 


155 


Invitations  to  all  the  Family. 

In  sending  invitations  to  a  family  where  there  are  parents,  eons 
and  daughters,  all  of  whom  you  desire  to  invite,  inclose  an  invitation 
full  and  complete  to  the  heads  of  the  family,  one  to  the  daughters, 
and  one  to  the  sons.  Should  there  be  a  visitor  staying  with  the 
family  a  distinct  card  must  be  sent,  but  all  can  be  inclosed  in  one 
envelope,  and  addressed  to  the  lady  of  the  house.  The  invitation  to 
each  may  read  as  follows: 

(To  i lie  Parents.) 

Mr.*.  Hobart's  compliments  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hanson,  requesting 
the  plea*'"'  of  tin  -r  company  <•<  <>  hull  on  the  evening  of  Sept.  8th,  at 
S  o'rlo, !. 

R.  8.    V.  P.* 

(To  the  Daughters.) 

Mr.*.  Hobart's  compliments  to  Misses  Ruth  and  Mary  Hansori* 
requesting  the  pleas'/rt  of  their  attendance  at  a  ball,  Sept.  8th,  at  8 
o'clock. 

R.  S.    V.  PA 

(To  the  Sons. ) 

Mrs.  Hobart's  regards  to  Messrs.  Robert  1>  .  Henry  11.  and  Chas. 
C.  Hanson,  soliciting  their  company  at  a  ball  on  the  evening  of  Sept. 
8th,  at  8  o'clock. 
R.  S.   V.  P. 

(To  the  Visitor.  > 

Mrs.  Hobart's  respects  to   Miss   Williamson,  desiring  the  pleasure 
of  her  company  at  a  ball  on  the  evening  of  Sept.  8th,  at  8  o'clock. 
R.  S.    V.   P. 

The  acceptance  or  regrets  from  each  party  invited  should  be 
inclosed  in  one  envelope,  and  directed  to  the  hostess,  being  sent  by 
a  messenger  within  from  one  to  three  days  after  the  time  the  invita- 
tions are  received. 

The  hostess  having  considered  how  many  sets  may  be  accommo- 
dated in  the  dancing-room,  it  may  be  well  to  invite  twice  that 
number  to  the  entertainment,  thus  allowing  for  those  who  will  decline 
and  for  those  who  will  desire  to  rest  while  the  others  are  engaged  in 
the  dance. 

The  requisites  of  a  room  suitable  for  dancing  purposes  are  a  smooth 
floor  and  good  ventilation;  added  to  these,  an  elaborate  trimming  of 
the  room  with  various  decorations  will  be  appropriate.  Floral 
embellishment  gives  much  attraction,  and  if  an  abundance  of  flowers, 
shrubbery  and  evergreens  are  about  the  music-stand,  concealing  the 
musicians  from  view,  the  effect  will  be  all  the  more  charming. 

The  dressing-room  should  be  provided  with  servants  to  receive 
the  wraps,  to  each  of  which  a  card  should  be  attached  bearing  the 
name  of  the  owner,  or  checks  may  be  provided  and  the  Bame  93  stem 
pursued  as  is  ordinarily  observed  in  checking  baggage. 

A  dressing-table  in  the  ladies'  room  should  be  supplied  with  soap, 
water,  towels,  brushes,  combs,  pomade,  face-powder,  cologne, 
needles,  Ihread,  pins.  etc.  :  while  water,  soap,  towels  brush-broom, 
comb,  hair-brush,  bootjack,  and  blacking-brush,  with  a  bos  of 
blacking,  should  be  in  the  gentlemen's  dressing  apartment. 

Unlike  the  dinner-party,  it  is  not  absolutely  necessary  that  each 
guesl  come  promptly  at  a  certain  time;  still,  for  the  sake  of  regularity 
of  sleep,  it  is  well  for  each  to  go  early  and  to  retire  early,  though  it 
will  be  allowable  to  go  somewhat  later  than  the  hour  appointed. 

The  host  and  hostess  should  be  near  the  floor  to  welcome  arrivals, 
occupying  any  unused  time  in  making  the  guests  acquainted  with 
each  other  by  introductions.  Other  members  of  the  family  will  also 
intermingle  with  the  company,  giving  introduction-  und  seeing  that 
all  are  provided  with  partners  for  dancing. 

•    K  s   v.  P.— Fran  tha  Pnnofa,  "Rtpandn  I'll  tout  pi  .n  "     \ 1  if  you  dImsc 

t    K.  S.  V.  P.  mny  be  considered  unnecessary,  m  a  reply  shouVI  nUnv*  w   m  i  , 


It  is  expected  that  those  who  accept  an  invitation  to  a  ball  are  able 
to  dance;  otherwise  it  is  better  to  decline,  as  the  wall-flower  serves 
but  to  embarrass  the  hostess  and  other  member-  of  the  company. 

A  gentleman,  having  arranged  to  accompany  a  lady  to  a  ball,  may 
very  appropriately  send  her  a  bouquet  of  flowers  in  the  afternoon, 
and  in  the  evening  he  should  call  promptly  with  his  carriage  at  the 
appointed  hour.  Upon  reaching  the  house  where  the  entertaii 
is  given,  he  will  conduct  the  lady  immediately  to  the  ladies'  dr< 
room;  when,  retiring  to  the  gentlemen's  apartment  and  putting  bl- 
own toilet  in  order,  he  will  return  to  the  door  of  the  ladies'  room, 
meet  his  charge,  and  conduct  her  to  the  ball-room  and  the  hoe 

Etiquette  requires  thai  the  lady  dance  first  with  her  escort,  and 
afterward  he  should  Bee   that  she  is  provided  with  partners,  and  that 
she  enjoys  herself,  though  she  may  dance  with  whom  she  p 
He  should  conduct  her  to  supper,  and  will  hold  himself  in  readiness 
to  escort  her  home  whenever  she  desires  to  go. 

In  inviting  a  lady  to  dance,  various  forms  of  invitation  may  be  used 
to  avoid  repetition,  as,  "Will  you  honor  me  with  your  baud  for  the 
quadrille?"  "  May  1  have  the  honor  of  dancing  this  set  with  you?" 
"May  I  have  the  pleasure?"   "  Will  you  give  me  the  pleasure?"  etc. 

A  gentleman  who  may  be  at  the  party  unattended  will  invite  one 
of  the  ladies  of  the  house  for  the  first  dance,  but  she,  possibly  being 
otherwise  occupied  or  engaged,  will  quite  likely  introduce  him  to 
another  lady,  whom  he  must  accept. 

The  music  will  first  play  a  march,  then  a  quadrille,  a  waltz,  a  polka, 
a  galop,  etc.,  interspersed  with  several  round  dances  to  each 
quadrille,  usually  ending  with  a  march  prior  to  supper,  when  the 
gentleman,  presenting  his  arm  to  the  lady  he  is  dancing  with  at  the 
time,  unless  she  has  come  with  another  gentleman,  will  proceed  to 
the  table,  where  possibly  a  little  more  freedom  will  prevail  than  at 
the  dinner-party,  though  essentially  the  same  etiquette  will  govern  it. 

If  any  lady  is  without  an  attendant,  it  should  be  the  duty  of  the 
lady  of  the  house  to  see  that  -he  is  provided  with  an  escort.  After 
supper  several  dances  will  follow,  the  company  dispersing,  let  as 
hope,  at  an  early,  temperate  hour. 

Each  dancer  should  be  provided  with  a  ball-card  bearing  a  printed 
programme  of  the  dances,  having  a  space  for  making  engagements 
upon  the  same,  with  a -mall  pencil  attached.  Much  care  should  be 
taken  to  keep  eacli  engagement.  It  is  a  great  breach  of  etiquette  to 
invite  a  lady  to  dauce  and  then  fail  to  remind  her  of  her  promise 
when  the  time  comes  for  its  fulfillment. 

It  is  customary  for  the  lady  and  gentleman  who  accompany 
other  to  the  ball   to  dance  together  once  or  twice  only ;  to  dai 
partners  oftener  is  likely  to  excite  remark,  though,  if  the   parties  be 
indifferent  to  comment,  no  harm  will  be  done.     To  dance  together 
continually  is  impolite,  and  will  desen edly  provoke  severe  criticism. 

While  upon  the  floor,  awaiting  the  music,  a  lady  and  gen- 
should  avoid  Ion-  conversation-,  a-  they  are  likely  to  interfere  with 
the  dance:  hut  a  pleasant  word  or  two  in  li-lit  conversation  will  be 
appropriate  if  the  parties  are  acquainted;  if  not.  they  may  quietly 
wait.  The  bow  should  be  given  at  the  commencement  and  close  of 
each  dance. 

General  Suggestions  to  Those  who  Attend  Balls. 

When  all  the  ladies  are  provided  for  at  tin-  table  then  the  gentle- 
men may  think  of  their  own  supper. 

Ladies  will  consult  their  own  pleasure  about  recognising  a  ball- 
room acquaintance  at  a  future  me< 

Gently  glide  in  the  dance,  wearing  a  pleasant  expression,  "  Bow 
the  head  slightly  as  you  touch  hands  lightly.  " 

Should  you  make  a  mistake  in  tak:  to  the 

party  incommoded,  and  take  another  place  in  the  Bet 


156 


WHAT    TO    OBS1  RVK    AND    WllA'I 


1"    A\m|d    AT    THK    BALL. 


Any  difficulty  or  misunderstanding  :it  a  public  ball  should  be 
referred   to   the   master  of  cert- monies,  who  mi   should   be 

deemed  Anal. 

In  tendering  an  En\  Etation  to  the  lady  to  dance,  allow  her  to< 
nate  what  eel  it   Khali  be,  and  yon  are  expected  to  Btrictiy  fulfill 
the  engagement 

A  gentleman  who  goes  to  a  ball  should  dance  frequently;  if  be 
does  noti  he  will  not  receive  many  Invitations  afterward;  be  is  not 
Invited  to  ornament  the  wall  and  "wait  for  supper." 

After  dancing,  a  gentleman  should  conduct  the  lady  to  a  seat, 
unless  she  otherwise  desires;  be  should  thank  her  for  the  pleasure 

she  has  conferred,  hut  he  should  not  tarry  too  long  in  intimate 
conversation  with  her. 
A  gentleman  having  taken  a  lady's  seat  during  a  dance  must  rise 
as  ii  i'  o\  or,  and  invite  lu-r  to  come  ami  take  ii  again.  It  Is 
notneceesary  to  bow  more  than  once,  though  yon  frequently  meel 
acquaintances  upon  the  promenade;  to  how  every  time  would  be 
tiresome. 

What  Conduct  to  Avoid  at  the  Ball. 

A  ball-room  engagement  should  not  be  broken. 

A  lady  should  not  enter  or  cross  the  hall  unattended. 

No  gentleman  Bhould  enter  the  ladies'  dressing-room  at  a  ball. 

No  evidence  of  ill-nature  should  ever  -how  Itself  at  the  ball. 

Never  had  a  lady  in  the  hall  by  the  hand:  always  offer  the  aim 

Stfl    should    remain    at  the    supper-table    no    longer    than    i- 
necessary. 

A  couple  should  not  engage  in  a  long,  private,  confidential  talk  in 
a  ball-r 

While  "in-  dance  is  in  progress  it  is  not  in  good  taste  to  be 
arranging  for  another. 

Do  not  ni.'.iL'r  yourself  for  th«'  last  two  or  three  dances;  it  may 
keep  yon  too  late. 

Neither  married  nor  unmarried  ladies  should  leave  a  ball-room 
ilage  unattem 

ntleman   should     not    wait    until    the    music    lias    coin:;! 
before  selecting  his  partner. 

Do  not  aim  to  put  in  all  the  Bteps  in  the  quadrille.  Tbc  figure-  are 
now  executed  in  a  graceful  walk. 

\  gentleman  should  not  insist  upon  a  lady  continuing  to  dance 
when  she  has  expressed  a  desire  to  sit  down. 

i  the  flrsl  set,  it  is  not  etiquette  for  married  people  to 

tier  at  either  a  public  or  private  ball. 
Do  nut  contend  for  a  position   in  the  quadrille  at   either  I" 
sides.     It  indicates  frivolity.      You  should  be  above  it 

A  gentiemai  >l  take  a  vacant    scat    beside   a  lady    wlthOUl 

asking  permission,  whether  he  is  acquainted  or  not. 

The  lady  should  never  accept  of  an  invitation  to  dance  with  one 
gentleman  immediately  after  having  refused  another. 

No  lady  at  a  ball  Bhould  be  without  an  escort  at  the  supper-table. 
The  hoi  I  -■<■  that  -In-  i-  provided  with  one 

A  gentleman  should  never  presume  upon  the  acquaintance  of  a 
lady  ufter  a  bull;  ball-room  Introductions  close  with  the  dancl 

-   should    H--   boast   to  others,  who  dance  but  little,  of  the 
>r  which  they  are  engaged  in  advance. 
No  gentleman  should  use  his  bare  hand  to  press  the  waist  of  alady 
in  ih.    waltz.      If  without  gloves  carry  a  handkerchief  in  the  hand. 

ly  should  not  select  a  gentleman  to  hold  her  bouquet,  fan  and 


-   during  the  dance,  unless  b<    be   her  husband,  escorl  or  a 

relative. 

Gentlemen  should  never  forget  that  ladies  are  tlr-t  to  he  cared  for. 

to  have  the  tx  md  to  always  receive  the  most  courteous 

attention. 
a  gentleman  in  waltzing  should  not  encircle  the  waist  of  a  lady 

until  the  dancing  commences,  and  he  should  drop  his  arm  when  tl"' 
music  ceases, 

No  gentleman  whose  clothing  or  breath  Ls  tainted  with  tin  fames 
of  strong  drink  or  t  ild  ever  enter  tin-  presence  of  ladies 

in  Mir  dancing  room. 

When  the  company  has  been  divided  into  two  different  set-  yon 
should  not  attempt  to  change  from  one  To  the  "'her.  except  by 
permission  of  the  master  of  ceremonies, 

A  lady  should  not   refuse  to  be  introduced  to  n  at  a 

private  ball.       At  a  public   ball    she    will    use   her  discretion,  and  she 

can  with  propriety  refuse  any  Introduction. 

rapper  in  gloves.  White  kids  should  be  worn  at 
other  times  throughout  the  dancing.  It  is  well  to  have  two  pur-, 
one  before  supper,  and  one  afterward. 

Ladies  should  not  be  allowed  to  sit  the  evening  through  without 
the  privilege  of  dancing.     Gentlemen  should  be  sufficiently  watchful 

to  Bee  that  all  ladies  present  are  provided  with  partners. 

DO  not,  unless  for  very  urgent    reasons,  withdraw  from  a  quadrille 

or  a  get  where  your  assistance  i-  required,      Even  then  you 
Inform  the  master  <-f  ceremonies,  that  he  may  find  a  substitute. 

A  gentleman  should  not  invite  a  lady  to  be  his  partner  in  a  dance 
with   which    he    i-^    not    perfectly   familiar.     It    is    tiresome   and 

embarrassing  to  a  lady  to  have  a  partner  who  appears  awkward. 
No  gentleman  sbonld  pi  i  u  in  the  bull-room.      i> 

a  break-down,  making  unusual  noise,  dressing  in  a  peculiar  style, 
Swaggering,  B Winging  the  arm-  BOOUt,  6tC.  ,  are  simply  the  character- 

i sties  of  the  buffoon. 

The  lady  Is  not   obliged   to  invite  her  escort  to  enter  the 

accompani  and  if  invited  in-  should  decline  the 

on.  Hot  he  Bhould  request  permission  to  call  the  next  day 
oi  evening,  which  will  be  true  politem 

No  display   should  be  made  when   leaving  the  ball.      Go  quietly 
It  is  not  necessary  to  bid  the  host  and  hostess  good- by.     To  do  so 
may  cause  other-  to  think  it  later  than  it  is,  and  thus  the  ball  may  be 
broken  up  sooner  than  the  hostess  mlghl  desire. 

A  lady  may  not  engage  herself  to  two  gentlemen  for  the  same 
dance,  excepting  the  waltz,  the  first  of  which  may  be  danced  with 

one  and  the  last  With  another,  she  explaining    tin*    matter    to  Dl 
partner,  so  that  he    may    not    he  offended    when   -he    haves   him    for 
the  other. 

The  members  of  the  family  where  the  ball  is  given  should  not 
dance  too  frequently.  It  is  possible  thai  others  may  de-ire  to  fill 
their  places,  and  they  should  have  the  Opportunity.  It  is  the  duty  of 
the  family  to  entertain  tin-  guests   and  not  usurp  their  opportm 

The  carrying  on  of  a  secret  and  confidential  talk  in  a  ball-room  is 

to  be  avo  dso  boisterous  and   lond  conversation.     The  old 

adage  of  doing  in  Home  as  the  Romans  do  i-  particularly  applicable 

i  the  ball,  conduct,  dress  and  general  deportment 

being  such  as  not  to  attract  •  -  ution. 

Lleman  sbonld  not  be  offended  if  a  lady  that  has  declined  an 
invitation  from  him  is  -ecu  dancing  with  another.  Possibly  she  did 
n.a  despise  the  one,  but  -he  preferred  the  other,  or  she  may  have 
simply  redeemed  a  forgotten  promise.  Special  evidence-  of  partiality 
Bhould,  however,  as  ranch  a-  po««dble  be  avoided  at  places  where  all 
should  be  courteous  to  each  other. 


HABITS    AM)    MAXNKRS    WHICH    INDICATE    GENTILITY    WHEN'    EATING. 


157 


Etiquette  v 


Table 


THE  TABLE-HOW  TO  SET  AND  ARRANGE   IT. 


HE  dinner-hour  will  completely  test  the  refinement,  the  cul- 
ture and  good  breeding-  which  the  individual  may  pos- 
sess. To  appear  advantageously  at  the  table,  the  person 
must  not  only  understand  the  laws  of  etiquette,  but  he 
must  have  had  the  advantage  of  polite  society.  It  is  the 
provincepf  this  chapter  to  show  what  the  laws  of  the  table 
are.  It  will  be  the  duty  of  the  reader,  in  the  varied  relations  of  life,  to 
make  such  use  of  them  as  circumstances  shall  permit. 

Rules  to  be  Observed. 

Sit  upright,  neither  too  close 
nor  too  far  away  from  the  table. 

Open  and  spread  upon  your  lap 
or  breast  a  napkin,  if  one  is  pro- 
vided—  otherwise  a  handkerchief. 

Do  not  be  in  haste;  compose 
yourself;  put  your  mind  into  a 
pleasant  condition,  and  resolve  to 
eat  slowly. 

Keep  the  hands  from  the  table 
until  vour  time  comes  to  be  serv- 
ed. It  is  rude  to  take  knife  and 
fork  in  hand  and  commence  drum- 
ming on  the  table  while  you  are 
waiting. 

Possibly  grace  will  be  said  by 
some  one  present,  and  the  most 
respectful  attention  and  quietude 
should  be  observed  until  the  exer- 
cise is  passed. 

It  is  the  most  appropriate  time, 
while  vou  wait  to  be  served,  for  you 
to  put  into  practice  your  knowledge  of  small  talk  and  pleasant  words 
with  those  whom  you  are  sitting  near.  Bv  interchange  of  thought,  much 
valuable  information  may  be  acquired  at  the  table. 

Do  not  be  impatient  to  be  served.  With  social  chit- 
chat and  eating,  the  meal-time  should  always  be  pro- 
longed from  thirty  minutes  to  an  hour. 

Taking  ample  time  in  eating  will  give  vou  better 
health,  greater  wealth,  longer  life  and  more  happiness. 
These  are  what  we  may  obtain  bv  eating  slowly  in  a 
pleasant  frame  of  inind,thorough!y  masticating  the  food. 

If  soup  comes  first,  and  you  do  not  desire  it,  you  will 
simply  say,  "  No,  I  thank  you,"  hut  make  no  comment; 
or  vou  may  take  it  and  cat  as  little  as  you  choose.  The 
other  course  will  be  along  soon.  In  receiving  it  vou 
do  not  break  the  order  of  serving;  it  looks  odd  to  see 
you  waiting  while  all  the  rest  are  partaking  of  the 
first  course.  Eccentricity  should  be  avoided  as  much 
as  possible  at  the  table. 

The  soup  should  be- eaten  with  a  medium-sized  spoon,  so  slow 
carefully  that  you  will  drop  none  upon  vour  person  or  the  table-cloth. 
Making  an  effort  to  get  the  last  drop,  and  all  unusual  noise  when  eating, 
should  be  avoided. 


Fig.  9      The  general  arrangement  of  the  table  set  for  a  party  of  twelve  persons. 
The  pialea  are  often  left  off,  and  furnished  by  the  waiter  afterwards. 


If  asked  at  the  next  course  what  you  desire,  you  will  quietly  state,  and 
upon  its  reception  you  will,  without  display,  proceed  to  put  your  food  in 
order  for  eating.  If  furnished  with  potatoes  in  small  dishes,  you  will 
put  the  skins  back  into  the  dish  again;  and  thus  where  there  are  side- 
dishes  all  refuse  should  be  placed  in  them — otherwise  potato-skins  will 
be  placed  upon  the  table-cloth,  and  bones  upon  the  side  of  the  plate.  If 
possible,  avoid  putting  waste  matter  upon  the  cloth.  Especial  pains 
should  always  be  taken  to  keep  the  table-cover  as  clean  as  may  be. 

Eating  with  the  Fork. 

Fashions  continually  change 
It  does  not  follow,  because  he  does 
not  keep  up  with  them,  that  a  man 
lacks  brains;  still  to  keep  some- 
where near  the  prevailing  stvle, 
in  habit,  costume  and  general  de- 
portment, is  to  avoid  attracting 
unpleasant  attention. 

Fashions  change  in  modes  of 
eating.  Unquestionably  primitive 
man  conveyed  food  to  his  mouth 
with  his  fingers.  In  process  of 
time  he  cut  it  with  a  sharpened 
instrument,  and  held  it,  while  he 
did  so,  with  something  pointed.  In 
due  time,  with  the  advancement  of 
civilization,  there  came  the  two- 
tined  fork  for  holding  and  the 
broad  -bladed  knife  for  cutting  the 
food  and  conveying  it  to  the  mouth. 
As  years  have  passed  on, bringing 
their  changes,  the  three  and  four- 
tined    forks    have    come    into  use, 


Fie.  l&    EtdaUrc  position  of  plate, 

napkin,  goblet,  salt-eup,  knife  and 
fork,  when  the  table  is  set. 


and  the  habit  of  conveying  food  with  them  to  the  mouth;  the  advantage 
being  that  there  is  less  danger  to  the  mouth  from  using  the  fork,  and  food  is 
less  liable  to  drop  from  it  when  being  conveyed  from  the  plate.  Thus  the 
knife,  which  is  now  only  used  for  cutting  meat,  mash- 
ing potatoes,  and  for  a  few  other  purposes  at  the  table, 
is  no  longer  placed  to  the  mouth  by  those  who  give 
attention  to  the  etiquette  of  the  table. 

Set  the  table  as  beautifully  as  possible.  Use  only  the 
snowiest  of  linen,  the  brightest  of  cutlery,  and  the 
cleanest  of  china.  The  setting  of  the  table  (Fig.  9) 
will  have  fruit-plates,  castors  and  other  dishes  for  gen- 
eral use,  conveniently  placed  near  the  center.  The  spe- 
cific arrangeni.  :  of  plate,  knife,  fork,  nap- 
kin, goblet  and  salt-cup,  is  shown  in  the  accompanying 
illustration. 

It  is  customary  for  the  gentleman  who  is  the  head 
of  the  household,  in  the  ordinary  family  circle,  to  ?it 
at  the  side  of  the  table,  in  the  center,  having  plates  at 
his  right  hand,  with  food  near  by.  When  "11  the 
family  are  seated,  and  all  in  readiness,  he  will  serve  the  guests  who  may 
be  present;  he  will  next  serve  the  eldest  lady  of  the  household,  then  the 
ladies  and  gentlemen  as  they  come  in  order.  The  hostess  will  siV  oppo- 
site her  husband,  and  preside  over  the  tea,  sauces,  etc. 


ERRORS  TO  BE  AVOIDED. 


N'  »l   speak  disrespectfully  to  the  wait- 

:rs,  nor  apologize  to  them   for  making 

them    trouble;  il  is  their  business  to 

bring  forward  the   food  called  for. 

It  is  courtesy,  however,  when  asked 

i    you  desire  a  certain  article,  to  reply, 

'  If    you    please; "    "  Not    any,    I    thank 

you,"    etc.;    when    calling  for    an   article, 

say,  "Will  you  please  briny  me,"  etc.;  and 

n  the  article  has  been  furnished,  to  say,  "Thank  you.*' 

Never  eat  very  fast 

Never  fill  the  mouth  very  full. 
Never  open  your  mouth  when  chewing. 
Never  make  noise  with  the  mouth  or  throat. 
Never  attempt    to    talk    with    the    mouth    full. 
Never  leave  the  table  with  food    in   the  mouth. 
Never  soil  the  table  cloth  it"  it  is  possible  to  avoid  it. 
Never  carry  away  fruits  and  confectionery  from  the  table. 
Never  em  ouraye  B  dog  or  cat  to  play  with  you  at  the 

Never    use    anything    but  fork   or   spoon    in    feeding 
yourself. 
Never  explain  at  the  table  why       ^j^©-»*- 

certain  foods  do  not  agree  with 
you. 

Never  introduce  disgusting  or 

unpleasant    topics    for  conversa- 
tion. 

Never  pi<  k  your  teeth  or  put 

your  hand  in   your  mouth    wink- 
eating. 

Never  cut  bread  ;  always  break 
it,   spreading   with    butter    eai  h 
U  it. 

Never    come  to  the    table    in 

your     shirt -sleeves,     with      dirty 
hands   or  disheveled  hair. 

Never  expr  fl  ir  any 

particular  parts  of  a  dish,  unless 
requested  to  do  BO.  * 

Never  hesitate  to  take  the  last 
f  bread  or  the  last  cake; 
there  ire  probably  more. 

Never  call  loudly  for  the  wait* 
t  attention  to  your- 
self by  boisterous  conduct. 

Never  hold  bones  in  your  fin- 
gers while    you    eat   from   them. 

Cut  the  meat  with  a  knife. 

Never  use  your  own  knife 
when  cutting  butter.  Always 
use  a  knife  assigned  to  that  pur- 
pose. 

Never  pare  an  apple,  peach  or  pear  for  another  at  the  table  without 
holding  it  with  a  fork. 

Never  wipe  your  fingers  on  the  table-cloth,  nor  clean  them  in  your 
mouth.     Use  the  napkin. 

Never  allow  butter,  soup  or  other  food  to  remain  on  your  whiskers. 
Use  the  napkin  frequi 

Never  wear  gloves  at  the  table,  unless  the  hands  from  some  special 
reason  are  unfit  to  be  seen. 


Fig.  ii.     BAD  MANNERS  AT  THE  TABLE. 


Tips  back  his  chair. 

Bat!  with  his  mouth  loo  full. 

Feeds  a  dog  at  the  table. 

Hold!  his  knlTe  impropcrlj. 

Engages  In  violent  argument  at  the 

meal-lime. 

ipon  the  table. 
Brings  a  cross  child  to  the  table. 


Never,  when  serving  others,  overload  the  plate  nor  force  upon  them 
delicacies  which  they  decline. 

Never    pour   same  over  meat  and  vegetables   when  helping    others. 

Place  it  at  one  side,  on  the  plab  ■ 

Never  mil..  o  I  finding  fault  with  your  food.    Very  quietly 

have  it  changed  it"  you  want  it  different. 

Never   pass    your  plate  with    knife  and    fork  On   the   same.      Rl 
them,  and  allow  them  to  rest  upon  a  piece  of  bread. 

Never  make  a  display  when  removing  hair, insects  or  other  dlsaj 
able  things  from  your  food.     Place  them  quietly  under  the  edge  of  your 
plate. 

Never  make  an  effort  to  clean  your  plate  or  the  bones  you  have  been 
eating  from  too  clean;  it  looks  as  if  you  left  off  hungry. 

Never  tip    bark  in    your  chair  nor   lounge  upon   the  table;  neit!. 
sume  any  position  that  is  awkward  or  ill-bred. 

Never,  at  one's  own  table  or  at  a  dinner-party  elsewhere,  leave  before 

the  rest  have  finished  without  asking  ■  .1.     At   a  hotel  or 

boarding  house  this  rule  need  not  be  observed. 

Never  feel   obliged    to  cut  off  the  kernels  with   a   knife  when    i 
green  corn;  eaten  from  the  cob,  the  corn  is  much  the  sweetest. 

Never  cat  so   much    of  any 
one  article  as  to  attract   atti  n 
tion,  ,l-    i imi  ]"  - ■  ] iii-  do  who  eat 

large  quantities  ot  butter,  Bweel 
cake,  cheese  or  other  articles. 

Never  expectorate  at  the  ta- 
ble; also  avoid  sneezing  or 
coughing.  It  is  better  to  arise 
quietly  from  the  table  if  you 
have  occasion  t<»  do  either.  A 
■    Is  prevented  by  placing 

tin-  finger  firmly  on  the  Upper  lip. 

Never  spit  out  bones,  cherry 
pits,  grape  skins,  etc,  upon  your 

plate.  Quietly  press  them  from 
your  mouth  upon  the  fork,  and 
lay  them  upon  the  side  of  \  our 
plate. 

Never    allow    the    coir 

i  i-  .;i  .ii  the  tabic  todi  ifl  into  any  ■ 
thing   but  chit-chat;    the   con- 

■■  ii  m  i  if  di  i  p  a  rid  al 

principles  will  impair  digestion. 

Never  permit  yourself  to  en- 
gage in   a    heated    argument  at 
the  table.      Neither  should    you 
gestures,    nor    illustrations 

made  with  a  knife  or  fork  on  the 
table-cloth.  The  accompanying 
engraving  (Fig.  n)  very  forci- 
bly illustrates  several    faults  to 

which  many  people  are  ad- 
dicted. 

Never  pass  forward  to  another  the  dish  that  has  been  banded  to  you, 

unless  requested  todo  so,  it  may  have  been  purposely  designed  for  you, 
and  passing  it  to  another  may  give  him  or  her  what  is  not  wanted. 

Never  put  your  feet  so  far  under  the  table  as  to  touch  those  of  the 
person  on  the  opposite  side;  neither  should  you  curl  them  under  nor  at 
the  side  of  your  chair. 

Never  praise  extravagantly  every  dish  set  before  you;  neither  should 
you  appear  indifferent      Any  article  may  have  praise. 


...  ..-  *  | 


Drinks  from  the  saucer,  and  laps  with 
his  tflUguethe  lii*l(Jn>|ifr'in,  | 
Comes  to  the  table  In  blfl  shirt 
and  nuts  I,  Us  chair. 

Picks  his  teeth  with  his  Sogers. 
11.    Scratches  her  bead  and  Is  IhBqneatlf 
unnecessarily    getting   up    from    the 
table. 


to 


REGULATIONS  THAT  SHOULD  GOVERN  THE  DINNER-I'AKTY. 


159 


POLITENESS  AT  THE  TABLE. 


ROPERLY  conducted,  the  dinner-party 
should  be  a  pleasant  aflair;  and  if 
rightly  managed,  from  the  beginning 
to  the  end,  it  may  prove  a  very  en- 
joyable occasion  to  all  in  attendance, 
the  dinner  being  from  5  to  S  P.  M.,  the 
guests  continuing  at  the  table  from 
one  to  two  hours. 

For  a  very  pleasant  social  affair  the 
rule  is  not  to  have  the  company  when 
,_  \  seated  exceed  twelve  in  number.  With  a  party  of 
that  size  the  conversation  can  be  general,  and  all  are 
likely  to  feel  more  at  ease  than  if  the  number  be  larger, 
provided  a  selection  of  guests  is  made  that  arc  con- 
genial to  each  other.  None  of  them  should  be  con- 
spicuously superior  to  the  others,  and  all  should  be 
from  the  same  circle  of  society. 

Having  determined  upon  the  number  of  guests  to  be 
invited,  the  next  thing  in  order  will  be  the  issuing  of 
notes  of  invitation,  by  special  messenger,  which  should 
be  sent  out  ten  or  twelve  days  before  the  dinner  is 
Their  form  will  be  — 


L request  the  pleasure  of  the  com 


given, 

Mr.  and  Mrs, 

party  of  .Mr.  and  Mrs.  T 

at  dinner  on  If  'ednesday, 
the  10th  of  March,  at  six 
o'clock  P.  M. 

R.  S.  V,  P. 

The  answer  accepting  the  in- 
vitation may  read — 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  T ac- 
cept with  much  pleasure   Mr. 

and  Mrs.  L ys  invitation 

for  dinner  on  the  10th  of  March. 

If  declined,  the  form  maybe 
as  follows: 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  T re- 
gret that  a  previous  engage- 
ment (or  for  other  reasons 
which  may  be  given)  tv  ill  pre- 
vent their  accepting  Mr.  and 

Mrs.  L. 's  hind  invitation 

for  dinner  on  the  10th  of  March. 

Should  the  invitation  be  de- 
clined, the  declination,  which 
should  state  the  reason  fornon- 
acceptance  of  the  invitation, 
should  be  sent  immediatelv  bv 
a  messenger,  that  the  hostess 
may  have  an  opportunity  for 
inviting  other  guests  in  the 
place  of  those  who  decline. 

Should  the  invitation  be  ac- 
cepted, nothing  but  serious 
difficultyshould  preventthe  ap- 
pointment being  fulfilled. 
Should  anvthing  happen  to 
prevent  attendance,  notification  should  be  given  the  hostess  immediately. 

It  is  ot  the  utmost  importance  that  all  of  the  company  be  pm 
arriving   from  ten  to  fifteen  minutes  before  the  appointed  time.     To  he 
ten  minutes  late,  keeping  the   dinner  waiting,  is  a  serious  offense  which 
no  one  should  be  guilty  of. 

The  host,  hostess  and  other  members  of  the  family  should  be  1 


Fig.  13.     GENTILITY  IX  THE  DINING-ROOM. 


The  evidences  of  good  breeding  with  a  party 
of  ladles  and  gentlemen  seated  about  a  table, 
who  arc  accustomed  to  the    usages,  of    polite 

society,  are  many.    Among  these  will  be  the  fact 

that  the  table  Is  tctj  beautifully  and  artistically 
spread.    Thli  Deed  not  require  much  wealth,  but 
good  taste  is  necessary  t-i  nl  it  handsomely . 
Again,  the  company  evince  gentility  by  each 


the  drawing-room  to  receive  guests  as  they  arrive,  each  of  whom  should 
be  welcomed  with  a  warm  greeting. 

The  hostess  having  determined  who  shall  accompany  each  other  to 
the  table,  each  gentleman  should  be  informed  what  lady  he  is  expected 
to  escort.  The  hour  having  arrived,  the  host  offers  his  right  arm  to  the 
most  honored  or  possibly  the  eldest  lady  guest,  and  the  gentleman  most 
distinguished  will  escort  the  lady  of  the  house. 

Proceeding  to  the  dining-room  when  all  is  in  readiness,  the  host  will 
take  his  seat  at  the  foot  of  the  table,  and  the  hostess  at  the  head,  the  lady 
escorted  by  the  host  taking  her  seat  at  his  right,  and  the  escort  of  the 
hostess  sitting  also  at  her  right.  The  next  most  honored  seat  is  at  the 
left  of  the  hostess.  The  illustration  (Fig.  12)  upon  this  page  shows  a  com- 
pany thus  seated. 

It  is  fashionable  to  have  cards  laid  upon  the  table,  bearing  the  name, 
sometimes  printed  very  beautifully  upon  silk,  indicating  where  each 
guest  shall  sit,  which  saves  confusion  in  being  seated.  The  ladies  having 
taken  their  places,  the  gentlemen  will  be  seated,  and  all  is  in  readiness  for 
the  dinner  to  be  served,  unless  grace  be  said  by  a  clergyman  present  or 
by  the  host. 

Let  us  hope  if  there  is  any  carving,  it  will  be  done  before  the  meat  is 
brought  to  the  table,  and  the  time  of  the  company  saved  from  this  some- 
times slow  and  tedious  work.  Should  soup  be  passed,  it  is  well  for  each 
one  to  take  it,  and  also  the  various  courses  as  they  are  served,  making  no 

special  comment  on  the  food. 
'■ 

The  gentleman  will,  when  a 

dish  is   brought,  having  seen 

the  lady  he  escorted  provided 

for,  help  himself  and   pass  it 

on;  he  will  pay  no  attention  to 

the    other  lady    near  him,   but 

will  leave  that  to  her  escort 

In  all  cases  he    will    be   careful 
and  attentive  to  the  wants  ot 
the  lady  in  his  charge, 
taining  her  wishes  and  issuing 
her  orders  to  the  waiters. 

Ni  1  pi  'Hie  guest  will  ever  fas- 
tidiously smell  or  examine  any 
article  of  food  before  tasting 
it.  Such  conduct  would  be 
an  insult  to  those  who  have 
invited  him;  neither  will  the 
host  or  hostess  apologize  for 
the  cooking  or  find  fault  with 
each  other,  the  cook  or  the 
done  the 

best   they  could,  there  !■ 
big  left  to  do  but  to  make  the 
best  of  everything  that  is  pro- 
vided. 

'  ial     pains    should    be 

taken  by  the  host  and 
as  well  as  all  the  company,  to 
introduce  topics  of  conversa- 
tion that  shall  be  agreeable  and 
pleasing,  that  the  dinner  hour 
may  be  in  the  highest  degree 

entertaining.     When   all    the 

guests  have  finished  their  eating,  the  hostess,  with  a  slight  nod  to  one 
of  the  leading  members  ot"  the  party,  will  rise,  as  will  all  the  company, 
and  repair  to  the  drawing-room,  where, ;-  >  rse,  the  time  should 

be  spent  for  the  next  two  or  three  hours.     Kt;  nds  that  each 

r  of  the  company  n  ist  an  hour  after  the  dinner  is  fin- 

ished, it  being  Impolite  to  hurry  away  immediately  after  rising  trom  the 

table.      Should  he  do  so,  however,  he  will  OSk  to  K-  e» 


assuming  a  compel  position,  while  eating.     It  is 
not  necessary  that  an  toilet  be  worn  at 

the  table,  but  careful  atteution  shoutd  always  be 
given  to  neatni  1  j><_araucc,  how- 

ever plain  may  bo  the  dress  which  i*  worn. 

Another  evidence  oT   good  manners  Is  the 
ssion  with  which  the  company  deport 
themselves  throughout  the  meal. 


I  til' 


POSITION    BOB    BOLDING    KNIFE,   FOBS    ASH    CUP. 


CORRECT  AND  INCORRECT  POSITIONS. 


■    Incorrect  Position  for  Holding  koifo 
and  Kuril. 


HEREWT1 11  Is 
a  fault  common  with  many 

of  holding  knife  and 
ove  the  hand 
13)   when   mashing    pota- 
toes,  cutting  meat,eti      1 

position  is  not  only  unfa- 
vorable for  obtaining  a 
good  command  of  knife 
and  fork,  but  it  is  likewise 
ungraceful.  The  contrast- 
ing illustration  (Fig.  i() 
represents  an  easy,  grace- 
ful posture  for  hands,  when 
eating.  The  habit  of  holding  the  hands  thus  in  correct  positions  can  be 
acquired  as  easily  as  any  other. 

It  is  well  to  become  accustomed  to  eating  with  the  left 
hand,  so  as  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  changing  the  fork 
from  the  left  to  the  right  hand  frequently  when  eating 
meat.  When  no  knife  is  required  for  spreading,  mash- 
ing or  cutting,  lay  it  aside  entirely  and  eat  only  With 
the  fork,  holding  it  with  the  right  hand. 

Drinking  from  the  Teacup. 

Formerly  it  was  tin-  fashion  to  pour  tea  into  the  sau« 
cer;  not  so  now.  Tea  should  be  gently  sipped  from  the 
spoon  or  cup,  taking  cup  and  spoon  in  hand  (Fig.  15)   iy 


The  spoon  should  never  be 
ed  from  the CUp  when 
the  guest  is  satisfied  with 
its  contents.  Should  the 
cup  be  empty,  and  more  be 
desired,  to  take  the  spoon 
out  and  place  it  beside  the 
cup  in  the  saucer  is  an  in- 
timation to  the  wait 
have  it  refilled.  If  not 
empty,  and  the  spoon  is 
placed  thus  beside  the  cup, 
it  is  an  intimation  to  the 
waiter  that  you  want  the  tea 

changed.     Do  not  call  for  "milk;'*  call  for  and  speak  only  of 
"cream."     Never  set  your  teacup  upon  the  table-cloth.   In  taking  sugar, 
use  only  the  sugar-spoon. 

As  in  all  the  affairs  of  life,  common  sense  must 

always  rise  superior  to  fashion  or  forms  of  etiquette.  In 

this  chapter  on  "  The  Table  "  we  have  aimed  to  give 

ing  outlines  which  should   govern  conduct  in 

the  dining-room.     Much  judgment  will  be  required  to 

always  understand  where  these  rules  should  be  applied. 

Certainly  to  meet  a  company  of  people  at  the  table,  ap- 

I    pear  to  advantage,  carry  forward  an    intelligent  con- 

I    versation,  be  agreeable  and  finish  the   meal,   having 


>ig.  11.    Cornet  PmIUm  te  iioldiug  Knife 
and  Fork. 


eaten,  in  kind  and  quantity,  sufficient  to  preserve  health 
when  drinking,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  diagram.  """  Spoon."*     e  and  vigor,  requires  much  wisdom  and  experience. 

•    The  OOP  with  handle,  or  of  unusual  ti«,  m»j  bo  held  differently. 

tiqpiette  of  -f  parties  in  general 


Sociables,  Tea-Parties,  Private  Theatricals,  Picnics,  Etc. 


HERE  are  many  other  kinds  of  gatherings,  aside  from  the 
formal  dinner-party  and  the  ball,  where  less  formal itj 
quired,  but  where  the  rules  of  etiquette,  nevertheless,  must 
be  continually  brought  into  service.     These  comprise  con- 
versations, Or  private  concerts,  readings,  tea-pai 
private  theatricals,  card-playing,  etc.    At  these  entertaim 

»       some  prefer  dancing,  some  music,  some  conversation,  and  some 
the  playing  Of  games. 

Whatever  may  be  the  nature  of  the  entertainment,  it  is  well  to 
specify  it  in  the  invitation.  Thus,  for  a  large,  full-dress  party,  the  in- 
vitation will  read: 

Miss  y '.*  compliments  to  Miss  H ,  requesting  the  pleas- 

ure  of  her  company  for  Friday  e-cening,  March  to,  at  eight  o'clock. 

For  the  small  party  meeting  for  a  specific  purpose,  the  invitation  will 
read  thus: 

Miss  B requests  the  pleasure  of  Miss  K 's  company  on 

Friday  evening  next  at  8  o'clock,  to  meet  the  members  of  the  Salem  Liter* 
ary  Club,  to  which  Miss  B belongs. 

Or, 

Miss  B zvould  be  happy  to  have  Miss  K- take  part  in   an 

entertainment  consisting  of  readings  and  recitations,  at  her  residence,  on 
Wednesday  evening,  March  fjlh,  at  eight  o'clock. 

Like  the  dinner-party  and  ball,  an  answer  should  be  promptly  re- 
turned.    The  replv  may  read: 

Mis*  h~- accepts  with  pleasure  Miss  B V  kind  invitation 

for  next  Wednesday  evening. 

Unable  to  accept  the  invitation,  the  reply  may  read  as  follows: 


Miss  K regrets  that  a  previous  engagement  (or  other  reason) 

will  prevent  her  accepting  Miss  B V  kind  invitation  for  Wednesday 

evening  next. 

Should  there  be  any  probability  of  mistake  as  to  time,  and  identity  of 
SOU  sending  the   invitation,  the  date  should  be  explicitly  given  in 
the  bodv  of  the  note,  and  the  full  name  and  address  may  be  placed  in 
the  lower  left-hand  corner. 

As  upon  other   occasions,    it  is   the  duty  of  the  host   and   host) 

ie  arrivals  and  make  all  the  guests  feel  at  ease.     To  do  this,  much 
depends  upon  the  hostess,  who,  by  self-possession,  geniality  and  contin- 
ual  movement  among  the   guests,    will    make  all  feel    at   home.      More 
Jly  if  the  entertainment    partakes  of  the  character  of  a  sociable, 
tct  is  necessary  upon  the  part  of  the  family  to  have  the  gathering 
entertained. 

To  keep  the  attention  of  the  company  occupied,  as  many  rooms 
should  be  thrown  open  as  possible,  and  many  objects  of  interest  should 
attend  around  the  apartments  to  interest,  amuse  and  instruct. 
If  among  the  company  there    are    those    particularly  eminent,  there 
should  be  also  other  notables,  that  attention  may  not  be  entire!)  concen- 
trated upon  the  few. 

Special  pains  should  be  taken  that  the  party  does  not  divide  itself  up 
into  cliques,  twos,  threes  or  more,  leaving  a  number  out  who  seem  to 
possess  no  power  to  get  into  conversation. 

While  it  is  not  always  advisable  to  break  up  a  pleasant  conversation 
going  forward  between  two,  three  or  four,  care  must  be  exercised  that 
those  inclined  to  drop  aside  and  spend  the  time  in  conversing  with  each 
other  are  prevented  by  the  hostess  as  much  as  possible  from  so  doing, 
as  the  best  conversationalists,  thus  going  by  themselves,  would  cause 


WAYS    AND    MEANS    BY    WHICH    A    COMPANY    MAY    BE    ENTERTAINED. 


Ml 


the  remainder  of  the  company  to  be  wanting  in  spirit  and  animation. 
The  introduction  of  others  into  the  group,  the  calling  for  a  story,  the 
reading-  of  a  poem,  the  singing  of  a  song,  with  instrumental  music,  will 
thus  effectually  break  up  the  monotony. 

Piano-Playing. 

Should  dancing  form  a  principal  feature  ot  the  entertainment,  and 
the  piano  be  used  to  furnish  music,  the  hostess  or  one  of  the  family 
should  play  the  instrument.  One  of  the  guests  should  not  be  depended 
upon  to  furnish  all  of  the  music.  If  the  hostess  cannot  play,  a  pianist 
for  the  occa  "on  should  be  engaged.  Either  a  lady  or  gentleman -guest 
may  with  propriety  volunteer  to  play,  if  they  choost ;  but  the  hostess 
cannot  expect  that  music,  thus  voluntarily  offered,  will  be  cheerfully 
furnished  for  more  than  one  dance. 

It  is  courtesy,  while  anyone  is  playing  an  instrument,  or  singing,  to 
preserve  as  much  stillness  as  possible.  Should  you  converse,  do  it  so 
quietly  as  not  to  be  heard  by  those  near  the  piano.  Should  your  con- 
versation be  animated,  it  is  well  to  retire  to  another  room. 

Amateur  performers  upon  the  piano  should  thoroughly  commit  to 
memory  a  few  pieces  to  play  independentlv  of  notes,  as  to  take  sheet- 
music  to  a  party  is  a  hint  that  they  expect  to  be  invited  to  plav. 
If  possible,  have  the  voice  in  good  condition  also,  so  as  not  to  be 
obliged  to  complain  of  a  cold.  To  eat  a  small  amount  of  horse-radish 
just  previous  to  reading,  singing  or  speaking,  will  quite  effectually  re- 
move hoarseness. 

Any  ladv-guest  being  invited  to  plav  the  piano,  it  is  courtesy  for  the 
gentleman  nearest  her  to  offer  his  arm  and  escort  her  to  the  instru- 
ment. While  she  is  playing  he  will  hold  her  bouquet,  fan  and  gloves, 
and  should  also  turn  the  leaves  if  he  can  readily  read  music,  but  he 
should  not  attempt  it  otherwise. 

When  a  guest  is  invited  by  another  guest  to  play  the  piano,  it  will  be 
well  to  wait  until  the  request  is  seconded  by  others;  and  even  then  the 
guest  may  not  play  unless  it  should  meet  the  favor  of  the  hostess,  and  it 
is  believed  to  be  the  pleasure  of  the  majority  of  the  company.  If  certain 
that  the  playing  will  be  acceptable,  it  is  well  to  suggest  to  the  hostess  to 
invite  your  friend. 

It  is  very  impolite  to  speak  disparagingly  of  the  piano,  however 
much  it  may  be  out  of  tune,  or  however  inferior  it  may  be.  More  espe- 
cially is  it  a  breach  of  etiquette  to  draw  unfavorable  comparisons  be- 
tween the  instrument  and  another  elsewhere. 

How  to  Entertain  the  Party. 

If  it  happens  to  be  stormy  on  the  evening  of  your  party,  an  awning 
erected  from  the  carriage-landing  to  the  house,  or  a  large  umbrella  car- 
ried by  a  servant,  will  be  a  kind  provision  for  the  comfort  of  the  guests 
as  they  alight  from  their  carriages. 

Suppers  have  wisely  been  dispensed  with  of  late  years  at  the  ordi- 
nary evening  party.  To  furnish  a  full,  late  supper  is  a  piece  of  folly  for 
various  reasons;  among  them  being  the  fact  that  it  is  positively  injuri- 
ous to  the  health  of  the  company  to  eat  it.  The  majority  of  the  party, 
in  all  probability,  do  not  desire  it;  and  consequently  it  is  time,  labor 
and  expense,  upon  the  part  of  the  hostess,  worse  than  thrown  away. 
She  should  have  all  of  her  time  to  devote  to  her  company  ;  to  do  which, 
she  can  provide  only  light  refreshments,  which  may  be  passed  around. 

Among  the  methods  of  entertainment  resorted  to,  aside  from  conver- 
sation and  dancing,  may  be  those  of  a  literary  character.  Thus  a  de- 
batable question  may  be  propounded,  a  presiding  oflin-r  selected, 
assisted  by  two,  four  or  six  others,  two  leading  disputants  appointed, 
debaters  chosen  upon  each  side,  and  the  speakers  given  each  two,  three 
or  five  minutes  to  talk;  the  president  and  board  of  arbitration  to  decide 
the  question  according  to  the  weight  of  argument.  This  is  a  pleasant 
and  profitable  way  of  spending  the  evening,  if  all  can  be  enlisted  and 
be  interested  in  listening  or  have  something  to  say. 

Another  intellectual  and  pleasant  mode  o(  spending  an  evening  is 
for  each  member  of  the  company  to  read  or  recite  something  that 
shall  interest,  amuse,  instruct  and  entertain  the  audience.  To  do 
this  rightly,  some  one  should  be  appointed  to  act  as  master  of  cere- 
monies for  the  evening,  being  assisted  by  two  or  three  others,  who  will 
make  suggestions.     It  will  be  the  duty  of  the  presiding  officer,  at  these 


parlor  recitations,  to  ascertain  in  the  beginning  what  each  one  will  re- 
cite, make  out  a  programme,  and  then  announce  the  various  readers  and 
speakers  of  the  evening,  as  they  come  in  turn,  having  the  exercises  suit- 
ably interspersed  with  music.  The  pleasure  of  the  occasion  will  much 
depend  upon  having  every  piece  upon  the  programme  short,  and  clearly 
announced  by  the  presiding  officer. 

Parlor-theatricals  and  parlor-concerts  are  a  pleasant  means  of  enter- 
taining an  evening  gathering  —  a  company  of  six,  eight,  or  more,  thor- 
oughly mastering  a  play  and  giving  it  to  an  audience  that  may  assemble 
in  the  parlors.  To  have  an  entertainment  of  this  kind  pass  smoothly 
through,  some  competent  person  must  take  upon  himself  or  herself  the 
duties  of  manager.  Each  player  should  be  consulted  before  parts 
are  assigned,  and  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  the  players  be 
each  prompt  in  rendering  their  parts.  It  is  the  province  of  the  hostess 
to  act  the  part  of  stage-manager,  unless  she  appoints  some  one  from  the 
audience  to  conduct  the  exercises. 

Croquet  parties  are  very  fashionable,  and  are  a  healthful,  pleasant 
means  of  diversion.  The  essentials  necessary  to  make  the  game  pleas- 
ant are  good  grounds  that  can  be  shaded,  and  clean,  comfortable,  cool 
seats.  A  table  may  beset  in  the  shade,  and  refreshments  served  thereon  ; 
or  they  may  be  passed  to  the  guests  as  they  sit  in  their  seats. 

On  all  occasions  when  a  nurtibcr  of  people  convene  together,  whether 
indoors  or  out,  the  laws  of  courtesv  should  be  obeyed.  It  is  the  duty 
of  the  gentlemen  to  be  ever  attentive  to  the  ladies.  If  it  be  a  picnic, 
the  gentlemen  will  carry  the  luncheon,  erect  the  swings,  construct  the 
tables,  bring  the  water,  provide  the  fuel  for  boiling  the  tea,  etc.  On  the 
fishing  excursion  they  will  furnish  the  tackle,  bait  the  hooks,  row  the 
boats,  carry  the  fish,  and  furnish  comfortable  seats  for  the  ladies.  In 
gathering  nuts,  they  will  climb  the  trees,  do  the  shaking,  carry  the  nuts, 
and  assist  the  ladies  across  the  streams  and  over  the  fences.  If  possible, 
in  crossing  the  fields,  go  through  the  bars  or  gateway,  and  avoid  the  ne- 
cessity of  compelling  the  ladies  to  clamber  over  the  fences.  Should  it 
be  necessary  to  climb  them,  it  is  etiquette  for  the  gentleman  to  go  over 
first,  and  when  the  lady  is  firmly  on  the  top,  he  will  gently  help  her 
down. 

It  should  ever  be  the  rule,  with  both  ladies  and  gentlemen,  upon  all 
such  occasions,  to  render  every  assistance  possible  to  entertain  the 
company.  Self  should  be  forgotten.  More  or  less  assistance  is  all  the 
time  required  by  the  managers  of  the  outdoor  gatherings,  and  labor  is 
continually  necessary  to  make  the  occasion  pleasant.  To  aid  in  render- 
ing the  affair  agreeable  by  needed  assistance  will  very  likely  give  you 
more  pleasure  than  to  be  entertained  yourself. 

Etiquette  for  Public  Places. 

It  is  not  etiquette  for  a  young  lady  to  visit  a  place  of  public  amuse- 
ment with  a  gentleman,  alone,  with  whom  she  is  but  slightly  acquainted. 
Her  escort  should  the  first  time  invite  another  member  of  the  family  to 
accompany  her. 

The  gentleman  should  make  a  point  of  extending  his  invitation  to  the 
ladv  long  enough  before  the  entertainment  to  be  able  to  secure  desirable 
seats.  Most  of  the  pleasure  of  the  occasion  will  depend  upon  being  so 
seated  as  to  be  able  to  witness  the  performance  to  advant 

The  lady  having  received  a  note  of  invitation,  she  should  replv  to  the 
same  immediately,  that  the  gentleman  may  make  his  arrangements  ac- 
cording 

Should  the  weather  be  stormy,  and  for  Other  reasons,  it  will  be  a 
very  graceful  way  of  complimenting  the  lady  to  provide  a  carriage  for 
the  occasion. 

Seats  having  been  secured,  it  is  not  necessary  to  arrive  until  about 
five  minutes  before  the  commencement  of  the  performance.  It  is  bad 
manners  to  go  late  to  a  public  entertainment;  the  bustle  and  noise  inci- 
dent to  the  late  arrival  i>  often  a  serious  interference  with  the  exercises 
of  the  occasion. 

Upon  entering  the  hall,  secure  a  programme  for  each  member  of  your 
partv,  and  follow  the  usher  to  the  designated  seats.  The  gentleman  will 
go  first,  and  pause  at  the  entrance,  allowing  the  lady  to  pass  into  the 
seat,  when  he  will  follow. 


11 


L62 


1I"\V    TO    MARK    TIIK    VISIT    AGREEABLE. 


Etiquette  of  •;  Visiting. 


WHEN,  WHERE  AND  HOW  TO  VISIT. 


_    «*o  -»-*>**3  Zfisis~*-~ » 


h  EFORE  making  a  visit,  you  should  be  per- 
fectly i  ertain  that  your  visit  will  be 
agreeable. 


It  is  common  for  some  people  to  be  very 

cordial,  and  even  profuse  in  their  offers 

of  hospitality.  They  unquestionably  mean 

what  they  say  at  the  time,  but  when  they 

ihf%   tender  you  an  invitation  to  come  and  tarry 

Jfcj&    weeks,  it  may  seriously  incommode  them 

if  you  should  pay  them  8  visit  of  even  a 

few  days. 

Asa  rule,  a  visit  should  never  be  made  upon  a  gen- 
eral invitation.  Should  you  visit  a  city  where  a  friend 
resides,  it  will  be  best  to  go  first  to  the  hotel,  unless  you 
have  a  special  invitation  from  the  friend.  From  the  hotel 
you  will  make  a  polite  call,  and  if  then  you  are  invited, 
you  can  accept  of  the  hospitality. 

In  all  cases  when  you  contemplate  a  visit,  even  with 
relatives',  it  is  courtesy  to  write  and  announce  your  com- 
ing, giving,  as  nearly  as  possible,  the  day  and  exact 
time  of  your  arrival. 
An  invitation  to  visit  a  friend  should  be  answered  as  soon  as  may  be; 
stating  definitely  when  you  will  come,  and  how  long  you  intend  to  stay. 
When  near  yemt  destination,  it  is  well  to  send  a  prepaid  telegram, 
Stating  upon  what  train  you  will  arrive.  As  a  reward  for  this  fore- 
thought, you  will  probably  find  your  friends  waiting  for  you  at  the  depot, 
and  the  welcome  will  be  very  pleasant. 

What  is  Expected  of  the  Guest  when  Visiting. 

Ybu  are  expected  to  pleasantly  accept  such  hospitality  as  your  friends 
can  afford. 

If  no  previous  understanding  has  been  had,  the  visit  should  he  limited 
to  three  days,  or  a  week  at  most 

You  Should  make  your  visit  interfere  as  little  as  possible  with  the 
routine  work  of  the  household  in  which  you  are  a  guest. 

You  should  aim  to  conform  your  action,  as  much  as  may  be,  to  the 
rules  of  the  house,  as  to  times  of  eating,  retiring  to  rest,  etc 

You  should  '"'ate  upon  your  arrival  how  long  you  intend  to  stay,  that 
your  friends  may  arrange  their  plans  to  entertain  accordingly. 

Letters  and  papers  being  received  in  thi    pre  eno  of  the  host,  h 

and  others,  the  guest  should  ask  to  be  excused  while  reading  them. 

Furnish  your  own  materials  in  doing  work  for  yourself  whim  you  are 
lUCh  as  possible,  and  never  depend  upon  your  entertainers. 

A  kind  courtesy,  while  you  remain,  will  be  to  execute  some  work 
representing  your  own  skill,  to  be  given  the  hostess  as  a  memento  of 

You  should  In  shopping  or  transacting  business,  when  you  desire  to 

go  alone,  select  the  hours  of  the  day  when  your  friends  are  engaged  in 
their  own  dul  i 

The  mn>.t  should  beware  of  making  unfavorable  comment  about  the 
friends  of  the  host  and  hostess,  or  of  offering  unfavorable  criticism  upon 
what  they  are  known  to  favor  or  admire. 


Should  you  happen  to  injure  any  article  or  other  property  while 
visiting,  you  should  have  the  same  immediately  repaired,  and,  if  possible, 
the  article  put  in  better  condition  than  it  was  before. 

You  should  not  treat  your  friend's  house  as  if  it  was  B  hotel,  making 
calls,  visiting,  transacting  business  about  the  town,  and  coming 
and  going  at  all  hours  to  suit  your  own  conveniens  e. 

Never  invite  a  friend  who  may  call  upon  you  to  remain  to  dinner  or 
supper.  This  is  a  right  which  belongs  to  the  hostess,  and  it  is  for  her  to 
determine  whether  she  wishes  your  guest  to  remain  or  not. 

The  guest  should  aim  to  render  efficient  assistance  in  case  of  sickness 
or  sudden  trouble  at  the  house  where  the  visit  maybe  made.  Oftentimes 
the  best  service  will  be  rendered  by  considerately  taking  your  leave. 

Invitations  accepted  by  the  lady-guest  should  include  the  hostess,  and 

those  received  by  the  hostess  should   include-  the  guest     Thus,  as  much 
as  possible,  at  all    places  of  entertainment  hostess  and  guest  should  go 

together. 

While  husbands  and  wives  are  alwavs  expected  to  accompany  each 
other,  where  either  may  be  invited,  it  is  a  trespass  upon  the  generosity 
of  the  friend  to  Like  children  and  servants  unless  they  are  included  in 
the  invitation. 

Never  invite  a  friend  who  calls  upon  you  into  any  other  room  than  the 
parlor,  unless  it  is  suggested  by  the  hostess  that  you  do  so.  While  you 
may  have  the  right  to  enter  various  rooms,  you  have  no  authority  for 
extending  the  privilege  to  others. 

Immediately  upon  the  return  to  your  home,  after  paying  a  visit,  you 
should  write  to  your  hostess,  thanking  her  for  hospitality  and  the  enjoy 
ment  you  received.  You  should  also  ask  to  be  remembered  to  all  of  the 
family,  mentioning  each  one  by  nam.  . 

Expenses  which  the  friends  may  incur  in  removal  and  care  of  bag- 
gage, in  repairs  of  wardrobe,  m  anv  other  personal  service  requiring  cash 
outlay,  the  guest  should  be  careful  to  have  paid.  Washing  and  ironing 
should  be  sent  elsewhere  from  the  place  where  the  guest  is  visiting. 

The  lady-guest  should  beware  of  receiving  too  many  visits  from 
gentlemen,  and  if  invited  to  accompany  them  to  places  of  amusement  or 
on  riles,  she  should  consult  with  the  hostess  and  learn  what  appoint- 
ments she  may  have,  and  whether  the  going  with  others  will  be  .satis- 
factory to  her. 

Should  a  Secret  of  the  family  come  into  your  possession  while  on  a 
visit,  you  should  remember  that  the  hospitality  and  privileges  extended 
should  bind  you  to  absolute  secrecy.  It  is  contemptibly  mean  to  bei  ome 
the  possessor  of  a  secret  thus,  and  afterwards  betray  the  confidence 
reposed  in  you. 

Be  careful  that  yOU  treat  With  kindness  and  care  servants,  horses,  ear- 

and  other  things  at  your  friend's  house  which  are  placed  at  your 

I.     To  pluck  choice  flowers,  to  handle   books   roughly,  to  drive 

to  i.i   t,  to  speak  harshly  to  servants— all  this  indicates  selfishness 

and  bad  main  i 

The  visitor  should  beware  of  criticism  or  fault-finding  with  the  family 
of  the  hostess.  It  is  also  in  extremely  bad  taste  for  the  guest  to  speak 
disparagingly  o(  things  about  the  home  or  the  town  where  the  visit  is 

being  made,  being  at  the  same  time  enthusiastic  in  praise  of  people  and 

places  elsewhere. 


4- 


■WHAT    TO    DO    ASD    WHAT    TO    AVOID    WHEN    VISITING. 


163 


When  a  child  is  taken  along,  the  mother  should  be  very  watchful 
that  it  does  no  injury  about  the  house,  and  makes  no  trouble.  It  is  ex- 
cessively annoying  to  a  neat  housekeeper  to  have  a  child  wandering 
about  the  rooms,  handling  furniture  with  greasy  fingers,  scattering 
crumbs  over  the  carpets,  and  otherwise  making  disturbance. 

The  gentlemnn  visitor  should  be  certain  th:it  smoking  is  not  offensive 
to  the  various  members  of  the  family,  before  he  indulges  too  freely  in 
the  pipe  and  cigar  about  the  house.  For  the  guest,  without  permission, 
to  seat  himself  in  the  parlor  (Fig.  16),  and  scent  the  room  with  the 
fumes  of  tobacco,  is  a  serious  impoliteness. 

When  you  can  at  times  render  assistance  to  those  you  are  visiting,  in 
any  light  work,  you  will  often  make  your  visit  more  agreeable.  A  lady 
will  not  hesitate  to  make  her  own  bed  if  there  be  few  or  no  servants,  and 
will  do  anything  else  to  assist  the  hostess.  If  your  friend,  however, 
declines  allowing  you  to  assist  her,  you  should  not  insist  upon  the  mat- 
ter further.    • 

Guests  should  enter  with  spirit  and  cheerfulness  into  the  various 
plans  that  are  made  for  their  enjoyment.  Possibly  some  rides  will  be 
had,  and  some  visits  made,  that  will  be  tiresome,  but  the  courteous  guest 
should  find  something  to  admire  everywhere,  and  thus  make  the  enter- 
tainers feel  that  their  efforts  to  please  are  appreciated. 

Of  various  persons  in  the  family  where  the  guest  may  be  visiting, 
gifts  may  most  appropriately  be  given  to  the  hostess,  and  the  baby  or 
the  youngest  child.  If  the  youngest  has  reached  its  teens,  then  it 
may  be  best  to  give  it  to  the  mother.  The  visitor  will,  however,  use 
discretion  in  the  matter.  Flowers  and  fancy  needle-work  will  always 
be  appropriate  for  the  lady.  Confectionery  and  jewelry  will  be  appre- 
ciated by  the  children.  Small  articles  of  wearing  apparel  or  money 
will  be  suitable  for  servants  who  have  been  particularly  attentive  to  the 
guest. 

Special  pains  should  be  taken  by  guests  to  adapt 
themselves  to  the  religious  habits  of  those  with 
whom  they  are  visiting.  If  dailv  prayers  are  had, 
or  grace  is  said  at  meals,  the  most  reverent  attention 
should  be  given;  though  when  invited  to  participate 
in  any  of  these  exercises,  if  unaccustomed  to  the 
same,  you  can  quietly  ask  to  be  excused.  As  a  rule, 
it  is  courtesy  to  attend  church  with  the  host  and  host- 
ess. Should  you  have  decided  preferences,  and  go 
elsewhere,  do  so  quietly  and  without  comment,  and 
under  no  circumstances  should  there  be  allowed 
religious  discussion  afterwards.  You  visit  the  home 
of  your  friends  to  entertain  and  be  entertained.  Be 
careful  that  you  so  treat  their  opinions  that  thev  will 
wish  you  to  come  again.  Fig.  17,    xha  \  li  tor  w\ 

lor  into  a  Son 

Hints  to  the  Host  and  Hostess. 

Take  the  baggage-checks,  and  give  personal  attention  to  having  the 
trunks  conveyed  to  your  residence,  relieving  the  guest  of  all  care  in  the 
matter. 

Having  received  intelligence  of  the  expected  arrival  of  a  guest,  if 
possible  have  a  carriage  at  the  depot  to  meet  the  friend.  Various  mem- 
bers of  the  family  being  with  the  carriage  will  make  the  welcome  more 
pleasant. 

Have  a  warm,  pleasant  room  especially  prepared  for  the  guest,  the 
dressing-table  being  supplied  with  water,  soap,  towel,  comb,  hair-brush, 
brush-broom,  hat-brush,  pomade,  cologne,  matches,  needles  and  pins. 
The  wardrobe  should  be  conveniently  arranged  for  the  reception  of 
wearing  apparel.  The  bed  should  be  supplied  with  plenty  of  clothing, 
a  side-table  should  contain  writing  materials,  and  the  center-table  should 
be  furnished  with  a  variety  of  entertaining  reading  matter. 

Arrange  to  give  as  much  time  as  possible  to  the  comfort  of  the  guest, 
visiting  places  of  amusement  and  interest  in  the  vicinity.  This  should 
all  be  done  without  apparent  effort  on  your  part.  Let  your  friends  feel 
that  the  visit  is  a  source  of  real  enjoyment  to  you  ;  that  through  their 
presence  and  company  you  have  the  pleasure  of  amusements  and  recrea- 
tion that  would,  perhaps,  not  have  been  enjoyed  had  they  not  come. 
Treat  them  with  such  kindness  as  you  would  like  to  have  bestowed 
upon  yourself  under  similar  circumstances. 


At  the  close  of  their  stay,  if  you  would  be  happy  to  have  the  visitors 
remain  longer,  you  will  frankly  tell  them  so.  If  they  insist  upon  going, 
you  will  aid  them  in  every  way  possible  in  their  departure.  See  that 
their  baggage  is  promptly  conveyed  to  the  train.  Examine  the  rooms 
to  find  whether  they  have  forgotten  any  article  that  they  would  wish  to 
tike.  Prepare  a  lunch  for  them  to  partake  of  on  their  journey.  Go  with 
them  to  the  depot  Treat  them  with  such  kindness  and  cordiality  to  the 
close  that  the  recollection  of  their  visit  will  ever  be  a  bright  spot  in  their 
memory.  Remain  with  them  until  the  train  arrives.  They  would  be 
very  lonely  waiting  without  you.  You  will  ever  remember  with  pleasure 
the  fact  that  you  made  the  last  hours  of  their  visit  pleasant.  And  thus, 
with  the  last  hand -shaking,  and  the  last  waving  of  adieu,  as  the  train 
speeds  away,  keep  up  the  warmth  of  hospitality  with  your  guests  to  the 
very  end.     It  is,  perhaps,  the  last  time  you  will  ever  see  them. 


CONDUCT  AT  PLACES  OF  PUBLIC  AMUSEMENT. 

While  a  quiet  conversation  is  allowable  in  the  intervals  after  the 
opening  of  the  performance,  close  attention  should  be  given  to  the  stage. 
Should  it  be  a  concert,  the  utmost  stillness  should  be  observed,  as  the 
slightest  whisper  will  disturb  the  singers.  This  considerate  attention 
should  be  given  to  the  very  end.  It  is  in  exceedingly  bad  taste,  near  the 
close  of  the  last  act,  for  the  audience  to  commence  moving  about,  putting 
on  wraps  and  outer  clothing,  preparatorv  to  leaving.  Those  who  do  so, 
lose  the  choicest  part  of  the  entertainment ;  they  distract  others  who 
wish  to  be  attentive,  and  they  advertise  the  fact  that  thev  have  no  private 
carriage  of  their  own,  but  on  the  contrary  go  by  some  public  convey- 
ance, and  with  characteristic  selfishness  they  intend  to  rush  out  first  and 
secure  the  best  seats. 

If  the  entertainment  be  a  fancy  fair,  where  goods 
which  have  been  manufactured  by  a  company  of  la- 
dies are  sold  for  church  or  charitable  purposes,  good 
sense  will  immediately  suggest  that  as  large  a  price 
should  be  realized  as  possible,  and  hence  it  is  not 
etiquette  for  the  purchaser  to  attempt  to  buy  under 
price.  It  is  also  courtesy  for  the  saleswoman,  when 
a  larger  sum  is  presented  than  is  charged,  to  deduct 
the  price  and  promptly  return  the  change,  unless  the 
surplus  be  donated  to  the  charity. 

Bad  Manners. 

Do  not  forget,  while  you  make  yourself  comforta- 
ble, that  others  have  rights  which  should  be  always 
considered. 

km,,-  u  ...1.1  Do  not  talk  loudly,  laugh  boisterously,  or  make 

violent  gestures. 

Do  not  talk  or  whisper  so  loudly  during  the  entertainment  as  to  dis- 
turb those  sitting  near  you. 

Do  not  make  a  display  of  secrecy,  mystery,  or  undue  lover-like  affec- 
tion with  your  companion. 

Do  not  prevent  vour  companion  from  giving  attention  to  the  exercises, 
even  though  they  may  be  without  interest  to  yourself. 

Do  not,  in  a  picture-gallery,  stind  conversing  too  long  in  front  of 
pictures.     Take  seats,  and  allow  others  to  make  examination. 

Do  not,  if  a  lady,  allow  a  gentleman  to  join  you,  and  th-.is  withdraw 
vour  attention  from  your  escort  And  do  not,  if  a  gentleman,  allow  your 
attention  to  be  taken  up,  to  any  great  extent,  with  a  lady  other  than  the 
one  you  have  in  charge. 

Do  not,  if  a  gentleman,  be  continually  going  from  the  hall  between 
the  acts  of  the  play.  To  be  passing  up  and  down  the  aisle,  eating  pep- 
pers and  cardamom  seeds,  advertises  the  fact  that  you  are  addicted  to 
the  too  frequent  use  of  liquors. 

Do  not  join  a  party  about  to  visit  a  place  of  amusement  unless  invited 
to  do  so.  Should  the  party  consist  of  one  gentleman  and  two  ladies,  a 
gentleman,  if  well  acquainted,  m.iv  ask  the  privilege  of  attending  one  of 
the  ladies.  Should  a  ticket  be  furnished  him,  he  should  return  the  favor 
by  an  equal  politeness  bestowed  upon  the  party,  if  possible,  during  the 
evening. 


If,  I 


WlKiM    TO    sill  i   i     \s    ,\    PARTNER    FoK    LIFE. 


\  Courtship  and  Marriage,  k 


:  - 


<■'■    '■■  Xlv.fr 


>-§> 


XXri 


'-■-, 


'  e^u^^JrCD^ 


CONDITIONS  THAT  PROMOTE  HAPPINESS. 


1 1 E  happiness  of  married  life  comes 
from  pleasant,  harmonious  relations 
existing  between   husband    and  wife. 

If  rightly  mated  in  the  conjugal  state, 
life  will  be  one  continual  joy.  It  un- 
happily wedded,  the  soul  will  be  for- 
ever yearning,  and  never  satisfied; 
**  •£r"^fe  happiness  may  be  hoped  for,  may  be 
dreamed  of,  may  be  the  object  ever  labored  for,  but 

it  will  never  be  realized. 

In  view,  therefore,  of  the  great   influence   that 
marriage  has  upon  the  welfare  ami  happiness  of  all 

those  who  enter  the  conjugal  relation,  it  becomes 

tlu'  duty   of  everyone   to  study   the    laws   which 

(ring    companionships    between 

bands  -iml  wives.     It  is  a  duty  which  not  only 

to   the  unmarried  owe  themselves,  but  it  is  an  ohliga- 

>^   tion   due  to  society,  as  the  well -being  of  a  tomtnu- 

l$y*j      nitv    largely    rests    upon  the    permanent,  enduring 

family  relation, 
sdp    |  ■»  Very  properly  does  the  highest  civilization  not 

% n\V<^      Only   I  'ne   woman    for  one  man,  and  one 


s  p 


man     for    one    WOman,    but    it    ordains    that     mar- 

edj    and   in    view  of  its  sacred   nature 

and  its  vast  influence  on  the  wi  ety,  thai  its  rights  shall  be 

jealous]  paration  of  those  who  pledge  themselves 

to  each  other  for  life  shall  be  as  seldom  made  as  possible. 

The  young  should,  therefore,  be  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  idea  that 
the  marriage  il   be  entered  upon  without  due  and  careful  con- 

sideration of  its  responsibilities,  as  explained  in  the  introductory  remarks 

found  in  the  department  devoted  to  "  Love  Letters." 

The  province  of  this   chapter   is   to  consider  the  etiquette  of  courtship 

and  marriage,  not  it-  moral  bearings;  and  yet  we  may  in  this  connection 
very  appropriately  make  a  few  suggestions. 

Whom  to  Marry. 

There  are  exceptions  to  all  rules.    Undoubtedly  parties  have  married 

on  brief  acquaintance,  and  have  lived  happily  afterwards.  It  is  some- 
times th  ]  the  wife  is  much  older  than  the  husband,  is  much 
wiser,  and  nuch  his  superior  in  social  position,  and  yet  happiness  in  the 
union  may  tollow.  But,  as  a  rule,  there  are  a  few  fundamental  requi- 
sites, which,  carefully  observed,  are  much  more  likely  to  bring  happiness 
titan  does  marriage  where  the  conditions  are  naturally  unfavorable. 

Of  these  requisites,  are  the  following: 

Marry  a  person  whom  you  have  known  long  enough  to  be  sure  of 
his  or  her  worth  —  if  not  personally,  at  least  by  reputation. 

Marry  a   person  who  is  your  equal  in  iiion.     If  there  be    a 

difference  <  ither  way,  U  t  the  husband  be  superior  to  the  wife.  It  is  diffi- 
cult for  a  wife  to  love  and  honor  a  person  whom  she  is  compelled  to  look 
down  upon. 

Marry  a  person  of  similar  religious  convictions,  tastes,  likes  and  dis- 
likes to  your  own.     It  is  not  congenial  to  have  one  companion  deeply 


,  while  the  other  only  ridicules  the  forms  ot  relignm.  It  is  not 
pleasant  for  one  to  have  mind  and  heart  absorbed  in  a  certain  kind 
of  work    which    the  Other    abhors;    and    it    is    equally   disagreeable    to 

entle,  mild  and  sweet  disposition  to  be  united  with  a  cold,  heartless, 

grasping,  avaricious,  quarrelsome   person.     Very  truthfully  does  Luna 
S.  Peck,   in  the    "  Vermont    Watchman,"  describe  one   phase  of   inhar- 

mony,  in  the  following  poem i 


MISMATED. 

HAW  K  once  courted  a  white  little  dove, 

With  the  softest  of  wingS  and  a  voice  full  of  love; 
And  the  hawk  —  O  ves,  .is  other  hawks  go  — 

Was  a  well-enough  hawk,  for  aught  that  I  know. 
Hut  she  was  a  d..\ e, 

And  her  bright  young  life 
II. id  been  nurtured  in  love, 
Away  from  all  strife. 


w 


,  she  married  the  hawk.     The  groom  was  delighted; 
A   P  BSl   was  prepared,  and   the  fiiends  all  invited. 

(Does  anyone  think  that  my  story's  not  true? 
lie  is  certainly  wrong  —  the  facte  are  not  new.) 

i  hi  M  he  flew  to  his  m  st, 

With  the  dove  at  his  side, 

And  soon  all  the  rest 
Took  a  squint  at  the  bride. 

A  hawk  tor  his  father,  a  hawk  for  his  mother, 
A  hawk  for  his  sister,  and  one  for  his  brother, 
And  uncles  and  aunts  there  were  by  the  dozens, 
And  oli,  such  a  number  of  hawks  tor  his  cousins! 

They  were  greedy  and  rough  — 

A  turbulent  crew, 

Always  ready  enough 
To  be  quarrelsome,  loo. 

To  the  dove  all  was  strange;  but  never  a  word 

In  resentment  she  gave  t<>  the  wrangling  she  heard. 

If  a  thought  of  the  peac<  ful,  far  away  nest 

Ever  haunted  her  dreams,  or  throbbed  in  her  breast, 
No  bird  ever  knew; 

Each  hour  of  her  life, 

Kind,  gentle  and  I'M' 

Was  the  hawk's  dove-wife. 

But  the  delicate  nature  too  sorely  was  tried ; 
With  no  visible  sickness,  th<  v  d  and  died; 

Then  loud  was  the  grief,  and  the  wish  all  expressed 
To  call  the  learned  birds,  and  hold  an  inquest 
So  all  the  hirds  I  fl  I 

Hut  each  shook  his  head: 

No  disease  could    he  name 
Why  the  dove  should  be  dead, 

'Till  a  wise  old  owl,  with  a  knowing  look, 

Stated  this:  "  i  ii<  i  ise  is  as  clear  as  a  book; 

No  disease  do  I  find,  <>r  accident's  shock; 

The  cause  <>i  her  death  was  too  much  hawk! 
Hawk  for  her  father,  a  ■  her  mother, 

i  i  and  hawk  for  her  brother, 

Was  more  than  the  delicate  bird  could  bear; 
She  hath  winged  her  way  to  a  realm  more  fair! 

She  w.is  nurtured  a  d"ve, 
I  ■  "  hard  the  hawk's  life  — 

Void  Of  kindness  ;md  love, 

Full  of  hardness  and  strife.*' 

And  when  he  had  told  them,  the  other  birds  knew 
That  this  was  the  cause,  and  the  verdict  was  true  I 


SUGGESTIONS    CONCERNING-    COURTSHIP. 


161 


Natural  Selection. 

In  the  first  place,  observation  proves  that  selections  made  in  nature 
by  the  beasts  of  the  field  and  fowls  of  the  air,  of  couples  which  pair, 
the  male  is  always  the  strongest,  generally  the  largest,  the  most  brave, 
and  always  the  leader.  The  female  follows,  trusting  to  her  companion, 
leaving  him  to  fight  the  heavy  battles,  apparently  confident  in  his  bravery, 
strength  and  wisdom. 

If  nature  teaches  anything,  it  is  what  observation  and  experience 
in  civilized  life  has  also  proved  correct,  that  of  husband  and  wife,  rightly 
mated,  the  husband  should  represent  the  positive  —  the  physical  forces, 
the  intellectual  and  the  strongly-loving;  while  the  wife  will  represent 
the  negative — the  sympathetic,  the  spiritual,  and  the  affectional.  The 
husband  should  be  so  strong  as  to  be  a  natural  protector  to  his  family. 
He  should  be  brave,  that  he  may  defend  his  companion.  He  should  be 
wise,  and  he  should  be  so  thoroughly  true  and  devoted  to  his  wife  that 
he  will  delight  in  being  her  guardian  and  support. 

The  wife,  confident  in  the  husband's  strength  and  wisdom,  will  thus 
implicitly  vield  to  his  protecting  care.  And  thus  both  will  be  happv  — 
he  in  exercising  the  prerogatives  which  belong  naturally  to  the  guardian 
and  protector;  and  she  in  her  confidence,  love  and  respect  for  her  com- 
panion, whom  she  can  implicitly  trust. 

Peculiarities  Suitable  for  Each  Other. 

Those  who  are  neither  very  tall  nor  very  short,  whose  eyes  are  neither 
very  black  nor  very  blue,  whose  hair  is  neither  very  black  nor  very  red, 
—  the  mixed  types  —  may  marry  those  who  are  quite  similar  in  form, 
complexion  and  temperament  to  themselves. 

Bright  red  hair  and  a  florid  complexion  indicate  an  excitable  tem- 
perament    Such  should  marry  the  jet-black  hair  and  the  brunette  type. 

The  gray,  blue,  black  or  hazel  eyes  should  not  marry  those  of  the 
same  color.  Where  the  color  is  very  pronounced,  the  union  should  be 
with  those  ot  a  decidedly  different  color. 

The  very  corpulent  should  unite  with  the  thin  and  spare,  and  the 
short,  thick-set  should  choose  a  different  constitution. 

The  thin,  bony,  wiry,  prominent-featured,  Roman-nosed,  cold-blooded 
individual,  should  marry  the  round-featured,  warm-hearted  and  emo- 
tional.    Thus  the  cool  should  unite  with  warmth  and  susceptibility. 

The  extremely  irritable  and  nervous  should  unite  with  the  lymphatic, 
the  slow  and  the  quiet.  Thus  the  stolid  will  be  prompted  by  the  nervous 
companion,  while  the  excitable  will  be  quieted  by  the  gentleness  of  the 
less  nervous. 

The  quick-motioned,  rapid-speaking  person  should  marry  the  calm 
and  deliberate.     The  warmly  impulsive  should  unite  with  the  stoical. 

The  very  fine-haired,  soft  and  delicate-skinned  should  not  marry  those 
like  themselves;  and  the  curly  should  unite  with  the  straight  and  smooth 
hair. 

The  thin,  long-face  should  marry  the  round -favored;  and  the  flat  nose 
should  marry  the  full  Roman.  The  woman  who  inherits  the  features  and 
peculiarities  of  her  father  should  marry  a  man  who  partakes  of  the  char- 
acteristics of  his  mother;  but  in  all  these  cases  where  the  type  is  not 
pronounced,  but  is,  on  the  contrary,  an  average  or  medium,  those  forms, 
features  and  temperaments  may  marry  either. 

Etiquette  of  Courtship. 

But  however  suitable  may  be  the  physical  characteristics,  there  are 
many  other  matters  to  be  considered  before  a  man  and  woman  may  take 
upon  themselves  the  obligation  to  love  and  serve  each  other  through  life, 
and  these  can  only  be  learned  by  acquaintance  and  courtship,  concern- 
ing which  the  following  suggestions  may  be  appropriate: 

Any  gentleman  who  may  continuously  give  special,  undivided  atten- 
tion to  a  certain  lady,  is  presumed  to  do  so  because  he  prefers  her  to 
others.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  others  will  observe  his  action. 
It  is  also  to  be  expected  that  the  lady  will  herself  appreciate  the  fact, 
and  her  feelings  are  likely  to  become  engaged.  Should  she  allow  an 
intimacy  thus  to  ripen  upon  the  part  of  the  gentleman,  and  to  continue, 
it  is  to  be  expected  that  he  will  be  encour;L-e,l  to  hope  for  her  hand;  and 


hence  it  is  the  duty  of  both  lady  and  gentleman,  if  neither  intends  mar- 
riage, to  discourage  an  undue  intimacy  which  may  ripen  into  love,  as  it 
is  in  the  highest  degree  dishonorable  to  trifle  with  the  affections  of  an- 
other. If,  however,  neither  has  objections  to  the  other,  the  courtship 
may  continue. 

The  Decisive  Question. 

At  length  the  time  arrives  for  the  gentleman  to  make  a  proposal.  If 
he  is  a  good  judge  of  human  nature,  he  will  have  discovered  long  ere 
this  whether  his  favors  have  been  acceptably  received  or  not,  and  yet  he 
may  not  know  positively  how  the  lady  will  receive  an  offer  of  mar- 
riage.    It  becomes  him,  therefore,  to  propose. 

What  shall  he  say?  There  are  many  ways  whereby  he  may  intro- 
duce the  subject.     Among  these  are  the  following: 

He  may  write  to  the  lady,  making  an  offer,  and  request  her  to  reply. 
He  may,  if  he  dare  not  trust  to  words,  even  in  her  presence  write  the 
question  on  a  slip  of  paper,  and  request  her  laughingly  to  give  a  plain 
"no"  or  "yes."  He  may  ask  her  if  in  case  a  gentleman  very  much  like 
himself  was  to  make  a  proposal  of  marriage  to  her,  what  she  would  say. 
She  wilt  probably  laughingly  reply  that  it  will  be  time  enough  to  tell 
what  she  would  say  when  the  proposal  is  made.  And  so  the  ice  would 
be  broken.  He  may  jokingly  remark  that  he  intends  one  of  these  days  to 
ask  a  certain  lady  not  a  thousand  miles  away  if  she  will  marry  him,  and 
asks  her  what  answer  she  supposes  the  lady  will  give  him;  she  will  quite 
likely  reply  that  it  will  depend  upon  what  lady  he  asks.  And  thus  he 
may  approach  the  subject,  by  agreeable  and  easy  stages,  in  a  hundred 
ways,  depending  upon  circumstances. 

Engaged. 

An  engagement  of  marriage  has  been  made.  The  period  of  court- 
ship prior  to  marriage  has  been  passed  by  the  contracting  parties,  doubt- 
less pleasantly,  and  we  trust  profitably. 

Let  us  hope  that  they  have  carefully  studied  each  other's  tastes,  that 
they  know  each  other's  mental  endowments,  and  that  by  visits,  rides 
and  walks,  at  picnics,  social  gatherings  and  public  entertainments,  thev 
have  found  themselves  suited  to  each  other. 

Upon  an  engagement  being  announced,  it  is  courtesy  for  various 
members  of  the  gentleman's  family,  generally  the  nearest  relatives,  to 
call  upon  the  family  of  the  lady,  who  in  turn  should  return  the  call  as 
soon  as  possible.  Possibly  the  families  have  never  been  intimate;  it  is 
not  necessary  that  they  should  be  so,  but  civility  will  demand  the  ex- 
change of  visits.  If  the  betrothed  live  in  different  towns,  an  exchange 
of  kind  and  cordial  letters  between  the  families  is  etiquette,  the  parents 
or  near  relatives  of  the  gentleman  writing  to  the  lady  or  her  parents. 

A  present  of  a  ring  to  the  lady,  appropriately  signalizes  the  engage- 
ment of  marriage.  This  is  usually  worn  on  the  fore-finger  of  the  left 
hand.  If  the  parties  are  wealthy,  this  may  be  set  with  diamonds;  but  if 
in  humble  circumstances,  the  gift  should  in.     Other  presents 

by  the  gentleman  to  the  lady,  of  jewelry,  on  birthdays,  Christmas  or 
New  Year's,  will  be  very  appropriate;  while  she,  in  turn,  may  recip- 
rocate by  gifts  of  articles  of  fancy-work  made  with  her  own  hands. 

Aside  from  the  engagement-ring,  a  gentleman  should  not,  at  this 
period  of  acquaintance,  make  expensive  presents  to  his  intended  bride. 
Articles  of  small  value,  indicative  of  respect  and  esteem,  are  all  that 
should  pass  between  thein.  Should  the  marriage  take  place,  and  coming 
years  of  labor  crown  their  efforts  with  success,  the::  :s  will 

be  much  more  appropriate  than  in  the  earlier  years  of  their  acquaint- 
ance. 

Arrangements  for  a  Permanent  Home. 

It  remains  to  be  seen  whether  the  intended  husband  will  prove  a  finan- 
cial success  or  not.     He  may  be  over  benevolent;  he  may  be  too  ready  to 
become  security  for  others;  he  may  prove  a  spendthrift;  he  may  I 
property  in  a  variety  of  ways.     It  is  therefore  wise  for  the  lady  and  her 
friends  to  see  that,  previous  to  thi  ,  it"  she  have  money  in  her 

'.it,  a  sufficient  sum  be  settled  upon  her  to  provide  for  all  contin- 

in  the  future.     This  is  a  matter  that  the  gentleman  should  him- 
Self  insist  upon,  even  Using  his  own  money  for  the  p  •■.:  my  a 

man  has  found,  when  his  own  fortune  was  the  provision  made 

for  his  wife  to  be  his  only  means  of  support  in  declining  years. 


L66 


II»»\v    THE    WKIUUNti    IS    CONDUCTED. 


Conduct  During  the  Engagement. 

An  engagement  having  been  made,  it  is  desirable  that  it  he  carried  bo 
a  successful  termination  by  marriage.  To  do  this,  considerable  depends 
upon  both  parties. 

The  gentleman  should  be  upon  pleas. int  terms  with  the  lady's  family, 
making  himse  lo  her  parent  rs  and  her  brothers. 

Especially  to  I  members  of  her  family  should  the  gentleman 

render  his  presence  agreeable,  by  occasional  rides  and  little  favors, 
presents  of  sweetmeats,  etc. 

He  Should  also  take  pains  to  comply  with  the  general  regulations  of 
the  family  during  his  visits,  being  punctual  at  meals,  and  early  in  retir- 
ing; kind  and  courteous  t<>  servants,  and  agreeable  to  all. 

He  should  still  be  gallant  to  the  ladies,  but  never  so  officiously  atten- 
tive to  auvone  as  to  arouse  uneasiness  upon  the  part  of  his  affianced. 
Neithei  Kpect  her  to  eschew  the  society  of  gentlemen  entirely 

from  the  time  of  her  engagement. 

The  lady  he  has  chosen  for  his  future  companion  is  supposed  to  have 
good  sense,  and  while  she  may  be  courteous  to  all,  receiving  visits  and 
caiU,  she  will  allow  no  flirtations,  nor  do  anything  calculated  to  excite 
jealousy  on  the  part  of  her  i 

The  conduct  of  both  after  the  engagement  should  be  such  as  to  in- 
spire in  each  implicit  trust  and  confidence. 

Visits  should   not  be  unduly  protracted.    If  the  gentleman  makes 
them  in  the  evening,  they  should  be  made  early,  and  should  not  I 
two  hours  in  length.    The  custom  of  remaining  until  a  late  hour  has 
passed  away  in  genteel  society.   Such  conduct  at  the  present  time, 
the  acquaintance  of  the  lady,  is  certain  to  endanger  her  reputation. 

Por  the  gentleman  and  lady  who  are  engaged  to  isolate  themselves 
from   others  when   in  company,   or  do   anything  that  shall   attract  the 
attention  of  the  company  to  themselves,  is  in  bad  taste.     Such  i 
will  always  call  forth  unfavorable  comments.      The  youilg  ladies  will 

sneer  at  it  from   jealousy,  the  young  men  will  pronounce  it  fooli    I 

the  old  will  consider  it  out  of  pi  i 

And  yet,  by  virtue  of  engagement,  the  gentleman  should  be  i 

ered  the  rightful  escort,  and  upon  all  occasions  the  lady  will  give  him 
preference;  and  he  will  esp  however  thoughtful  he  m  I 

others,  that  her  wants  are  carefully  attended  to. 

Should  a  misunderstanding  or  quarrel  happen,  it  should  be  n  i 
by  the  lady  making  the  first  advances  towards  a  reconciliation,     she 
thus   shows  a    magnanimity  which  can  but  win  admiration  from   her 
lover.     Let  both  in  their  conduct  towards  the  other  be  confiding,  noble 
and  generous. 

The  Wedding. 

The  wedding-day  having  arrived,  the  presents  for  the  bride,  if  there 

be  any,  which  may  be  sent  at  any  time  during  the  previous  week,  will 

be  handsomely  displayed  before  the  ceremony.  The  presents,  which 
have  the  names  of  the  donors  attached,  are  for  the  bride — never  the 
bridegroom,  although  many  of  them  may  be  sent  by  friends  of  the  latter. 

The  form  and  ceremony  of  the  wedding  will  be  as  various  as  are  the 
peculiarities  of  those  who  marry,  and  comprise  every  description  of  dis- 
play, from  the  very  quiet  affair,  with  but  a  few  friends  present,  to 
the  elaborate  occasion  when  the  church  is  filled  to  repletion,  or  in  the 
palatial  residence  of  the    father    of   the  bride,  "the    great    house    filled 

with  g  ery  degree." 

We  will  suppose  that  the  parties  desire  a  somewhat  ostentatious  wel- 
ding, and  the  marriage  takes  place  in  church.  In  arranging  the  prelim- 
inaries, the  bride  may  act  her  pleasure  in  regard  to  bridesmaids.  She 
may  have  none;  she  may  have  one,  two,  three,  four,  six  or  eight;  and, 
while  in  England  it  is  customary  to  have  but  one  groomsman,  it  is 
not  uncommon  in  the  United  Suites  to  have  one  groomsman  for  every 
bridesmaid. 

The  bridegroom  should  make  the  first  groomsman  the  manager  of 
affairs,  and  should  furnish  him  with  money  to  pay  necessary  expenses. 

Ushers  are  selected  from  the  friend?  of  the  bride  and  groom,  who, 
designated  by  a  white  rosette  worn  on  the  left  lapel  of  the  coat,  will 


wait  upon  the  invited  guests  at  the  door  of  the  church,  and  assign  them 
to  their  places,  which  will  be  a  certain  number  of  the  front  seats. 

The  bridegroom  should  send  a  carriage  at  his  expense  for  the  officiat- 
ing clergyman  and  his  family.  lie  is  not  expected  to  pay  for  the  carriage 
of  the  parents  of  the  bride,  nor  for  those  occupied  by  the  bridesmaids 
and  groomsmen! 

The  latter  will  furnish  the  carriages  for  the  ladies,  unless  otherwise 
provided.      The  invited  guests  will  go  in  carriages  at  their  own  expense. 

The  clergyman  i    i  to  be  within  the  rails,  ami  the  congrega- 

tion promptly  in  their  seats,  at  the  appointed  hour.  The  bridegroom  will 
proceed  to  the  church,  accompanied  by  his  mar  relatives,  and  should 
■  the  brnle,  that  he  may  hand  her  from  the  carriage,  if  not  waited 
upon  by  her  lather  or  other  near  relative. 

The  bride  goes  to  the  church  in  a  carriage,  accompanied  by  her 
parents,  or  those  who  stand  to  her  in  the  relation  of  parents  (as  may 
other  relatives,  or  legal  guardian),  or  she  may  be  accompanied  by  the 
bridesm.Li.l-. 

When  the  bridal  party  is  ready  in  the  vestibule  of  the  church,  the 
ushers  will  pass  up  the  center  aisle,  the  first  groomsman,  accompanied 
by  the  first  bridesmaid,  coming  next,  the  others  following  in  their  order. 
The  groom  walks  next  with  the  bride's  mother  upon  his  arm,  followed 
by  the  father  with  the  bride.  At  the  altar,  as  the  lather  and  mother 
ick,  the  bride  tikes  her  place  upon  the  left  of  the  groom. 

Another  mode  of  entering  the  church  is  (or  the  first  bridesmaid  and 
groomsman  to  lead,  followed  by  the  bride  and  groom.  When  in  front  of 
the  altar,  the  groomsman  turns  to  the  right,  the  bridesmaid  to  the  left, 
Leaving  a  space  in  front  of  the  minister  for  the  bride  and  groom;  the 
near  relatives  and  parents  of  the  bride  and  groom  follow  closi  !■ 
form  a  circle  about  the  altar  during  the  ceremony. 

The  former  mode  is,  however,  established  etiquette.  At  the  altar  the 
bride  stands  at  the  left  of  the  groom,  and  in  some  churches  both  bride 
and    groom    remove  the   right-hand  glove.     In   others  it   is   not  deemed 

necessary.    When  a  ring  is  used,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  first  bridesmaid  to 

the  bride's  left-band  glove.  An  awkward  pause  is,  however, 
avoided  by  opening  one  seam  of  the  glove  upon  the  ring  linger,  and  at 
the  proper  time  the  glove  may  be  turned  back,  and  the  ring  thus  (  ISJly 
placed  where  it  belongs,  which  is  the  third  finger  of  the  left  hand. 

Tin  responses  of  the  bride  and  groom  should  not  be  too  hastily  nor 
too  loudly  given. 

Following  the  ceremony,  the  parents  of  the  bride  speak  to  her  first, 
succeeded  by  the  parents  of  the  groom  before  other  fi  ii 

ntially  the  same  ceremonii  s  w  ill  be  had,  the  sarin-  positions  will 
led,  and  the  same  modes  of  entering  will  be  observed,  in  the 
parlors  at  thi  thi    church. 

The  bride  and  groom,  after  the  ceremony,  will  go  in  the  same  carriage 
from  the  church  to  the  home  or  t 

Should  a  breakfast  or  supper  follow  the  ceremony,  the  bride  will   not 

change  her  dress  until  she  assumes  her  traveling  apparel.    At  the  party 

Ling    the    ceremony,    the    bridesmaids   and   groomsmen   should   be 
invited,  and  all  may,  if  thi  >  -  worn  at  the  wed- 

ding. 

The  Wedding  Trousseau. 

It  is  customary,  at  the  wedding,  for  the  young  bride  to  wear  only 
pure  white,  with  a  wreath  of  orange  flowers  to  adorn  the  full  veil  of  lace. 
The  widow  or  elderly  ladv  will  wear  pearl  color  or  tinted  silk,  without 
wreath  or  veil.  The  bridesmaid  of  the  youthful  bride  may  wear  colors, 
but  a  very  beautiful  effect  is  produced  by  pure  white,  with  colored  trim- 
mings. In  s.  .me  cases,  one -half  of  the  bridesmaids  will  wear  one  color, 
and  the  other  half  another  color.  No  black  dresses  should  be  worn  by 
the  guests.  Any  in  mourning  may,  for  the  time,  wear  purple,  lavender, 
iron-gray  and  other  quiet  colors. 

The  bridegroom  and  groomsmen  will  wear  white  gloves,  vest  and 

neckties. 

The  bride's  traveling  dress  should  be  very  quiet  and  modest,  and  not 
such  as  in  anv  way  to  attract  attention. 


CONDUCT   OF    HUSBANDS   AND    WIVES    TOWARD    EACH    OTHER. 


167 


Only  the  bridegroom  is  congratulated  at  the  wedding1;  it  is  he  who  is 
supposed  to  have  won  the  prize.  Acquaintances  of  both  should  speak 
to  the  bride  first;  but  if  acquainted  with  but  one,  they  will  address  that 
one  first,  when  introductions  will  take  place. 

At  the  wedding  breakfast  or  supper  the  bride  sits  by  the  side  of  her 
husband,  in  the  center  of  the  table,  at  the  side;  her  father  and  mother 
occupy  the  foot  and  head  of  the  table,  and  do  the  honors  of  the  occasion, 
as  at  the  dinner-party. 

The  festivities  of  the  occasion  being  over,  and  the  hour  of  departure 
having-  arrived,  the  guests  disperse,  it  being  etiquette  for  them  to  make  a 
formal  call  on  the  mother  of  the  bride  in  the  succeeding  two  weeks. 

Etiquette  Between  Husbands  and  Wives. 

Let  the  rebuke  be  preceded  by  a  kiss. 

Do  not  require  a  request  to  be  repeated. 

N  ever  should  both  be  angry  at  the  same  time. 

Never  neglect  the  other,  for  all  the  world  beside. 

Let  each  strive  to  always  accommodate  the  other. 

Let  the  angry  word  be  answered  only  with  a  kiss. 

Bestow  your  warmest  sympathies  in  each  other's  trials. 

Make  your  criticism  in  the  most  loving  manner  possible. 

Make  no  display  of  the  sacrifices  you  make  for  each  other. 

Never  make  a  remark  calculated  to  bring  ridicule  upon  the  other. 

Never  deceive;  confidence,  once  lost,  can  never  be  wholly  regained. 

Always  use  the  most  gentle  and  loving  words  when  addressing  each 
other. 

Let  each  study  what  pleasure  can  be  bestowed  upon  the  other  during 
the  day. 

Always  leave  home  with  a  tender  good-bye  and  loving  words.  They 
may  be  the  last. 

Consult  and  advise  together  in  all  that  comes  within  the  experience 
and  sphere  of  each  individually. 

Never  reproach  the  other  for  an  error  which  was  done  with  a  good 
motive  and  with  the  best  judgment  at  the  time. 

The  Wife's  Duty. 

Never  should  a  wife  display  her  best  conduct,  her  accomplishments, 
her  smiles,  and  her  best  nature,  exclusively  away  from  home. 

Be  careful  in  your  purchases.  Let  your  husband  know  what  you 
buy,  and  that  you  have  wisely  expended  your  money. 

Let  no  wife  devote  a  large  portion  of  her  time  to  society-work  which 
shall  keep  her  away  from  home  daytimes  and  evenings,  without  the 
full  concurrence  of  her  husband. 

Beware  of  entrusting  the  confidence  of  your  household  to  outside  par- 
ties. The  moment  you  discuss  the  faults  of  your  husband  with  another, 
that  moment  an  element  of  discord  has  been  admitted  which  will  one  day 
rend  your  family  circle. 

If  in  moderate  circumstances,  do  not  be  over  ambitious  to  make  an 
expensive  display  in  your  rooms.  With  your  own  work  you  can  embel- 
lish at  a  cheap  price,  and  vet  very  handsomely,  if  you  have  taste.  Let 
the  adornings  of  your  private  rooms  be  largely  the  work  of  your  own 
hands. 

Beware  of  bickering  about  little  things.  Your  husband  returns  from 
his  labors  with  his  mind  absorbed  in  business.  In  his  dealings  with  his 
employes,  he  is  in  the  habit  of  giving  commands  and  of  being  ol 
In  his  absent-mindedness,  he  does  not  realize,  possibly,  the  change  from 
his  business  to  his  home,  and  the  same  dictatorial  spirit  may  possess 
him  in  the  domestic  circle.  Should  such  be  the  case,  avoid  all  disputes. 
What  matters  it  where  a  picture  hangs,  or  a  flower-vase  may  sit.  Make 
the  home  so  charming  and  so  wisely-ordered  that  your  husband  will 
gladly  be  relieved  of  its  care,  and  will  willingly  yield  up  its  entire  man- 
agement to  yourself. 

Be  always  very  careful  of  vour  conduct  and  language.  A  husband 
is  largely  restrained  by  the  chastity,  purity  and  refinement  of  his  wife. 


A  lowering  of  dignity,  a  looseness  of  expression  and  vulgarity  of  words, 
may  greatly  lower  the  standard  of  the  husband's  purity  of  speech  and 
morals. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  cares  of  the  day,  greet  your  husband  with 
a  smile  when  he  returns.  Make  your  personal  appearance  just  as  beau- 
tiful as  possible.  Your  dress  may  be  made  of  calico,  but  it  should  be 
neat.  Let  him  enter  rooms  so  attractive  and  sunny  that  all  the  recol- 
lections of  his  home,  when  away  from  the  same,  shall  attract  him  back. 

Be  careful  that  you  do  not  estimate  your  husband  solely  by  his  ability 
to  make  display.  The  nature  of  his  employment,  in  comparison  with 
others,  may  not  be  favorable  for  fine  show,  but  that  should  matter  not. 
The  superior  qualities  of  mind  and  heart  alone  will  bring  permanent 
happiness. 

To  have  a  cheerful,  pleasant  home  awaiting  the  husband,  is  not  all. 
He  may  bring  a  guest  whom  he  desires  to  favorably  impress,  and  upon 
you  will  devolve  the  duty  of  entertaining  the  visitor  so  agreeably  that 
the  husband  shall  take  pride  in  you.  A  man  does  not  alone  require 
that  his  wife  be  a  gcod  housekeeper.  She  must  be  more;  in  conver- 
sational talent  and  general  accomplishment  she  must  be  a  companion. 

The  Husband's  Duty. 

A  very  grave  responsibility  has  the  man  assumed  in  his  marriage. 
Doting  parents  have  confided  to  his  care  the  welfare  of  a  loved  daugh- 
ter, and  a  trusting  woman  has  risked  all  her  future  happiness  in  his 
keeping.  Largely  will  it  depend  upon  him  whether  her  pathway  shall 
be  strewn  with  thorns  or  roses. 

Let  vour  wife  understand  fully  your  business.  In  nearly  every  case 
she  will  be  found  a  most  valuable  adviser  when  she  understands  all 
your  circumstances. 

Do  not  be  dictatorial  in  the  family  circle.  The  home  is  the  wife's 
province.  It  is  her  natural  field  of  labor.  It  is  her  right  to  govern  and 
direct  its  interior  management.  You  would  not  expect  her  to  come  to 
your  shop,  your  office,  your  store  or  your  farm,  to  give  orders  how  your 
work  should  be  conducted;  neither  should  you  interfere  with  the  duties 
which  legitimately  belong  to  her. 

If  a  dispute  arises,  dismiss  the  subject  with  a  kind  word,  and  do  not 
seek  to  carry  your  point  by  discussion.  It  is  a  glorious  achievement  to 
master  one's  own  temper.  You  may  discover  that  you  are  in  error,  and 
if  your  wife  is  wrong,  she  will  gladly,  in  her  cooler  moments,  acknowl- 
edge the  fault. 

Having  confided  to  the  wife  all  your  business  affairs,  determine  with 
her  what  your  income  will  be  in  the  coming  year.  Afterwards  ascertain 
what  your  household  expenses  will  necessarily  be,  and  then  set  aside 
a  weekly  sum,  which  should  regularly  and  invariably  be  paid  the  wife 
at  a  stated  time.  Let  this  sum  be  even  more  than  enough,  so  that 
the  wife  can  pay  all  bills,  and  have  the  satisfaction  besides  of  accu- 
mulating a  fund  of  her  own,  with  which  she  can  exercise  a  spirit  of 
independence  in  the  bestowal  of  charity,  the  purchase  of  a  gift,  or  any 
article  she  may  desire.  You  may  be  sure  that  the  wife  will  very  seldom 
use  the  monev  unwisely,  if  the  husband  gives  her  his  entire  confidence. 

Your  wife,  possiblv,  is  inexperienced ;  perhaps  she  is  delicate  in  health, 
also,  and  matters  that  would  be  of  little  concern  to  you  may  weigh 
heavily  upon  her.  She  needs,  therefore,  your  tenderest  approval,  your 
svmpathy  and  gentle  advice.  When  her  efforts  are  crowned  with  suc- 
cess, be  sure  that  you  give  her  praise.  Few  husbands  realize  how  happy 
the  wife  is  made  by  the  knowledge  that  her  efforts  and  her  merits  are 
appreciated.  There  are  times,  also,  when  the  wife's  variable  condition 
of  health  will  be  likely  to  make  her  cross  and  petulant;  the  husband 
must  overlook  all  this,  even  if  the  wife  is  at  times  unreasonable. 

Endeavor  to  so  regulate  your  household  affairs  that  all  the  faculties 
of  the  mind  shall  have  due  cultivation.  There  should  be  a  time  for  labor, 
and  a  time  for  recreation.  There  should  be  cultivation  of  the  social 
nature,  and  there  should  be  attention  given  to  the  spiritual.  The  wife 
should  not  be  required  to  lead  a  life  of  drudgery.  Matters  should  be  so 
regulated  that  she  may  early  finish  her  labors  of  the  day;  and  the  good 
husband  will  so  control  his  business  that  he  may  be  able  to  accompany 
his  wife  to  various  places  o(  amusement  and  entertainment.  Thus  the 
intellectual  will  be  provided  for,  and  the  social  qualities  be  kept  contin- 
uallv  exercised. 


168 


WHAT   TO    Im  i    AN1»    WHAT   TO    AVOID    WHEN    TRAVELING. 


The  wise  husband  will  provide  for  the  moral  and  iwth  of 

his  family  by  regular  attendance  at  church;  the  spiritual  faculties  of 
our  nature  are  given  for  a  beneficent  purpose;  their  exercise  and  culti- 
nd  the  better;  one  day  in  seven,  al  lea  t, 
should  therefore  be  set  apart  lor  the  spiritual  improvement  ol  the  family. 
Select  a  church,  the  religious  teaching  in  which  is  nearest  in 
with  the  views  of  yourself  and  wife,  and  be  regular  in  your 
ance;  accompany  your  wife;   give   hei  are  of  your  i 

see  that  she  is  provided  with  a  good  seat  and  all  the  advantages  which 
the  church  has  to  give;  inter  full  v  and  freely  into  the  relig 
your  church,  and  your  family  will  be  blessed  in  consequence. 

your  wife  every  advantage  which  !'  is  possible  to  bestow.    Stmt 
up  with  her  household  duti  nge  of  freedom  is  nee 

:  [bed,  and  in  her  limited  sphere  she  is  likely  to  remain  stationai  y 

in  her  intellectual    growth.      Indeed,  oftentimes,    if  hi  r   family  be    large 
and  her  husband's    means  are    limited,  in  her   struggle  to   care   for  the 


family  shewill  iccomplishments, health  —  life,  almost  — 

than  that  her  husband  shall  fail  In  the  meantime,  with  wide  op- 
portunities and  intellectual  advantages,  he  will  be  likely  to  have  better 
-  for  growth  and  progression,  There  is  sometimes  thus  a  lia- 
bility of  the  husband  and  wife  growing  apart,  an  event  which  both 
should  take  every  pains  to  avert  In  avoiding  this,  much  will  > 
upon  the  wife.  She  must  resolutely  determini  to  tx  in  every  way  the 
if  her  companion.  Much  also  will  depend  upon  the  husband. 
The  wife  should  have  every  opportunity  whereby  she  nut)  ki  <  , 
pace  with  him. 

Possibly  Hi  i  il  position,  intellectual  acquirement,  and  very 

likely  in  moral  worth,  may  be  superior  to  her  husband.     It  is  equally 
ury,  therefore,  that  the  husband  put  forth  every  effort  to  make  him- 
self worthy  of  his  companion.     It  is  a  terrible  burden  to  impose  on  a  wife 
to  compel  her  to  go  through  life  with  a  man  whom  she  cannot  love  or 

respect 


III.  reader  will  call  to  mind  people  who  always  appear  at 
ease  when  they  are  traveling.  Investigation  will  prove 
that  these  individuals  have  usually  hid  a  wide  experience 
in  journeying,  and    an  extensive  acquaintance  with  the 

world.      The   experienced  traveler   has    learned   the    necessity  of 

always  being  on  time,  <>f  havin  ■■■  checked  early,  of 

purchasing  a  tickel  before  entering  the  car--,  and  of  procuring  a 

t        seat  in  a  good  location  before  the  car  is  full. 

The    inexperienced    traveler   is    readily    known    by   his    Hurry 
and  mistakes.      lie  is  likely  to  be  behind   lime,  and   he  is  likely  to  be  an 
hour  too  early.     l*"or  want  of  explicit 
age  often  fails   to 
h    the  train  in  time,  or  does    not 

it  all.     His  trunks,  from  lack  of 

strength,  are  liable  to  be  easily  bi  ■ 
In  his  general    confusion,   win 
buvs  a  ticket  he    ncglei  i 
where  it  will  be  secure,  and  conse- 
quently  loses  it.     He  forgets  a  por- 
tion of  his  rid    thus  in  a 
he    is    likely  to    be    in 

If  the  person  be  a  lady  who  is  un* 

the    fact    by  a    general     impatience, 

.   :    ■  t-mini 

In    her    want  of    51  on    she 

forgets    several    things    she    had    in- 
tended   to    bring,   and    her    continual 
fault- finding  at  (lies,  dust,  heat,  delay 
the  fact 

that  she    has    not   I  n  rn   ac- 

imed  to  these  difficult 

The  following  suggestions  relating   to  railway  traveling;  may  be  of 
service: 

Whenever  you  contemplate  a  journey,  consider  carefully  whal 
you  want  to  take,  and  decide  it  definitely.     Learn  accurately  what  time  the 

train  leaves,  and  provide  yourself  with  a  table  givin 

of  the  road,  stations  on  the  way,  etc.,  which  will  save  you  the  In 
asking  many  tpacstions. 

1      ou  desire  to  ride  in  a  sleeping-car,  tda;  01  two 

previous  to  the  time  of  going,  in  order  that  you  may  1  e  in  time  to  take  your 
choice.  The  most  desirable  sections  are  in  the  center  of  the  car.  away  from 
the  annoyance  of  dust,  drafts  of  air  and  sudden  noises  resultinj 
opening  and  closing  doors. 


Fig- 1 


At  least  a  daj  before  you  go,  consider  carefully  what  baggage  you 
need  to  take,  and  have  it  packed.  Take  just  as  little  as  possible.  1  [ave 
your  trunks  very  secure,  and  pack  all  articles  Of  baggage  in  such  a  man* 
ner  that  they  cannot  shake  and  thus  be  broken. 

Provide  among  yOUl    baggage  necessary  toilet  articles  —  a  linen  wrap 

to  exclude  the  dust  from  your  finer  clothing,  and  a  small  amount  of  read- 
ing matter  with  very  coarse  type.    See  that  yt  ■■■  i--  perfectly 

in  order,  and  an  hour  before   you   start   engage  an  authorized  express- 

111  in  to  take  your  baggage  to  the  depot.    State  very  distinctly  .whei 

want  the  baggage  taken,  and  for  what  train.      It   is  also  a  wise  provision 
to  have  your  trunk  labeled  with  a  card 

,:  name  ami  destination. 

Take  the  number  of  the  express- 
man, ascertain  his  charge,  ami  with- 
hold payment  until  he  has  assisted  in 
finding  baggage,  ami  has  aided  in 
getting  it  checked  at  the  depot.  Be 
i;rc  that  your  watch  or  clo.  k  is 
CO]  led    With    railroad    time, 

and  that  you,  half  an  hour  b<  fori  the 

Starting  time  o!  the  train,  arrive  at  the 
depot,  buj  a  in  ki  t,  and  take  your  seat 
in  the  ear.     You    arc   probably 

■h    to  take  your  choice  of  loca- 
tion in  the  scats. 

If  in  the  summer  time,  and  the  train 
runs  cast  or  west,  the  north  side  will 
probably  be  most  pleasant.  Seats 
midway  in  the  car  are  easiest  to  ride 
in,  and  tin  left  side  is  freest  from  sud- 
den gusts  of  wind  which  may  come 
in  at  the  open  doors. 

Having  selected  a  seat,  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  deposit  the  satchel,  umbrella  or  some  article  of  wearing- 
apparel  in  the  same,  should  you  not  be  ready  to  occupy  it;  and  it  is 
etiquette  for  anyone  finding  a  scat  so  oh  -ok  further. 

You  should  carry  Just  as  little  baggage  into  the  car  as  p 

hould   have  your  name  plainly  written  or  printed 

upon  them,  which  will  secure  their  being  forwarded  to  you  in  ca 

■ 

1  laving  paid  for  one  ticket,  you  ar.e  entitled  toonly  one  seat.     It  shows 

.    when    the  coach   is  quite  full   to  deposit  a    large 

amount  of  baggage  in   the  surrounding   seats  and  occupy  three  or  four, 

and  engage    in  reading,    while  others    look  in    vain    for  a    place  to  sit 


The  couple  that  make  Ibetnselvea  appear  ridiculous  when  traveling. 


F.TIyUETTE    FOR    GENTLEMEN    TRAVELING    WITH    LADIES. 


L69 


It  is  courtesy  for  a  gentleman  when  sitting  alone  to  offer  the  vacant 
seat  beside  himself  to  a  lady  who  may  be  unattended.  He  will  also  give 
his  seat  to  two  ladies,  or  a  lady  and  gentleman  who  desire  to  sit  together, 
and  take  a  seat  elsewhere.  Such  attention  will  often  be  a  great  kindness, 
while  the  individual  bestowing  it  may  suffer  but  very  little  inconvenience. 

The  true  lady  or  gentleman  will  always  consult  the  convenience  of 
others  when  traveling.  Thus,  care  should  be  exercised  that  no  one  be 
incommoded  by  your  opening  doors  or  windows  in  a  railway  coach.  If 
possible,  so  arrange  that  the  air  of  a  window  that  you  may  open  shall 
strike  full  upon  yourself,  and  not  upon  those  in  the  rear;  certainly  not  if 
it  is  unpleasant  to  them. 

What  to  Avoid  when  Traveling. 

A  lady  and  gentleman  should  avoid  evidences  of  undue  familiarity  in 
the  presence  of  strangers.  Couples  who  may  evince  a  silly  affection  by 
overfondling  of  each  other  in  public  (Fig.  17)  make  themselves  appear 
extremely  ridiculous  to  all  who  may  see  them. 

People  with  weak  eyes  should  avoid  reading  on  the  train,  and  those 


having  weak  lungs  should  avoid  much  talking,  as  an  undue  effort  will 
be  required  to  talk  above  the  noise  of  the  train. 

Passengers  should  avoid  eating  at  irregular  times  on  the  journey,  and 
gentlemen  should  avoid  smoking  in  the  presence  of  those  to  whom  it 
may  be  offensive. 

Avoid  leaving  the  pockets  so  open  and  money  so  exposed  that  thieves 
may  steal  your  effects.  In  the  sleeping-car  the  valuables  should  be 
put  in  some  article  of  wearing -apparel  and  placed  under  the  pillow. 

Avoid  undue  haste  and  excitement  when  traveling,  by  forethought. 
Have  a  plan  matured,  and  when  the  time  comes  to  act  you  will  know 
what  to  do,  and  with  self-possession  you  accomplish  your  work  very 
much  better. 

Avoid  wearing  laces,  velvets,  or  any  articles  that  naturally  accumu- 
late and  hold  dust.  Excessive  finery  or  a  lavish  display  of  jewelry 
are  in  bad  taste  on  extended  journeys.  Before  commencing  a  journey, 
consider  carefully  what  will  be  most  suitable  to  wear,  and  study  how 
little  baggage  may  be  taken. 


Conduct  for  Gentlemen 

— £s3*-  WHEN  -&===— 

TRAVELING    WITH    LADIES. 


If  the  gentleman  is  an  authorized  escort  he  will,  if  an  old  acquaintance, 
accompany  the  lady  in  his  charge  from  her  residence  to  the  depot.  If 
the  acquaintance  is  of  short  duration,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  meet  her 
at  the  depot  in  ample  time  to  purchase  tickets  and  see  that  her  baggage  is 
checked,  while  she  remains  in  the  sitting-room  at  the  station. 

Arrangements  being  made,  he  will  secure  her  a  seat  upon  the  train, 
will  find  a  place  for  packages,  will  attend  to  her  wants  in  adjusting  the 
window,  and  will  aim  to  put  her  entirely  at  ease. 

In  getting  on  and  off  the  train,  the  gen- 
tleman will  care  for  all  parcels  and  see  that 
nothing  is  left.  He  will  assist  the  lady 
into  the  coach  or  omnibus  before  getting  in 
himself,  and  in  getting  out  he  will  precede 
her,  and  afterwards  turn  and  help  her  1  are 
fullv  down. 

If  requested  by  the  lady  to  defray  her 
expenses  from  her  purse,  the  gentleman 
may  take  the  same  and  keep  it  the  entire 
journey,  or  he  may  pay  from  his  own  pocket 
and  keep  an  account  of  expenses  which  she 
will  refund  at  the  end  of  the  journey. 

He  should  purchase  the  needed  confec- 
tions or  literature  on  the  train.  He  should 
be  fruitful  in  the  introduction  of  topics  that 
will  enliven,  amuse  and  instruct  the  lady, 
if  she  is  inclined  to  be  reticent;  and  at  her 
journey's  end  he  should  go  with  her  to  her 
home,  or  the  place  where  she  is  to  stop.  He 
may  call  next  dav,  and  if  the  acquaintance 
seems  desirable  it  may  be  continued.     The 

gentleman  should  be  very  careful  not  to  continue  his  visits  unless  cer- 
tain that  they  are  acceptable. 

If  a  hotel  be  the  point  of  destination,  the  gentleman  will  accompanv 
the  lady  to  the  parlor.  He  will  then  secure  for  her  a  room,  and  leave  her 
in  care  of  a  waiter;  her  desire  being  probably  to  proceed  to  her  apart- 
ments at  once,  where  she  will  remove  the  dust  and  travel  stains  of  the 
]Ournev,  and  meet  him  again  at  a  concerted  hour  in  the  parlor. 

Ladies  and  gentlemen  who  are  strangers,  being  thrown  into  the  com- 
pany of  each  other  for  a  long  journey,  need  not  necessarily  refuse  to 
speak  to  each  other.  While  the  lady  should  be  guarded,  acquaintance 
may  be  made  with  certain  reserve. 


The  Horseback  Ride 

RULES  THAT  GOVERN   IT. 


PlG.  iS.     THE  RIDE  OX  HORSEBACK. 

Tho  Ri-ntlemao  takes  his  position  at  the  right  of  the  ladr 


A  gentleman  who  may  act  as  escort  for  a  lady  when  riding  should  be 
very  careful  that  the  horse  selected  for  her  is  entirely  reliable  and  gentle. 
If  he  has  no  horse  of  his  own,  and  she  has  none  to  which  she  is  accus- 
tomed, he  must  understand  that  there  is  considerable  danger  in  allow- 
ing her  to  use  a  horse  that  has  not  been  tried,  no  matter  what  may 
be  the  representations  of  the  liverymen  or  servant, 

A  trustworthy  horse  having  been  secured  for  the  lady,  it  is  the  gentle- 
man's duty  before  mounting  to  give  a  very 
thorough    examination    of   the  saddle  and 
bridle,  to  see  that  all    are  secure.      It  will 
not  do  to   leave  this  matter    to  the   stable- 
men.    They  are  accustomed   to   such   con- 
tinuous handling  of  harness  that  they  be- 
come  careless,  and  are  liable  to   overlook 
defects  in  buckles,  girths,   etc.,  that  might 
1  severe  accident. 
When  all  is  in  readiness,  it  is  the  gentle- 
man's province  to  assist  the  lady  in  mount- 
ing.    To  do  this,  it  is   well   to   h.r 
one  hold  the  horse,  otherwise  he  holds  the 
bridle  with  his  left  hand.     The   lady,  then, 
with   her   skirt    in   In  r    left    hand,  will  take 
hold  of  the  pommel  of  the  saddle  with  her 
rightj   her  face  turned  towards  the  horse's 
head.      The   gentleman    will    stand    at   the 
horse's  shoulder,  facing  the  lady,  and  stoop, 
allowing  her  to  place   her  left  foot  in  his 
right  hand.     She  will  then  spring,  while  he 
lifts  her  gently  and   steadily  into  her  seat, 
following  which  he  will  place  her  left  foot 
in  the  stirrup  and  arrange  her  riding  habit. 
After  the  lady  is  in  position,  the  gentleman  will  still  remain  with  her 
until  she  has  whip  and    reins  properly  in  hand   and  is  securely  in  her 
seat,  when  he  wilt  mount  his   horse  and   take   his    place  (Fig.    iS)  upon 
her  right,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  illustration. 

Should  there  be  two  ladies  on  horseback,  the  gentleman  should  ride 
to  the  ri^ht  of  both  of  them,  unless  they  may  need  his  assistance,  in 
which  case  he  will  ride  between  them. 

In  dismounting,  the  gentleman  should  take  the  lady's  left  hand  in  his 
right,  remove  the  stirrup  and  tike  her  foot  in  his  left  hand,  lowering  her 
gently  to  the  ground. 


17(1 


THE    GKNKKAT-    MANAGEMENT    OF   THE    FTJNEEAL. 


..-..,-_,-_,-,.- 


~®*#*i£M;'A  '  ■ 


[Etiquette  of  the  Funeral. 


:;  }---*> 


CONDUCT  WHICH  IS  APPROPRIATE. 


Ot'I-D  there  be  no  competent,  near  friend 
of  the  family  to  tike  charge  of  the  funeral, 

then  its  management  should  devolve  upon 
the  sexton  of  the  church,  the  undertaker,  or 
other  suitable  person. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  person  having  the 

funeral    in   charge  to     have    one     interview 

with  the  nearest   relatives  as  to  the   man- 

n nt,   after   which    they  should   be  re* 

of  all  care  in  the  matter. 

The  expense  of  the  funeral  should  be  in  accord- 
ince  with  the  wealth  and  standing  of  the  deceased, 

both  ostentation  and  parade  being  avoided,  as  should 

also  evidences  of  meanness  and   parsimony.     It  is 
well,  'in  the  interview  between  the  manager  and  the 
relatives,  to  have  a   definite  understanding  as  to  the 
that  should  be  incurred. 

In  the  large  city,  where  many  friends  and  even 
relatives  may  not  hear  of  the  death,  it  is  common 
to  send  invitations  to  such  friends  as  might  not 
otherwise  hear  of  the  fact,  worded  somewhat  as 
follows: 

Yourself  and  family  are  respectfully  invited  to  attend  the  funeral  of 

fft  //,  £ (  OH  Thursday,  the  27th  of  June,  1878,  at  2  o'clock  P.  M., 

from  his  late  residence,  JVo.  16, street,  to  proceed to  Rosehill  Ceme- 
tery. 

Or,  if  the  services  are  conducted  at  a  church: 

Yourself  and  family  are  respectfully  invited  to  attend  the  funeral  of 

II.  II.  B ,  from  the  church  of  the  Redeemer,  on    Thursday,  the  27th 

of  June,  18 ,  at  2  o'clock  P.  M.,  to  proceed  to  Rosehill  Cemetery. 

It  is  customary  to  have  these  invitations  printed  according  to  the  forms 
shown  elsewhere  under  the  head  of  "notes  of  invitation,"  and  to  send 
them  by  private  messenger.  The  list  of  invited  persons  should  be  given 
to  the  manager,  that  he  mav  provide  a  suitable  number  of  carriages  for 
the  invited  friends  who  maybe  likely  to  attend.  It  is  a  breach  of  eti- 
quette for  anv  who  have  been  thus  personally  invited  not  to  attend. 

ons  attending  a  funeral  are  not  expected  to  be  present  much 
before  the  hour  appointed.  Previous  to  this  time  it  is  well  for  the  family 
of  the  deceased  to  take  their  last  view  of  the  remains,  and  thus  avoid 
confusion. 

In  assembling  at  the  house,  it  is  customary  for  some  near  relative,  but 
not  of  the  immediate  family,  to  act  as  usher  in  receiving  and  seating  the 
people.  The  ladies  of  the  family  arc  not  expected  to  notice  the  arrival 
of  guests.     With  gentlemen  it  is  optional  whether  they  do  so  or  not. 

The  clergyman,  or  person  chosen  to  make  remarks  upon  the  funeral 
occasion,  should  be  one  whose  religious  views  would  be  most  nearly  in 
accord  with  those  entertained  by  the  deceased.  But  even  if  the  deceased 
had  no  religious,  convictions,  and  a  clergyman  of  any  denomination  may 
be  chosen,  he  should  use  the  courtesy  of  saying  nothing  in  his  discourse 
which  could  in  the  least  offend  the  mourners. 


The  remains  should  be  so  placed,  either  in  the  house  or  church,  that 
when  the  discourse  is  finished,  if  the  corpse  is  exposed  to  view,  the 
assembled  L-ursjs  may  see  the  same  by  passing  in  single  file  past  the 
coffin,  going  from  foot  to  head,  up  one  aisle  and  down  another. 

While  in  the  house  of  mourning,  the  hat  should  be  removed  from  the 
head  of  the  gentlemen,  and  ti"t  replaced  again  while  in  the  house. 

Loud  talk  or  laughter  in  the  chamber  of  death  would  be  a  great 
rudeness.  AH  animosities  among  those  who  attend  the  ftmet.il  should 
be  forgotten,  and  interviews  with  the  family  at  the  time  should  not  be 
expected. 

The  exercises  at  the  house  or  church  being  finished,  the  lergyman 
enti  i  1  carriage,  whi)  It  heads  the  procession.  The  coffin  being  placed 
in  the  hearse,  the  bearers,  who  are  usually  six  in  number,  will  go  in 
threes,  on  each  side  of  the  hearse,  or  in  a  carriage  immediately  before, 
while  the  near  relatives  directly  follow  the  hearse,  succeeded  by  those 
more  distantlv  connected.  As  the  mourners  pass  trom  the  house  10  the 
carriages,  no  salutations  are  expected  to  take  place,  the  gentlemen 
among  the  guests  in  the  meantime  standing  with  uncovered  heads,  as 
they  do  also  when  the  coffin  is  carried  from  the  house  to  the  hearse. 

The  master  of  ceremonies  should  precede  the  mourners  to  the  car- 
riages, see  that  the  proper  carriages  are  in  attendance,  assist  the  ladies 
to  their  place,  and  signal  tin-  drivers  to  pass  forward  as  their  carriages 
are  filled.  Should  the  attending  physician  be  present,  he  will  occupy 
the  carriage  immediately  following  the  near  relatives  of  the  deceased. 

The  pall-bearers  are  selected  from  among  the  immediate   friends  of 
.  b  '  d,  and  should  be  as  near  as  possible  of  correspondinj 
worth  and  intelligence. 

It  is  common,  upon  the  coffin  of  the  infant  or  young  person,  to  lay  a 
wreath  of  white  (lowers,  and  upon  that  of  a  married  person  a  cross  of 
white  blossoms.  Upon  the  coffin  of  a  navy  or  army  officer,  the  hat, 
epaulets,  sash,  sword  and  the  (lag  may  be  borne;  while  his  horse, 
if  a  mounted  officer,  will,  without  a  rider,  be  led  behind  the  hearse.  It 
that  the  private  carriage  of  the  deceased,  with  no 
occupant  save  the  driver,  follows  the  hearse  in  the  procession. 

Arriving  at  the  cemetery,  the  clergyman  will   precede  the  mourners 

to  the  grave;  when  gathered  around,  the  l>earers  will   place  the  coffin  in 

.  and   the  final   prayer  will   be  said.     This  done,  the 

guests  will   depart  for  their  several  homes,  each  informing  the  drivers 

where  they  desire  to  be  left. 

With  the  more  hopeful  view  of  death  which  comes  with  the  Christian 

belief,  tin-re  is  less  disposition  to  wear  evidences  «,f  mourning.  Itls 
well,  however,  todrapc  the  door-knob,  especially  of  the  residence,  with 
crape,  during  the  days  between  the  death  and  the  funeral;  and  the 
family  should  go  out  as  little  as  possible  during  that  time.  The  dreae 
of  all  guests  at  the  funeral  should  be  of  subdued  and  quiet  colore,  and, 
while  for  the  young  person  it  is  customary  to  trim  the  hearse  in  white, 
it  is  common  to  drape  it  in  dark,  with  black  plumes,  for  the  person 
of  mature  years. 

Should  the  deceased  have  been  a  member  of  an  organization  that 
might  desire  to  conduct  the  funeral,  immediate  notification  of  his  death 
should  be  sent  to  the  organization,  that  its  members  may  have  time  to 
make  arrangements  for  attending  the  funeral. 


GETTING    INTO    AND    ALIGHTING    FROM    A    CARRIAGE. 


171 


Etiquette  of  Carriage-Riding. 


PRECAUTIONS  AGAINST  ACCIDENTS. 


>- 


■iHE  mode  of  entering  a  carriage  will  depend  somewhat 

upon  circumstances.     Should  the  team  be  very  restive, 

and  the  gentleman  remain  in   the  carriage  the  better 

to  control  his  horses,  the  lady  will  enter  upon  the  left 

side,  the  gentleman  assisting  her  by  the  hand.     While 

(Jvl  ra>         circumstances   may  sometimes  prevent,  it   is    always 

J  y  J  etiquette  for  the  gentleman  to  see  that  the  lady  enters 

$  the   carriage   first.    To  aid  in  entering  and  alighting 

from  a  carriage  easily  and  safely,  every  residence  should  be  provided 

with  an  elevated  platform  near  the  walk,  beside  which  the  vehicle  may 

be  driven,  as  represented  in  the  illustration. 

Of  two  seats  in  the  carriage  facing  each  other,  that  in  the  rear,  and 
facing  the  horses,  is  the  most  desirable;  the  place  of  honor  being  the 
right  side  of  this  seat,  which  should  be  given  to  any  elderly  person, 
an  honored  guest  or  ladies,  during  the  carriage  ride. 

The  la- 
dies being 
in  place, 
the  gen- 
tlemen 
will  take 
the  seat 
with  their 
backs  to 
the  hors- 
es, care 
being  oh- 
s  e  r  v  e  d 
that  dres- 
ses and 
shawls 
are  not 
shut  in  the 
door  when 
it  is  clos- 
ed.   The 

gentleman  last  in  will  sit  on  the  right,  and  upon  him  should  devolve  the 
giving  of  orders  to  the  driver,  and  any  other  directions  which  the  com- 
pany may  determine  upon. 

At  the  close  of  the  ride,  the  gentlemen  will  dismount  first,  and  after- 
wards help  the  ladies  carefully  from  the  carriage,  taking  care  to  keep 
their  dresses  from  being  soiled  upon  the  wheels. 

The  single  carriage  should  be  driven  as  near  the  curbstone  as  possible, 
on  the  right  side.  The  driver,  having  the  top  of  the  carriage  down, 
should  then  turn  the  horses  to  the  left,  spreading  the  wheels  on  the  right 
side,  giving  an  opportunity  for  the  lady  to  get  into  the  carriage  without 
soiling  her  dress  upon  the  wheels.  The  lady  should  have  both  of  her 
hands  free  to  assist  herself,  while  the  gentleman  (Fig.  19)  should  aid  her, 
as  shown  in  the  illustration.  The  lady  being  in  her  place,  her  escort  will 
take  his  seat  upon  the  right  side,  will  spread  a  lap-robe  in  front  of  the 
lady  and  himself  to  ward  off  dust  and  mud,  and  all  is  in  readiness 
for  the  ride. 

In  getting  from  the  carriage,  the  gentleman  should  alight  first.  He 
should  quiet  the  team,  and  turn  them,  that  the  wheels  may  spread  apart, 
retaining  the  reins  in  his  hand,  that  he  may  hold  the  horses  in  case  of 


fright.  The  lady  should  then  place  her  hands  upon  the  gentleman's 
shoulders  (Fig.  20),  while  her  escort,  taking  her  by  the  elbows,  will  assist 
her  carefully  to  the  ground.  Being  aided  thus  in  safely  alighting,  a 
lady  will,  oftentimes,  be  saved  from  severe  injury. 

The  gentleman  on  the  pleasure  ride  should  not  drive  so  fast  as  to 
throw  mud  upon  the  occupants  of  the  carriage.  He  should  avoid  fast 
driving  if  the  lady  is  timid,  and  at  the  close  of  the  ride  he  should  take 
the  friend  to  his  or  her  residence. 

Horses  should  not  have  their  heads  checked  painfully  high.  They 
will  be  less  shy  if  trained  and  driven  without  blinds.  They  should  be 
driven  with  tight  rein,  and  care  should  be  observed  to  avoid  accidents. 

Ladles  Unattended. 

For  the  advantage  of  the  unattended  lady  who  may  be  stopping  at  a 
hotel,  the  following  suggestions  are  made. 


By  requesting  the  waiter  to  do  so,  he  will  meet  the  lady  at  the  entrance 
to  the  dining-room  and  conduct  her  to  a  seat;  thus  saving  her  the  neces- 
sity of  crossing  the  room  without  an  escort. 

Meeting  friends  at  the  table,  the  lady  should  converse  in  a  voice  so  low 
and  quiet  as  not  to  attract  attention  from  strangers.  Particularlv  should 
she  avoid  loud  laughter  or  any  conspicuous  evidence  of  commenting 
upon  others. 

To  make  the  time  spent  at  the  hotel  pass  agreeably,  care  should  be 
taken  to  obtain  a  pleasant  room  that  will  allow  the  entrance  of  sunshine 
and  fresh  air. 

Orders  at  the  table  should  be  given  in  a  low,  yet  clear,  distinct  voice. 
In  the  interval  while  waiting  to  be  served,  it  is  allowable  to  read  a  paper. 
Staring  about  the  room,  handling  of  the  knife,  spoons,  or  other  articles 
upon  the  table,  should  be  avoided. 

Do  not  point  at  a  dish  wanted.  A  look  in  the  direction  of  the  article 
desired,  and  a  request  to  the  waiter  that  it  l>c  passed,  will  secure  the  dish 
without  trouble. 

The  lady  in  the  dining-room,  unless  accompanied  by  an  escort,  should 
avoid  dressing  ostentatiously.     A  very  modest  dress  is  111  best  taste. 


COM IN  PLACES  DEVOTED  TO  .-I'lklTlAI.  TEACHING. 


"" 


Etiquette  in  Church, 

Suggestions  Concerning  Conduct  Appropriate 
In  the  House  of  Worship. 


The  Stillness,  Order  and   Reverence  Due  the  Place  and  Occasion. 


cill  lull  should  he  entered  withamosl 
reverent  reeling.  The  object  ol  attend- 
ing   divine   service   la    to   improve    the 

spiritual  nature,  and  bence    business  and 
..:    .1  -ecular  character  should 
be  lefl  behind  when  yon  enter  the  church  portule. 

If  a  stranger,  yon  will  wait  in  the  vestibule  until  the  arrival  of  the 
usher,  \\  bo  win  conduct  you  to  a  Beat  ■ 

Enter  tbe  church  quietly,  removing  the  hat,  and  never  replacing  it 
until  the  door  is  reached  again  at  tbe  close  of  the  Bervice. 

If  b  Btranger  and  accompanied  by  a  lady,  you  will  precede  her,  and 
follow  the  usher  up  the  aisle  until  the  pew  [a  reached,  when  ■• 

allow  her  to  pass  in,  and  you  will  follow,  taking  Be  tl 
further  end  if  you  are  first,  bo  that  you  will  not  be  disturbed  by  later 
arrivals.     Ir  is  no  longer  i  le  formerly,  for  the  gentleman  to 

Btep  Into  the  aisle  and  allow  ladies  that  are  Btrangere  to  pass  to  the 

inside. 

The  gentleman  will  place  his  hat,  if  possible,  under  the  Beat,  and 
while  in  church  the  ocenpant  should  avoid  making 
anmnd  the  building,  whispering,  laughing  or  noddin 

All  greetings,  recognitions  and  conversation  should  be  conducted 
vestibule  after  Bervice.     While  En  church,  the  passage  <>r  a 


B  taring 
to  other-. 


fan  or  hymn-book  to  another  should  be  recognized  by  merely  a  quiet 

should  you  see  a  stranger  waiting,  yon  may  Invite  him  to  enter 
your  pew.     No  speaking  is  necessary  then,  nor  when  you  open  the 
book  and  point  out  the  B<  r 
If  a  stranger,  It   la  best  to  conform  to  the  rules  of   I 

itting  down  with  the  congregation;  and,  although  the 
forms  may  be  radically  different  from  what  you  are  accustomed  to, 
mid  comport  yourself  with  the  utmost  attention  and  reverence. 
Ed  making  a  noise  when  entering  a  church  after  the  services 
have  commenced,  it  is  disrespectful  to  come  late,  and  shows  had 
manners  to  leave  before  the  Bervice  is  through.  Yon  should  wait 
until  the  benediction  is  pronounced  befor*  w     putting 

your  articles  in  order  for  leaving. 

It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette  for  a  number  of  young  men  to  con 
in  the  vestibule  and  there  carry  forward  a  conversation,  commenting 
upon  the  Ben  Ices  and  various  members  of  tbe  congregation  present 
If  a  member  of  a  church,  you  should  be  regular  in  attendance. 
While  the  pastor  has  pul  forth,  possibly,  extra  effort  to  prepare  an 
effective  sermon,  It  i-  poor  encouragement  to  And  members  of  tbe 
ii  i     we  of  a  trivial  storm,  away  upon  the  pleas- 
a  thi   contents  of  the  Sunday  paper. 


TREATMENT   OF    EMPLOYES. 


'TAKES  leof  i"  make  the  complete  whole. 

One  cla*-  i-  jnsl  ither.     In  carrying 

forward  great  enterprises,  how  plainly  do  we   see|thi 
ifested.     Take  the-  build  ion: 

A  certain  grade  of  mind  is  essential  to  prepare  the  mad-bid 
and  lay  the  track.     This  '-las-  of  men  masl  b  ive  strong  ph 
s,  and  the  qualities  that  give  tin-  necessary  force  and  energy 
tunnel  moantains  and  remove  all  obstructions. 
Another  class    will  act  i  of  the   laborers,  another  will 

ted  to  acl  as  officers,   while  still 
another  grade  of  mind  projected  th<  and  fnrnished  the 

mean'  foi  carrying  it  to  a  successful  conclnsion. 

A-  in  the  materials  thai  enter  into  the  erection  of  the  building,  the 
fonndal  dow  "  deep  In  the 

earth,  while  they  are  never  seen,  are  nevertheless  just  as  essential 

completion  of  the  building  as  are  the  ornamental  cap 
above  the  window-;  bo,  ;  trade  of  mind doea 

propriate  work.      We  could  not  dispense  with  either,  and  all 
should  have  due  praise. 


•  i  iss  being  thus  dependent  one  upon  the  other,  all  should 
labor  iii  harmony  together.  The  workman  Bbonld  guard  his  empla 

B  >e  promptly  on  time  and  falthfal  to  the 

last] r.     lie  should  make  hi-  work  a  study;  he   Bhould   give   it 

lie  render-  his  services  so  much  the  more  valuable, 
and  his  compensation  In  the  end  i  tier.     Probably,  if  faith' 

ful,  he  may  bui 1  to  tbe  busini  --  of  hi-  employer;  01 

separate  Held.     It  is  certain,  at  any  rate.  If  he  proves  himself  a  com- 
tit  he  is  the  more  likely  in  time  himself  to  become  a 

r  of  other-. 

The  employer,  through  kind  and  pleasant  manner,  may  do  much 
making  the  subordinate  worthy  and  competent     The  work- 
man should  thoronghly   understand  what   the  duty  is  which  be  is 
I  to  perform,  and  lie  should  be  required  pleasantly  yet  firmly 
to  execute  it  to  the  letter.      When  one.  there  Is  B  definite  understand- 
in.' on  hi-  part  a-  to  what  i-  explicitly  required,  it  is  not  necessary 
that  an  employer  use  harsh  means  or  a  manner  in  any  way  dfsconr- 
a  order  to  secure  obedience  to  his  commands.      A  word  of 
encouragement  will  increase  the  harmony. 


!-l  '(.(.KSTInXS    Tip    TKAi  TIM:-. 


173 


*ty  lit    ■ 


1 


/ 


|?HE  following  are  the  requisites  for  suc- 
cessful management  in  the  school- 
room: 
The  teacher  must  be  a  good  judge  of  human 
nature.  If  so,  his  knowledge  will  teach  him  that 
no  two  children  are  born  with  precisely  the  same 
organization.  This  difference  in  mentality  will  make  one  child  a 
natural  linguist,  another  will  naturally  excel  in  mathematics, 
another  will  exhibit  a  fondness  for  drawing,  and  another  for  philoso- 
phy. Understanding  and  observing  this,  he  will,  without  anger  or 
impatience,  assist  the  backward  student,  and  will  direct  the  more 
forward,  ever  addressing  each  child  in  the  most  respectful  manner. 

As  few  rules  as  possible  should  be  made,  and  the  object  and  neces- 
sity for  the  rule  should  be  fully  explained  to  the  school  by  the 
teacher.  When  a  rule  has  been  made  obedience  to  it  should  he 
enforced.  Firmness,  united  with  gentleness,  is  one  of  the  most 
important  qualifications  which  a  teacher  can  possess. 

Everything  should  be  in  order  and  the  exercises  of  the  day  should 
be  carried  forward  according  to*  an  arranged  programme.      The  rooms 

should  be  swept,  the  fires  built  and  the  first  and  second  bells  rung 
with  exact  punctuality.  In  the  same  manner  each  recitation  should 
come  at  an  appointed  time  throughout  the  school  hours. 

The  programme  of  exercises  should  be  so  varied  as  to  give  each 
pupil  a  variety  of  bodily  and  mental  exercise.  Thus,  music,  recrea- 
tion, study,  recitation,  declamation,  etc  .  should  be  BO  varied  as  to 
develop  all  the  child's  powers.  Nbl  only  should  boys  and  girl 
their  minds  with  knowledge,  but  they  should  be  trained  In  The  best 
methodsof  writing  and  speaking,  whereby  nu-y  may  be  able  to  impart 
the  knowledge  which  they  possess. 

The  teacher  should  require  the  strictest  order  and  neatness  upon 

the  part  of  all  the  students,  clean  hands,  clean  face  and  neatly 
combed  hair  should  characterize  every  pupil,  while  B  mat  in  the  door- 


Etiquette  in  the  School. 


mould  remind  every  boy 
and  girl  of  the  necessity  of 
entering  the  schoolroom  with 
clean  boots  and  sb 
ita  of  neatness  and  order 
thus  formed  will  go  with  the 
pupils  through  life. 

At  leas*  a  portion  of  ■ 
day  should  be  set  apart  by 
the  teacher  in  which  to  im- 
part tothepupilsa  knowledge 
of  etiquette.  Students  should 
be  trained  to  enter  the   room 
quietly,  to  always  close  with- 
out  noise   the  door    tun 
which    they   pass,  to    make 
introductions    graceful]   . 
bow  with  ease  and  dignity, 
to  shake  hands   properly,  to 
address   others    courteou  • 
to  make  a  polite  reply  when 
spoken   to,  to  sit   and    stand 
gracefully,    to   do    the    right 
thing   in  the    right  place,  and 
thus,   upon  all  occasii  ros, 
appear  to  advantage. 

All   the  furnishings  of  the 

schoolroom  should  be 
as  to  inspire  the  holiest,  loft- 
iest and  noblest  ambitio 
the  child.  A  schoolroom  should  be  handsomely  decorated.  Th<' 
aquarium,  the  trailing  vine,  the  blossom  and  the  specimens  of  natural 
history  should  adorn  the  teacher's  desk  and  the  windows,  while 
handsome  pictures  should  embellish  the  walls.  In  short,  the  pupils 
should  be  surrounded  with  such  an  array  of  beauty  as  will  constantly 
inspire  them  to  higher  and  nobler  achievements. 

Boys  and  girls  should  be  taught  that  which  they  will  use  when  they 
become  men  and  women.  In  the  first  place  they  will  talk  more  than 
they  will  do  anything  else.  I'.y  every  means  possible  they  should  be 
trained  to  be  correct,  easy,  fluent  ami  pleasant  Bpeakers;  and  next  to 
this  they  should  be  trained  to  be  ready  writers.  To  be  this 
should  be  schooled  in  penmanship,  punctuation,  capitalization,  com- 
position and  the  writing  of  every  description  of  forms,  from  the  note 
of  invitation   to   an  agreement,  from    the   epls 

promissory  note,  from  the  letter  of  introduction  to  the  report  of  a 
meeting. 

Above  all,  the  teacher  should  be  thoroughly  imbned  with  the  im- 
portance of  inculcating  in  the  mind  of  the  student  a  know',..; 
general  principles.  Thus,  |n  the  study  of  geography,  the  pupil 
should  be  taught  that  the  earth  is  spherical  in  form:  that  its  outer 
surface  is  divided  into  land  and  water:  that  the  land  is  divided  into 
certain  gran-i  sections,  peopled  with  different  races  of  human  beings 
who  exhibit  special  characteristics.  That  civilization  is  the  result 
of  certain  causes,  and  progress  in  the  human  race  arises  from  the 
inevitable  law  of  nature  that  everything  goes  from  the  lower  steadily 
toward  the  higher.  A  study  of  the  causes  which  make  diffi 
in  climate,  difference  In  animals,  difference  in  intellectual  and  mora! 
developments  among  the  races — a  general  study  of  causes  thus  will 
make  such  an    impression    UpOU    the    child's   mind    as    will    Devi 

;    while  the  simple  study    of  facts    such  as  load  the    mind  with 

names  of  bays,  islands,  rivers,  etc,  Is  the  crowding  of  the  memory 
with  that  which  is  likely  In  time  to  be  marly  all  forgotten. 


174 


PCPILS    IN    SCHOOL, 


'AEENT8    IN    THE    HOME. 


Thus,  in  tin-  stud;  of  history,  dates  will  be  forgotten,  while  the 
outlines  of  the  rise  and  fall  of  kingdoms,  and  the  causes  winch  pro- 
duced the  same,  if  rightly  Impressed  by  the  teacher,  will  i 
b  to  red  in  the  mind  of  the  pupil. 

So  Bboiihl  the  teacher  instruct  the  Btndenl  in  every  branch  of  study, 

remembering  that  facta  are  Liable  to  be  forgotten,  but  fundamental 
principles  and  causes,  well  understood,  will  be  forever  remembered. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  Importance,  also,  thai  the  teacher  continuously 
and  persistently  keep  before  the  Btndenl  tin-  Importance  of  temper- 
ance, justice  and  truth;  up,  without  these,  however  superior  the 
education,  the  Individual  is  entirely  without  balance,  and  Is 
liable  to  fall.  The  teacher  should  never  relax  his  efforts  In  this 
direction. 

The  good  teacher  will  be  a  living  example  in  all  that  he  teaches  to 

other-.  If  wise,  be  Will  Seldom  or  never  re-nrt  to  the  Infliction  Of  cor- 
poral pain  on  the  pupil,  although,  if  a  law  or  rule  be  violated,  it  i-  of 
the  utmost  Importance  that  a  just  punishment  follow  the  violation, 

but  this  should  never  he  such  as  will  destroy  the  child's  self-respect. 

Duty  of  the  Pupil. 
It  should  be  the  aim  of  the  student  to  be  punctual  in  attendance  at 

-eln.nl,  to  l>e  thorough  in  Btudy,  and  g 1   in  recitation.      The  boy  or 

girl  who  would  be  successful  in  after-life  must  lay  the  foundation  of 
i  In  youth.    They  should  fully  understand  the  importance  ol 
Improving  their  school  days  for  this  purpose. 
The  Btndenl  who  seeke  every  opportunity  to  Idle  away  his  time  In 

making   sport   and  amusement   for  himself  and    fellow- Students    "ill 

live  to  regret  that  be  thus  wasted  his  time.  The  hippy,  sportive, 
joyous,  laughing  hoy  and  girl  shed  happiness  wherever  they  go  if 
they  are  careful  to  control  their  gayety  and  allow  its  flow  only  in  the 


proper  place:    DUt   they   Should   lie\  er  permit   the  l0V6  of  the    mirthful 

to  Infringe  on  the  rules  of  the  Bcboolroom  or  the  laws  of  etiquette.  On 
the  contrary,  true  courtesy  should  teach  them  to  use  everj  endeavor 

to  aid  the  teacher  in   hi-  work,  as  in  so  doing  they  are  them 
the  bt  ueflts, 

The  hoy  and  girl  at  school  foretell  the  future  man  and  woman. 
Those  «  ho  are  prompt,  punctual  and  orderly  will  be  so  in  after  life. 
Those  who  are  truthful,  reliable  and  bonesl  in  childhood,  will  be 
trusted  in  position  and  place  In  after-years;  and  those  who  BtOl 
mind  in  youth  with  valuable  knowledge  will  possess  that  which  can 
never  be  lost,  but  on  the  contrary  will  always  be  a  means  by  which 
they  may  procure  a  liveliho.nl;  and,  if  united  with  energy  and 
perseverance,  will  be  sure  to  give  them  reputation,  eminence  of 
position,  and  wealth. 

The  boy  should  m\er  take  pride  in  di-obedience  to  the  mice  of 
school.  To  be  a  truant,  to  he  indolent,  to  be  working  mischief, 
•  luces  no  talent  ;  any  rowdy  could  do  this:  most  worthless  men  did 
this  when  they  attended  BCbool.  It  requires  effort  to  he  a  good 
scholar;    it  I  vinces  brain -power  to  be  a  good  student. 

The  youth  should  earnestly  resolve  to  achieve  an  honorable  and 
DObli  position  in  life.  With  the  wide  opportunities  which  <v 
the  ambitious  and  the  enterprising  In  this  age  of  progression  there 
i  -  ho  limit  to  the  greatness  which  the  thoroughly  earnest  Btudent  may 
attain.  The  idle  and  dissolute  will,  naturally,  of  their  own  weight 
dropout  by  the  wayside  ami  >\wk  from  sight.  The  plodder  win.  is 
content  to  go  the  dull,  daily  round  in  the  same  narrow  rut  will  get 
the  reward  of  hi-  labor,  though  he  never  better-  his  condition.  Hut 
the  earnest,  original,  aspiring,  energetic,  intelligent  worker  can 
always  be  Bure  of  new  Qelde  to  enter,  nobler  victories  to  gain,  and 
grander  work  to  be  accomplished. 


■i  ETIQUETTE  IN  THE  HOMEaH- 


PARENTS    AND    CHILDREN. 


TEMPERAMENT,  physical  characteristics,  mental  devel- 
opment and  moral  inclination,  the  child   I-   What    it   ha8    been 

made  by  its  inheritance  and  the  training  ii  has  received  since 
infancy.  Born  of  parents  happy  in  disposition,  harmonious 
in  conjugal  relation,  and  pleasant  in  circumstances,  the  ,  i. 
will  as  certainly  be  as  sweet  in  temper  as  that  BWeet  fluid 
which  flows  from  a  maple  tree.  More  especially  will  this  lie  true 
if  the  Child  waa  welcome,  and  the  days  of  the  mother  prior  to  it^ 
birth  were  full  of  sunshine  and  gladness. 

If.  on  the  contrary,  a  badly-developed  and  unhappy  parentage  has 
marked  the  child,  then  a  correspondingly  unfortunate  organization  of 
mind  and  unhappy  disposition  will  present  itself  for  discipline  and 
training. 

Fortunate  i-  it  for  the  parent  who  ran  understand  the  cause  of  the 
child's  predilections  thus  in  the  beginning.  As  with  the  teacher, 
when  th«  causee  that  affect  the  child's  mind  are  understood,  the  cor- 
rect system  of  government  tone  pursued  is  then  more  easily  compre- 
hended. The  result  of  this  early  appreciation  of  the  case  i^  to 
the  parent  and  teacher  that,  whatever  maybe  the  manifestation  of 
mind  with  the  child,  it  should  never  he  blamed.  This  is  a  funda- 
mental principle  necessary  to  be  understood  by  any  person  who  would 
be  successful  in  government 

When  thoroughly  imbued  with  that  understanding,  kindness  and 
love  will  take  the  place  of  anger  and  hatred,  and  discipline  can  be 
commenced  aright. 

One  of  the  first  things  that  the  child  should  understand  is  that  it 
must  implicitly  obey.  The  parent  should,  therefore,  be  very  careful 
to    L'ive    only  such    commands    as  ought  to  be    followed,  and  then 


carefully   observe   that   the   order  is  strictly   but   kindly  enforced. 

To  always  secure  obedience  without  trouble,  it  is  of  the  utmost 
importance  that  the  parent  be  firm.  For  the  parent  to  refuse  a 
request  of  a  child  without  due  consideration,  and  soon  afterward, 
through  the  child's  importunities,  e;rai)t  the  request,  is  to  very  soon 

command.  The  parent  should  carefully  consider  the  req 
and  if  it  be  denied  the  child  should  feel  that  the  denial  is  the  result 
of  the  best  judgment,  and  i-  n<>!  dictated  by  momentary  impatience  or 
petulance.  A  child  soon  learns  to  discriminate  between  the  various 
Dioode  of  the  fickle  parent,  and  very  soon  loses  respect  for  government 
that  is  not  discreet,  careful  and  just. 

If  a  command  is  disobeyed,  parents  should  never  threaten  what 
they  will  do  if  the  order  is  disobeyed  again,  but  at  once  withhold, 
quietly,  yet  firmly  and  pleasantly,  some  pleasure  from  the  child  in 
consequence  of  the  disobedience.  The  punishment  should  be  very 
seldom,  if  ever,  the  infliction  of  bodily  pain.  A  alight  deprivation  of 
some  pleasure — it  may  be  very  slight,  hut  sufficient  to  teach  the  child 
that  it  must  obey — will  be  of  great  service  to  its  future  discipline  and 
government  by  the  parent.  < !ommencing  tuns  when  the  child  i-  i ery 
young,  treating  it  always  tenderly  and  kindly,  with  mild  and  loving 
words,  it  will  grow  to  womanhood  ,,r  manhood  an  honor  to  the 
parents. 

What  Parents  Should  Never  Do 

Never  speak  harshly  to  a  child. 

Never  use  disrespectful  names. 

Never  use  profane  or  vulgar  words  in  the  presence  of  a  child. 

Do  not  be  so  cold  and  austere  as  to  drive  your  child  from  you. 


T\Vi>    HOMES    CONTRASTED. 


it; 


THE    neglected   home,    where    the 
child  grows  up  without  knowledge 
of  order  or  correct  system;  tools  and 
vehicles    exposed    to    all    kinds    of 
weather,  rusting  and  falling  to  pieces 
from  inattention. 


Never  misrepresent.  If  you  falsify  the  child  will  learn  to  deceive 
also. 

Never  withhold  praise  when  the  child  deserves  it.  Commendation 
is  one  of  the  sweetest  pleasures  of  childhood. 

Never  waken  your  children  before  they  have  completed  their  nat- 
ural slumbers  in  the  morning.  See  that  they  retire  early,  and  thus 
have  the  requisite  time  for  sleep.  Children  require  more  sleep  than 
older  persons.  The  time  will  come  soon  enough  when  care  and 
trouble  will  compel  them  to  waken  in  the  early  morning.  Let  them 
sleep  while  they  can. 

Do  not  reproach  a  child  for  a  mistake  which  was  made  with  a  good 
motive  at  the  time.  Freely  forgive,  wisely  counsel,  and  the  child 
will  thus  be  taught  that  there  is  no  danger  in  telling  the  truth. 

Never  give  your  children  money  indiscriminately  to  spend  for  their 
own  use.  However  wealthy  you  may  be  teach  the  child  the  value 
of  money  by  requiring  it  to  earn  it  in  some  manner.  Commencing 
young,  let  the  child  perform  simple  duties  requiring  labor,  which  the 
parent  may  reward  by  pennies  and  very  small  sums.  Let  the  child 
thus  spend  only  .money  of  its  own  earning.  The  boy  who  thus  early 
learns  by  labor  the  value  of  a  dollar  knows  how  to  accumulate  the 
same  in  after-life,  and  how  to  save  it. 

Never  demean  yourself  by  getting  angry  and  whipping  a  child. 
The  very  fact  of  your  punishing  in  anger  arouses  the  evil  nature  of 
the  child.  Some  day  the  punishment  thus  inflicted  will  react  upon 
yourself. 

What  Parents  Should  Do. 

Always  speak  in  a  pleasant  voice. 

Teach  your  children  how  to  work:  how  to  obtain  a  living  by  their 
own  efforts.  Teach  them  the  nobility  and  the  dignity  of  labor,  that 
they  may  respect  and  honor  the  producer. 

Explain  the  reason  why.  The  child  is  a  little  walking  interrogation 
point.  To  it  all  is  new.  Explain  the  reason.  Your  boy  will  some 
day  repay  this  trouble  by  teaching  some  other  child. 

Teach  your  children  the  evil  of  secret  vice,  and  the  consequence  of 
using  tobacco  and  spirituous  liquors;  teach  them  to  be  temperate, 
orderly,  punctual,  prompt,  truthful,  neat,  faithful  and  honest. 

Encourage  your  child  to  be  canful  of  personal  appearance;  to 
return  every  tool  to  its  place;  to  always  pay  debts  promptly;  to  never 


THE  home  of  neighbor  Thrifty,  where 
the  children  learn  habits  of   neat- 
ness, economy  and  good  management; 
there  being  a  place  for  every  implement 
when  not  in  use,   and  each  kept  where 
it  belongs. 


shirk  a  duty;  to  do  an  equal  share,  and  to  always  live  up  to  an 
agreement. 

Teach  your  children  to  confide  in  you  by  conference  together.  Tell 
them  your  plans,  and  sometimes  ask  their  advice;  they  will  thus  open 
their  hearts  to  you  and  will  ask  your  advice.  The  girl  who  tells  all 
her  heart  to  her  mother  has  a  shield  and  a  protection  about  her  which 
can  come  only  with  a  mother's  advice  and  counsel. 

Give  your  children  your  confidence  in  the  affairs  of  your  business. 
They  will  thus  take  interest,  and  become  co-workers  with  you.  If 
you  enlist  their  respect  then  their  sympathy  and  co-operation,  they 
will  quite  likely  remain  to  take  up  your  work  when  you  have  done 
and  will  go  ahead  perfecting  what  you  have  commenced. 

If  you  are  a  farmer  do  not  overwork  your  children,  and  thus  by  a 
hard  and  dreary  life  drive  them  off  to  the  cities.  Arise  at  a  reason- 
able hour  in  the  morning,  take  an  hour's  rest  after  meals,  and  quit  at 
five  or  six  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  Let  the  young  people,  in  games 
and  other  amusements,  have  a  happy  time  during  the  remainder  of 
the  day.  There  is  no  reason  why  a  farmer's  family  -hould  be 
deprived  of  recreation  and  amusement  any  more  than  others. 

Teach  your  child  the  value  of  the  Sabbath  as  a  day  for  the  spiritual 
improvement  of  the  mind;  that  on  the  Sabbath  morn  the  ordinary 
work  of  the  week  should  not  be  resumed  if  it  is  possible  to  avoid  it ; 
that  the  day  should  be  passed  in  attendance  upon  religious  service  of 
some  kind  or  exercises  that  will  ennoble  and  spiritualize  the  nature. 
VThile  rest  and  recreation  may  be  a  part  of  the  day's  programme,  true 
philosophy  dictates  that  the  spiritual  faculties  of  the  nature  should 
be  cultivated  by  setting  apart  a  portion  of  the  time  for  their 
improvement. 

Teach  yourchildren  those  things  which  they  will  need  when  they 
become  men  and  women.  As  women  they  should  understand  how  to 
cook,  how  to  make  a  bed,  how  to  preserve  cleanliness  and  order 
throughout  the  house,  how  to  ornament  their  rooms,  to  renovate  and 
preserve  furniture  and  clothing,  bow  tosim:,  and  play  various  games, 
that  they  may  enliven  the  household.  They  should  be  taught  how- 
to  swim,  bow  to  ride,  bow  to  drive,  how  to  do  business,  and  bow  to 
l>re-i  rve  health.  The  mother  should  early  intrust  money  to  the  girl 
with  which  to  buy  articles  for  the  household  that  she  may  learn  its 
value.  Think  what  a  man  and  woman  need  to  know  in  order  to  be 
healthy,  happy,  prosperous  and  successful,  and  teach  them  that. 


L76 


THE    s.  1 1 :  N  II  IK      PRINCIPLES    WHICH    A1TI.V    TO    DRKSS. 


Attractive  Personal  Appearance. 


•sSil 


ELEMENTS  OF  THE   BEAUTIFUL. 


IE  love  of  beautiful  adorn- 
ment is  innate  in  the  human 
mind,    and    in    reality   has  a 

'  l't<  it  Influence  in  elevating 
and  refining  the  race,  it  is 
true  that  the  mind  may  some* 

til  L'iven   tO 

i]  ition,  but   the 

which  cause  us  to 

clothe  OU  autifully 

arc  all  refining  and  elevating 

in  charactera 

'I  he  desire  to  please  and  to 

be  beautiful  surrounds  us  on 

evei  j  hand  with  grace,  ele* 
■5|v"  *  gance  and  refinement 

i       person  who  cares  nothing  for  personal  appearance  is  a  sloven. 
ill  to  be  thus,  the  human  race  would  rapidly  degenerate  toward 
barbarism.    The  person  who  is  cart  less  of  dress  is  likely  to  be  equally 
regardless  concerning  purity  of  character. 

The  little  girl  that  studies  her  features  in  the  mirror,  while  she  evinces 

possibly  a  disposition  to  be  vain,  nevertheless  in  this  act  shows  herself 
to  be  possessed  of  those  instini  t>  of  grace  which,  rightly  directed,  will 
beautify  and  embellish  all  her  surroundings  through  life. 

The  boy  that  cares  nothing  for  personal  appearance,  that  does  not 
appreciate   beauty  in   others,  is    likely  to  develop   into   the   man    .■  i 

•nly  in  habits,  whose  home  will  quite  probably  be  a  hovel,  and 
himself  very  likely  a  loafer  or  a  tramp.  But  the  boy  —  the  rolii 
frolicsome  boy,  ready  to  roll  in  the  dirt,  possibly — who,  under  all  this, 
aspires  to  appear  handsome,  who  desires  a  clean  face,  clean  hands 
and  a  clean  shirt,  who  admires  a  well-dressed  head  of  hair  and  a  good 
suit  of  clothes  —  that  boy  p  the  elements  which  in  the  man,  in  an 

elegant  home,  will  surround  hitn  with  the  artistic  and  the  charming. 

The  love  of  the  beautiful  ever  leads  to  the  higher,  the  grander  and 
the  better.     Guided  by  its  impulses,  we  pass  out  of  the  hut  into  thi 
and    better  house;    into  the  charming  and  elegantly-adorned  R18 

ed  by  its  influence,  we  convert    the  lumbering  railway  i 
into  a  palace-car,  the  swamp  into  a  garden,  and  the  desolate  place  into 
a  park,  in  which  we  wander  amid  the  trees,  the  Streams  of  limpid  water, 
and  the  fragrance  of  beautiful  flowers. 

All  along  the  world's  highway  are  the  evidences,  among  the  most 
1,  of  the  love  of  the  beautiful,  which,  perhaj. 
than  in  any  other  manner,  finds  expression  in  dress. 

This  love  of  personal  adornment  being  an  when  nt,  desirable,  rei 
element  of  character,  it  does  not,  therefore,  become  us  to  ignore  or  to 
suppress  it.     On  the  contrary,  it  should  be  our  duty-  to  cultivate  neatness 
of  appearance  and  artistic  arrangement  in  dress,  the  whole  bein^  accom- 
panied by  as  much  personal  beauty  as  possible. 

In  the  cultivation  of  beauty  in  dress,  it  will  become  necessary  to  dis- 
criminate between  ornament  as  displayed  by  the  savage,  and  the  science 
of  beauty  as  observed  in  a  more  highly  civilized  life.  Ornament  is  one 
thing;  beaur>*  is  quite  another. 


To  develop  beauty,  it  is  necessary  to  understand  that  the  combination 
of  a  few  fundamental  principles  forms  the  basis  in  the  construction  of  all 
that  we  admire  as  beautiful.     Of  these  are  — 

i.  Curved  Lines,  2.  Symmetry.  3.  Contrast.  4.  Harmony  or 
Color.    5.  Harmony  01    Association. 

The  Curved  Line. 

A  prominent  feature  of  beauty  everywhere  is  the  curved  line.  The 
winding  pathway,  the  graceful  outline  of  tree,  cloud  and  mountain  in 
the  distance,  thi  arched  rainbow,  the  well-trimmed  shrub,  the  finely- 
featured  animal,  the  rounded   forrfl  ol   everything  that  is  beautiful  —  all 

illustrate  this  principle.  The  delicately,  finely  rounded  face,  hands  and 
general  fcatui-  tial  to  the  highest  forms  of  beauty  in  thi 

son,  and  the  same  principles  apply  in  the  manufacture  of  dress.  Every 
line  and  seam  should  run  in  curves. 

Symmetry  of  Proportion. 

As  harmonious  proportions  always  please  the  eve  in  every  object,  so 
we  are  pleased  with  the  symmetry  displayed  in  the  human  form  and 
features.  Thus  symmetry  will  give  a  well-shaped  head,  a  moderate 
length  of  neck,  a  clearly-defined  nose,  mouth  not   ton  large,  shoulders  of 

even  height,  and  all  pari    ol  thi   bodyol  proportionate  leng 

The  clothing  should  be  made  to  set  off  the  natural  features  of  the  body 
to  the  best  advantage.  Thus  the  coat  should  be  so  cut  as  to  make  the 
shoulders  of  the  man  look  broad.  The  dress  should  be  BO  fitted  as  to 
cause  the  shoulders  of  the  woman  to  appear  narrow  and  sloping. 

Long  garments  will  make  the  individual  appear  taller.  Short  gar- 
ments will  cause  the  |  m  shorter.  Lines  that  run  perpendic- 
ularly add  to  the  a]  i]                    it;  horizontal  lines  shorten  it. 

Contrast. 

Another  feature  of  beauty  in  personal  appearance  is  contrast,  or  those 
qualities  which  give  animated  expression  and  vivacity  of  manner.  Thus 
the  sparkling  eye,  clear-cut  features,  a  color  of  hair  that  contrasts  with 
the  skin;  happy,  lively  expression  of  face;  graceful,  animated  movement 
of  body;  interesting  conversational  powers  —  all  these  make  the  face 
attractive  by  variety  and  contrast 

The  lady's  dress  is  relieved  by  flounce,  frill,  and  various  other  trim- 
mings, with  colors  more  or  less  pronounced,  according  to  the  complexion 
of  the  wearer.  The  gentleman's  dress,  as  now  worn,  does  not  admit  of 
so  great  variety. 

Harmony. 

The  harmony  of  colors  suitable  for  various  complexions  is  quite  fully 
where.     Harmony  of  association  will  include  those  princi- 
ples that  derive  their   beauty  chiefly  from  their  association   with  other 
objects.     Thus  the  best  height  and  form  for  man  or  woman  will  be  the 
1  <•{  men  and  women  with  whom  they  associate.      Anything 
unusual  will  detract  from  this  beauty. 

Any  article  of  jewelry  or  dress  which  may  appear  out  of  place  for 
the  occasion,  or  not  appropriate  with  the  other  articles  worn,  is  also 
included  under  this  head. 


HABITS    WHICH    MAKE    HEALTH    AND    BEAUTY. 


17' 


SUGGESTIONS    RELATING   TO 


ELECTION    OF    If  ARLIONIOUS    t'OLOB 


4 


•^PERSONAL  flDORNPE]W- 


Hints  on  the  Care  of  the  Person. 


Colors  that  Befit  the  Blonde  and  Colors  for  the  Brunette. 


[faJkY  SAFE  is  it  to  assume  that  the  reader  desires 
health    and    beauty,    and    is  willing    perhaps 
to  govern  habits  accordingly.    Observe  then  the 
following  regulations: 
Retire  sufficiently  early  to  get  the  necessary  rest 
and  sleep,  that  you  may  arise  early  in  the  morning. 

Be  sure  that  plenty  of  fresh  air  is  admitted  to  the  room  throughout 
the  night,  by  the  opening  of  windows.  Avoid  feathers.  A  perfectly 
clean,  moderately  hard  bed  is  best  for  health. 

The  Bath. 

Upon  rising,  take  a  complete  bath.  -  A  simple  washing  out  of  the 
eyes  is  not  sufficient.  The  complete  bathing  of  the  body  once  each 
day  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  health  and  beauty.  Not  more  than 
a  quart  of  water  is  necessary.  Use  the  hands  the  same  as  you  do 
upon  the  face.  No  sponge  is  required,  and  water  is  more  agreeable 
to  the  skin  when  applied  with  the  bare  hand.  Use  rainwater;  and, 
for  a  healthy  person,  the  temperature  of  that  which  has  been  in  the 
room  during  the  night  is  about  right.  Use  plenty  of  soap,  and 
wash  quickly.  Follow  by  wiping  the  skin  perfectly  dry  with  a  soft 
towel,  and  afterward  give  the  body  and  limbs  a  thorough  rnbbing. 
The  glow  that  is  diffused  throughout  the  face  and  body  by  this  exer- 
cise is  worth  more  in  giving  a  ruddy,  beautiful  complexion  than  all 
the  rouge  and  powder  in  the  world. 

The  arrangements  for  this  bath  are  very  simple.  There  is  nothing 
required  but  a  small  amount  of  soft  water,  a  piece  of  soap,  and  a 
towel.  No  elaborately-fitted-up  bathroom  is  necessary.  We  have 
detailed  all  the  appliances  that  are  essential,  and  they  are  so  simple 
thai  the  laboring  classes  and  the  poor  can  have  them,  and  lie  clean, 
as  well  as  the  rich.  Occasionally,  warm  water,  with  a  sponge,  may 
be  necessary  to  remove  completely  all  the  oily  exudations  f  rum  the 
body,  but  for  the  ordinary  bath  this  is  not  essential. 

The  sun  and  air  bath  is  very  excellent  for  health;  therefore  to  leave 
the  body  exposed  in  the  sun  for  a  short  time  previous  to  dressing  is 
very  invigorating. 

Before  the  breakfast  hour  tin-  lungs  should  be  completely  inflated 
witli  fresh  air.  The  meals  should  be  partaken  of  with  regularity, 
while  more  or  less  of  fruit,  oatmeal,  rice,  cracked  wheat,  graham 
bread,  etc.,  will  be  found  necessary  as  a  dirt,  in  order  to  keep  the 
skin  clear. 

The  Breath. 

The  breath  should  be  watched,  lest  it  become  offensive.  Unfor- 
tunately, it  is  one  of  the  troubles  Which  we  may  not  be  aware  of,  as 
our    friends   may    not    feel   at    liberty    to  inform   us  of  the  difficulty. 


Offensive  breath  may  arise  from  the  stomach,  the  teeth,  the  lungs,  or 
catarrhal  affection  of  the  throat  and  nose. 

Unquestionably  the  best  remedy  for  bad  breath  is  a  system  of  diet 
and  treatment  that  shall  remove  the  cause.  As  a  temporary  expe- 
dient, when  offensiveness  arises  from  a  peculiar  food  or  drink  which 
has  been  partaken  of,  a  few  grains  of  coffee,  or  cassia  buds,  cloves, 
cardamom  seeds  or  allspice,  may  be  used;  although  if  the  breath  is 
very  strong  these  will  not  always  prove  effective.  It  is  better  to 
remove  the  cause. 

The  following  remedies  for  offensive  breath  are  commended  by 
those  who  have  had  experience  in  testing  the  matter: 

Powdered  supar,  Yi  ounce;  vanilla,  y,  ounce;  powdered  charcoal.  U  ounce; 
powdered  coffee,  p.  ounces;  gum  arable,  '_■  ounce.  Make  into  pellet- "i  is 
grains  each,  and  take  six  a  day.     Bad  breath  «  ill  disappear. 

Disagreeable  breath  arising  from  decay  or  secretions  about  the 
teeth  may  be  removed  by  the  following: 

Rose-water,  1  ounce,  and  permanganate  of  potash,  1  grain.  Rinse  the 
mouth  every  three  hours. 

To  remove  catarrh,  the  following  is  highly  commended: 

In  pint  of  water  put  two  tablespoonfuls  of  common  fine  table  salt.  Heat 
the  water  in  a  tin  cup.     With  the  aid  of  a  nasal  doucbe,  obtained  at  theulnlg- 

store,  "i-  even  without  that,  snuff,  about  a  teas] nful  of  the  brine  a\ 

nostril,  requiring  it  to  pass  into  the  mouth.    I'm-  twice  a  day— morning  and 

night. 


from  foul   stonaacX  the  follow im;  is 


For  offensive  breath  arising 

recommended: 

To  a  wine-glass  of  water  add  3  grains  of  chloride  of  lime.    Take  a 
spoonful  three  times  a  day,  before  the  meal,  and  eal  of  simple  food  which  Ls 
easily  digested. 

Another  remedy  for  foul  breath  is  powdered  charcoal,  half  a  tea- 
spoonful,  spread  on  a  piece  of  bread,  and  eaten  once  a  day  for  two  or 
three  days.     Another  is  a  drink  of  pare  water,  taken  twice  a 
containing  each  time  BO  grains  of  nisulphute  of  soda.      The  taste  is 
made  pleasant  by  a  few  drops  of  peppermint  essence. 

The  following  is   recommended  as  beneficial   for   the   teeth,   and 

effective  in  rerao^  tog  the  acidity  of  the  Btomach : 

Take  of  gum  arable  5  drachma;  vanilla  sugar,  3d)  icfam  ;  chloi  ■■■  of  lime, 
7  drachms,  and  mix  witbwatei  Etoll  and  cut  Into  the  ordinary 

sized  lozenge,  and  eat  six  each  daj 

The  Skin. 

Beware  of  exterior  application  of  cosmetics   for  the  purpose   of 
beautifying  the  skin.     The  greatest  beautifiere  in  existence  are  plenty 

Ol  exercise  in  the  fresh  air,  the  keeping  of  the  pores  of  the  akin  com- 
pletely open  bj  bathing,  the  feeding  of  the  body  with  a  sufficiency  of 
simple,  healthy    rood,  and   the  obtaining  of  the   requisite  amount  of 
sleep. 
It  is  true  that  sometimes  a  slight  touch  of  art  may  Improvi 


12 


178 


THE    -l  CRETS    <u      PERSON  \I.    BEAUTY. 


persona]  appearance.     The  very  sallow  complexion  may  be  Improved 

1  i  ill  amODDl  Of  COlor applied;   the  hair,  if  naturally  dry  ami  -I  ill, 

may  be  kept  in  place  bj  a  Bimple  bair  preparation,  and  a  white  eye- 
brow may  be  bronght  Into  harmonious  color  with  the  hair  of  the  bead 
by  a  dye;  all  this  being  done  so  adroitly  thai  the  external  application 
cannot  be  detected  But,  as  a  rule,  greatest  beanty  is  obtained  by 
a  strict  observance  of  the  laws  <>f  health. 

The  following  preparation!*,  culled  from  Dc  la  Banta'fl  "  A<l 
i  ommended  for  Improving  the  complexion: 

Take   i  i'I    |.,.,m],i.,|   rluireiiiil  (kept   by  dl  I  ■  !  with 

sweetened  water  or  milk,  for  three  nighta  <<<■■■•■  Ivelj  Phi  houldbefol 
lowed  bj  a  gentle  pa  u  lt  to  remove  Li  from  the  system.    Taken 

onoeln  1                                    this  remedy  will  prove  efficacious  In  making  the 
impli    loncl  I 

ANOTHER. 

1  I    ■  n;  tincture  of  tola,  2  drachms;  tincture 

of  beiuoin,  2  drachma.    Mix  with  one  gill  «>i  distilled  water,  and  take  of 

Ited   white   «;i  *.    i    ounce;    spernii o        west    almond  oil,  8 

drachms,  and  roae-water,  i  ounce.    Uii  all  the  Ingredients  together,  ai 
My,  appl]  Ing  io  the  skin  with  a   i  ■ 

This  may  be  used  with  benefit  where  the  skin  presents  a  greasy 

appearance: 

To  Jj*  pint  "t  rose-watei     idd  chlorate  of  potash.  18  grain      glycerin    i 
ounce.    Mi\  carefully,  and  u  kpply  with  a  sponge  or  linen 

cloth.    Should  n  irritate  the  -km  dilute  with]  more  water,     rhi   i    lotion 

ihOUld  tie  applied  with  cure,  and  are  best  Used  at  night. 

The  greasy  skin,  inclined  to  pimples,  i^  benefited  by  the  following 
preparation  : 

bonats  of  sods    18  grains     essence  of  Portugal,  8  drops;   dl  tilled 
uad  bathe  the  face 

The  shiny,  polished  skin,  which   is  caused   by  fatty  secretions 

.ih  it,  may  have  the  difficulty  removed  by  this  preparation: 

Take  ]  quart  of  camphor  water  |  Brine,  1  'Mine.-,  and  j^  ounce  of 

powdered  borax.  Mix  and  bathe  the  face  Lei  li  drj  and  remain  a  few 
minutes  after  applying  It,  tin  q  wb  b  the  Ca<  e  I  horooghly  with  sofl  water. 

If  the  skin  Is  very  pallid  it  is  Improved  by  a  bath  In  lukewarm 

water,  followed  by  brisk  rubbing  with  a  coarse  towel  and  exercise  In 

the  air   and  -un.       The  pah-    skin    18    improved  al-o  by  the   BUS 

The  rough  skin  is  made  smooth  by  the  application  of  glycerine  at 

night,   followed  by  Its  removal   with   water  and  fine  soap  in  the 

morning. 

The  skin  may  be  whitened  by  the  following  prescription: 

To  one  pint  of  watei  add  1  wineglass  of  fresh] n   lulci  and  10  drops  of 

I  keep  In  a  well-corked  bottle.    I    a  day. 

The  -allow  and  muddy  skin  is  improved  by  this  preparation: 

..i  watei    "i,i  2  drachms  of  Iodide  of  potassium  and  l  ounce  of 
glycerine.    Mix  and  apply  with  a  sponge  once  ■  day. 

To  keep  the  skin  clear,  beware  of  pork,  cheese  and  other  substances 

Old  alcoholic  drinks.      Keep   the 

■  loose  by  fruit  and  a  sufficiency  of  coarse  food.     Take  exercise 

v,,-,   to  produce  a  gentle   perspiration  each  day; 

bathe  daily,  and  get  into  the  sunshine  and  open  air. 

The  Hand. 
Various  are  the  recipes  for  keeping  the  hand  beanUfol.     If  not 

i    ed  in  bard    manual   labor,  and   it    i-    very  de-irable    to  make  the 

■  ■I  as  handsome  an  appearance  as  possible,  there  an 
:  ions  necessary  to  keep  them  well  preserved.      Among  these  is 
cleanliness,  winch  is  produced  by  a  thorough  washing,  using 
an  abundance  of  good  toilet  Boap,  and  frequently  b  nail-brush. 

ild  the  hands  he  Inclined  to  (hap,  they  will  be  relieved  of  the 
difficulty  by  washing  them  in  glycerine  before  going  to  bed.  in  the 
winter  season,  to  wash  them  in  -now  and  soap  will  leave  them  smooth 
and  soft. 

To  make  the  hands  very  white  and  delicate,  the  pei  son  is  assisted 

by  washing  them  several  times   for  two  or  three  days  in  milk  and 

water,  and,  upon  retiring  to  rest,  bathing  in  palm  oil  and  encasing 

them  in  a  pair  of  *  s,  cleaning  with  warm  water  and  soap 

•  t   morning.      They  should   be   thoroughly  rubbed    to  promote 


Circulation,  and  a  pair  of  sofl  leather  gloves  Bhould  be  worn  during 
the  day. 

Should  the  hands  become  sunburned,  the  tan  may  be  removed  by 
Using  lime-water  and  lemon  juice. 

Should  warts  make  their  appearance,  they  may  be  removed   bj 

paring  them  on  the  top  and  applying  a  small  amount  of  acetic  acid  on 
the  summit  of  the  wart  with  a  camel' fl  hair  brush,  care  being  taken 
that  none  of  the  acid  gets  upon  the  surrounding  -kin.  To  prevent 
this,  wax  may  be  placed  upon  the  tlngeror  hand  during  the  operation, 

or  an  old  kid  glove  may  be  used,  the  u art  being  allowed  to  protrude 
through. 

The  nails  should  be  cul  about  once  a  Week,  directly  Of teT  a  bath, 
and  BhOUld  never   be  bitten.      In  rough,  hard  labor,  if  it  i*  desired  to 

protect  the  band-,  gloveB  shonld  be  worn. 

But  however  beautiful  it  may  be,  the  hand  should  do  its  full  share 
of  work.       The  hand  I  hat  is  beautiful  from  idh'iie-s  i-  tit  In-  dl  J] 

The  Feel. 
Much  care  should  be  taken  t<>  keep  the  feel  in  good  condition. 
The  iir-t  Important  consideration  in  their  management  Eg  p< 
cleanliness.  Some  pt  ople  find  it  necessary  to  wash  the  feet  morning 
and  evening.  Many  find  it  indispensably  nece-sary  to  wash  them 
once  a  day,  and  no  one  should  fail  of  washing  them  at  Least  three 
times  a  week,  and  the  stockings  should  be  changed  as  frequently  if 
much  walking  be  done. 

Without  washing,  the  feet  are  liable  to  become  very  offensive  to 
others  in  a  short  time.     The  feet  "i  Borne  persons  will  become  dis- 
ibly  -o  BOmetimes  Within  a  week  if  they  arc  not  washed,  more 
Cially  if  they  perspire  freely 
A  foot-bath,  using   warm  water,  followed  by  wiping  the  feel  COffl 
pletely  dry,  and  afterward  putting  on  clean  stockings,  i-  wry  Invig 
Orating  after  a  long  walk,  or  When  the  feet  lire  damp  and  cold. 

To  escape  chilblain-  avoid  getting  the  feet  wet.  Should  they 
become  damp,  change  shoes  and  stockings  at  once.     Wear  woolen 

stockings  and  do  not  toast  the  feet  before  the  fire.  The  :ipproa<  li  of 
lie  chilblain  is  frequently  prevented  by  bathing  the  feet  in  a  BtTODg 
bi ilntlon  of  alum. 

With  the  first  indication  of  chilblains,  as  revealed  by  the  Itching 
sensation,  it  is  well  to  rub  them  with  warm  -pint-  of  POSemary,  add- 
ing to  the  same  a  little  turpentine.  Lint,  -naked  m  camphorated 
spirits,  Opodeldoc,  or  camphor  liniment,  may  be  applied  and  retained 

w hen  the  part  is  affected. 

It  is  claimed  also  thai  Chilblains  may  be  cored  by  bathing  the  feet 
in  water  in  which  potatoes  have  been  boiled. 

Wear   bonis   and  -hoes    amply  lar^'e   for   the  feet,  but  not  too  laru'e, 
and  thus   escape   corns.      A  broad    heel,  half  an  inch  in  height, 
that  comfort  will  allow  to  be  worn. 

The  Hair. 

The  head  should  be  washed  occasionally  with  BOUp  and  water. 
Follow  by  wiping  perfectly  dry,  ami  afterward   brush  the   hair  and 

scalp  with  a  hair-brash  of  moderate  hardness.     When  the  bair  Is 

inclined  to  be  harsh  and  dry,  a  moderate  supply  of  olive  oil,  hear's 
grcase  or  other  dressing  may  be  n.-ed.  With  many  heads  no  oil  is 
iry,  and  will.  imndance  is  to  bi    avoided.      Frequent 

brushing  with  a  perfectly  clean  brush  is  of  great  service  in  giving  a 
glossy,  beautiful  appearance  to  the  hair.  The  bru-h  maj  be  kept 
(Iran  by  washing  every  day  or  two  in  warm  water  and  soda,  or  in 
diluted  ammonia. 

For  removing  dandruff,  glycerine  diluted  with  a  little  ro-e-water 
i-  recommended.  Rosemary  in  almost  any  preparation  is  a  very 
cleansing  wash. 

The  yolk  of  an  egg  beaten  up  in  warm  water  makes  an  excellent 
application  for  i  leansing  the  scalp. 


COLOES    THAT    BECOME    BLONDES    AM)    IiKI/XETTES. 


1 79 


To  clip  Che  ends  of  the  hair  occasionally  is  an  excellent  plan  for 
ladies,  as  it  prevents  the  hair  from  splitting. 

It  is  doubtful  if  a  hair-dye  is  ever  advisable,  though  an  eyebrow  is 
sometimes  improved  by  a  light  application,  to  bring  it  into  harmonious 
color  with  the  hair,  as  is  also  hair  which  grows  white  in  patches. 
There  is  no  objection  to  the  hair  growing  gray.  Indeed  the  gray  is 
often  fully  as  beautiful  as  the  former  color. 

Baldness  is  usually  avoided  by  keeping  the  head  cool.  Women 
seldom  have  bald  heads,  but  men  often  do,  the  baldness  commencing 
upon  the  head  at  a  point  which  is  covered  by  the  hat.  Tn  order  to 
preserve  the  hair,  gentlemen  must  avoid  warm  hats  and  caps,  and 
whatever  is  worn  must  be  thoroughly  ventilated  by  apertures  suffi- 
cient in  quantity  and  size  to  allow  all  the  heated  air  to  escape.  The 
silk  hat  should  have  at  least  twenty  holes  punched  in  the  top  to  afford 
sufficient  ventilation. 

The  beard  is  nature's  badge  to  indicate  manhood.  It  was  an  unwise 
fashion  that  ordained  that  the  face  should  be  shaved.  Gradually 
men  begin  to  learn  that  health,  comfort  and  improved  appearance 
come  with  the  full  beard,  and  in  later  years  the  heard  is  acquiring 
the  prestige  it  held  in  olden  times.  Care  should  betaken  to  keep  the 
beard  and  hair  so  cut  and  trimmed  that  they  may  present  a  handsome 
appearance. 

The  Teeth. 

The  teeth  should  be  thoroughly  cleaned  with  a  toothbrush  each 
morning  after  breakfast.  Some  persons  clean  the  teeth  after  every 
meal,  which  is  a  most  excellent  habit.  By  cleaning  the  teeth 
regularly,  no  washes  are  necessary,  though  occasionally  castile  soap 
will  be  beneficial.  Should  tartar  collect  in  such  quantity  as  to  be 
difficult  to  remove  the  dentist  should  be  consulted.  Should  the 
teeth  begin  to  decay  they  should  be  immediately  cared  for  by  the 
dentist.  Powdered  charcoal  easily  removes  stains  and  makes  the 
teeth  white. 

The  following  also  is  an  excellent  wash  for  the  teeth: 

Tincture  of  myrrh,  1  ounce;  compound  tincture  of  cinchona,  1  ounce; 
water,  1  ounce.  Put  five  drops  on  the  toothbrush,  dip  the  brush  then  in 
water,  and  wash  the  teeth. 

Keep  the  teeth  clean.  They  look  badly  if  not  perfectly  white  and 
clean. 

Ears,  Eyes  and  Nose. 

In  the  daily  bath  all  the  crevice-  of  the  car  should  be  thoroughly 
cleaned,  and  the  earwax  carefully  removed  whenever  it  shows  itself. 

Special  pains  should  be  taken  to  keep  the  eyes  clean.  It  shows 
filthy  habits  to  see  matter  gathering  in  the  corners.  If  dirt  accumu- 
lates between  washings,  the  eyes  should  be  carefully  wiped  with  a 
soft  handkerchief. 

Keep  the  nasal  passages  perfectly  clear.  If  there  is  an  inclination 
for  accumulations  to  stop  there,  snuff  water  up  the  nose,  and  after- 
ward blow  it,  placing  the  thumb  on  one  side  while  you  blow  the 
other.  Keep  the  nose  so  clear  that  yon  ran  breathe  through  it  with 
ease,  and  avoid  the  coarse  habit  of  picking  it. 

Regularity  of  Habits. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  importance,  if  the  individual  would  enjoy  health 
and  possess  beauty,  that  all  the  personal  habits  be  perfei  1 1 .  regular, 
and  that  attention  be  gives  to  these  each  twenty-four  hours  at  a  reg- 
ular time. 

Do  not  let  visit ing,  traveling  or  business  interfere  with  them.    You 
must  be  regular  in  Bleep,  in  evacuation  of  the  bowels,  in  bathing  ami 
in  eating.      Nature  will  not  be  cheated.      She  requires  pi 
tion  to  certain  duties       If   yon  attempt  xo  violate  her  requirements 
you  will  be  certainly  punished. 

Whenever  the  person  complains  of  sickness  he  confesses  to  a 
violation,  consciously  or  unconsciously,  unavoidably  or  otherwise,  of 


some  of  nature's  requirements.     tSee  remarks  on  "Health."  in  the 
"Letters  of  Advice,"  elsewhere  in  this  volume.) 


WHAT  COLORS  MAY  BE  WORN. 

Nature  has  her  peculiar  shades  and  contrasts,  with  which  she 
embellishes  all  her  works. 

Over  the  retreating  dark  gray  cloud  in  the  east  does  the  rainbow 
show  itself,  strong  by  contrast,  and  beautiful  in  the  harmony  of  its 
surroundings.  Surpassingly  lovely  are  the  brilliant  rays  of  the  golden 
sunset,  as  they  lie  reflected  upon  the  fleecy  clouds  at  eventide,  their 
charm  coming  from  their  surroundings  of  the  gray  and  azure  blue. 
Dazzlingly  bright  are  the  twinkling  stars  as  they  smile  upon  us  in 
their  bed  of  celestial  blue ;  and  very  beautiful  is  the  rose,  as  it  per- 
fumes the  air  and  charms  the  eye  amid  its  accompaniments  of  green. 

Nature  thus  robes  all  her  works  with  shades  that  complement  and 
harmonize;  the  result  being  to  show  the  object  to  the  best  advantage. 

In  the  higher  civilization  men  have  donned  the  conventional  6uit 
of  black  and  have  abandoned  the  domain  of  color  to  woman,  who,  with 
her  keenly  aesthetic  nature  can  never  be  induced  to  forego  the  pleasure 
that  comes  from  brilliant  and  harmonious  hues.  Alive  as  woman  is, 
therefore,  to  the  principles  that  make  beauty,  it  becomes  us  toil 
tigate  the  subject  of  personal  appearance  as  affected  by  color. 

Colors  that  Suit  Different  Complexions. 

Two  distinct  types  of  complexion  exist  among  the  white  race, 
namely,  the  light-haired,  fair  and  ruddy  complexions,  termed  Blondes; 
and  the  dark-haired  and  dark-skinned,  called  Brunette-. 

Between  thee  ral  intermediate  tints  and  shades,  all  requir- 

ing much  close  observation  to  fully  discriminate  as  to  the  colors  most 
suitable    to   be   worn    to   harmonize   with   the   different    ghad 
complexion. 

Investigation  has  proven  that  the  light-haired  and  rosy-cheeked, 
with  red  or  golden  hair  and  ruddy  complexion,  require  certain  colors 
in  headdress  and  drapery  to  harmonize;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the 
dark  complexion,  with  dark  hair  and  eyebrows. 

The  Shades  that  Blondes  May  Wear. 

Dark  violet,  intermixed  with  Iliac  and  blue,  give  additional  charms 
to  the  fair-haired,  ruddy  blonde.  Green,  also,  with  lighter  or  darker 
tints,  is  favorable.  With  the  very  ruddy,  the  blue  and  green  should 
be  darker  rather  than  lighter.  An  intermixture  of  white  may  like- 
wise go  with  these  colors. 

The  neutral  colors  are  also  suitable  to  the  ruddy  blondes.  Of  these 
are  the  russet,  slate,  maroon,  and  all  the  hues  of  brown.  Light  neu- 
tral tints  are  also  pli 

Transparent  and  delicate   complexions,   with  nut   or 

brown  hair,  should  have  the  same  setoff  by  contrast.     Thus 

■  How,  azure,  lilac  and  black,  trimmed  with  rose  or  pink,  are 
suitable,  as  are  also  the  various  shades  of  gray. 

Colors  that  Become  the  Brunette. 
Qlosay  black  becomes  the  brunette;  so  do  white,  scarlet,  orange 

and  yellow.     The  scarlet  blossom  In  the  hair,  gold-colored  ribbon  and 
poppy  colors,  deftly  but  not  too  conspicuously  woven  about  to 
and  breast,  wil".  display  the  face  to  line  advantage.      Green  also  befits 
the  dark  complexion. 

The  sallow  complexion  is  improved  by  the  different  shades  of  dark- 
green  and  red.  A  yellow  complexion  i-  made  handsomer  by  the 
reflection  of  yellow  about  it ;  especially  if  relieved  by  poppy  colors 
or  black. 

The  red  and  yellow  face  is  benefited  by  coming  in  contact  with  blue 
or  orange.  The  red  face  is  improved  by  red  around  it.  red  and  blue 
lints  being  developed  thereby.     Bed  and  blue  are  relieved  by  purple. 


180 


T1IK    EFFECT    OF    COLORS    ON    PERSONAL    APPEARANCE. 


and  the  blue  and  yellow  by  green.  White  and  black  become  the  pale 
Face,  bat  red  and  blue  become  it  better.  Llghl  colore  harmonize 
with  and  befit  the  pale  akin,  while  the  dark  akin  is  Improved  by  the 
darker  t  Lnta. 

Colors  in  Bonnets. 
.  Bonnets,  with  white,  pink  or  red  flowers  and  white  feather, 
in  i  ome  the  Fair  complexion.  They  also  become  the  black- haired  type 
when  trimmed  with  white,  red,  orange  <>r  yellow. 

Bonnets,  made  of  lace,  muslin  or  crape,  Bnlt  all  complexions, 
thongh  not  so  becoming  to  the  rosy  complexion  a-  other  colors.  A 
white  bonnet  may  be  trimmed  with  white  or  pink,  bnt  with  the  blonde 
Lb  handsomest  when  trimmed  with  bine  Bowers.  For  the  brunette, 
preference  should  be  given  to  trimmings  of  red,  pink,  orange  and 

yellow  —  never  blue. 

in    suitable  only  for  fair  or  light,  rosy  complexions. 
They  Bhonld  never  be  worn  by  the  brunette. 

[,'    Ilimnttx  suit   tin-   brunette,  their  appropriate 
trimming   being   poppy    colors,    scarlet,  white   and    black,   black    and 
scarlet,     black,      scarlet      and 
yellow. 

Ughi  />'"'  Bonnets  are  very 
suitable  for  those  having  light 

hair.      They    may    be   trimmed 

with   white    Bowers,    and     in 
many   cases    with  orange   and 

yellow. 

Green  Bonnets  best  become 
the  fair  and  rosy  complexion. 
White  Mowers  will  harmonize 
in  the  trimming,  but  pink  is 
preferable. 

Colors  for  Different  Seasons. 

Tied,  in  its  various  tints, 
being  a  warm  color,  when  worn 
in  dress,  has  a  pleasing  effect 
in  winter. 

Purple  is  appropriate  in  win 
pring  and  autumn. 

Green    is   becoming    in  late 
Bummerand  In  autumn,  by  con- 
trast with  the  general  somber 
nice   of  dead  foliage  at 

i  -iUi    oi    the  year. 
and  Light  tints  in  clothing  give  an  appearance  of  coolness 
and  comfort  in  summer. 

t  and  dark  colors  are  appropriate  at  all  seasons. 

Colors  We  See  First. 

Of  a  variety  or  color  to  be  seen,  the  white  or  light-colored  will 

i  ni  inn  Brat  and  farthest,  from  the  fact  that,  most 

objects  being  of  dark  shades  of  color,  it  is  strongest  by  contrast. 

Next   to  while  comes  the  scarlet  red,  which,  close  by,  is  one  of  the 

most   brilliant  and  attract  Yellow  is  one  of  the  most 

ible,  succeeded  by  the  orange,  crimson,  blue  and  purple. 

Colors  in  Dress  Most  Beautiful  at  Night. 

A  dress  of  a  color  thai   may  be  beautiful  during  the  day  may  be 

og  in  beauty  at    night,  owing  to   the  effect  of  gaslight;   and 

another,  most  charming  in  the  evening,  may  pose  tutyin 

the  daytime.     Thus,  crimson,  which  is  handsome  in  the  evening, 

Lta  effect  upon  the  complexion  in  the  daytime.     So  white  and 

yellow,  that  ad  !  night,  are  m  by  day. 


lll-Fittfng  and  Unbecoming  Dress. 


ITLTHOUGH  the  dress  and  costume  shown  above  may  be  rich,  costly 

A*  and    fashionable,  it   shows    the    form    of    the   persons  on   whom   it    is 
worn  to  bad  advantage. 


The  scarlet,  orange  and  the  light  brown  are  bJbo  most  channti 
night. 

Colors  Most  Beautiful  by  Daylight. 

Pale  yellow,  which  is  handsome  bj  day,  Is  muddy  in  appearance  by 

L'a-liL'ht.      So  purple  and  orange,  that  harmonize  and  are  beautiful  by 
daylight,  lose  their  charm  at  night 

The  beauty  of  rose-color  disappears  under  the  gaslight ;   and  all  the 

shades  of  purple  and   lilac,  the  dark-bines  and  green,  lose  their 
brilliancy  in  artificial  light     Ordinarily,  the  complexion  will  bear 

the  strongest  color  at  night 

Apparent  Size  Affected  by  Color. 
The  apparent  size  Is  affected  by  color-.  A  -  white  upon  the  build- 
ing  will  make  it  appear  larger,  so  a  light-colored  dress  will  have  the 
Sect  apon  the  person.  Thus  the  large  flgnre  will  appear  best 
in  close-fitting  black,  and  next  best  in  the  sober  hues.  The  smaller 
figure  will  show  to  advantage  in  the  light  colors.  Black,  however, 
for  a   person  of  any   size,  is  the  most  suitable  color  for  nearly  all 

ions;       and,      handsomely 

made,  well-fitted,  artistically 
trimmed,  and  suitably  relieved 
at  throat  and  bodice  with  rib- 
bons, lace  and  Bowers  corre- 
sponding with  the  complexion, 
makes  always  a  most  beautiful 
cost  ume. 

Persons  whose  resources  are 
limited  and  who  cannot  afford 
a  varied  wardrobe  should  by  this 
fact  be  guided  to  a  constant 
preference  for  Mark. 

Colors  that  Harmonize. 

The  object  of  two  or  more 

different  tints  in  dress  is  to 
obtain  relief  by  \  arid  y,  and  yet 
the  two  shades  brought  thns  En 

cold  i  asl  should  hanm  mize,  else 

the  beauty  of  each  will  be  less- 
ened. Thus,  a  lady  with  a 
bine  dress  would  greatly  injure 
Its  effect  by  wearing  a  crimson 
shawl;  as  she  would  alsoalilac- 
colored  dress  by  trimming  it 
with  a  dark-brown  material,  no  matter  how  rich. 

That  the  reader  may  understand  the  colors  that  will  contrast  and 
yel  blend,  the  following  li-t  "f  harmonizing  colors  is  given: 

Blue  and  gold ;  blue  and  orange ;  blue  and  salmon-color;  blue  and 
drab;  blue  and  stone-color;  blue  and  white;  blue  and  gray;  blue 
and  Straw  color;  blue  and  maize ;  blue  and  chestnut ;  blue  and  brown; 
blue  and  black;  blue  and  white;  blue,  brown,  crimson  and  gold. 

Black  and  white:  black  and  orange;  black  and  maize:  black  and 
scarlet;  black  and  lilac;  black  and  pink;  black  and  slale-color;  black 
and  buff;  black,  white,  yellow  and  crimson;  black,  orange,  blue  and 
yellow. 

Crimson   and  gold;    crimson  and  orange;    crimson    and   malz* 

■  I!  and  purple;  crimson  and  black;   crimson  and  drab. 

Green  and  gold ;   green  and  yellow;  green  and  orange;  green  and 

■  ii ;  green,  crimson  and  yellow;  green,  scarlet  and  yellow. 

and  gold;  lilac  and  maize;  lilac  and  cherry;  lilac  and  scarlet; 
lilac  and  crimson;  lilac,  scarlet,  white  and  black;  lilac,  gold  and 
chestnut;  lilac,  yellow,  scarlel  and  white. 

(fraufjf  and  chestnut ;  orange  and  brown  :  orange,  lilac  and  crimson; 


SUGGESTIONS  ON  THE  BEST  TASTE  IN  DEESS. 


181 


orange,  red  and  green;  orange,  blue  and  crimson;  orange,  purple  and 
scarlet;  orange,  blue,  scarlet,  green  and  white. 

Purple  and  gold ;  purple  and  orange;  purple  and  maize;  purple, 
scarlet  and  gold-color;  purple,  white  and  scarlet;  purple,  orange, 
blue  and  scarlet;  purple,  scarlet,  blue,  yellow  and  black. 

Red  and  gold;  red,  white  or  gray;  red,  green  and  orange;  red, 
black  and  yellow;  red,  yellow,   black  and  white. 

Scarlet  and  purple;  scarlet  and  orange;  scarlet  and  blue;  scarlet 
and  slate-color;  scarlet,  black  and  white;  scarlet,  white  and  blue; 
scarlet,  gray  and  blue;  scarlet,  yellow  and  blue;  scarlet,  blue,  yellow 
and  black. 

Yellow  and  red;  yellow  and  brown;  yellow  and  chestnut;  yellow 
and  violet;  yellow  and  blue;  yellow  and  crimson;  yellow  and  purple; 
yellow  and  black;  yellow,  purple  and  crimson;  yellow  and  scarlet. 


FASHION— WHY  DOES  IT  CHANGE? 

Because  change  is  one  of  nature's  laws.  If  there  was  no  change 
there  would  be  no  motion;  and  without  motion  there  would  be  no  life. 

Change  is  ever  going  forward  in 
nature.  To-day  it  is  spring  and 
all  nature  is  waking  to  new  life. 
A  few  weeks  hence  and  every  tree 
and  shrub  will  be  clothed  in  a  garb 
of  green,  sprinkled  with  blossoms. 
Later  the  green  of  various  shades 
will  merge  into  the  autumn  tints; 
and,  later  still,  nature  will  doff  her 
garb  entirely,  only  to  clothe  her- 
Belf  in  the  coming  years  again 
with  various  changes,  according 
to  the  seasons. 

So  mankind  instinctively  change 
in  style  of  costume,  oftentimes 
for  better,  and  sometimes,  it  must 
be  admitted,  for  the  worse.  But 
the  change  ever  goes  forward, 
fashion  repeating  itself  within  the 
century,  often  within  a  generation, 
almost  as  certain  as  the  seasons 
do  within  the  year. 

There  is  no  use,  therefore,   in 
issuing  a  fiat  against  changes  of 
fashion.    Best  judgment  is  shown  in  accepting  of  the   inevitable  and 
adapting  ourselves  to  circumstances. 

Hints  to  Gentlemen. 

It  is  best  to  conform  to  fashion,  avoiding  extremes. 

While  it  is  well  to  guard  against  the  adoption  of  a  decidedly  unwise 
fashion,  it  is  well  also  to  avoid  an  oddity  in  dress. 

Well-dressed  gentlemen  wear  dark  clothing  ml  and  made  to  meas- 
ure.     Watch-chain,   one   ring,  shirt-stud  and  Sleeve- buttons, 
the  jewelry  allowable  for  the  gentleman. 

Other  colors  than  black  will  be  appropriate  in  their  season  and  lor 
various  kinds  of  enjoyment. 

Hints  to  Parents. 

Give  the  boy  a  good  suit  of  clothes  If  yon  wish  him  to  appear 
manly.  An  ill-fitting,  bad-looking  garment  destroys  a  boy's  respect 
for  himself. 

To  require  the  boy  to  wear  men'B  cast-off  clothing,  and  go  sham- 
bling around  in  a  large  pair  of  boots,  and  then  expect  him   to  have 

- i  manners,  is  like  giving  him  the  poorest  of  tools,  becanse  he  is 

a  boy,  and  then  compelling  him  to  do  as  fine  work  with  them  as  a 
man  would  with  u'""il  tools. 


Graceful  and  Refined  in  Appearance. 


TSTllATEVER  may  be  the  fashion,  there  is  such  grace  ami  refine 
**    rueni  bestowed  upon  the  persons  shown  above,  through  properl; 


made  dress,  as  to  win  our  admiration, 


Like  the  man  or  woman,  the  boy  respects   himself,  and  will  do 
much  more  honor  to  his  parents,  when  he  is  well  dressed  in  a  i 
fitting   suit   of  clothes.      Even   his   mother   should    relinquish  her 
rights  and  let  the  barber  cut  his  hair. 

As  a  rule  well-dressed  children  exhibit  better  conduct  than  chil- 
dren that  are  careless  in  general  appearance.  While  vanity  should  be 
guarded  against,  children  should  be  encouraged  to  be  neat  in  person 
and  dress. 

The  mother  should  strive  also  to  make  her  boy  manly.  Possibly, 
as  a  pet,  her  boy  has  in  infancy  had  his  hair  curled.  Even  now, 
when  he  is  six  or  eight  years  of  age,  the  curls  look  very  pretty.  But 
the  mother  must  forego  her  further  pleasure  in  the  curls;  for  the 
boy,  to  take  his  place  along  with  the  others,  to  run  and  jump,  to 
grow  manly  and  strong,  must  wear  short  hair.  His  mother  can  no 
longer  dress  it  like  a  girl's.  It  will  be  necessary  and  best  to  cut  off 
his  curls. 

Hints  to  Ladies. 

Best  taste  will  dictate  an  observance  of  fashion,  avoiding  exti 
Dress  the  hair  so  that    it  will  exhibit  variety  and  relief,  without 

making  the  forehead  look  too  high. 

Have  one  pronounced  color  in 
dress,  all  other  colors  harmoni  zing 
with  that.  See  "  Harmony  of 
Colors.'' 

A  dress  should  fit  the  form. 
Well-fitted  and  judiciously  trim- 
med,  a  calico  dress  is  handsomer 
than  an  ill-fitting  silk  dress. 

To  present  a  handsome  ap- 
pearance, all  the  appurtenances 
of  the  lady's  dress  should  be 
scrupulously  neat  and  clean. 
Every  article  that  is  designed  to 
be  white  should  be  a  pure  white, 
and   in   perfect  order. 

Much  taste  may  be  displayed 
in  dress  about  the  neck,  and  care 
should  be  observed  not  to  use 
trimmings   that   will  enlai 

nee  of  the  shoulders.  The 
dress  should  be  close-fitting  about 
tii.'  waist  ami  shoulders,  though 
it  should  ni  -  litly. 

As  with  the  gentleman,  quiet  col-  taste. 

Heavy,  rich,  dark  material-  hesl  SUll  the  woman  of  tall  figure;  While 
light,  full  draperies  should  be  worn  only  by  those  <>f  slender  propor- 
tions, short  persons  ahould  bew  are  of  wearing  flounces,  or  horizon- 
tal trimmings  that  will  break  tin-  perpendicular  lines  as  the  effect  is; 
10  make  them  appear  shorter.  The  pictorial  illustrations  herewith 
show  how  differently  people  appear  with  different  dress,  our  opin- 
ions of  their  intellectual  capacity,  their  standing  and  respectability 
being  largely  influenced  at  first  siu'lit  by  this  appearance. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  dress  according  to  the  age,  the  s,.;ison,  the 
employment  and  the  occasion.  As  a  rule,  a  woman  appears  her 
loveliest  when,  in  a  dress  of  dark  color,  we  see  her  with  the  rosy  com- 
plexion of  health,  her  hair  dressed  neatly,  her  throat  and 
tastefully  cared  for,  her  dress  in  neither  extreme  of  fashion,  while 
the  whole  is   relieved  iderate  amount  of  carefully  selected 

jewelry. 

We     have    aimed     in    th  :;    Illt" 

scientific  principles  of  dress— principles  that  can  lie  applied  at  all 
time-,  whatever  may  be  the  fashion.  It  now  remains  for  the  reader 
to  study  these  principles  and  apply  them  in  accordance  with  the 

ons  as  they  may  prevail. 


]y 


L82 


SUGGESTIONS    ,\i:i>l'T   TRAILING    DBESSES. —  CONDUCT    IN    TIIK    mi:m  r-<'Al{S. 


RULES  OF  CONDUCT  TO  BE  OBSERVED. 


ADIES  and  gentlemen,  when  meeting  on  the  side* 

walk,  should  always  pass  to  the  right.   Should  the 

valk    be    narrow  or    dangerous,    gentlemen  will 

f      always  see  that  ladies  are  protected  from  injury. 

V/  Ladies  should  avoid  walking  rapidly  upon  the  street,  as 

it  is  ungraceful  and  unbecoming. 

Running  across  the  street  in  front  of  carriages  is   dan- 
gerous, and  shows  want  of  dignity. 

The  gentleman  should  insist  upon  carrying  any  package  which  the 
lady  may  have,  when  walking  with  her. 

Before  recognizing  i  lady  on  the  street,  the  gentleman  should  be  cer- 
tain that  his  recognition  will  meet  with  favor. 

No  gentleman  should  stand  on  the  street- 
corners,  steps  of  hotels,  or  other  public  places, 
and  make    remarks    about  ladies   passing  by. 

A  gentleman  may  take  two  ladies  upon  his 
arms,  but  under  no  circumstances  should  the 
lady  take  the  arms  <>f  two  gentlemen. 

Upon  the  narrow  walk,  for  her  protection, 
the  gentleman  should  generally  give  the  lady 
the  inside  of  the  walk  (Fig.  21),  passing  behind 
her  when  changing  at  corners. 

Allowing  a  dress  to  trail  on  the  street  is  in 
exceedingly  bad  taste.  Such  a  street  costume 
simply  calls  forth  criticism  and  contempt  from 
the  more  sensible  p 

A  gentleman  walking  with  a  lady  should 
accommodate  his  step  and  pace  to  hers.  For 
the  gentleman  to  be  some  distance  ahead,  pre- 
sents a  bad  appearance. 

Should  protection  on  the  street  be  nee 
it  is  customary  for  the  gentleman  to  give  his 
right  arm  to  the  lady;  but  if  more  convenient, 
he  may  give  the  left. 

It  is  courtesy  to  give  silent,  respectful  attention  as  a  funeral  pro- 
cession passes.  It  shows  want  of  respect  to  pass  between  the  carriages 
while  the  procession  is  moving. 

Staring  at  people,  spitting,  looking  back  after  they  pass,  saluting  peo- 
ple across  the  street,  railing  out  loudly  or  laughing  at  people  as  they 
go  by,  are  all  evidences  of  ill-breeding. 

The  gentleman  accompanying  a  lady  should  hold  the  door  open  for 
the  lady  to  enter  first.  Should  he  be  near  the  door  when  a  lady,  unat- 
tended, is  about  to  enter,  he  will  do  the  same  for   her. 

In  the  evening,  or  whenever  safety  mav  require,  a  gentleman  should 
give  a  lady  his  arm.     It  is  not  customary  in  other  cases  to  do  so  on  the 


}  IgM.    I  he  rtre  t-pra  1  ■ 

Udy  the-  inside  of  the  walk.  * 


A  gentleman  will  assist  a  lady  over  a  bad  crossing,  or  from  an  omni- 
bus or  carriage,  without  waiting  for  the  formality  of  an  introduction. 
When  the  service  is  performed,  he  will  raise  his  hat,  bow,  and  pass  on. 

In  a  street  car  or  an  omnibus,  the  passengers  who  are  seated  should 
strive  to  give  seats  to  those  who  are  standing,  rendering  such  accommo- 
dation as  they  would  themselves  desire  under  similar  circumstances. 

When  crossing  the  pavement,  the  lady  should  raise  her  dress  with  the 
right  hand,  B  little  above  the  ankle.  To  raise  the  dress  with  both  hands, 
is  vulgar,  and  can  be  excused  only  when  the  mud  is  very  deep. 

No  gentleman  will  smoke  when  walking  with,  or  standing  in  the 
presence  of,  a  lady  on  the  street     He  should  remove  the  cigar  ti 

presence  entirely,  even  though  permission  be 
granted  to  continue  the  smoking. 

A  gentleman  should  give  his  seat  toanv  lady 
who  may  be  standing  in  a  public  corn- 
For  this  favor  she  should  thank  him,  which 
courtesy  he  should  acknowledge  by  a  slight 
how.  In  an  omnibus  he  will  pass  up  the  la- 
dies' fan    . 

A  true    lady  will  go  quietly  and  unobtru- 
sively about  her  business  when  on  the 
never  Seeking  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  op- 
posite sex,  nt  the  Same  time    recognizui 
quaintances  with  a  courteous  bow,  and  friends 
with  pleasant  words  of  greeting. 

Swinging  the  arms  when   walking,  eating 
upon  the  street,  sucking  the  pai 

pushing  violently  through  a  crowd,  verv  loud 
and   boisterous  talking  and    laughing    on    the 
Streets,  and  whispering  in  public  CODVI  ] 
are  all    evidences  of  ill-breeding  in  ladies. 

A  lady  should   have  the  escort  of  a  gen- 
tleman in  the  evening.      A  gentleman 
horse  where  she  may  call  mav  return  with  her 
if  she  goes  unattended;  goss.p  and  scandal  an  1,  however, 

if  she  have  some  one  from  her  home  call  for  her  at  an  appointed  hour. 
On  the  narrow  street-crossing  the  gentleman  will   allow  the  lady  to 
precede  him,  that  he  may  see  that  no  injury  befalls  her. 

Should  a  lady  stop  in  the  street,  when  meeting  a  gentleman,  it  is 
courtesy  for  him  to  stop  also.  Should  his  business  be  urgent,  he  will 
/e  for  not  continuing  the  conversation,  and  ask  to  be  excused. 
Should  it  be  desirable  to  lengthen  the  interview,  and  the  lady  resumes 
her  walk  in  the  midst  of  her  conversation,  it  is  courtesy  for  him  to  turn 
and  accompany  her.  Should  she  desire  to  end  the  conversation,  a  slight 
bow  from  her  will  indicate  the  fact,  when  he  should  bid  her  "  good  day  " 
and  Like  his  leave. 


Street,  unless  with  an  elderly  ladv,  or  the  couple  be  husband  and  wife. 

•    Bom«  authorities  ctalm  that  It  U  most  sensible  for  the  lady  to  walk  always  at  the  right  of  th<-  Krruleman,  whether  on  the  street  or  indoors;  ber  right  hand  being  thus 

free  to  tn>l>l  trail,  fan,  or  parasol. 


MISCELLANEOUS    RULES    OF    CONDUCT. 


183 


«i~E 


s3-* 


gvEVER  exaggerate. 

Never  point  at  another. 
Never  betray  a  confidence. 
Never  wantonly  frighten  others. 
Never  leave  home  with  unkind  words. 
Never  neglect  to  call  upon  your  friends. 
Never  laugh  at  the  misfortunes  of  others 

Never  give  a  promise  that  you  do  not  fulfill. 

Never  speak  much  of  your  own  performances. 

Never  fail  to  be  punctual  at  the  appointed  time. 

Never  make  yourself  the  hero  of  your  own  story. 

Never  send  a  present  hoping  for  one   in  return. 

Never  pick  the  teeth  or  clean  the  nails  in  company. 

Never  fail  to  give  a  polite  answer  tit  a  civil  question. 

Never  question  a  servant  orachildabout  family  matters. 

Never  present  a  gift  saying  that  it  is  of  no  use  to  yourself. 

Never  read  letters  which  you  may  find  addressed  to  others. 

Never  fail,  if  a  gentleman,  of  being  civil  and  polite  to  ladies. 

Never  call  attention  to  the  features  or  form  of  any  one  present. 

Never  refer  to  a  gift  you  have  made  or  favor  yon  have  rendered. 

Never  associate  with  bad  company.     Have  good  company  or  none. 

Never  look  over  the  shoulder  of  another  who  is  reading  or  writing. 

Never  seem  to  notice  a  scar,  deformity  or  defect  of  any  one  present. 

Never  arrest  the  attention  of  an  acquaintance  by  a  loach.    Speak 
to  him. 

Never  punish  your  child  for  a  fault  to  which  you  are  addicted 
yourself. 

Never  answer  questions  in  general  company  that  have  been  put  to 
others. 

Never,  when  traveling  abroad,  be  over-boastful  in  praise  of  your 
own  country. 

Never  call  a  new   acquaintance   by   the  Christian    name   unless 
requested  to  do  so. 

Never  lend  an  article  you  have  borrowed  unless  you  have  permis- 
sion to  do  so. 

Never  attempt  to  draw  the  attention  of  the  company  constantly 
upon  yourself. 

Never  exhibit  anger,  impatience  or  excitement  when  an  accident 
happens. 

Never  pass  between  two  persons  who  are  talking  together,  withoul 
an  apology. 

Never  enter  a  room  noisily;  never  fail  to  close  the  door  after  yon, 
and  never  slam  it. 

Never  forget  that  if  you  are  faithful  in  a  few  things,  you  may  be 
ruler  over  many. 

Never  exhibit  too  great  familiarity  with  the  new  acquaintance :  you 
may  give  offense. 

Never  will  a  gentleman  allude  to  conquests  which  he  may  have 
made  with  ladies. 


UNCLASSIFIED 


Laws  of  Etiquette. 


Never  fail  to  offer  the  easiest  and  best  seat  in  the   room 
invalid,  an  elderly  person,  or  a  lady. 

Never  neglect  to  perform  the  commission  which  the  friend  in- 
trusted to  you.      You  must  not  forget. 

Never  send  your  guest,  who  is  accustomed  to  a  warm  room,  off 
into  a  cold,  damp,  spare  bed  to  sleep. 

Never  enter  a  room  filled  with  people  without  a  slight  bow  to  the 
general  company  when  first  entering. 

Never  fail  to  answer  an  invitation,  either  personally  or  by  letter, 
within  a  week  after  the  invitation  is  received. 

Never  accept  of  favors  and  hospitalities  without  rendering  an 
exchange  of  civilities  when  opportunity  offers. 

Never  cross  the  legs  and  put  out  one  foot  in  the  street-car  or  places 
where  it  will  trouble  others  when  passing  by.    {See  lllustraiic 

Never  fail  to  tell  the  truth.  If  truthful  you  get  your  reward. 
You  will  get  your  punishment  if  you  deceive. 

Never  borrow  money  and  neglect  to  pay.  If  you  do  you  will  soon 
be  known  as  a  person  of  no  business  integrity. 

Never  write  to  another  asking  for  information,  or  a  favor  of  any 
kind,  without  inclosing  a  posl  Lge  si  imp  for  the  reply. 

Never  compel  a  woman  with  an  infant  in  arms  to  stand  whili 
retain  your  seat    |  J  -  r!'>s'r<if\on.) 

Never  fail  to  say  kind  and  encouraging  words  to  those  whom  yon 
meet  in  distress.     Your  kindness  may  lift  them  ontof  their  despair. 

Never  refuse  to  receive  an  apology.  You  may  not  revive  friend- 
ship, but  courtesy  will  require,  when  an  apology  is  offered,  that  yon 
accept  it. 

Never  examine  the  cards  in  the  card-basket  While  they  may  he 
exposed  in  the  drawing-room,  you  are  not  expected  to  turn  them 
over  unless  invited  to  do  so. 

Never,  when  walking  arm  in  arm  with  a  lady,  be  continually  cl 
ing  and  going  to  the  other  Bid<  oi  change  of  corners.     It 

shows  too  much  attention  to  form. 

Nei  er  should  the  lady  accept  of  expensive  ie  hands  of  a 

gentleman  not  related  or  engaged 
music  or  confectionery  may  be  accepted. 

Never  insult  another  by  harsh  words  when  applied  to  f,.r  a    I 
Kind  words  do  not  cost   much,  and   yel   they  may  carry  untold  hap- 
piness to  th  !  one  lo  whom  tu    \    a.-  -.'■ 

Ne\  er  fail  to  -peak  kindly.  If  a  merchant,  and  you  address  your 
clerk;  if  an  overseer,  and  mr  workmen;  if  in  any 

position   where  yon  ■  i    -how   yourself  to  he  a 

gentleman  by  your  pleasant  mode  of  ad 

Never  attempt  to  convey  tile  impression  that  you  are  a  genius  by 
imitating  the  faults  of  distinguished  men       B  certain  great 

men  were  poor  penmen,  wore  long  hair,  or  had  Other  peculiar!)  I 
does  not  follow  that  you  will  lie  great  by  imitating  their  eccentric 

Never  give  all  your  pleasant  words  and  smiles  to  strangers.     Tin' 

kindest  words  and  the  sweetest  smiles  should  he  reserved  for  1- 
Home  should  be  our  hea 

'•  We  have  careful  thought  for  the  stranger, 

\ml  smiles  for  the  sometimes  --nest; 

i    for  OUF  own  the  hitter  tone. 
Though  we  love  our  own  the 
All !   lip-  with  the  curl  impatient  — 

'■row  with  the  shade  of  SCOID, 

"1'wei'e  a  cruel  fate  w  ere  I  he  ni  ;hl  too  late 
To  undo  the  work  of  the  moi  Q. 


184 


THK    NEIGHBORHOOD    WHERE    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS    KIN    AT    I.AKGE. 


^€§ 


Etiquette  Among  Neighbors. 


DIVISION   FENCES   BETWEEN   HOUSES. 


V 


^  C^HrjpiifJO  BK  kind,  and  to  treat  politely  the  persons  with  whom 

-oeiatcd,  is  not  all,  nor  should 
civility  cease  with  the  casual  intercourse  between 
neighbors;  it  should  go  beyond.  We  should  regard  the 
of  the  individual.  Were  all  to  do  so,  mankind 
would  tike  a  lon^  stride  in  advance  of  the  pr«. 
fish  and    thoughtless  Conduct  which  too  often  actuates 

even  those  who  are  reputed  to  be  good  and  res; 
This  want  of  regard  for  the  rights  of  others  is  shown  in  many  ways. 
To  illustrate: 

The  individual  who  will  conduct  a  house  or  an  establishment  that  is 
unpleasant,  injurious  to  health,  or  detrimental  to  the  community,  evinces 
gard  for  the  courtesy  that  is  due  to  his  neighbors. 
The  parents  who  al- 
low children  ti 
their  neighbors,  are  al- 
ways a  most  an 
ble  people  to  have   in 
the   vicinitv. 

The  people  of  a  com- 
munity who  will  de- 
liberately turn  horses, 
,nd  hogs  into 
the  street,  entirely  dis- 
regarding the  f.iit  that 
the  animals  are    liable 

to  do  much  damage  to 

others,  demonstrate  a 
lack  of  regard  for 
neighbors  which  is  in- 
excusable, and  can  on- 
ly be  explained  on  the 
ground  that  the  habit 
is  so  common  that  they 
do  not  realize  the  in- 
jury they  are  doing. 

The  fact  that  we  ac- 
costed Mr.  Jones  po- 
litely,  and  said  pleas- 
ant things  in  his 
presence,  was  good  so 
far  as  it  went,  but  the 
further   fact    that    we 

turned  our  cattle  into  the  street,  well  knowing  they  were  liable  to  tram- 
ple Mr.  Jones'  sidewalk  to  pieces,  and  break  down  his  trees,  demonstrates 
that,  while  we  are  very  agreeable  to  his  face,  we  care  but  little  what  we 
may  do  behind  his  back. 

This  utter  disregard  for  the  wants  of  others  causes  people  generally 
to  become  suspicious  of  their  neighbors.      It  is  true  th.it  this  suspicion  is 
gradually    becoming    lessened.       The    time    was    when    the    inhs 
built  a  castle  as  nearly  as  possible  impregnable;  around  that  was  built 
a  high  enclosure,   and  still  outside  of  that  tt  with  a  draw- 

bridge.    Gradually  the  fact  has  dawned  that  we  need  not  be  thus 


Fig.  2a.    PEOPLE  WHO  ARE  TROl   BL1  D  BY  THEIR  NEIGHBORS. 


We  need  not  build  a  house  of  stone,  we  need  not  construct  a 

canal,  but  we  still  adhere  to  the  high  wall  or  fence,  as  we  arc  oftentimes 
compelled  to  because  of  the  disposition  of  the  neighbor  to  trample  upon 
our  rights  by  allowing  bis  animals  to  destroy  our  property. 

The  reader  has  do  a  town  in  which  the  people  allowed 

their  di  imestic  animals  to  run  at  large,  the  hogs  to  root  the  turf  to  pieces 
by  the  roadside,  the  cattle  i  -walks,  to  break  through  I 

and  to  tear  down  trees.    This  want  of  courtesy  is  not  uncommon.    In  short, 

it  is  altogether  to"  common  in  many  tow  tintry,  and  upon  the 

part  of  the  owners  of  animals    it  shows  a    complete    disregard   of  the 
i   those  who  would  beautify  their  homes,  and  thus  correspond- 
ingly beautify  the  town. 

The  code  of  etiquette  should  not  alone  apply  among  individuals  when 

directly  associated  to- 
gether. It  should  ex- 
tend further.  It  should 
go  out  and  permeate  a 
tu  i  g  h  borhood  .  It 
should  diffuse  itself 
throughout  a  town.  It 
should  bind  together 
the  peoj 

Ol    a  nation.     It  should 
be    a    rule    ot 
am  ong    all     nations, 
the  evidences 
of  court) 

tions  begins  t>  i 
test  itself.  The  Inter- 
national Congress  is 
based  Upon  this  princi- 
ple. The  id< 
friendly  association  of 
the  repi 

nations  for  mutual  ad- 
justment of  difieren* 
he  beginning 
of  a  recognition  of  the 
rights  of  each  other. 


The  above  Illustration  represent*  a  common  scene.  The 
neighbors  suspect  each  other,  and  they  destroy  the  beauty 
of  their  ground*  in  the  attempt  to  shut  each  other  out.  Sus- 
picion and  selfishness  rule.      Regardless  or  the  rights  of 


others,  animals  arc  allowed  to  trample  to  pieces  the  side- 
walks, to  destroy  shade  tree*  and  to  despoil  the  neighbors  This  is  evidence  of 
yard.  Inbarmony,  disorder,  and  Ill-feeling  among  Ihc  pec-  a  higher  civilization, 
pie  are  characteristics  of  the  neighborhood.  When  we  can  rise  su- 
perior to  se  I  fish  ness, 
when  we  are  willing  to  consider  the  rights  and  the  requirements  of  others, 
when  we  are  governed  bv  the  generous  spirit  of  doing  unto  others  as 
we  would  that  they  should  do  unto  us,  then  we  are  directed  by  a  power 
that  will  make  an  entire  people,  as  a  whole,  what  the  laws  of  etiquette 
determine  they  shall  be  individually,  in  their  intercourse  with  each  other. 

The  illustration  (Pig  aa)  upon  this  pa)  iscenewh 

rved   in  many  villages  or  cities  — a  group  of  residences,  i 
and  beautiful  in  architecture,  surrounded  and  disfigured  by  high  incis- 
ures put  up  to  guard  against  people  who  allow  their  cattle  and  other 
animals  to  destroy  their  neighbor's  property. 


PEOPLE    WHO    DO    TO    OTHERS    AS    THEY    WISH    OTHERS    TO    DO    TO    THEM. 


lbo 


Charming,  Beautiful  Homes.  ] 


«~#3&&^~ 


BARRIERS   BETWEEN   NEIGHBORS   REMOVED. 


—$> 


HE  fences  shown  upon  the  opposite  page,  separating 
r^  houses  and  lots,  often  prevent  acquaintance  with  neigh - 
«/  M  \i  bors  being  made.  The  result  of  this  non-intercourse 
w  is  usually  a  suspicion  that  the  neighbor  is  un worth v  of 
confidence,  an  opinion  which  is  never  overcome  except 
by  interchange  of  civilities  which  would  show  each 
the  worth  of  the  other. 
Unacquainted  with  his  neighbors,  the  resident,  ceas- 
ing to  consider  their  rights,  grows  careless  of  his  obligations  toward 
others,  and  consequently  becomes  a  less  worthy  citizen. 

The  illustration  upon  this  page  (Fig.  23)  represents  the  scene  very 
much  changed.     Again  we  have  the   same   residences,   and   the   same 
neighbors,  who  have  become  acquainted  and  have  learned  to  value 
each  other.     The  re- 
sult of  this  social  in- 
tercourse and  evident 
observance   of   the 
rights   of    others   has 
wrought  a  vast  change 
in  the   appearance  of 
the   homes,   which   is 
manifest   at  a  glance. 

It  is  plainly  appar- 
ent in  the  scene  that  a 
higher  civilization 
pervades  the  neigh- 
borhood. The  animals, 
that  broke  down  the 
trees  and  dev 
the  sidewalks  and 
grounds,  have  been 
withdrawn  by  their 
owners,  and  sent  to 
pastures,  where  they 
belong.  This  of  itself 
is  evidence  of  decided 

advancement. 

Fig.  23.  THE  NEI 
Examine  the  scene 
further.  The  fences 
have  disappeared, 
save  a  low  coping  that 
determines  the  outer 
edge   of   the   lot.      In 

this  alone  a  heavy  item  of  expense  has  been  removed,  while  with  it  has 
come  the  enlargement  of  grounds,  which,  studded  with  finely  trimmed 
trees,  and  intersected  with  winding  pathways,  surround  every  residence 
with  a  most  elegant  park.    That  this  improvement  i  shown 

in  the  congregating  of  the   neighbors  together  in    the    shady  nook,  the 
gambols  of  the  children  on  the  lawn,  and  the  promenade  of  the  ladies  and 
nen  throughout  the  beautifully  embellished  grounds.  All  delight  in 
the  scene,  and  all  are  made  better  by  it.      \\  hue  tl  could  be 

coarse  and  selfish  in  his  own  little  lot,  he  is  now  thrown  upen  hi 
behavior  as  he  mingles  with  others  on  the  beautiful  grounds,  and  thus 


all  are  improved.  Even  the  cat  and  dog  that  quarrelled  in  the  former 
scene  are  now  acquainted  with  each  other,  and  happily  play  together. 
To  maintain  pleasant  relations  among  neighbors,  there  are  a  few 
things  which  the  citizen  must  avoid.  Among  these  are  the  following: 
Never  allow  children  to  play  upon  a  neighbor's  grounds  or  premises 
unless  they  are  invited  and  made  perfectly  welcome  by  the  neighbor. 

Never  allow  fowls  or  animals  of  any  kind,  which  vou  have  control 
over,  to  trespass  upon  the  premises  or  rights  of  other  people. 

Never  borrow  of  neighbors  if  it  be  possible  to  avoid  it.  It  is  better 
to  buy  what  you  need  than  to  frequently  borrow.  There  are  a  few  things 
which  a  neighbor  should  never  be  expected  to  lend.  Among  these  are 
fine-edged  tools,  delicate  machinery,  and  any  article  liable  to  easily  get 
out  of  order.    The  less  business  relations  among  neighbors,  the  better. 

Never  fail  to  return, 
with  thanks,  any  arti- 
cle borrowed,  as  soon 
.is  you  have  finished 
using  it,  and  see  that 
it  is  in  as  good  or  bet- 
ter condition  than 
when  you  received  it. 

Articles  of  provi- 
sions which  may  be 
borrowed  should  be 
very  promptly  return- 
ed in  larger  quantity, 
to  pay  interest,  and 
better  in  quality  if  pos- 
sible. In  no  way  can 
bor  lose  char- 
acter more  effectually 
in  business  dealing 
than  by  the  petty  mean  - 
arrowing  and 
failing  to  pay,  or  by 
paying  with  a 
quality  and  in  less 
iinount. 


HOOD  WHERE  PEOPLE  LIVE  IN  HARMONY. 


This  illustration  represents  a  neighborhood  where  the  peo- 
ple evidently  do  unto  other*  as  they  wish  others  to  do  unto 
them.  They  trust  each  other.  The  barriers  between  them 
areremoved.     No  animal  is  allowed  to  do  injury.     Enjoying 


peace  and  beauty  they  evidently  desire  that  the  neighbor 
shall  share  the  same.  This  co-operation,  kindness  and  re- 
gard for  all,  give  the  beauty,  the  harmony,  the  peace,  and 
the  evident  contentment  which  arc  here  presented. 


Avoid  speaking  evil 
of  your  neighbor.   As 
a  rule   it    is   only  $.ik 
to     compliment     and 
praise  the  absent  one. 
If  any  misunderstanding  arises  between  yourself  and  a  neighbor,  en- 
deavor to  effect  a  reconciliation  by  a  full  explanation.     When  the  matter 
is  folly  understood  you  will  very  likely  be  better  friends  ever  afterwards. 
Never  fail,  if  the  grounds  run  together,  to  keep  your  premises  in  as 
good  order  ELS  your  neighbor's.    Should  you  own  the  house  and  grounds, 
and  others  occupy  die  same,  you  will  do  well  to  arrange  to  keep  the  exte- 
rior of  the  premises  in  order.it  your  own  e\;v  nts  hive  not 
the  same  interest.     The  improvements  of  grounds  among  neighbors  thus 
will  always  be  kept  up;  you  will  be  compensated  by  securing  the  best 
class  of  tenants,  and  the  nn.                                                    .  improved. 


L86 


I    Mil. Ill'    HAVE    DONE    TIIK    SAME    UNDER    Till':    SAME    CIRCUMSTANI  I  9. 


Kindness  to  the  Erring. 


A  PLEA   FOR  THE   UNFORTUNATE. 


\N    officer  of  the  law  you  may  be,  and    it  be- 
you  to  care   for    the    prisoner    in 

your  charge.    While  law  should  be  en- 
forced, for  the  good  of  tht.-  criminal  as 
well  as  the  protection  of  society,  it  does 
not  become  you  to  be  unkind.     Perhaps 
investigation  ma)  prove  that  your  pris- 
soner    is     innocent    and     has     been 
£a£^-       wrongly  arrested.      But   if   guilty,  at 
(p-i'VNjE--      most  he  is  simply  unfortunate.     He 
had  no  power  to  say  what  qualities 
of    mind    he   should    inherit,    what    his     temperament 
Should    be,  or  what  training    be   should    receive  in   in- 
finite;   all  of  which    are  usually    determining    causes 
that  fix  man's  destiny  in  after-life. 

He  stands  before  you  largely  the  victim  of  unfortu- 
nate circumst.uii  es.       He    lacks    the     moral     strength 
ess,  ami  hence  his  weakness  and  his 
True,  he  must  pay  the   penalty  of  his  trans- 
gression,  but    vou  can  temper    the  administration   of 
your  government  with  such  justice  as  will  tend  to  the 
improvement    .uul,  possibly,  the   reformation    of  the 
criminal.    Whatever  the  conduct  of  the  prison* 
should  always  rise  superior  to  the  feelings  of  passion  or  revenge. 

In  a  thousand  ways  our  paths  in  life  will  be  crossed  by  those  who 
commit  errors.  It  will  DC  easy  to  find  fault;  it  will  be  natural  to  blame. 
But  we  must  never  forget  that  further  back,  far  beyond  our  sight,  lie- 
causes  that  tended  to  produce  these  results. 

Well  may  the  mother  look  with  deep  anxiety  upon  the  infant,  wonder- 
ing what  destiny  lies  before  it.    Alas!  that  a  mother's  hopes  and  | 

often  do  not  avail.      Drifted  away  from  parental  control,  the  footsteps 

fall  amid  temptation,  and  a  life  of  sorrow  is  the  result. 

We  should  never  forget,   in  our  treatment  of  the  erring,   that,  were 
the  mother  present,  she   would   plead  with    us  to  deal   gently   w 
child.     Very  touchingly  does  the  following  poem  ask  that  we  be  lenient 
for  her  sake: 

Some  Mother's  Child. 

T    home  or  away,  in  the  alley  or  street. 

Whenever  I  ehanee  in  this  wide  world  to  meet 

A  girl  that  is  thoughtless,  or  3  boy  that  is  wild, 

My  heart  1  1  1  ild!'" 

And  when  T  see  those  oYr  whom  long  years  have  rolled. 
Whose  hearts  have  grown  hardi  1  pints  are  cold — 

Be  itwoman  all  fallen,  or  man  all  defiled, 
A    oiee  whispers  sadly,  "Ah'  some  mother's  child!" 

No  matter  how  far  from  the  right  she  hath  strayed; 
No  matter  what  inroads  dishonor  hath  l 
No  matter  what  element  cankered  the  pearl  — 
Though  tarnished  and  sullied,  she's  some  mother's  girl. 

tter  how  wayward   his  footsteps  hive  been; 
No  matter  how  deep  he  is  sunken  in  sin; 
No  matter  how  low  is  his  standard  of  joy  — 
Though  guilty  and  loathsome,  he's  some  mother's  1>oy. 

That  head  hath  been  pillowed  on  tenderest  breast; 
That  form  hath  been  wept  o'er,  those  lips  have  l»-en  pressed; 
That  soul  hath  been  prayed  for  in  tones  sweet  and  mild; 
For  her  sake  deal  gentlv  with  "some  mother's  child." 


w^ 


RLE  error  must  be  deplored  and  virtue  ever  commended,  we 
lould  deal  carefully  and  considerately  with  the  erring,  ever 
membering  that  a  myriad  of  untoward  circumstances  are 
continually   weaving    a    network    around    the    individual,    fettering    and 
binding  a  soul  that  otherwise  would  be   white  and   pure. 

It  is  a  most  fortunate  circumstance  for  the  child  to  be  born  of  an  ex- 
cellent parentage,  to  be  reared  amid  kindness,  and  to  be  guided  in  youth 
by  wise  counsels.  Given  all  these  favoring  circumstances,  and  the 
are  that  the  pathway  in  life  will  be  honorable.  Deprived  of 
these  advantages,  the  individual  is  likely  to  fall  short  in  excellence  in 
proportion  as  the  circumstances  have  been  unfavorable. 

There  are  those  who  seemingly  have  only  a  smooth  pathway  in  life. 
They  were  so  fortunate  as  to  be  born  with  an  excellently  balanced  organ- 
ization of  mind.  They  have  no  passion  unduly  in  excess.  They  have 
no  abnormal  longings,  no  eccentricities,  no  weaknesses.  Hoses  strew 
their  way,  and  they  live  a  life  well  rounded  out  and  full  of  honor. 

But  while  there  .ire  those  who  are  apparently  exempt  from  temptation, 
all  are  not  so  fortunate  in  ability,  in  strength  of  purpose  and  in  power  of 
will  which  may  enable  them  to  resist  evil.  Some  are  liable  to  easily 
err,  and  it  will  tike,  possibly,  but  a  trivial  circumstance  to  carry  them 
aside.  In  the  transgression  they  will  get  their  punishment — they  will 
suffer  sufficiently.  It  does  not  become  the  more  fortunate,  therefore,  to 
take  tOO  much  credit  to  themselves  for  being  more  virtuous  and  free  from 
error.     It  is  VS  ind  charitable  to  extend   sympathy  and 

compassion.     This  sentiment  is  well  expressed  in  the  following  poem, 
by  Millie  C".  I'omeroy: 

NE  morning,  when  I  went  to  school, 

in  the  long-vanished  Yesterday, 
1  found  the  creek  ha<  1  '-inks, 

t  my  way. 

The  little  path  was  filled  with  mud; 
I  tried  to  eross  it  on  a  |i 
My  !■  Lnd  1,  hi  IpIeSS,  fell 

Into  a  mass  of  miry  bog. 

My  clothes  win-   pitiful  t< . 

My  hands   ind  fai  e  ■•  <  re  covered  quite. 

hildren  laughed  rigl 
And  leered  me  when  I  came  in  sight, 

I    Jessie  Brown,  in  snow  white  dress, 
St  mi  desk, 

.    he  might, 
Inquired  the  secret  of  my  plight 

Then  Jessie  shook  her  snow-white  dri 
And  said,  "  What  will  you  give  to  me 

For  coming  here  so  nice  and  •_  d 

My  very  shoes  Fn  im  din  a  i  i 

The  tutor  frown..!,  and  answered  her, 

*'  Yon  merit  no  reward  to- day; 

Your  clothes  and  hands  are  .lean,  because 

You  had  a  smooth  path  all  the  way." 

.  I  think,  when  children  u*rown 
Arc  white  in  grace  or  black  with 
We  should  not  judge  until  we  know 
The  pith  fate  had  them  travel  in; 
For  some  are  led  on  sunnv  heights, 
!:-■•  (Hid  the  power  iv; 

While  others  grope  in  darksome  paths, 
And  face  temptation  all  tin 


You  Had  a  Smooth  Path. 


IU'SIN'ESS    AND    COMMERCIAL    FORMS. 


1ST 


^<\ 


Commercial  Forms, 


NOTES,  BILLS,  ORDERS,  CHECKS,  DRAFTS, 
RECEIPTS,  Etc.,  Etc. 


'pin  the  transaction  of  business,  it 
becomes  necessary  for  all  per- 
sons to  occasionally  write  various 
business  forms.  Among  those  in 
most  frequent  use  are  Receipts, 
Orders,  Bills  of  Articles  Pur- 
chased, Promissory  Notes,  Checks, 
Drafts,  etc. 

To  better  understand  these,  it 
is  well  to  be  acquainted  with  the  meaning  of 
the  various  commercial  terms  to  be  constantly 
seen  in  our  general  reading. 

Definition  of  Commercial  Terms. 

$ means  dollars,  being  a  contraction  of 


U.  S.,  which  was  formerly  placed  before  any 
denomination  of  money,  and  meant,  as  it  means 
now,  United  States  Currency. 

£ means  pounds,  English  money. 

@  stands  for  at  or  to.  ft  for  pound,  and  bbl. 
for  barrel ;  fJ  for  per  or  by  the.  Thus,  Butter 
sells  at  20@30c  f  ft,  and  Flour  at  $8@12  ^  bbl. 

"f0  for  per  cent  and  ft  for  number. 

May  1.— Wheat  sells  at  $1.20@1.25,  "seller 
June."  Seller  June  means  that  the  person  who 
sells  the  wheat  has  the  privilege  of  delivering 
it  at  any  time  during  the  month  of  June. 

Selling  short,  is  contracting  to  deliver  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  grain  or  stock,  at  a  fixed  price, 
within  a  certain  length  of  time,  when  the  seller 
has  not  the  stock  on  hand.  It  is  for  the  inter- 
est of  the  person  selling  "  short,"  to  depress  the 


market  as  much  as  possible,  in  order  that  lie 
may  buy  and  fill  his  contract  at  a  profit.  Hence 
the  "  shorts  "  are  termed  "  bears." 

Buying  long,  is  to  contract  to  purchase  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  grain  or  shares  of  stock  at  a 
fixed  price,  deliverable  within  a  stipulated  time, 
expecting  to  make  a  profit  by  the  rise  of  prices. 
The  "longs  "are  termed  "bulls,"  as  it  is  for 
their  interest  to  "  operate  "  so  as  to  "  toss  "  the 
prices  upward  as  much  as  possible. 

Promissory  Notes. 

A  promissory  note  is  a  promise  or  engagement 
in  writing  to  pay  a  specified  sum  at  a  time 
therein  limited,  or  on  demand,  or  at  sight,  to  a 
person  therein  named,  or  his  order  or  assigns, 
or  to  the  bearer.  The  person  making  the  note 
is  called  the  drawer  or  maker. 

A  note  is  void  when  founded  upon  fraud. 
Thus,  a  note  obtained  from  a  person  when  in- 
toxicated, or  obtained  for  any  reason  which  is 
illegal,  cannot  be  collected.*  A  note  given  upon 
Sunday  is  also  void  in  some  States. 

Notes  bear  interest  only  when  it  is  so  ex- 
pressed; after  they  become  due,  however,  they 
draw  the  legal  rate  of  the  State,  f  Note.-  payable 
on  demand  or  at  sight,  draw  no  interest  until 
after  presentation  or  demand  of  the  same  has 

*  If,  however,  the  note  is  transferred  to  an  innocent  bolder,  the  claim 
of  fraud  <  LlnotavaU.    The  party  holding  the  note 

can  collect  it  if  the  maker  is  able  to  pay  it. 

fit"  it  is  intended  to  have  the  note  draw  more  than  the  lesral  rate  of 
interest,  after  maturity,  the  words  should  so  specify  in  the  body  of  the 
note  as  follows:  "with  interest  at  the  rate  of *  per  cent  until  paid. 


L88 


(.-OMMKRCIAL    AND    BUSINESS    FORMS. 


been  made,  unless  they  provide  for  interest  from 
date  on  their  face;  thej  then  draw  the  legal  rate 
of  interest  of  the  State. 

If  "with  interest"  is  included  in  the  note,  it 
draws  the  legal  rate  of  the  State  where  it  is 
given,  from  the  time  it  is  made. 

If  the  note  is  to  draw  a  special  rate  of  interest 
higher  than  the  legal,  but  not  higher  than  the 
law  allows,  the  rate  must  be  specified. 

If  the  note  is  made  payable  to  a  person  or 
order,  to  a  person  or  bearer,  to  a  person  or  his 
assigns,  or  to  the  cashier  of  an  incorporated 
company  or  order,  such  notes  are  negotiable. 

When  transferring  the  note,  the  indorser  frees 
himself  from  responsibility,  so  tar  as  the  payment 
is  concerned,  by  writing  on  the  back,  above  his 
name,  "  Without  recourse  to  me  in  any  event."  * 

"When  a  note  is  made  payable  at  a  definite 
period  after  date,  three  clays  beyond  the  time 
expressed  on  the  face  of  the  note  (called  days  of 
grace)  are  allowed  to  the  person  who  is  to  pay 
the  same,  within  which  to  make  such  payment. 
Notes  payable  on  demand  are  not  entitled  to 
days  of  grace.* 

If  a  note  is  payable  at  a  bank,  and  is  held 
there  on  the  day  upon  which  it  tails  due,  until 
the  usual  hour  tor  closing,  ready  for  receiving 
payment  thereon,  no  further  demand  upon  the 
maker  is  necessary,  in  order  to  charge  the  in- 
dorser. The  demand  must,  in  all  cases,  be  made 
upon  the  last   of  the  days  of  grace;  a  demand 

♦Bank*  usually  charge  interest  on  Days  "f  Cracc. 


before  that  time  passing  for  nothing  as  against 
the  indorser. 

The  days  of  grace,  which  must  be  computed 
according  to  the  laws  of  the  State  where  the 
note  is  payable,  are  to  be  reckoned  exclusive  of 
the  day  when  the  note  would  otherwise  become 
due,  and  without  deduction  for  Sundays  or 
holidays;  in  which  latter  case,  by  special  enact- 
ments in  most  of  the  States,  notes  are  deemed  to 
become  due  upon  the  secular  day  next  preced- 
ing such  days.  Thus,  a  note,  due  upon  the 
twenty-fifth  day  of  December,  is  payable  on  the 
twenty-fourth,  as  the  day  when  due  is  Christ- 
mas day;  if  the  twenty-fourth  chance  to  be 
Sunday,  it  is  due  upon  the  twenty-third. 

In  order  to  charge  an  indorser,  the  note,  if 
payable  at  a  particular  place,  must  be  presented 
for  payment  at  the  place  upon  the  very  day  it 
becomes  due;  if  no  place  of  payment  be  named, 
it  must  be  presented,  either  to  the  maker  per- 
sonally, or  at  his  place  of  business,  during  busi- 
ness hours,  or  at  his  dwelling  house,  within  rea- 
sonable hours;  if  payable  by  a  firm,  a  present- 
ment may  be  made  to  either  of  the  partners,  or 
at  the  linn's  place  of  business;  if  given  by  sev- 
eral persons  jointly,  not  partners,  the  demand 
must  be  made  upon  all.  If  the  note  has  been 
lost,  mislaid,  or  destroyed,  the  holder  must  still 
make  a  regular  and  formal  demand,  offering  the 
party,  at  the  same  time,  a  sufficient  indemnity  in 
the  event  of  his  paying  the  same 


*  The  simple  indorsment  of  the  name  of  the  person  selling-  the  note, 

which  transfer,  upon  the  back  of  the  is  not  in  some 

intee  for  the  paj  ment  of  the  note  at  maturity.     When  it  is 

>  to  be  a  gu.iranlee,it  should  be  so  stated  on  the 

back  of  the  note]  .is  follows: 

RICHARD  ROE. 

"For  ralne  received,  I  (or  we)  hereby  guarantee  the  payment  of  the 

within  note  at  maturity,  or  at  any  time  thereafter,  villi  interest  at 

fer  cent,  until  paid;  and  agree  to  fay  all  costs  or  exfenses  f aid  or  in- 
curred in  collecting  the  same." 

RICHARD  ROE. 


To  avoid  the  danger  of  the  signer  of  the  guarantee  claiming  at  a 
future  time  that  said  guarantee  was  written  above  his  name  without  his 
knowledge,  it  is  best  to  have  his  signature  written  twice,  once  above  the 
guarantee,  to  serve  as  a  transfer,  and  once  below  to  serve  as  the  guaran- 
tee, as  shown  above. 


Negotiable  Note. 

With  interest  at  legal  rate  per  cent,  from  date. 

8500.  CniCAfio,  III.,  Jan.  1, 18— . 

Three  months  after  date,  for  value  received,  I  promise  to 
fay  Charles  Mix,  or  order,  I-'ive  Hundred  dollars,  with 
interest. 

ORSON  KENDALL. 


Negotiable  Note. 

With  interest  at  ten  per  cent,  alter  maturity,  until  paid. 

glOO.  Des  Moines,  Ia.,  April  2, 18—. 

For  value  received,  ninety  days  after  date,  I  promise  to 
fay  Orlando  Warner,  or  order,  One  Hundred  dollars,  with 
interest  at  ten  i>er  cent,  after  maturity,  until  f  aid. 

CHESTER  BUTTERF1ELD. 


COMMERCIAL   AND   BUSINESS   FORMS. 


189 


Form  for  Pennsylvania. 


Crat  'ti-e^u4€    ^e.<>e^u€^/J    (y    mA&wud&    fa    A-ay    /#    trie 


'  U//r 


-ati'Ud  ■a^et  ■ica^eJ    4<iMd#ui4tt  i^fa^tifo^pnsZ) 


^t-U-a^n 


'hn-uct-ad^n^Z) 


Note   not   Negotiable. 


/soo. 


'->  "/,  ''  '■' ■ 


W 


at  <f.,  @*#  *,  s* 


$4,000. 


•^■ce^u^elrZ) 


Note  for  Two  or  More  Persons. 


WWW,     £$£.,     G%M444    fi,     -/<f.. 


Note  on  Demand. 


$ioo. 


Northampton,  Mass.,  March  i,  iS — . 
On  demand,  I  promise  to  pay  Clinton  Briggs,  or  order, 
One    Hundred  dollars,  value  received,  with  interest. 

McREA  BROWN. 


Married  Woman's  Note  in  New  York. 

$50.  Rochester,  N.  V.,  April  10,  iS — . 

For  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay  A.  B.  Smith,  or 
order,  Fifty  dollars,  one  year  from  date,  with  interest.  And 
I  hereby  charge  my  individual  property  and  estate  with  the 
payment  of  this  note. 

M  \KV    11.   WILLIAMS. 


190 


PROMISSORY    NOTE8    FOB    DIFFERENT    STATES.—    I'll     BILLS. 


Note  Payable  by  Installments. 
j;  .  i  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Feb.  10,  iS— . 

Fur  value  received,  I  promise  to  paj  Butterfteld,  or  order, 

Seven  Hundred  dollars,  in  manner  following;,  to-wit:    Two  Hundred 
dollars  in  one  month  from  date;  Two  Hundred  dollars  in  two  months ; 
and  T  tree  Hundred  dollars  in  three  months,  with  interest  on  th. 
sums:  11  due.  CALEB  PRINDLE. 


Judgment  Note. 

f  ..     UL  Chicago,  III.,  Oct.  i,  1878. 

\i;:  1  date,  we  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  The  Mer 

1  in  and  Trust  Co.  of  Chicago,  at  its  office,  Nine  Hun- 
dred, Ninety-Nine  nnd  99-100  dollars,  for  value  received,  with  interest 
at  the  rate  of  ten  per  cent,  per  annum,  after  due. 

CLARK  1>.  BROVi  V        [seal.] 
SOLON  P.  WELLS.  [seal.] 

Know  all  Men  by  these  Presents,  That  we,  the  subscribers,  are  justly 
indebted  to  The   Men  hai  I      Saving      Loan  and  Trust  Co.,  of  Chicago, 

upon  a  certain  Promissory  Note,  bearing  even  date  herewith,  for  the  sum 

ol    Nine  Hundred,  "Ninety-Nine  and  09-100  dollars,  with  interest  at 

the  rate  of  ten  per  cent,   per  annum,  after   due,  and    payable  ninetv  days 
after  date. 

Now,  therefore,  in  consideration  of  the  premises,  we  do  hereby 
make,  constitute  and  appoint  Win  ll.  King,  or  any  Attorney  of  any 
I  Record,  to  be  our  true  and  lawful  Attorney,  irrevocably,  for  us 

and  in  our  name--,  place  and  stead,  to  appear   in  any  Court  of  Record,  in 

term  time  or  vacation,  in  any  State'  <>r  Territory  <>t  the  United  States  -it 
any  time  before  or  after  sai  imes  due,  to  waive  the  service  *of 

a   judgment  in  favor  of  The  Merchants'  Savings, 
1  i:id  Trust  Co.,  of  Chicago,  or  it  tigns,  upon  1 

Note,  for  the  amount  thereof,  and  tab  1  md  ten 

dollars  Alton  >vit  for  the  amount  thereof, 

with  an  agreement  therein  that  no  writ  of  error  or  appeal  shall  be  prose- 
cuted upon  the  judgment  entered  by  virtue  hereof,  nor  any  bills  in  equity 
filed  to  interfere  in  any  manner  with  the  operation  "I  said  judgment,  and 
1  e  all  errors  that  may  intervene  in  the  entering  up  of  such  judg- 
ment, <>r  issuing  the  execution  thm  .  .11 ;  and  also  to  waive  all  1" 
advantage  to  Which  we  may  he  entitled  by  virtue  of  any  Homestead  or 
other  exemption  law  now  or  hereafter  in  force,  in  this  or  any  other  State 
or  Territory,  where  judgment  may  be  entered  by  virtue  hereof.  Hereby 
ratifying  and  confirming  all  that  our  said  attorney  may  do  by  virtue 
hereof. 

Witness  our   hands    and   seals  this  first  day  of  October,  A.  D.  1S7S. 


IV  PRESENCE  OF  » 

NATHAN   Willi  MAN.     | 


CLARK  l>   BR"  '\\  V 
S<  >LON   1".  WELLS. 


[seal.] 
[si  h.  I 


Note  in  Missouri. 

i;  ■  St. Joseph,  Mo., June  1,  [8 — . 

Three  months  after  date,  I   promise  to  pay  to  Orson   Barber,  Four 
Hundred  For  value  received;  negotiable  and  payable,  without 

ition  or  discount 

MURRAY  SIMPSON, 


Note  Payable  in  Merchandise. 

$1,500.  I   mi:  ,  Vt..JuIv  14,  l8 — . 

For  1  il,  on  or  before  the  first  da;    of  October  1 

to  pay  ll.  Millet  &  Co., or  order,  Fifteen  Hundred  dollars,  in 
good   mi  White  Wheat,  at  our  warehouse  in  this  city,  at   the 

market  value,  on  the  maturity  of  this  note. 

ARMSTRONG  &  PHELPS. 


Joint  Note. 

$900  50  Sfkim.i -ii  1  D,  ii  1  .,  May  10,  iS— . 

One  year  after  date,  we  jointly  and  severally  proi  Smith 

Fairbanks,  or  order,  Nine  Hundred  and  50- 100  dollars,  for  value  received, 
with  interest  at  ten  per  cent. 

PAUL  KBOT  ON. 
JACOB  HAWKINS. 

Form  of  a  Note  for  Indiana. 
|iooJUL  Indianapolis,  [nd.,  March  1,  iS— . 

On  demand  for  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay  Clinton  BriggB,  or 
order,  nM(  Hundred  and  50-100  dollars,  with  interest;  payable  without 
any  relief  whatever  from  valuation  or  appraisement 

D  wn.l.  BURXJNGAME, 


Form  of  Guarantee. 


For  and  in  consideration  of  One  Dollar,  to  me  paid  by//.  B.  Claflin 
dc  Co.,  of  New  York,  who,  at  my  request,  purpose  opening  B  credit  with 
'John  Smith,  of  Aurora,    III.,    I  do  hereby   guarantee    the    payment  to 

//.  J'.   Claflin  d-  Co.,  theii  and  assigns,  of  all  Indi  btedni  ss 

which  said  "John  Smith  has  incurred  or  may  incur  For  goods  and  mer- 
chandise sold  to  him,  or  delivered  at  his  request,  by  said  //.  />'.  Claflin 
dt  Co.,  their  successors  and  assigns,  upon  credit  or  foi  cash,  01  on  mite, 
or  otherwise,  without  requiring  eel  thereto^ 

This   guarantee  to  be  open  and    continuing,  Covering   all    interest    on 

■  ii  indebtedness,  and  nd  expenses  which  maybe 

incurred  by  //.  B.  Claflin  d  Co.,  their  successors  and  assigns,  in  col- 
lecting. 

Further,  it  shall  remain  in  full  force  until  revoked  by  a  wiili 

ni  mt,  provided,  however,  that  my  liability  hereunder  for  pur- 
chases made  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  $j,ooo. 
Witness  my  hand  and  seal.    / 
New  York,  Jan.  1,  1878.        1 


WM.   H.   HAWKINS. 


DUE-BILLS. 


Form  of  Due-Bill  Payable  in  Money. 

g  IOO.  R FTBK,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  2,  18—. 

Due  Walter  P.  Kimball,  or  on!  md,  One  Hundred  dollars, 

value  ret  1 

C.  T.   MARSH. 

Payable  in  Flour. 

*(  i.  Kalamazoo,  Mi<  b.,  Feb,  1,  tS — . 

Due  on  demand,  toSanford  Burton,  Pour  Hundred  dollars,  in  Flour, 
it  tin    market  value  when  delivered.      Value    recei      ■' 

(   HAS.    II.    \\  Al.KER. 


Payable  in  Money  and  Merchandise. 

§200.  KioKt  k,  Iowa,  M.iv  19,  18—. 

Due.  on  the  10th  of  June   next,  to  A.  B.  Condit,  or  order,  One  Hun- 
dred dollars  in  cash,  and  One  Hundred  dollars  in  merchandise  from  our 

store. 

i;i  LDEN,  GREEN  A  CO. 


Payable  in  Merchandise. 

$20.  \hi  DNGTON,  Vt.,  April  0,  18—. 

Due    Wright    Marsh,  Twenty   Dollars,    in     merchandise     from    our 
store. 

R.  T.  HL'RDACO. 


KATES  OF    INTEREST    AND    LIMITATION    i  >E    ACTIONS. 


l'.U 


STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  RATES  OF  INTEREST.  AND  PENALTIES   FOR  USURY. 


STATE5 

aitd 

TERRITORIES. 

Legal 
rate  of 
Interest. 

Rate 
allowed  by 
Contract. 

Penalties  for  Usury. 

STATES 
AND 

TERRITORIES. 

Legal 
rate  of 

Interest, 
percent. 

Rate 
allowed  by 
Contract. 

Penalties  for  Usury. 

per  cent. 
...8... 

per  cent. 
.  ...8 

Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 
Forfeiture  of  prin'l  and  int. 

Forfeiture  of  excess  of  int. 
Forfeiture  of  principal. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 

Forfeiture  of  excess  of  int. 
For.  of  3  times  excess  of  int. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 
Forfeiture  of  excess  of  int. 
Ten  pr  ct.  on  entire  contract. 

Forfeiture  of  excess  of  int. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 

Forfeiture  of  excess  of  int. 

Forfeiture  of  ex.  of  interest. 
Forfeiture  of  debt  and  int. 
Forfeiture  of  excess  of  int. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 

per  cent. 
Any   rate. 

n 

Any  rate. 
..  .10 

-.10. . . 

Any  rate. 
..  ..G.... 

..   7... 

Any  rate. 
Any  rate. 
..  .  .6 

For.  of  thrice  the  ex.  <ft  costs 

..10   .. 

Forfeiture  of  int.  and 

...6... 

...6... 

...  .8.... 

...6   .. 

Any  rate. 

Any  rate. 
...  .8.... 

Forfeiture  of  contract. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 

..  8  .. 

..  ..8.... 

For.  of  ex.  above  6  per  cent 

.10          For.  of  principal  and  int. 

...G.  .. 

..  .18.... 
...  .8 

...  .'••.... 

Forfeiture  of  excess  of  int. 

Any  rate. 

...6  .. 

8 

..6    .. 

..  .10 

..  ..G.... 

Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 

~ 

.  .    1 2 

For.  of  ex,  of  int.  A  $100  tine. 

..  6   .. 

.  .       G 

..  .12 

Forttiture  of  all  interest 

...5... 

.  .8.... 

Utah 

Any  rate. 
..  ..6 

..    6    .. 

Forfeiture  of  excess  of  int. 

. ..G... 

..  ..6 

...G... 

..    .8*... 

For.  of  excess  of  G  per  cent. 

...6... 

Washington  Tcr.  . . . 

..10... 
..   G   .. 

Any  rate. 
G*... 

-.  .10... 

Forfeiture  of  excess  of  int. 

- 

*  Except 

in  cases  c 

Any  rate, 
eflned  by  St 

Forfeiture  of  entire  interest 

...G    .. 

.   .10 

Ltutea  of  the  State. 

STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  LIMITATION  OF  ACTIONS. 

LIMIT  OF  TIME   IX   WHICH   ACTION  MAY  BROUGHT  ON  THE  FOLLOWING. 


STATES 

AND 

TERRITORIES. 

A—unit 

and 

Slander. 

Open 

Notes. 

Judg- 
ment. 

Sealed 
and  wit- 
nessed 
Instru- 
ments. 

STATES 

AN'D 

TERRITORIES. 

Issaull 

and 

Slander. 

Open 

Notes. 

Judg- 
ment. 

Sealed 
and  wit- 

Instru- 
ments. 

Years. 

1    . . 

Years. 

3     . 

Years. 
.   6     . 

Years. 

in 

Years. 

.10 

Years. 

•• 

Years. 

Years. 

Years. 

2 

4 

5 

1 

2 

2-J   . 

5 

5 

.  .1 

G 

.1; 

6 

6 

..10... 

1 . 

1; 

1; 

ir 

i;   . 

■  • 

2 

.     6 

.>; 

20 

20 

.3 

.3 

II 

20 

!0 

..10... 

..111... 

1 

3 

12 

12 

12    . 

0 

.4 

5 

20 

..20 

1 

4 

5. 

1', 

,-j 

3. 

4 

1 

5 

.10 

20 

111 

1 

3. 

....... 

5 

..10... 

15 

1.. 

...6  .. 

» 

..20... 

...6... 

1 

3 

5 

10 

10 

0 

.1 

i 

.» 

!', 

20*  . 

..'-'li... 

..12... 

!0 

..10... 

..20... 

..12... 
..20... 

...8... 

...s... 

...C'i... 

..211... 

...-'..       .6. 

. .  .ii... 

..10... 

.10-80. 

..in... 

.> 

6 

6 

10 

G 

..211... 

1 

3 

li 

G 

0 

:, 

10. 

80  ss 

..10... 

■  Promissory  notes  in  ttassacnusetts,  Halne,  Soutb  Carolina  and  Vermont  barred  in  six  years,  unless  signed  bj  attesting  wil 
t  Slander.  6  months.  1   lault,  4  years.  I  Store  accounts,  2 

t  Seals  abolished.  in  certain  courts,  20  years  Store  accounts 


192 


HOW*    TO    COMITTK    INTEREST. 


c  ******&*■*  ^-tt^<5  *-*t?«*t-*4 


\       i 
} 

^^n^fr  fr^-fr^^n  ^rji^d^J^i  %.*****(% 


gft*S 


Rates  of  Interest.  4 


•yffism 


<j$   Showing  Accumulations  of  interest  on  Moneys 
for  Days,  Months  and  Years. 


HOW  TO  COMPUTE  INTEREST  ON  ANY  AMOUNT  OF  MOfJEY  AT  ANY  RATE  PER  CENT. 


On  the  following  page  will  be  found  several 
valuable  Interest  Tables,  giving  the  principal 
legal  rates  of  interest  as  adopted  by  the  various 


States  in  the  Union,  and  the  means  by  which 
the  interest,  at  any  rate,  on  any  amount  of 
money,  can  be  almost  instantly  computed. 


^-C 


<=S. 


PA  J  J  " 


IS* 


'<T<  :tf% 


Explanation  of  QJInterest  Tables 


^UTIFT^W' 


~'b 


By  reference  to  the  table  on  the  following 
page,  the  time  or  number  of  days,  months,  and 
years,  will  be  found  at  the  top  of  the  columns  ; 
and  the  amowat  of  money  up- 
on which  interest  is  comput- 
ed, in  the  left  hand  column. 

Thus :  If  we  wish  to  find 
the  interest  on  81,108  for  one 
year,  3  months,  and  29  days, 
at  7  per  cent  we  trace  from 
amounts  towards  the  right, 
and  from  time,  downwards ;  resulting  as 
shown  in  the  accompanying  example. 


EXAMPLE. 

Inter'st  on  f  1000  for  1  year  at  7  per  cant  170, 

••   ioo  ••  l  '■•  "7  "  "  1 

8  "  1  "  "  7  "  "  ,„ 

"   •'  1000  "  Sm'hs"  7  "  "  17 

'.!   '.'.   10°  '.'.  8  '.'.  '.'.  I  !!  .'.'  '■ 

••  1000  "29 days"  7  "  "  5. 

loo  "29  -"  "  7  " 

8  "29  "  "  7  " 


To  find  the  interest  for  more  than  one  year 
mull  iply  by  the  number  of  years.  For  820, 840, 
800,  etc.,  multiply  the  interest  on  810,  by  2,  4, 
and  so  on.  The  same  rule 
applies  for  hundreds  or  thou- 
sands. The  interest  at  five 
per  cent  is  one-half  of  ten  per 
cent ;  hence,  divide  by  2. 
The  interest  at  12  per  cent 
is  double  6  per  cent;  hence, 
multiply  by  2.  Other  rates 
will  be  found  thus  by  division  and  multiplica- 
tion. 


Interest  on  the  Amount $103.20 


A 


f  TABLES  OF  iiNTEREST. 


193 


INTEREST   AT   SIX 

PER 

CENT. 

DATS. 

MONTHS. 

ftm. 

1 

2 

■■•■ 

4 

5 

B 

7        6 

9      10 

11 

12 

13     14     16      16     17     18      19     20     21      22      23 

24     25     26 

27     28    29 

1 

3 

a 

4 

5         6         7 

- 

B 

10 

11 

1 

Atn't 

INTEREST. 

|1 

0 

•> 

0 

0 

'i 

0 

0       0 

0       0 

0 

0 

0000       f<       900000 

?      0      0 

0       0       0 

1 

1 

1 

■2 

3          3         4 

4 

0 

i 

*-. 

6 

r- 

0 

a 

0 

ii 

0 

0 

0       0 

0       0 

0 

■J 

00111        111111 

1       1       1 

111 

1 

2 

:i 

4 

6         6         7 

1 

B 

i" 

11 

11 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0       0 

0       1 

11111111111 

1       1       1 

1       1       1 

2 

8 

:. 

C 

8         9       11 

12 

14 

16 

17 

fl 

0 

0 

D 

0 

0 

0       1 

11111111112 

2      2       2 

2       2       2 

2 

4 

8 

B 

10       12       14 

16 

IB 

10 

a 

M 

V> 

0 

0 

It 

0 

0 

1     1 

111112       2       2       2       2       2 

2      2      2 

2       2       2 

3 

5 

B 

10 

13       IS       18 

a 

a 

■ 

n 

» 

|6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1     1 

11222222222 

2      3      8 

8       3       3 

3 

fl 

B 

12 

IS       18       21 

24 

27 

30 

ri 

■ 

P 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1     1 

22222222233 

3       3       3 

3       3       3 

4 

: 

11 

14 

18       21       25 

n 

n 

B 

M 

r- 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1     1 

2 

22222233333 

3       8       3 

4       4       4 

4 

s 

12 

If, 

20       24       28 

a 

Bfl 

4-'' 

44 

a 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1     1 

1       2 

a 

■2 

22223        333333 

4       4       4 

4       4       4 

& 

B 

14 

U 

23       27       32 

M 

■41 

IS 

SO          64 

fion 
(LOOT 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1     1 

2       2 

2 

1 

22333333444 

4      4       4 

6      5      5 

6 

1" 

16 

n 

25       30       35 

* 

•6 

60 

65 1          60 

1 

a 

5 

: 

.- 

10 

12      IS 

IS     17 

1- 

90 

2223252728303233353738 

40     42      43 

45     47     48 

50 

1  i>i 

1  BO 

2.00 

260    3.00    3.50 

4    • 

1    ■ 

5  DO 

:,-:■■      SjOO 

17 

n 

60 

67 

'-3 

1.00  1.1T  1.33 

.50  1.67  1  83  ,2.00  2.17  2.33  2.50  2.67  2.63  3  00  3.17  333  3.50  3.67  3.83  4.00  4.17  4.33  4.50  4.67  4.83 

5.00  10.C0  15.00  20.00  25.00  30.00  35.00  40.00  45.00  60.00  66.001    60X0 

INTEREST  AT  SEVEN  PER  CENT. 


MONTHS. 


9      10      11      12     13     14     15      16     17     18      19     20     21      22      23     24 


INTEREST. 


1111 


11        12       13 


11        12       14        16       18       19 


15       18       20 


11        14       18       21       25       28 


12       16       20 


13       18       23       29 


16      18     19     21 


35     37      39     41 


45      47      49      61      53     54     66 


117     175    2.33    2.93    3.50    4.08    4.67    5.25    5.83    6.42. 


>  1.56  1.75  1.94  2.14  2.33  2.53  2.72  3.92  8.11  3.31  3.50  3.69  3.89  4.08  4.28  4.47  4.67  4.86  6.06  6.25  6.44  6.64    6.83  11.67  17.50  23.33  29.17  35.00  40.83  46.67  52.50  58.33  64.17! 


INTEREST 

AT    EIGHT 

PER 

CENT 

DATS. 

MONTHS. 

r«. 

1 

2 

a 

4 

S      6 

r 

8 

B 

to 

11 

12     13     14     15      16     17      18 

19     20     21      22      23     24 

25     26      27 

29    29 

1 

a 

3 

4        6         6         T 

8         9       10 

11 

1 

Am't 

INTEREST. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0       0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0       0       0       0       0       0        0 

0       0       0       0       1        1 

1        1        1 

1       1 

1 

i 

2 

3         3         4         6 

5          6         7 

- 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0       0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1       1        1       1       1       1        I 

111111 

1        1        1 

1       1 

1 

i 

4 

6         7         8         9 

11        12       13 

15           16 

0 

0 

i 

0 

0      0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

111111        1 

11112        2 

2       2      3 

2       2 

2 

4 

S 

8       10       13       14 

16       18       SO 

B 

0 

(1 

0 

0 

0       1 

1 

i 

1 

111112        2 

2       2       2       2       3       3 

2       2       2 

2       3 

3 

5 

B 

11       13       16       19 

21        24       27 

, 

32 

•B 

0 

G 

0 

0 

1     1 

1 

l 

1 

112       2       3       2       2 

2       2       2       2       3        3 

3       3       3 

3      3]       3 

7 

10 

13       17       20       23 

27        30       33 

40 

$6 

0 

0 

0 

1      1 

1 

i 

! 

3       3       3       2       3       3       3 

8       3       8       3       3       3 

3       3       4 

4       4 

4 

s 

12 

16       20       24       28 

32       36       40 

44 

4- 

•' 

0 

o 

0 

1     1 

1 

2 

2 

2       3       2       2       2       3       3 

3       3       3       3       4        4 

4       4       4 

4       5 

6 

'■' 

14 

19       S3       23       33 

37       43       47 

M 

56 

•8 

0 

'i 

1 

1     1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2       2       2       3       3       3        3 

3       4       4       4       4        4 

4       5       5 

6       5 

5 

11 

Ifl 

21       27       33       37 

43       48       63 

5, 

64 

$» 

0 

D 

1 

1     1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2       3       3       3       3       8        4 

4       4       4       4       5        5 

5       5       6 

6       6 

6 

12 

18 

24       30       36       43 

48        54       60 

72 

_f!0 

V  " 

0 

0 

1 

1     1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

3       3       3       3       4        4        4 

4       4       5       5       5        5 

6       6       6 

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in  hji  mxa  bjb  41  n  6000  bbjji  as.ei  nun  mi  «  ,- 

m 


UAMK    FOKMS. 


BANK  FORMS. 

Importance  of  Keeping  a  Bank  Account. 

"0  business  men  or  women,  the  keep- 
ing of  a  bank  account  is  a  matter  of 
very  considerable  convenience,  as 
well  as  pecuniary  benefit.  If  much 
business  is  done,  money  is  constantly 
accumulating,  which  is  easily  depos- 
ited, and  is  usually  more  secure  from  burglary 
in  a  reliable  bank  than  elsewhere.  It  is  true  thai 
money  will  sometimes  be  lost,  through  the  rob- 
bery or  failure  of  a  bank  ;  but  of  all  the  chances 
for  loss  which  business  people  have  to  contend 
with,  that  by  failure  of  banks  is  the  least ;  while 
it  is  found  that  the  practice  of  depositing  each 
day's  accumulations  in  a  bank,  having  the  same 
in  readiness  to  draw  whenever  wanted,  as  a 
whole,  works  greatly  to  the  advantage  of  people 
doing  a  large  amount  of  business. 

Of  course,  where  the  deposits  are  large,  and 
the  rates  of  interest  are  good,  the  banker  is 
considerably  benefited  by  having  the  use  of  the 
money.  Bankers,  however,  realize  their  indebt- 
edness to  the  customer,  and  in  various  ways, 
through  their  acquaintance  and  influence  with 
wealthy  men,  often  render  such  aid  to  their 
patrons  in  a  time  of  need,  as  enables  them  to 
carry  forward  certain  enterprises  that  would  be 
found  oftentimes  very  difficult  to  accomplish 
without  such  aid. 

If  it  is  intended,  when  depositing  money  in 
a  bank,  to  allow  the  same  to  remain  for  several 
weeks  or  months,  the  banker  will  usually  give 
the  person  so  depositing  a  "  Certificate  of  De- 
posit ; "  if,  however,  it  is  desired  to  draw  the 
money  out  frequently,  while  daily,  perhaps, 
adding  more,  the  banker  will  present  the  depos- 
itor with  a  Pass  Book,  a  Cluck  Book,  and  De- 
posit Tickets.  The  Deposit  Ticket  is  a  blank 
form,  which  the  customer  will  fill  up.  indicating 
when,  as  well  as  the  amount,  and  kind  of  funds 
deposited.  The  following  exhibits  the  form  of 
a  deposit  ticket.  That  printed  in  Roman  type 
represente  the  printed  matter  on  the  same;  the 


wording  in  script  illustrates  what  is  written  by 
the  depositor ,  thus : 

Deposit   Ticket. 


Deposits  in  THIRD  NATIONAL  BANK, 

New  Yokk,  dun*  s,  1873. 


Ciirrvncy . 
Chicks  ... 


.'/vr 
goo 


06,000 


2, gOO 


$4,000 


The  Pass   Book. 

The  Pass  Book  is  a  memorandum  book,  in 
which  the  receiving  teller  of  a  bank  enters  the 
date  and  amount  of  deposits.  On  the  opposite 
page  is  shown  the  amounts  drawn  out.  From 
time  to  time  a  balance  is  struck,  shoiving  the 
amount  of  deposits  then  in  bank.  The  follow- 
ing shows  the  ordinary  form  of  keeping  the 
bank  account  : 


7>r.  Thikd  National  Bank  in  ac.       with  Gkoiioe  Smith. 


Cr. 


1S73. 

Jui,,    « 

"    10 

•'    ir> 

July  7 

•'   SO 


To  Cash 


Aug.  7  Balance  9,079  75 


1  s.oooi 

1,4(10 

800 

150 

5,000 


14,850 


is:::. 


Aug.  7 


Balance 

5  Voucu's  ri't'd 


son  10 

400  US 

5ti0 
1.01(1 

'J.llT'.l  7.'. 

14,850 


The  Check  Book  is  a  book  of  blank  orders, 
or  checks  as  they  are  called,  with  a  margin  on 
\\  tuch  to  make  a  memorandum  of  date,  amount, 
and  to  whom  the  check  is  given.  When  the 
check  is  filled,  it  goes  to  the  bank  where  the 
individual  giving  the  cheek  deposits  money, 
while  the  memorandum  remains  in  the  book. 
An  idea  of  the  check  book  may  be  obtained 
from  the  following : 


BANK    FORMS. 


195 


Form  of  a  Check  Book. 


No.  1. 


ot 


■i-te. 


No.  2. 


^MsCy.    •,     Jfya. 


No.  3. 


d-Cu.    <f,     JS^S. 


No.  4. 


No.  5. 


'_•.  ■   <-•     .   ■'    -       ;  r  -  5. 


8oo 


400 


560 


1,010 


3,000 


'5 


190 


HILLS   OF   EXCHANGE. 


BILLS  OF  EXCHANGE. 

A  Bill  of  Exchange  is  an  order  addressed  to 
some  person  at  a  distance,  directing  him  to  pay 
a  certain  amount  to  the  person  in  whose  favor 
the  bill  is  drawn,  or  to  his  order.  A  merchant 
in  Chicago,  owing  a  sum  of  money  for  goods  to 
a  merchant  in  London,  instead  of  remitting 
money  or  goods  to  the  amount  of  the  deht,  goes 
into  the  hank  and  buys  from  the  hanker,  who 
keeps  an  account  in  London,  a  bill  of  exchange 
fur  the  amount,  and  sends  it  to  Lis  creditor;  in 
this  way  the  credit  or  gets  payment  from  a  person 
in  his  own  city,  generally  a  hanker,  who  keeps 
an  account  with  some  American  banker  for  t lie 
purpose  of  paying  such  drafts. 

Letters  of  Credit  have  come  largely  into  use, 
of  late  years,  with  tourists  abroad,  though  Bills 
of  Exchange  are  yet  frequently  used  by  per- 
sons who  wish  to  travel  in  foreign  countries. 
Thus,  if  A,  an  American,  wishes  to  travel 
over  Europe,  he  estimates  the  expense  of  the 
journey,  and  finds  it  to  be,  perhaps  *:3,000.  To 
cany  this  with  him,  in  gold,  would  be  unsafe 
and  trouhlesome.  He.  therefore,  goes  to  a  han- 
ker and  gets  a  hill  of  exchange  for  a  thousand 


dollars,  which  is  the  amount  he  thinks  he  may 
require  while  in  England.  The  banker  also 
having  money  deposited  in  Paris,  perhaps,  and 
also  in  Vienna,  he  takes  a  hill  for  a  thousand 
on  a  hank  in  each  of  those  places.  With  these 
bills  in  his  possession,  he  commences  his  journey, 
with  only  money  in  his  pocket  sufficient  to  pay 
the  incidental  expenses  of  the  trip,  and  draws 
on  the  London,  Paris,  and  Vienna  bankers  as 
occasion  requires.  The  object  of  this  arrange- 
ment is  to  secure  travelers  against  loss,  the 
bankers  affording  this  accommodation  to  mer- 
chants and  travelers  for  a  percentage,  which  is 
paid  them  when  they  sell  the  hill  of  exchange. 
In  issuing  these  bills  of  exchange,  it  is  cus- 
tomary for  the  banker  to  issue  a  set  of  two  or 
three,  worded  nearly  alike.  One  of  these  is 
kept  by  the  purchaser,  to  be  presented  by  him 
to  the  foreign  banker,  the  other  two  are  trans- 
mitted by  mail,  at  different  times,  to  the  same 
hank.  Thus,  if  the  first  bill  is  lost,  the  second 
or  third,  that  goes  by  mail,  will  still  be  available, 
and  the  holder  can  ohtain  the  money  without 
being  suhjected  to  the  delay  of  writing  to 
America  for  another  bill.  These  bills  are 
worded  as  follows: 


Set  of  Foreign   Bills  of  Exchange. 


1  Chicago,  III.,  July  10,  :8— . 

Exchance  for    f 

£200.      )  Sixty  dayi  after  light 

Of  this  oar  FIRST  OP  i:\rHAM.K  (eecond 
rd  "'  tlu  .">n..  I r  and  ant,  <m- 

Jiaid  LM 

Two  Hundred  Pounds  Sterling,  value  re- 
<',  and  charge  the  same  to 

Henry  Greenebaum  &*  Co. 

T<>  th>  I'vinu  Hani     'London,     l 
No.  84il.  London,  Eng.  J 


Exchange  for  ( 
£200. 


Chicago,  July  io,  18 — . 
1  Sixty  dayi  after  light,  of  this 


..<  tin  8amt  f-  nor  ""■'  ant'   unpaid 

Two  Hundred 
Pounds  Sterling,  valuer led,  and  charge 

tin   .iitiiit     i:  it!, .ml  i  in-tin  r  iiih  i,  i .  to 

Henry  Greenebaum  &>  Co. 

To  the  t'nint,  Haul,  of  l.i'iiilini.     ) 
No.  840.  London,  Eng. ! 


3  Chicago,  July  IO,  18— . 

Exchange  for  ) 
£.200.      (  v.|lfl;  .,.,„,, ,„,Ti,i,,M  .„/((,(, 
OUTTHIRDOF  i      '  M  kNOl      ilrji  and  second 

of  the  Haute  tenor  and  daU   unpaid 

Ibe]  ' '  ii  in  in  i  n  .is.  I  an  Hundred 
sti  ilui't.  i  hi  in  in  .  It.  d.  otnl  iliaTije 
tin  nana  .   O'lthotlt  )  lirthi  r  mlru  • .  In 

Henry  Greenebaum  &  Co. 

''.'ii  Hi.   Union  It'iii l  iif  London.      > 
l.i.ll, Inn.   I., 


DRAFTS. 

A  draft  may  properly  he  called  an  inland  hill 
of  exchange.  It  is  customary  for  the  bankers 
in  all  large  cities,  to  make  deposits  with  bankers 
in  other  large  cities,  and  also  for  the  banks  in 
the  interior  towns  to  make  deposits  with  some 
one  hank  in  the  nearest  metropolis.  Thus,  the 
bankers  of  Milwaukee,  Chicago,  and  St.  Louis, 
have  deposits  in  New  York,  so  that  any  person 
wishing  to  pay  a  certain  sum  of  money  to  another 
person,  East,  has  only  to  step  into  a  bank  and 


purchase  a  draft  for  the  amount  on  New  York, 
which  he  sends  b}r  mail  to  the  creditor,  who 
can  usually  get;  the  amount  the  draft  calls  for, 
at  the  nearest  bank. 

The  banker,  as  with  hills  of  exchange,  charges 
a  certain  commission  to  pay  him  for  Ins  trouble, 
which  is  termed  "  Exchange."  There  being  less 
liability  to  lose  these  inland  bills,  only  one  is 
usually  issued.  The  merchant  in  the  interior 
town,  or  other  person,  wishing  to  send  money  to 
Milwaukee,  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  or  any  other 


BANK    DRAFTS. 


191 


large  city,  can  generally  buy,  of  their  home 
bank,  drafts,  thus,  on  the  nearest  metropolis,  by 
the  payment  of  the  exchange. 

The  object  in  purchasing  a  draft  is  to  avoid 

Form  of  a  Bank  Draft 


the  danger  of  loss  when  sending  money  from 
one  part  of  the  country  to  another.  Such 
form  is  worded  as  follows,  and  is  known  as  a 
bank  draft. 


$150.  No,  84, 

JftrsI  llatidtutl  Ban!;, 

•¥Paw   fo    tAe    olaei,    cf     G£&e#i/    ^g.   JS^ee-n, 

DUPLICATE   UNPAID. 

<g.   C%.   oS-tact-te'u.,    load  At  el. 


cT« 


C/t/a-i.    OJei'i>ife./    ^^■Aica.ao. 


In  making  collections  of  money,  drafts  are 
frequently  used,  which  are  usually  sent  through 
the  banks.  A  sight  draft  is  used  where  the 
person  upon  whom  it  is  drawn  is  expected  to 
pay  the  debt  immediately.  In  the  time  draft 
the  same  is  made  payable  in  a  certain  number 
of  days. 


Sight  Draft. 


$400.  Cincinnati,  O.,  June  10,  IS—. 

At  eight,  pay  to  the  order  of  Biggins  &  Co.,  Four  Huu- 
drod  Dollars,  value  received,  and  charge  tin-  same  i'»  our  account. 
To  B.  L.  Smith,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  POLLOK  BHOS.  &  CO. 


Time  Draft. 

$50.  Memphis,  Tens..  April  4. 18—. 

Thirty  days  after  date,  pay  to  the  order  of  Cobh  &  Co., 
Fifty  Dollars,  value  received,  and  charge  to  our  account. 

To  Haujion,  Mosuek  &  Co.,  A.  B.  MOORE  &  CO. 

Buffalo.  N.  Y 


Acceptance. 

The  acceptance  of  a  draft  is  effected  by  the 
drawee,  or  the  person  upon  whom  the  same  is 
drawn,  if  he  consents  to  its  payment,  writing 
across  the  face  of  the  draft,  thus :  "  Accepted, 
June  12,  1873.     B.  L.  Smith." 


LAWS  OF  GRACE  ON  SIGHT  DRAFTS. 


Grace  on  Sight  Drafts 
following  States : 

Alabama. 

Arkansas. 

Dakota, 

Indiana. 

Iowa, 

Kentucky, 

Maine, 

Massachusetts, 

Michigan. 

Minnesota, 

Mississippi, 

Montana, 


is  allowed  in  the 


Nebraska, 

New  Hampshire, 

New  Jersey, 

North  Carolina, 

Oregon. 

Rhode  Island. 

s..uth  Carolina, 

Tennessee, 

Texas, 

Wisconsin. 

Wyoming, 

Canada. 


Grace  on  Sight  Drafts  is 

the  following  States : 

Arizona. 

California. 

Colorado. 

( Connecticut, 

1  lelaware, 

District  of  Columbia, 

Florida, 

I  !ei  irgia, 

Idaho. 

Illinois. 

Kansas, 

Louisiana. 


NOT    ALLOWED   111 

Maryland. 
Missouri, 

Nevada. 

New  Max 

\.  w  York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

Utah, 

Vermont, 

Virginia. 

West  Virginia, 

Washington  Ter. 


RULES,  DIRECTIONS,  AND  FORMS  FOR  KEEPING  BOOKS  OF  ACCOUNT. 


5BJ  |  t  VEHY  person  having  occasion  to  keep  an  account 
wiiii  others,  is  greatly  benefited  bye  knowledge 
ol  i k-keeplng.  There  are  i«"  ■.y-n-ms  of  keep- 
ing books  in  nee:  one  known  as  8mois  Eati»t  ; 

ti ther,  a-  Dot  blb  Kxtry. 

In  thi^  chapter  M  Is  the  design  to  give  simply  an 
outline  of  Single  gntry,  ametbod  of  keeping  books 
which  answers  eyery  purpose  with  the  majority 

,,i  | pie    besides  being  a  system  so  plain  and 

simple  as  to  be  readily  comprehended. 

The  books  used  in  Single  Entry  are  generally  a  Day-book.  In  which 

are  recorded  each  day's  saleof  goods,  or  labor  performed,  and  money, 

,  or  goods  received i  and  a  Ledger.  In  which  the  sum  total  of 

Its  proper  place,  bo  arranged  as  to  show,  on  a 

brief  examination,  bow  the  account  Btands.    These  books,  of  different 

may  be  found  at  the  1 katori    :  though,  In  case  of  necessity,  they 

llj  be  made  with  a  few  sheets  of  foolscap  paper,  ruled  as  here- 
after shown. 


Persons  having  many  dealings  with  customers  should  use  a  Day- 
book, In  which  is  written  each  transaction;  these  being  afterwards 
transferred  to  the  Ledger.  Where,  however,  accounts  are  few,  the  ac- 
count may  be  made  complete  In  the  Ledger,  as  shown  In  several  forms 
on  the  following  page. 

In  making  charges  In  a  book  and  giving  credit.  It  Is  necessary  to  keep 

clearly  In  mind  whether  the  person  of  \vi we  write  oiVAl  or  receives. 

If  tlie  Individual  oieef  he  is  a  creditor,  which  is  designated  by  I  ho  abbre- 
viation, Cr.  If  the  person  receives,  he  Is  a  Debtor,  the  sign  for  which 
Is  Dr.  In  the  passage  from  tho  creditor  to  the  debtor  of  any  article. 
wo  get  the  word  "  To,"  with  which  the  creditor  commences  tin  a. 
count.  In  the  reception  l>u  a  debtor  of  an  article  from  a  creditor,  we 
get  the  word  '•  By." 

Tho  following  forms  show  the  manner  of  keeping  an  account  by  Ar- 
thur Williams,  a  merchant,  with  Chas.  B.  Strong,  a  farmer,  who  buys 
goods  and  settles  Ills  bills,  usually,  at  the  end  of  every  month:  In  the 
meantime  taking  to  tho  store  various  kinds  of  produce,  for  which  the 
merchant  gives  credit  according  to  the  market  value.  Mr.  Williams 
keepa  two  books,  a  Day-1 kand  Ledger. 


(t 


(( 


DAY    BOOK. 


eSfci/uidau,    /ury   4C     1&/&. 


Chas.  B.  Strong,  Dr. 

To  I  lb.  Tea,  $125 

•'  io  "    SiiQar,  lev.  I.oo 


2  25 


e^/ioftaay,  Ju'y  'f'    ^\''' 


38 


Chas.  B.  Strong,  Dr. 

To  20  Yds.  Citico.  IOC.  2.00 
"      i  Scoop  Shovel,  1.25 
Cr. 


By  2  Hn.  Potatoes,  8oc.  i.6o 

"  IO  Lbs.  Butler,     2$c.  2.50 


SPatouAiy,  fu/y  JM,   I 


-     80 


Chas.  B.  Strong,  Dr. 

To  I  Pr.  Rubber  Boots, 

Per  D.   Wilcox,     7.00 


■'ny,fi/yJC,    , 


66 


LEDGER. 


■m.     rt/„,,/,,  w.  m 


/S  It 


?• 


%. 


66 


- 

1 

H 

if 

<£To  & 

<4 

2 

/-A 

'1 

■''■•/■•' 

3t? 

-* 

It' 

it 

"i 

ft     ft 

3S 

3 

/; 

iV 

u 

.. 

6  ; 

d 

■,' 

(( 

■' ; 

. . 

SO 

7 

(2 

t ' 

' 

Chas.  B.  Strong,  Cr. 

By  Cash,  to  Balance  Account, 


10 


Remarks  Concerning  the  Ledger. 

S   will  be  seen  by  the  example  in  the  Ledger,  the  first  column  contains 
months;  second,  May  of  the  month;  third,  "To  D"  means  To  Day-book. 

In  the  fourth  column,  the  1  !,  :jH,  ami  KO  refer  to  the  No.  of  the  pagr  In  the 
Day-hook  which  by  reference  folly  explains  the  transaction.  The  fifth 
and  sixth  columns  contain  the  totals  Ol  each  pnidias--  i>r  sale  as  recorded 
in  the  Day-hook.  The  Ledger  should  have  an  Index  in  the  first  part  which,  under 
the  head  of  S,  will  contain  "Strong,  Oha$,  B.,"  opposite  which  Is  the  number  66, 
showing  that  Strong's  acconnt  may  be  fonnd  "ii  page  66  of  the  Ledger.  When  the 
account  is  balanced  and  closed,  a  sloping  line  is  drawn  down  the  spare  containing  the 
least  writing  and  double  lines  are  made  beneath  the  totals,  indicating  that  the  account 
Is  "closed." 

The   Day-Book. 

In  the  foregoing  example  only  Chas.  is.  Strong's  account  is  shown  on  a  page  of  the 
Day-book.  This  is,  however,  along  book  usually,  each  page  being  of  sufficient  length 
to  contain  the  accounts  of  several  customers.  At  the  top  of  each  page,  the  day  of  the 
\\  eek,  daj  of  the  month,  and  year,  should  always  be  written.  If  the  day's  entries  com- 
mence in  Hi"  middle  Of  Hi"  page,  w  rite  the  day  ..r  the  week  and  day  of  the  month  dis- 
tinctly above  the  first,  anil  thus  at  tin-  In-ginning  of  each  day's  entries. 

When  the  total  of  the  entry  on  the  Day-book  Is  transferred  to  the  Ledger,  the  No. 
of  the  page  In  the  Ledger  where  the  account  Is  kept,  is  placed  beside  the  entry  In  the 
Day-book,  which  shows  that  the  account  lias  been  "  posted  "  to  the  Ledger. 


FORMS  QF  ACCOUNTS  ACCORDING  TO  ESTABLISHED  RULES  OF  BOOK-KEEPING.     199 


Importance  of  Book-Keeping. 


TRANGE  as  it  may 
seem,  there  are 
but  very  few  peo- 
ple who  can  keep 
the  simplest  form 
of  account  cor- 
rectly. Most  in- 
dividuals are  ev- 
idently deterred 
from  learning  correct  forms,  from 
the  supposition  that  the  art  of 
book-keeping  is  difficult  to  master. 
The  fact  is,  however,  all  the  book- 
keeping necessary  to  be  understood 
by  people  having  few  accounts,  is 
very  easily  learned,  as  will  be  seen 
by  studying,  for  a  little  time,  the 
accompanying  forms. 

The  importance  of  this  know- 
ledge cannot  be  over-estimated. 

THE  MERCHANT 

who  is  successful  in  business,  keeps 
his  accounts  in  a  form  so  condensed 
and  clear,  that  his  assets  and  lia- 
bilities can  be  determined  in  a  few 
minutes  of  examination. 

THE    FARMER 

who  would  be  prosperous  keeps 
his  books  in  such  a  manner,  that  he 
can  tell  at  a  glance  what  product 
is  most  profitable  to  raise,  what  he 
owes,  and  what  is  due  him  from  any 
source. 

THE    MECHANIC 

who  keeps  himself  free  from  litiga- 
tion, and  conducts  his  business 
successfully,  has  his  dealings  all 
clearly  expressed  in  his  accounts, 
and  settles  with  his  customers,  if 
possible,  once  a  month. 

THE   TREASURER 

of  an  association,  whose  accounts 
are  clear,  explicit,  and  correct,  is 
justly  appreciated  for  the  evident 
honesty  of  the  financial  exhibit, 
and  is  selected  for  other  places  of 
responsibility  and  trust. 

THE    HOUSEKEEPER 

who  avoids  misunderstandings  with 
her  servants,  has  her  account  writ- 
ten so  clearly  that  no  mistake  is 
made,  and  no  ill  feeling  is  thus  en- 
gendered in  her  settlements. 

ALL    PERSONS, 

in  short,  who  have  occasion  to  keep 
accounts  with  others,  should  have 
a  plain  condensed  form,  which  will 
show  at  a  glance  how  the  account 
stands. 

The  accompanying  forms  show 
the  correct  methods  of  keeping 
accounts  in  the  Ledger,  according 
to  the  established  principles  of 
book-keeping  by  Single  Entry. 


Farmer's  Account  with  the  Merchant.— Chas.  B.  Strong,  having  but  few  accounts,  requires 
only  the  Ledger  in  which  to  keep  them.    He  records  his  transactions  with  the  merchant  as  follows: 


Dr. 


ARTHUR    WILLIAMS. 


Cr. 


isr.- 

July 


To    2  Bu.  Potatoes,  80c 

"  10  Lbs.  Butter.  25c. 

"  Cash,  to  Balance, 


1875. 

1 

i;ii 

J  uly. 

10 

2 

&<i 

" 

in 

8 

4U 

;; 

19 
19 
24 

12 

50  1 



By  1  Lb.  Tea, 

"  10    "    Sugar,  10c. 

"20  Yds,  c.iiu-n.  10c. 

"     1  Sroop  Shovel, 

"    1  Pair  Rubber  Boots, 


25 

llll 

00 
2G 

(HI 


12  1  50 


Farmer's  Account  with  Hired  Man.— A  Memorandum  in  the  lmck  part  of  the  Ledger  should 
state  the  contract  between  the  farmer  and  hired  man.    The  Ledger  shows  how  the  account  stands. 


Dr. 


HENRY    WELLS. 


Cr. 


1S7."> 
April 

Kay 

July 
Si  rl. 


To  1  Pair  of  Boots, 
"  Win.  W"ells,  for  Clothing, 
"  B.  R.  Ticket  to  Boston, 
"  Cash, 
"  Note  at  3  Mos.  to  Bal. 


1875. 

7 

:,ii 

July 

H 

11 

50 

Alio. 
Sept. 

31 

8 

(HI 

8 

5 

llll 

60 

00 

92 

00 





By  4  Months  Labor  at   16.00 

"  2       10.00 

"  8  Days         "       "       1.00 


64     00 

20     00 

8     00 


92     iin 


Farmer's  Account  with  Crops.— That  the  farmer  may  know  the  profit  on  any  of  his  crops,  he 
may  keep  an  account  as  follows.    In  like  manner,  au  account  may  be  kept  with  any  enterprise. 


Di 

1876. 

May 

4 

111 

" 

14 

" 

14 

" 

25 

June 

15 

s,  i>t. 

12 

Nov: 

2 

1877. 

afar. 

4 

" 

15 

Ma  j/ 

4 

4 

Acc't  with  Cornfield  :    16  Acres. 


Cr. 


To  6  Days  Plowing,       2.50 

"  2      "     Harrowing,  2.00 

"  4      "     Planting,      1.00 

"  3  Bu.  Seed  Corn,  50 

"  2  Days  Cultivating,  2.00 

"  2      "  "  2.00 

"  10      "     Cutting,        1.00 

"  Husking  and  Cribbing, 

"  Shelling  800  Bushels, 
"   Cost  of  Taking  to  Market, 
"    Interest  on  the  Land, 
"  Profits  on  the  Chop, 


1876. 

15 

Oil 

Oct. 

12 

4 

llll 

•• 

1H 

4 

00 

*  * 

20 

1 

50 

1877. 

4 

llll 

Mar. 

15 

4 

00 

10 

(II) 

30 

00 

3? 

00 

3« 

mi 

51 

20 

■-.'Vii 

3U 

458 

00 

Hit  Stalin  fo,   1 

"    Husks  *ir  Tied... 

Mats, 

"   800  Bushels  Corn,      50c. 


:; ' 

•.-I.    mi 

llll 


II  HI 


i-,-     M 


mi 


Blacksmith's  Account  with  Farmer   where  Day-hook  and  Ledger  are  Kept. 

When  ttie  account  is  not  settled  at  the  end  of  the  month,  it  may  be  "closed,"  and  the  balance 
carried  over  into  the  next  month,  as  follows: 


IX 

JAMES 

rl. 

WATSON. 

Cr. 

1874. 
Aug. 

12 
1^ 
22 
24 

1 

9 
15 

ro  Shot  ing  2  Horses. 
•■   Repairing  Wagon, 
"  Shoeing  Horse, 

"    Mending  Slim  il. 

* 
7 
11 
15 
17 

30 

12 

4 

10 

2 

16 

4 

8 

17 

29 

00 
00 

llll 
50 
50 

10 
00 
00 
10 

1874. 

-1  ug. 

Sept 

Sept. 

12 
20 
24 

1 

8 
11 

3n 

llll  4  Bu.  Potatoes,    60c. 
"  6    "     Apples,       50c. 
••  l  Ton  Say, 
"  Bal.  to  n  ew  Ace. 

* 

li 

15 

29 

511 

2 
3 
7 

4 
16 

4~ 
14 
11 
29 

40 
00 

nn 
10 

Sept. 

To  Hal.  Bro't  Down, 
"   Repairing. Reaper, 
"   Ironing  Wagon, 

/»'!/  20  Lbs.  Butter,    20c. 
■•     2  Cds.  Wood,  7.00 
"  Cash,  to  Balance. 

00 
00 
10 
10 

•  The  figures  in  thli  rjolumn  refer  to  the  number  nf  the  page  in  the  Day-book  :  *  book  In  which  should  be  fully  recorded  each  dij"i  truMCtios*. 


Book-Keeping  for  Housekeepers.— The  following  form  of  account,  with  the  servant,  is  appli- 
cable to  all  domestic  affairs;  such  as  accounts  with  grocerymen,  boarders,  etc. 


Dr. 


MRS.    ELLEN    STRONG. 


Cr. 


1873. 

./  n  in 

17 
24 
27 
28 

To  8  Yds.  Cult, Hi  Cloth,    10c. 
"    i    : 

■•    i  pairs  Stocftinas,       25c. 
"  Cash,  to  Balance, 

1 
5 
8 

80 

. 

00 

45 

nn 

June. 

7 
1  1 

21 

as 

By  Washing  and  Ironing, 
king  and  Cleaning, 
lima    Windows, 
"    Washing  and  Ironing, 

1 
2 
3 

1 
8 

50 
00 
00 

50 
00 

Uook-Keepiiisr  for  Treasurers  and  Others.— Treasurers  of  Societies  are  shown  the  correct 
method Ol  keeping  their  accounts  in  the  following  form: 


Dr. 


Salem  Lyceum  in  Acc't  with  Wm.  Brown. 


Cr. 


1ST2 

■I'lu'li 

7 

.1/. ii- 

H 

in 

ii,, 

7 

31 

31 

/'n  6  Months  li,  at  :•<  Hall. 
■■  2  Vial.,  of  Coal         10.00 
"    Li  i  1  tire  by  J.  ir"c66, 
■•   i;,i», 

•'    i,  Months  Rent  of  Hall, 
"  Balance  on  Hand, 


1872. 

III 

nn 

.1  ■:  n 

1 

211 

nn 

Mnr. 

III 

25 

llll 

\    i 

10 

111 

Oil 

Dec. 

i 

511 

on 

1-  1 

50 

33S 

50 

Hit  Cash  from  Last  Tear, 

■  ittion  Fas, 
"  Dues 


140 

94 

nn 

7ii 

21  X  I 


ORDERS — RECEIPTS. 


^aH* 


K> 


For  Money. 


<T. 


<&&« 


/  r"  <  >  ■■  . 


9 //trio, 


•   />■ 


- 


For  Merchandise  Not  Exceeding  in  Value  a 
Specified  Sum. 

Sandusky,  O.,  Aug.  n,  ih — . 
■  -    llumvs.  jom  »  i  Co 

Please  deliver  to  tbe  bearer, 
W.  II-  Wini:,  sin h  desire  from  your 

Ing  in  \  line  the  Bum  of  Fifl  j  Dollars, 
and  charge  the  same  t"  my  account. 

K    I.    BAXTER 


cor  Merchandise. 

Austin,  Texas,  Dec.  I,  18 — . 
Mr.    I    M.  Hunter: 

Please  pay  John  Wilkin-.  Seventy-five  Dollars  In 

merchandise,  and  charge  to 

' :n  ii  a   -m  nil 


For  Goods  Stored. 

II  vwil'.Al..  Men  .  A|  ril  1  1,   IS 
HBSSBS     ST!  ^  BUS,  '  OBB  A    i  ..    ' 

Please  Deliver  to  B.  Hooper,  <t  order.  One 
Rondred  Barrel-  of  Flour,  stored  by  me  in  your  warehouse 

GEORGE  WAKEFIELD. 


*i 


•■i— •- 


..  •      •-:::-■-      •  (. 


-•—! 


RECEIPTS. 


*  ► 


For  Monev    On    Account. 


r 


■ 


c- 


<*■<—■ 


fsc. 


%    ■      % 


■ 


y  J 


For  Money  Advanced  on  a  Contract. 

$1,000.  SBNDBB80M,  Ky.,.Iu1v  16,  IH — . 

Received  of  Barvey  Kaynard,  One  Thousand 
Dollars  in  advance,  on  a  contract  t<»  bnild  for  him  a 
brick  bonee  at  No.  l  iti  Walnut  Btreet,  Bt  Louis, 

SMITH    MKKKIAM 


"J 


In  Full  of  All  Demands. 


For  Rent. 


-•H* 


/' 


■/OO. 


jr  ton  Btreet 

*€€      -/        j  <./tii    (&%.       /frt 

$  //  -  //    . 

>\— — 


Hkiimom),  Va.,  May  l,  18 — . 
Received  of  Walter  B.  Kaakina,  Twenty- 
five  Dollars,  for  rent  of  dwelling  at  No.  784  Washlng- 

for  month  of  May,  18 — . 

P.   II.  WATERMAN. 


For  a  Note. 


In   Full    of    All  Accounts. 


$500.  Charleston,  S.  C,  Dec.  31,  18—. 

Received  nf  Ciolilwin  Hubbard,  hi-  note  at  sixtv 
'"    days  fur  Five  Hundred  Dollars,  in  full  of  account 
MURRAY  CAMPBELL, 


OS— 

' — *9 

y    '  ■      y          ,          S        /v,  //     . 

t                                              '                  -                '                                          US 

^ 

tv& 

' 

,'-,'. 

For  a  Note  of  Another  Person. 


--.•mi. 


V- 


-:w 


PBN8A<  OLA,   Fl.A..  May  •£,   IH — . 

Received  <>r  Herbert  Spencer,  a  noie  of 
Root.  Hatfield,  for  the  enm  of  Two  Hundred  I>" 

which,  when    paid,   will    be   in   full   of  all   demand-   to 

dale. 

-  \MI'SOX   &   CO|. I, INS 


WHITTEN    FORMS    OP    BILLS    OF    PURCHASE.  201 


BILLS   OF   PURCHASE. 


A  Bill  of  Purchase  is  a  statement  of  goods  or 
wares  bought  at  one  time,  embracing  both  the 
quantity  and  price  of  each  article  and  the 
amount  of  the  whole.     If  i:>aid  at  the  time  of 


purchase,  it  should  be  receipted  by  the  seller, 
as  in  the  first  of  the  following  examples ;  if 
settled  "  by  note  "  as  in  the  second  example, 
or  if  "  charged  on  acc't,"  it  may  be  so  stated. 


Forms  of  Bills  of  Purchase. 


0$&U.     ^/ai 

-C&J 

<%. 

G/tQacwie,    (y/f&j.,     Sa^nu^i-iy.   2,    -ftps 

2    j^je^aA^o-t'yi   ^/©«3<2&, 

@    /S.f/,            =                                                                                                      f&-74 

3.    C/eitk  J27-UWL&1, 

,,           J.  6 2,                       -                       -                       -                       ^                                        S.2£ 

2    C/atk  @Ci%  ^Ig^e, 

,,          -f.OOj            -                     -                     -                     -                     •=•                         2. CO 

tt.ft 

cMeceiu&d  C/€i^if.tn^.-n^£/ 

GvI&o^ia   Gt.    ^g*nw**vm&<) . 

^W(4%  ^/   J§W.  jg,  y<f/^. 

offai.  9fat-  @fc  @ML, 

&tJ<itt.rtJii  -&jf  £g/<i*x4,(Z   C^,    P^-ayd, 

££ 

<&e4Z<wi<te<i4.  cSrind;        tu      ,<5J;         =        =        =■        =       ff.  '  ' 

&0 

'Cud.  G$i<<iwn  &U4Z4U,    f/     .  #7,  =       =       =       =       =     y.  /  o 

J£ 

"    Sfcce,                        „      .os,        =        =        =        =              ./* 

y 

"     oS/a-cd.   c/e<z,        „                =        =        =        =        =         ./j>~ 

&1@£sce4<iMXZ   cs<i.y.'me<n/j  J^^u  Cs^a-C-e  n-i  S  0  trayd,            /jc^f 

a$€ww/  ^f .  $(  -■  // 7 

/it                  '  et. 

STATE    CAPITOL   BUILDINC, 
SPRINGFIELD.  ILL. 


Mm>& 


Including  Agreements.  Arbitrations,  Assignments,  Affidavits,  Acknowledg-  ™ 
mcnts.  Bills  of  Sale.  Bills  of  Lading.  Bonds.  Corporation  Charters. 
Deeds,  Guaranty,  Leases,  Licenses,  Mortgages.  Patents, 
Pensions.  Wills,  Etc.. 


iu 


Carefully  Selected  to  the  Latest   Dates,   Critically   Examined   by 

the  Best  Legal  Talent,  and  Adapted  to  the  Requirements 

of  People  in  all  Regions  of  'he  Country. 


Forms  of  Agreements  and  Contracts. 


agreement  is  virtually  a 
contract  by  which  indi- 
viduals, singly  or  collec- 
tively, agree  to  perform 
certain  duties  within  a 
specified  time. 

It  is  nt'  much  impor- 
tance,   in     all     matt  ci's 
upon  which  may  arise  a 
Lifference  of  opinion    or  misunder- 
ling,  that  contracts  be  reduced  very 
•  to  writing,  thereby  frequently  sav- 
tarties  to   the   contract   a  long  and 
expensive  law-suit. 

Agreements  should  show  that  they  are  made 
for  a  lawful  consideration,  else  they  are  void  in 
law. 


It  is  well  to  have  a  written  iigrocnu'iit  signed 
by  a  witness,  though  the  witness  need  not  know 
the  contents  of  the  document 

While  a  signature,  or  mark,  written  with  a 

pencil,  if  proven  by  witnesses,  is  g 1   in  law. 

it  is  always  safest  to  execute  the  contract  with 
pen  and  ink. 

A  discovery  of  fraud,  or  misrepresentation  by 
one  party  to  the  agreement,  or  changing  of  the 
date,  renders  the  contract  void. 

Every  agreemenl  should  state  most  distinctly 
the  time  within  which  its  conditions  arc  to  be 
complied  with. 

Copies  of  an  agreement  should  always  be  pre- 
pared in  duplicate,  and  each  party  to  the  agree- 
ment should  retain  a  copy. 


General  Form  of  Agreement. 


This  Agreement,  made  the  firs:  day  nf  August,  18 — i  between 
I  Hill,  of  Tarkio,  county  of  Atchison,  State  of  Missouri,  of  the 
part,  and  Vardemon  Blevins,  of  Fairfax,  Mo.,  nf  the  - 

l>art : 

WITNESSETH,  that  the  said  Isaac  E.  Hill,  iti  consideration  of  the 
agreement  of  the  party  <>f  the  second  part,  hereinafter  contained,  con- 


.  and  with  the  said  Vardemon  Blevins,  that  /if  will 

• 
M,,  ,  dm  dred  tone 

:!!■  ftay,  in  tht  following  lots,  and  on  tht  follot 
namely,  (tMnfy-Jhw  tons  by  the  seventh  oj  September,  twenty- 
•  !  by  the  fourteenth  of  tht  month,  twenty -five  tone 


LEIIAI.    BUSIXKSS    FORMS AGREEMENTS. 


203 


more  by  the  twenty-first^  <t»>i  tJu  entire  ont  hundred  tons  to  be  alt 
■  1  by  tin  thirtieth  of  September. 
And  the  said  VardemoD  Blcvins,  in  consideration  of  the  prompt 
fulfillment  of  this  contract,  on  the  part  of  the  party  of  the  first  part, 
contracts  to  and  agrees  with  the  said  Isaac  E.  Hill,  to  pay  for  said 
hay  Six  Dollars  per  ton,  for  each  ton  an  soon  as  delivered. 

In  case  of  failure  of  agreement  by  either  of  the  parties  hereto,  it  is 
hereby  stipulated  and  agreed  that  the  party  so  failing  shall  pay  to  the 
other    One  Hundred  Dollars  as  fixed  and  settled  damages. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  the  day  and 
year  first  above  written. 

ISAAC  E.  HILL, 
VAKDEMOX  BLEVIXS. 


Agreement  to  Convey  Land  By  Deed. 

Articles  of  Agreement,  made  this  seventh  day  of  June  in  the  year 
of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-three,  between 
Luther  Henderson,  of  Sandy  Hill,  Washington  county.  State  of  New 
York,  party  of  the  first  part,  aud  William  W.  Stewart,  of  Jamaica, 
county  of  Windham.  State  of  Vermont,  party  of  the  second  part: 

Witnesseth,  that  said  party  of  the  first  part  hereby  covenants  and 
agrees,  that  if  the  party  of  the  second  part  shall  first  make  the  pay- 
ment and  perform  the  covenants  hereinafter  mentioned  on  his  part  to 
be  made  and  performed,  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  will  convey 
and  assure  to  the  party  of  the  second  part,  In  fee  simple,  clear  of  all 
incumbrances  whatever,  by  a  good  and  snfficienl  warranty  deed,  the 
following  lot,  piece,  or  parcel  of  ground,  viz.  :  The  west  fifty-five  (55) 
feet  of  the  north  half  of  lot  number  six  (6)  in  block  number  three  (3) 
Whit  ford's  addition  to  Chicago,  as  recorded  at  Chicago,  Cook  county, 
Illinois. 

And  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  hereby  covenants  and  agrees 
to  pay  to  said  party  of  the  first  part  the  sum  of  One  Thou -and  Dollars, 
in  the  manner  following:  Three  Hundred  Dollars, cash  in  hand  paid, 
the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged,  and  the  balance  in  three 
annual  payments,  as  follows,  viz.  :  Two  Hundred  Dollars,  June  7, 
1874;  Two  Hundred  Dollars,  June  7,  1875;  and  Three  Hundred  Dol- 
lars, June  7,  1876;  with  interest  at  the  rate  of  ten  per  centum  per 
annum,  payable  on  the  dates  above  specified,  annually,  on  the  whole 
sum  remaining  from  time  to  time  unpaid,  and  to  pay  all  taxes, 
assessments,  or  impositions  that  may  be  legally  levied  or  imposed 
upon  said  lands  subsequent  to  the  year  1873.  And  in  case  of  the 
failure  of  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  to  make  either  of  the 
ii-,  or  perform  any  of  the  covenants  on  his  part  hereby  made 
and  entered  into,  this  contract  shall,  at  the  option  of  the  party  of  the 
first  part,  be  forfeited  and  determined,  and  the  party  of  the  second 
part  -hall  forfeit  all  payments  made  by  him  on  this  contract,  and  snch 
payment-  Bhall  be  retained  by  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  in  full 
satisfaction  and  in  liquidation  of  all  damages  by  him  sustained,  and 
he  shall  have  the  right  to  re-enter  and  take  possession  of  the  premises 
aforesaid,  with  all  the  improvements  and  appurtenances  thereon,  pay- 
ing said  Wm.  W.  Stewart  the  appraised  value  of  said  improvements 
and  appurtenances :  said  appraisement  to  be  made  by  three  arbitra- 
tors, one  being  chosen  by  each  of  the  said  parties,  the  other  being 
chosen  by  the  first  two. 

It  is  mutually  agreed  that  all  the  covenants  and  agreements  herein 
contained  shall  extend  to  and  be  obligatory  upon  the  heirs,  executors, 
administrators  and  assigns  of  the  respective  parties. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  parties  to  these  presents  have  hereunto  set 
their  hands  and  seal-,  the  day  and  year  tir-t  above  written. 
Signed,  sealed  and  delivered 

in  presence  of 

nARTLT  D.  Wells. 


LCTIIEK  HENDEKSOX, 


Agreement  with  Clerk  for  Services. 

This  Agreement,  made  this  fourteenth  day  of  April,  one  th< 
eight  hundred   and   seventy-one,  between  Thomas  Babcock,  of  Ohio 
City,  county  of  Cuyahoga,   state  of  Ohio,  party  of  the  first  part,  and 


Perley  White,  of  Cleveland,   county  of  Cuyahoga,  State  of  Ohio,  party 
of  the  second  part: 

Witxesseth,  that  said  Perley  Whit.-  agrees  faithfully  and  dili- 
gently to  work  as  clerk  and  galeeman  for  the  said  Thomas  Babcock, 
for  and  during  the  space  of  one  year  from  the  date  hereof,  should 
both  live  such  length  of  time,  without  absenting  himself  from  his 
occupation;  during  which  time,  he,  the  said  White,  in  the  siore  of  said 
Babcock,  of  Ohio  City,  will  carefully  and  honestly  attend,  doing  and 
performing  all  duties  as  clerk  and  salesman  aforesaid,  in  accordance 
and  in  all  respects  as  directed  and  desired  by  the  said  Babcock. 

In  consideration  of  which  services,  so  tG  be  rendered  by  the  said 
White,  the  said  Babcock  agrees  to  pay  to  said  White  the  annual  sum 
of  Twelve  Hundred  Dollars,  payable  in  twelve  equal  monthly  payments 
each  upon  the  last  day  of  each  month:  provided  that  all  dues  for 
day-  of  absence  from  business  by  said  White  shall  be  deducted  from 
thesumotherwi-e  by  this  agreement  due  and  payable  by  the  said  Bab- 
cock to  the  said  White. 

Witness  our  hands. 

THOMAS  BABCOCK, 
PERLEY  WHITE. 


Agreement  for  Building  a  House. 

This  Agreement,  made  the  tenth  day  of  April,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy- two,  betu  een  Jesse  Perry,  of  Germantown, 
county  of  Philadelphia,  State  of  Pennsylvania,  of  the  first  part,  and 
Abijah  Howe,  of  the  same  town,  county  and  State,  of  the  second 
part: 

Witnesseth,  that  the  said  Jesse  Perry,  party  of  the  first  part,  for 
considerations  hereinafter  named,  contracts  and  agrees  with  the  said 
Abijah  Howe,  party  of  the  second  pari,  his  heirs,  assigns  and  admin- 
istrators, that  he,  the  said  Perry,  will,  within  one  hundred  and  twenty 
days,  next  following  this  date,  in  a  good  and  workmanlike  manner, 
and  according  to  his  best  skill,  well  and  substantially  erect  and  finish 
a  dwelling-house  on  lot  number  six,  in  block  number  nine,  in  Solo- 
mon's addition  to  Germantown,  feeing  on  Talpehocken  street,  which 
said  house  is  to  be  of  the  following  dimensions,  with  brick, 
lumber  and  other  materials,  as  are  described  in  the  plans  and  - 
cations  hereto  annexed. 
[Here  describe  the  house,  material  for  <  fuU,  ] 

In  consideration  of  which,  the  said  Abijah  Howe  does,  for  himself 
and  legal  representatives,  promise  to  the  said  Jesse  Perry,  bis  heirs, 
executors  and  assigns,  to  pay,  or  cause  to  he  paid,  to  the  said  Perry, 
or  his  legal  representatives,  the  sum  of  Seven  Thousand  Dollars,  in 
manner  as  follows,  to  wit:  One  Thousand  Dollars  at  the  beginning  of 
said  work.  One  Thousand  Dollars  on  the  fifteenth  day  <>f  May  next. 
One  Thousand  Dollars  on  the  first  day  of  June  next.  Two  Thousand 
Dollars  on  the  first  day  of  July  next,  maining  Two  Thou- 

sand Dollars  when  the  work  shall  l»    fully  o 

It  is  also  agreed  that  the  said  Jesse  Perry*  or  his  legal  r  p 
tives.  shall  furnish,  at  his  or  their  own  expense,  all  doors,  blinds, 
glazed  sash  and  window  frame-.  to  the  said  plan,  that  may 

be  necessary  for  the  building  of  said  b 

It  is  further  agreed  thai    in  order  to  be   entitled   to  said   p..- 
(the  first  one  excepted,  which  is  otherwise  secured),  th< 

Perry,  or  bis  legal    representatives,  shall,  according  t«»  tb 
appraisement,  have  expended,  in  labor  and  material,  the  value 
payments,  on  the  house,  at  the  time  of  payment. 

For  failure  to  accomplish  the  faithful  performance  of  the  agra 
aforesaid,  the  party  so  failing,  hi-  heirs,  executors  or  assigns, 
to  forfeit  and  pay  to  the  other  party,  or  his  legal  representatives,  the 

SOm  of   Fifteen  Hundred  Dollars,  as  Axed  and  settled  ii.  ■ 
within  one  month  from  the  time  of  so  failing. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hand-  the  year  and 
day  first  above  written. 

JBSSfe   PERRY. 
ABIJAH  HOWE 


204 


LEGAL    BOSINES8    FORMS — AGREEMENTS  AND    M  KNOWLEDGMENTS. 


Agreement  for  Sale  and  Delivery  of  Personal  Properly. 

Arthi.k-  op  \'.i;kkmi;\t,  made  this  eighteenth  <ii>  of  June,  in  the 
year  of  oar  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy- three, 
between  Arthur  Belden,  of  Salem,  Washington  county.  New  York, 
party  <»f  the  Bre1  part,  and  Lemuel  Baldwin,  <>r  Jackson,  Washington 
county,  Nr«  Vnri;,  party  <>f  the  Becond  part: 

Witnkssktii,  thai  the  said  party  of  the  first  pari  hereby  covenants 
and  agrees,  that  if  the  party  of  the  second  part  shall  first  make  the 
id  perform  the  covenant*  hereinafter  mentioned  "ti  his 
pari  to  be  made  and  performed,  the  said  party  >»f  the  Becond  part  will, 
on  <»r  before  tli<-  firel  day  of  August  next,  deliver,  In  q  clean  and  mar- 
ketable condition,  twelve  hundred  pounds  of  wool,  of  his  own  pro- 
duction, al  tin-  wool-house  of  Barnard  a.  Cltne,  in  Albany,  New  York, 
And  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  hereby  covenants  and  agrees  to 
pay  to  said  party  of  the  tlr-t  part  the  sum  of  fifty-five  cents  per  pound, 
in  the  manner  following:  One  Hundred  Dollars  cash  In  hand  paid,  the 
receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged,  and  the  balance  at  ihe  time 


of  deliver)  of  Bald  wool.      Ami  in  case  of  the  failure  of  the  Bald  party 

of  the  Becond  part  to  make  either  of  the  payments,  or  perform  any  of 
the  covenants  on  bis  part  hereby  made  and  entered  Into,  tin-  contract 
shall,  at  the  option  of  the  party  of  the  first  part,  be  forfeited  and 
determined,  and  the  party  of  the  second  part  shall  forfeit  all  pay* 
ments  made  by  him  on  this  contract,  and  Mieh  payments  -hall  he 
ad  bj  the  Bald  party  of  the  first  part  In  full  satisfaction  and  in 
liquidation  <>f  all  damages  by  btm  sustained,  and  he  shall  have  the 

light    tO    take    possession    Of    Bald    WOOl,    remove,    and    sell    the    same 

elsewhere,  as  he  may  deem  for  In-  Interest 
li  is  mutually  agreed  that  all  the  covenants  and  agreements  herein 

contained  shall  extend  to  and  be  obligatory  upon  the  heirs,  executors, 
administrators  and  assigns  of  the  respective  parties. 
in  witness  whereof,  the  parties  to  these  presents  have  hereunto  set 

their  hands    the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

ARTHUB   BELDEN, 
LEM1  EL   B  LLDWIN. 


--=- 


c&r 


'■ 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

«ES£t» 


3, 


: 


TT7 


,0  A('K\<  (WLEDGE  anything  is  to  admit 
of  its  existence,  whether  il  beany  known 
fact  or  circumstance,  or  the  confession 
Mt'  any  sentiment  or  act  known  only  to  oar- 
selves. 

In  law.  an  acknowledgment  is  the  assent  of 
any  individual,  in  writing,  made  before  a  cum 
petent  legal  authority,  that  any  document  to 
which  it  is  appended  is  true  in  fact,  or  thai  it  is 
a  voluntary  act  on  the  part  of  a  person  in  trans- 
ferring property  or  any  personal  right  to 
another. 

The  law  makes  it  necessary  that  persons  who 
execute  deeds  for  lands,  or  mortgagi  -  covering 


any  property,  should  acknowledge  the  execution 
of  the  paper    in  order  that  it  may  lie  recorded. 

An  unmarried  person's  acknowledgment  alone 
is  sufficient  on  any  legal  document;  lint.,  if  mar- 
ried, both  husband  and  wife  must  sign  the 
acknowledgment  jointly,  and  the  wife  must  also, 
in  some  States,  make  her  voluntary  and  separate 
acknowledgment  apart  from  her  husband, 
wherever  the  sale  or  mortgaging  of  land  is 
effected. 

The  forms  of  acknowledgments  closely  resem- 
ble each  other,  and  hut  a  t'vw  of  them  are  here 
introduced  as  examples. 


Examining  Witnesses  to  a  Deed,  on  Oath. 
i  pow  the  bible: 
y    i  do  solemnly  swear  that  yon  will  true  answers  make  to  sneta 
questions  a-  shall  be  put  to  yon  in  regard  t <.  the  parties  to  the  deed 
here  shown  to  yon,  and  the  execution  thereof;  so  help  you  God. 


HOLDING  ft'  THE  Itli'.HT  hand: 

Yon  do  swear,  in  the  presence  of  th<  Qod,  that  you  will 

trui-  answers  make  to  such  questions  as  shall  be  put  to  yon  touching 
tin-  parties  to  the  deed  here  shown  to  you,  ami  the  execution  tbi  reof. 


A  Single  Grantor's  Acknowledgment. 

State  or  Illinois.  I 

Connty  of  Cook,      |  I,  Martin  Stone,  a  notary 

public  for  ami  within  said  county,  in  tin-  State  aforesaid,  do  hereby 
certify  that  Lewis  Mott,  personally  known  to  person 

whose  name  la  subst  rlbed  to  the  foregoing  deed  as  havli 
the  san  *  before  me  in  person  ami  acknowledged  that  he 

.  sealed  ami  delivered  the  said   instrument  of  writing 
free  and  voluntary  act,  for  the  uses  and  purposes  therein  set  forth. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  of  office, this  tenth  dayof  Decem- 
ber, A.  1).  188  ■' 

MARTIN  STONE, 

Notary  Public. 


Joint  and  Separate  Acknowledgment  of  a  Deed  by  Husband  and  Wife. 

State  of  Illinois,  } 

Count)  of  Cook,  |     '  Before  me,  Martin  Stone, 

a  notary  public  for  ami  within  said  county,  in  the  State  aforesaid, 
appeared  the  above-named  Elias  Robinson  and  Khodu  K.,  his  wife, 
ImiUi  personally  known  to  me  as  the  real  persona  whose  names  are 
subscribed  to  the  annexed  deed,  as  having  executed  the  same,  snd 

acknowledged  that  they  signed,  sealed  and  delivered  the  said  instru- 
ment of  writing  as  their  free  ami  voluntary  act,  for  the  use  and  pur- 
poses therein  set  forth. 

Ami  the  said  Khoilu  lv.  wife  of  the  said  Elias  BobinBOn,  having 
been  by  me  examine, I,  separate  and  apart,  ami  out  of  tin- bearing  of 
her  husband,  ami  tin-  contents  and  meaning  of  the  gald  instrument  of 
writing  having  been  by  me  fully  made  known  ami  explained  to  her: 
and    she    also   bj   me    being    fully  informed    of    her   riidits    under   the 

tead  laws  of  this  state,  acknowledged  that  -be  bad  freely  and 
voluntarily  executed  tbe  same,  and  relinquished  her  dower  to  the 
iid  tenements  therein  mentioned,  and  also  all  the  rights  and 
advantages  under  and  by  virtue  ,,f  al]  laws  ,,f  1 1, i --  state  relating  to 
the  exemption  of  homesteads,  without  compulsion  of  her  husband; 
and  that  she  does  not  wish  to  retract  tin    same, 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  of  office,  this  twelfth  dayof  Novem- 
ber. A.  I).  1882. 

.;;•'•  MARTIN  stone. 

Notary  Public. 


AFFIDAVITS    AND    APPRENTICE    FORMS. 


i~Vo- 


AFFIDAVITS. 


==-v 


AFFIDAVITS  are  of  a  confirmatory  nature, 
and  consist  of  written  statements  of  facts, 
signed  and  sworn  to  (or  affirmed)  as  true 
by  the  persons  who  make  them.  The  cases  in 
which  they  are  used  are  numerous. 


In  courts  of  law  or  equity  they  are  not  testi- 
mony, because  the  makers  of  them  (called 
affiants)  are  not  cross-examined;  but  a  false 
affiant  may  be  punished  as  a  perjurer,  when  the 
affidavit  is  required  by  law. 


A  Common  Form  of  Affidavit,  Attached  to  a  Declaration  of  Any 
Kind. 

State  of  Illinois,  { 

County  of  Cook,   )  Chicago,  November  6,  1882. 

Then  the  above-named  Jesse  James  personally  appeared  and  made 
oath  (or  solemnly  affirmed)  that  the  foregoing  declaration,  by  him  sub- 
scribed, is  true.     Before  me, 

GEORGE  MOORE,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 


Form  of  Affidavit  of  Publication  of  a  Legal  Notice. 

State  of  Illinois,  ) 

County  of  Cook,  f 

Fritz  Meter  1  In  ,he  Superior  Court  of  the  city  of  Chicago, 
Georqe'c.  Lowe.       j        Illinois,  of  November  term,  1882. 

Frank  Smith,  being  duly  sworn  (or  affirmed)  according  to  law,  says 
that  he  is  the  publisher  of  a  weekly  newspaper  in  the  city  of  Chicago, 
in  the  county  of  Cook,  and  State  of  Illinois,  called  the  Chicago 
Clarion,  and  that  the  above  notice  was  published  in  his  said  news- 
paper for  six  consecutive  weeks,  the  last  publication  of  it  being  upon 
Saturday,  November  18,  A.  D.   1882. 

Sworn  to  (or  affirmed)  and  subscribed  before  me,  this  twentieth 
day  of  November,  A.  D.  1882. 

MOSES  WILLETT,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 


Affidavit  Requiring  a  Debtor  to  be  Held  to  Bail. 

State  of  Ohio,         t 
Cuyahoga  County,  \ 

Edward  Place        )     In  tne  Coart  of  Common  Pleas  of  Cleveland, 

vs.  }■  ' 

Robert  Grimes.       \        of  November  term,  A.  D.  1882.     No.  283. 

Edward  Place,  of  Cleveland,  in  said  county,  butcher,  on  oath 
declares  that  he  has  a  demand  against  the  within-named  Robert. 
Grimes,  upon  the  cause  of  action  stated  in  the  within  writ,  which  he 
believes  to  be  justly  due,  and  upon  which  lie  expects  that  he  will 
recover  Twelve  Dollars  and  lifty-three  cents,  orupwards:  and  that  he 


has  reasonable  cause  to  believe  that  the  said  Robert  Grimes  is  about 
to  depart  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  to  which  said  writ  is 
returnable,  and  not  to  return  until  after  judgment  may  probably  be 
recovered  in  said  suit,  so  that  he  cannot  be  arrested  on  the  first  exe- 
cution (if  any)  which  may  issue  in  said  suit. 

EDWARD  PLACE. 
Subscribed  and  sworn  to  this  twenty-second  day  of    November, 
A.  D.  1882.      Before  me, 

JOHN  BROWN,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 


Affidavit  of  a  Creditor's  Attorney,  Requiring  a  Debtor  to  be 
Held  to  Bail. 

State  of  Ohio,         1 
Cuyahoga  County,  f     ' 

EDWAKm.PLACE        I    In  the  Co"rt  of  Common  Pleas  of  Cleveland, 
Robert  Grimes.       j        of  November  term,  A.  D.  1882.      No 

George  Phillips,  of  Cleveland,  in  said  county,  a  lawyer  and  attor- 
ney of  Edward  Place,  of  said  city,  county  and  Slat.-,  butcher,  on 
oath  declares  that  the  said  Edward  Place  has  a  demand  against  the 
within-named  Robert  Grimes,  upon  the  cause  of  action  slated  in  the 
within  writ,  which  this  deponent  believes  to  he  justly  due,  and  upon 
which  he  expects  that  the  said  Edward  Place  will  recover  Twelve  Dol- 
lars and  fifty-three  cents,  or  upwards:  ami  that  this  deponent  has 
reasonable  cause  to  believe  that  the  said  Robert  Grimes  is  about  n, 
depart  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  to  which  said  writ  is 
returnable,  that  is  to  say,  into  the  Province  of  Ontario,  Canad  ..  ind 
not  to  return  till  after  judgment  may  probably  be  recovered  in  -aid 
suit,  so  that  he  cannot  be  arrested  on  the  first  execution  lit  ami 
which  maj  isBue  in  said  suit. 

GEORGE  PHILLIPS. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  this  twenty-third  day  of  November,  \  D. 
1882.      Before  me, 

Qitotabiai.  SEJlg  QTTARTUS  K.    KICK,  Notary  Public. 


H-eS 


^x  $m        APPRENTICE   FORMS. 

lJ1;_» , n=yq.8 


^t 


IP 


^Y.\  APPRENTICE  maybe  either  a  boy  or 
-;'M  a  girl,  usually  not  younger,  if  a  lad.  than 
■3*;*^    fourteen  years  of  age. 

No  child  can  be  apprenticed  for  a  term  ex- 
tending beyond  his  twenty-first  birthday. 

The  usual  motive  for  apprenticing  children  is 
that  they  may  he  thoroughly  taught  some  honor- 
able trade  orcalling,  becoming  perfectly  familiar 


with  which,  they  may  always  lie  able  to  cant  a 
livelihood  and  acquire  wealth. 

The  methods  of  apprenticing  children  ami  for 
protecting  their  rights  and  interests  arc  gener- 
ally provided  for  in  the  laws  of  the  several 
States.  These  methods  differ  but  little,  how- 
ever, in  any  of  the  States. 

No  minor  can  alone  bind  himself  or  herself 


"T 


206 


FORMS    01     \iti;i  NTICESHIP. 


SUGGESTIONS    RELATING    TO    ARBITRATION. 


tn  learn  any  trade  or  calling.  The  parents, 
guardians,  or  overseers  of  the  poor  must  give 
their  consent,  and  the  child  must  be  willingto 
be  bound. 

Any  acl  or  habit  of  the  master  that  may  be 
injurious  t>>  the  morals  or  intellect  of  the  appren- 
tice is  a  sufficient  cause  for  the  proper  authorities 
to  dissolve  the  contract  of  apprenticeship.  No 
apprentice,    for  instance,  can   be  compelled   to 


work  "ii  Sundays,  except  in  a  ease  of  absolute 
necessity. 

Should  the  master  die  before  the  expiration  of 
the  apprenticeship,  unless  the  contract  includes 
the  master's  "executors  and  administrators, "  the 
apprentice  is  free  to  seek  a  new  master. 

The  following  forms  will  serve  to  indicate  what 
is  particularly  expected  of  parents,  children  and 
masters. 


Binding  an  Apprentice— A  General  Form. 

This  Agreement,  made  thie   twenty- second  day  ->f   November, 

A.  D.  1882,  between  Parker  Bills,  the  father,  and  AUen  Ellis,  his 

Bon,  aged  fourteen  years,  both  of  Pittsburgh,   in  Allegheny  county, 

State  "f   Pennsylvania,  of   the  one  part,  and  Marcus  Uoran, 

blacksmith,  of  the  bs place,  of  the  other  part,  witnesaeth: 

That  the  said  Allen  Bills,  with  the  consent  of  his  father,  Parker 
Bills,  does  by  these  presents  bind  himself  ool  as  an  apprentice 
said  Marcos  Uoran,  to  be  taught  and  exercise  and  employ  himself  in 
the  trad  icksmlth,  In  which  the  said  Karens  Uoran  i-  now 

engaged,  and  i"  live  with  and  Berve  as  an  apprentice  until  the  expira- 

tlon  Ol  I'     ths  and    four  (lavs   from   the   date   hereof. 

That  daring  said  time  said  Men  Bills  shall  and  will,  to  his  best  and 
utmost  ability,  skill  and  knowledge,  Intelligently  and  faithfully 
serve,  and  he  just  and  true  to  ids  s:ij,i  master,  keep  bit  secrets  and 

Counsel,  and  everywhere,  and  at  all  tine  s,  shall  obey  his  lawful  com 

That  In'  -had  do  and  attempt  no  hurt  to  hie  Bald  master,  in 
pcr-on,  goods,  estate,  or  otherwise,  nor  willingly  suffer  injury  to  the 
same  to  be  done  by  Others,  but  forthwith  give  his  said  master  notice 
when  tic  -hdl  ten  ■  any  knowledge  "f  such  injury  done  or  about  to  lie 
done.     That  he  shall  not  convert  to  his  own  use  or  wast. ■  his  -aid 

-  goods  or  money,  nor  suffer  the  same  to  be  done  by  others. 
That  he  will  not  lend  his  master's  goods  or  effects  to  any  person  or 
per  suns  whom  >i  allow  any  one  else  to  do  so  without  Ms  mas- 

tnsent  Thai  he  will  not  buy  or  sell  any  merchandise  of  hia  own 
or  of  others,  during  his  term  of  apprenticeship,  without  his  master's 

permission.  That  lie  shall  not  play  with  card-  or  dice,  nor  take  part 
in  any  unlawful  games  of  skill  or  chance,  whereby  his  master  shall 
Buffer  loss  or  damage.  That  he  shall  not  loiter  about  or  in  play- 
-.  theaters,  Baloons,  or  other  disreputable  resorts,  nor  visit 
them,  except  tin-  business  of  hi-  master  -hall  require  him  to  do  so. 

That  he  shall  not,  at  any  time,  willfully  absent  himself  from  his 
master's   prem  rvice  Without   leave.      That    in  all    things   he 

will  bet  ilthful  apprentice  ought  to  do  throughout  Ins  term 

ol  Bervice. 

And    the   -:        '■■'.  Uoran,  in   consideration  of   these   premises 

and    the    sum    of  Twenty   Dollars,    the    receipt    whereof    is     hereby 


acknowledged,  does  herebj  promise,  covenant  ami  agree:    That  he 

will  comfortably  clothe  and  provide  for  the  -aid  Allen  Bills,  his 
apprentice,  and  in  sickness  and  in  health  Bupply  him  with  -iitl'ii  irtit  .Hid 
suitable  food,  lod'_'iie_' and   medicine;   and  will  instruct  and  teach    bis 

said  apprentice,  either  by  himBelf  or  others,  whatever  may  i"-  learned 
of  the  trade  and  mystery  of  blacksmlthing  during  his  said  term  of 
service.  That  he  shall  cause  his  suid  apprentice  t"  be  tanght  '"  read 
and  write,  and  the  elementary  and  compound  rule-  .a  arithmetic  and 

the  rule  Of  three.  That  he  will,  when  the  said  term  of  apprentice- 
ship  -hall  legally  expire,  give  the  said  Allen  I'd  lis,  over  and  above  the 
clotMng  he  shall  then  poSSeSH,  the  following  articles  (lf  apparel 
(name  them  here  particularly ).  of  quality,  lit,  and  suitable  for  his 
condition  in  life. 
And  for  the  true  performance  of  all  and  singular  the  covenants 

and  agrt Ql      iforesald,  the   said   parties   bind    themselves   each  to 

the  other  Irmly  by  these  presents. 

In  witness  whereof  tic  parties  aforesaid  have  hereunto  inter- 

ibly  set  their  hands  the  day  and  voir  first  above  written. 

i  Apprentice)  ALLEN  ELLIS, 

(Master)  MARCUS  HOB  w\ 

Wit,„.ss,.s  $  Sai»"  B"™"  (Parent)  PARKED  BLLIS 

WItneB8e8,1  Joseph  Mohan. 


Consent  of  a  Parent,  Indorsed  on  Indentures  of  Apprenticeship. 
I  do  hereby  consent   to.  and  approve  of,  the  binding  of  my  -on, 
William  Blair,  as   in  the  within  indenture  mentioned.       Dated  the 
twenty-second  day  of  Nov. tuber,  A.  D.  1882. 

LOIS  BLAIR 


Certificate  ol  a  Justice  as  to  Death  of  the  Father  of  an  Apprentice. 
I,  Matthew  Marr,  a  justice  of  the  peace  within  and  for  thecounty 

Of  Cook  and  Stat.-  of  Illinois,  r.'-i.litiL*  in  the  town  of  Lake,  in  -aid 
county,  do  hereby  certify  that  Thomas  Blair,  the  father  of  the  infant 
nai i  in  the  within  indenture,  its  dead  (or  has  abandoned,  ami  neg- 
lects to  provide  for,  his  family).  Dated  this  twenty-second  dny  of 
November,  A.  1).   1882 

\l  LTTHEVi    MAUI:,  Justii f  the  Peace. 


-> 


■     ' 
■.->•■ 


ARBITRATIONS. 


-m  .... 


— HS 


7TJ11  K  SIT.MISSK  >X  of  any  question  concern- 
ing the  riirlit-  of  persons  or  persona] 
—  property,  by  parties  in  dispute,  to  the 
decision  of  one  or  more  disinterested  individuals, 
mutually  agreed  upon,  instead  of  taking  the  con- 
troversy before  a  court  of  law.  is  called  an  arbi- 
tration. 


Both  parties  may  have  sufficient  confidence  in 
sitme  one  person  t"  abide  by  bis  single  decision. 
LTsually,  however,  each  party  selects  one  indi- 
vidual, ami   the   two   thus   appointed   <•! se  a 

third  "lie.  who  is  called  the  umpire,  to  assist 
them  in  forming  then*  judgment.  In  such  a  case 
the  decision  is  made  either  by  all  agreeing,  or  the 


SUGGESTIONS    RELATING    To    AND    Forms    FOR    ARBITRATION. 


agreement  of  two  against  the  other,  as  may  be 
provided  in  the  submission. 

The  parties  engaged  in  determining  disputes  in 
this  manner  are  known  as  arbitrators. 

The  decision  of  the  arbitrators  is  called  an 
award. 

Arbitrations,  and  their  determination  of  cases, 
are  sometimes  regulated  by  the  laws  of  the  State 
in  which  they  occur. 

Arbitrations  are  not  always  voluntary  on  the 
part  of  the  persons  in  dispute,  for  in  some  States 
one  party  may  compel  the  other  to  refer  the  case 
to  arbitrators,  it'  he  refuses  to  do  so.  This  is 
called  a  reference. 

The  courts  may  also  sometimes  order  a  dis- 
puted case  to  be  settled  in  this  manner,  with  the 
consent  of  both  parties. 

A  party  cannot  be  compelled  to  agree  to  arbi- 
trate, nor  after  he  has  signed  the  agreement 
can  he.  as  a  general  rule,  be  compelled  to  select 
his  arbitrators,  nor  after  the  arbitrators  are 
appointed  can  he  be  compelled  to  submit  his  side 
of  the  case.  But  after  a  valid  award  has  been 
made  the  court-  will  enforce  it.  Either  party 
may  recall  his  submission  to  arbitration,   how- 


ever, at  any  time  before  the  award  is  written  out; 
but  the  party  who  thus  recalls  the  arbitration  is 
responsible  for  all  the  costs  and  damages  that 
have  accrued  in  consequence  of  his  previous  con- 
sent to  submit  his  ease  to  arbitrators. 

If  an  award  is  illegal,  unreasonable,  incapable 
of  being  executed,  or  indecisive  of  any  or  all 
matters  submitted  to  the  arbitrator-,  it  is  not 
binding. 

Beside  the  agreement  to  submit  the  questions 
in  dispute,  called  a  submission,  the  parties  usu- 
ally execute  to  each  other,  with  sureties,  a  bond 
to  abide  by  and  perform  the  award,  on  which 
also  a  suit  can  be  brought,  if  the  award  is  not 
performed. 

Arbitrations  are  customary  in  disputes  relating 
to  wages  for  services,  current  accounts,  failures 
to  fulfill  contract-,  partnerships,  annuities  in  lieu 
of  dower,  land  titles,  boundaries  and  trespasses. 

Awards  may  cover  the  payment  of  moneys. 
the   fulfillment  of   agreements,  the  delivery  of 

goods  or  writings,  the  assignment  of  mortgages 
and  leases,  and  the  specific  conveyance  of  land, 
but  not  as  to  the  title  to  land. 


Form  of  Submission  to  Arbitration. 

The  following  is  tie-   general    form  t"    be    used    in    referring  all 

matters    in    dispute    between   the    parties    at    issue;    the    special 

form   is   used    where   the   controversy    is   confined    to  one   or  two 

particular  disagreements : 

Know  All  Men  by  These  Presents,  That  we,  the  undersigned, 
hereby  mutually  agree  to  submit  alt  the  matters  in  difference  between 
us,  of  every  kind,  name  and  nature,  to  the  determination  and  award 
of  Edward  Blair.  Edward  R.  Stimpson  and  Robert  Merritt,  of  Vil- 
lisca, Montgomery  county,  Iowa,  as  arbitrators.  That  said  arbi- 
trators, or  any  two  of  them,  shall  hear  and  determine  the  matters  in 
dispute  between  us,  and  award  the  payment  of  all  the  costs  and 
expenses  incurred  in  such  arbitration.  That  tin-  said  arbitrators 
shall  make  their  award  in  writing  on  or  before  the  tenth  d 
January,  A.  D.  1SS3.      Done  at  Villi  sea,  Iowa,  December  1,  A.  D. 

ISS-.i 


John  Clever,    ) 
T.  S.  Wallet.  I 


Witnesses. 


MERRICK  WELCH, 
SIMON  J.    GROVER. 


Form  for  Special  Arbitration. 
Know  All  Men  bt  These  Presents,  That  we,  the  under*, 
are  partners  doing  business  under  the  firm-name  of  Welch  A:  Grover, 
at  Villisca,  Iowa,  and  are  about  to  dissolve  our  partnership.      That  a 
controversy  exi-ts  between  ns  concerning  the  settlement  of  the  firm 
business,  and  the  bii-in.  •  ■  ns  and   claim-   by  and  between 

us,  subsequent  to  the  twelfth  day  of   June,  A.  I).  1SS-J.     That   we 
hereby  mutually  agree  to  submit  these  matters  in  difference  between 


us  to  the  determination  and  award  of,  etc.      (As  in  the  form  of  gen- 
eral  submission,  to  tin'  end. ) 

[Other  sped"  '  may  be  embodied  in  a  similar .' 


Bond  for  Submission  to  Arbitration. 

Each  party  in  dispute  executes  this  bond  to  the  other,  so  that 
both  are  equally  bound  to  submit  to  the  award  of  their  chosen 
arbitrators. 

Know  all  Men  p.y  These  PRESENTS,  That  c.  Merrick  Welch  (or 
Simon  J.  Grover),  of  the  town  of  Villisca.  in  the  county  of  Montgomery, 
and  State  of  Iowa,  am  held  and  firmly  bound  to  Simon  .1.  (irover  lor 
Merrick  Welch!  in  The  sum  of  Two  Thousand  Dollars,  for  the  payment 
of  which  I  bind  myself  and  my  legal  representatives  by  these  pr 

The  condition  of  this  obligation  is-  That  if   the  above  bonnden 
Merrick  Welch  I  or  Simon  .1.    Grover),   or  his  leu'al   representatives 
shall  submit,  perform,  and  comply  with  the  award,  determination, 
judgment   ami   orders   of    Edward    Blair,    Edgar    I.'     Stimpson  and 
Robert   Merritt,    the   arbitrators    named   and   selected   by   t) 
Merrick  Welch  and  Simon  •'.  Grover  to  award,  determine,  judg 
order  of  and  concerning  the  controversy  existing  between  them,  as 
partners,  a-  to  the  settlement  of  the  firm  business  and  the  bug 
transactions  and  claims  by    and    between   them   subsequent    to    the 
twelfth   day  of   June.    A.    D.  tss-,'   cith    power  to  award  payment 
of  costs  and  expenses  incurred  in  said  arbitration i.  then  this  obliga- 
tion shall  be  void;  otherwise  it  shall  remain  in  full  I 

Sealed  with  my  seal  and  dated  this  first  day  of  December.  1888. 
John  Clever,    i  ....  MERRICK  WELCH, 

T    S.  Waller,  J  '  (Or  SIMON  J.   GROVER.) 


208 


FORMS    CSEB    IX    ARBITRATION. 


ASSIGNMENTS, 


Sometlmea  the  llmltatlona  of  the  time  In  which  the  arbitration 
award  Bhall  be  made  i-  embodied  In  the  bond,  as  well  as  in  the 
agreement  of  submission  to  the  arbitration. 

Form  ol  Notice  to  Arbitrators. 
Edward  Hi. ami,  Km.vu  I!    STQfPSOH  and  Robert  Merritt: 
Gi  s  n.KMKN — Von  have  been  chosen  arbitrators  on  behalf  of  the 
[o  arbitrate  and  award  between  them,  In  such  matters 
and  things  a-  Bel   forth   In  their  submission,  which  will  be  open   to 
yonr  inspeotlon  when  you  meet  at  the  Ronale  House,  in  the  village  of 
Villisca,  [owa,  on  the  second  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1883,  at  ten 
o'clock  in  tin-  forenoon,  to  hear  the  allegations  and  proofs  of 
"i  our-,  etc., 

MBBRICB  WELCH, 
SIMON  J.   GROVER. 
Dated   at  Villisca,   Iowa,   this  fifteenth  day  of    December,  A.  D. 
1882 


From  of  Subpoena  of  Witness. 
The  people  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  to  Edmund  W.  Thomas  and 
Samuel  M.  West:  Von,  and  each  of  yon,  are  commanded  personally 
to  appear  and  attend  at  the  Kunals  house,  in  the  village  of  Yilhsca, 
in  Montgomery  County,  Iowa,  on  the  second  day  of  January,  A.  D. 
1883,  at  ten  o'clock  in  tin-  forenoon,  before  Edward  Blair,  Edgar  R. 
Stimpson  and  Hotter!  Merritt,  of  Villisca,  arbitrators  chosen  to 
determine  a  controversy  between  Merrick  Welch  and  Simon  -J. 
Grover,  then  and  there  to  testify  as  a  witness  in  relation  tli  reto 
before  -aid  arbitrators,  on  the  part  of  the  said  Merrick  Welch, 
Hereof  fail  not  at  your  peril.  Given  under  my  hand,  this  twenty- 
sixth  d  mber,  A.  l>.  1882. 

EKIt'K  LARSON,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

i:  i-  customary  to  allow  fee-  to  arbitrators  for  their  services 
equal  to  those  given  referees  appointed  by  courts  of  law  to  de- 
termine cast  - 


Form  of  Arbitrators'  Oath. 

Before  entering  upon  their  duties,  the  arbitrators  should,  if 
required  by  law  or  the  submission,  go  before  a  judge  of  some  court 
of  record,  or  a  justice  of  tit  ind  make  oath  as  follows: 

Vn  do  severally  swear,  faithfully  and  fairly  to  hear  and  examine 
the  matters  in  controversy  between  Merrick  Welch,  of  the  one  part, 

and    Simon   .1.   GrOVer,  of   the  Other    part,  and    to   make   a  just    award 

rour  understanding.     9o  help  yon  God. 
The  arbitrator-  can  administer  the  oath   to  witnesses  before  them, 
in  the    usual  form  of  conn-  of   law,  when    tiny  are   acting  under 
the  "rder  of  a  court  or  statute. 


nature,  between  Merrick  Welch  and  Simon  J   <;ro\cr.  by  virtue  of 

their  agreement  of  submissi f  said  matters,  dated  at  Villisca,  [owa, 

on  the  first   day  of   December,  A.  1>.   1SS-J,  do  award,  order,  judge  and 
dete nil i lie  of  and  Concerning  the  Same  ■  <-  follows: 

i.  That,  etc.   I   Plainly  eetthtg  forth  each  point  of  difference  be- 
2.  That,  etc.   I      tvoeen  the  partUe^  and  the  deeUAon  reached  by  the 

:i.  That,  etc.    [      arbUrat ore  on  eae)  'fit  law 

4,   That,  etc     \       and  tanitii,  ami  with  the  testimony  presented. 
In  witness  whereof,  we  have,  in  the  presence  of  each  other,  here 
unto  -,  i  our  hands  this  third  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1883. 

EDWARD  BLAIR, 

ROBERT  MERRITT, 

EDGAR  R.  STIMP80N. 


General  Form  for  the  Arbitrators'  Award. 

KNOW    all    Mis    r.v    Till-i:    i'lil-hvi'-.    that    we.    the    under. 

arbitrators  of  all  matters  in  difference,   of   every  kind,   name  and 


Special  Form  of  the  Arbitrators'  Award. 
Know   all   Men    r.v   THB81   PRESENTS,  that  we,  the  undersigned, 
arbitrators  of  tn,    controversy  existing  between  Merrick  Welch  and 
Simon  J.  Grover.  partners,  doing  business  at  Villisca,  Montgomery 

county,  Iowa,  under  the  firm-name  of  Welch  &  Grover,  relative  to 
a  settlement  of  their  firm  business,  and  especially  of  the  business 

transactions  by  and  between  them  since  the  twelfth  day  of  June, 
A.  D.  18S2,  by  virtu,  of  their  submission  to  us  of  the  settlement  of 
said  matters,  dated  at  Villisca,  Iowa,  on  the  first  day  of  December, 
A.  D.   1882,  do  award,  judge   and   determine   of   and    concerning  the 

same  as  follow  -  : 

1.  That  the  said  partners  are  each  equally  liable  for  one-half  of 
the  ind,  '  i  -aid  firm. 

2.  That  each  of  said  partner-  is  fully  entitled  to  receiv ,-  ,,ne  half 
of  all  profit-  accruing  t"  their  said   business,    if  any  there   b, 

tile  twelfth  day  of  June,  A.  I).    I88S 

:l.  That  the  copartnership  heretofore  existing  between  tile  -aid 
Welch  and  Cnnvr  be,  and  hereby  i-,  fully  dissolved  from  and  after 
the  date  hereof. 

4.  That  John  Allen,  of  Villi-ca,  Iowa,  merchant,  is  hereby 
appointed  and  confirmed  a  receiver  to  take  charge  of  all  accounts 
and  evidence-  of  debt  of  said  firm,  and  to  -ell  to  the  best  advantage, 
for  cash,  within  one  year,  all  the  real  estate  and  personal  property  of 
every  kind,  held  and  owned  by  said  partners. 

5.  That  the  money  realized  from  the  -ales  of  the  said  property  by 
the  receiver  of  the  -aid  firm  shall  be  discreetly  used  only  for  the 
payment  of  the  indebtedness  Of  -aid  firm  of  Welch  .V;  Grover,  until 
the  expiration  of  two  years  from  this  date,  at  which  time  the  surplus 

arising  from  -ii.  h  sales,  and  remaining  after  the  indebtedness 
of  the  said  linn,  i-  all  paid  (if  any  BUCh  surplus  shall  exist),  shall  be 
equally  divided  between  -aid  partner-  bj   the  Bald  receiver. 

,.     run  Hie  promissory  note  executed  Jim,   i:,.  a    D.  i8K'j,  by  the 

said  Merritt  W,l,li  to  the  -aid  Simon  J.  Grover,  for  the  -urn  of  One 

ind  Dollars,  which  was  given  as  a  collateral  Becurlty  in  a  con- 

J    which   we.  Hie    -aid   arbitrator-,    find     did    never    exist,    Is 

declared  void  and  uncollectable  for  want  of  a  proper  consideration 
therefor. 

In  wiiiie--  whereof,  we  hive,  in  the  presence  of  each  other,  here- 
in,]., set  our  hands  the  third  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1883. 

EDWARD  BLAIR, 

EDGAR  K    STIMPSON, 

ROBERT  MERRITT. 


■■•*■ 


:■- 


«»-<£*- 


ASSIGNMENTS. 
— »-& — 


X  ASSIGNMENT  is  the  art  which  transfers 
the   title   tn    a  right    of  property.      The 
art  may  be  by  words,  accompanied  by  de- 
livery of   tin-   thing   assigned,   or    may  be    in 

writing. 


existing,    may  lawfully 


<  lorporations,    legally 
assign   their   interest    in    papers   or  property  t<> 
other  corporations,  or  tn  individuals. 

The  writing  by  which  ownership  is  thus  trans- 
ferred is  called  an  assignment 


FOKM8    AMi    SUGGESTIONS    RELATING    TO    ASSIGNMENTS. 


An  assignor  is  one  who  transfers  his  interest, 
right  or  title  to  another. 

An  assignee  is  one  to  whom  a  transfer  is  made. 

Certain  assignments  must  be  in  writing,  as 
transfers  of  real  estate. 

All  assignments  relating  to  Lands  and  tene- 
ments  must  be  j ii< >| ki!\  signed,  scaled,  acknowl- 
edged and  recorded,  like  a  deed. 

The  usual  phrase  in  making  an  assignment  is 
"assign,  transfer  and  set  over;"  but  the  words, 
"give,  grant,  bargain  and  sell."  will  constitute 
an  assignment. 

Where  property  of  any  kind  is  assigned  for  the 
benefit  of  creditors,  its  immediate  delivery  to  the 
assignee  is  required. 

An  assignment  may  convey  the  whole  property 
absolutely,  or  in  trust,  or  only  an  equitable  right 
to  the  benefit  of  it,  the  legal  title  remaining  in 
the  assignor. 

An  assignment  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  may 
be  at  common  law,  or  under  a  statute.  At  com- 
mon law  the  assignor  may  prefer  creditors.  By 
statute  he  can  not. 

An  assignment  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  must 
provide  that  the  property  be  turned  into  cash  and 
divided  amongst  creditors,  and  must  not  reserve 
any  benefit  to  the  assignor.  Such  an  assignment 
should  be  of  all  the  assignor's  property  liable  to 
and  not  exempt  from  execution. 

ruder  some  insolvent  and  bankrupt  acts,  the 
adjudication  itself  that  a  person  is  a  bankrupt 
transfers  his  property  to  the  assignee. 

When  insured  property  is  sold,  the  policy 
should  hi'  assigned  to  the  purchaser.  This  can 
only  be  done  with  the  consent  of  the  insurer,  to 


In-  indorsed  on  the  policy.  Forms  for  transfer  of 
the  policy  and  assent  are  usually  printed  on  the 
policies. 

Xo  one  except  the  person  owning  insured 
property  at  the  time  of  the  assignment  can  legally 
become  the  assignee  of  an  insurance  policj  cov- 
ering it,  and  then  the  consent  of  the  insurers  t.. 
the  transfer  must  he  obtained.  Legal  assign- 
ments can  lie  made  of  copyrights,  contract-. 
deeds,  mortgages,  bonds,  leases,  note-,  draft-, 
accounts,  judgment-,  all  claims  for  money  or 
wages,  insurance,  corporation  -hare-,  etc. 

All  property  assigned  must  be  distinctly 
described  in  the  assignment,  or  the  schedule 
attached  thereto. 

Stock  in  incorporated  companies  is  assigned  by 
an  assignment  on  the  back  of  the  certificate,  and 
by  a  transfer  on  the  stock-book.  Forms  for  this 
purpose  are  usually  printed  on  the  back  of  the 
certificate. 

All  assignments,  except  statutory,  are  con- 
tracts, and  subject  to  the  same  law. 

Thus,  an  assignment  at  common  law  for  the 
benefit  of  creditors  needs  the  assent  of  the 
creditors  to  make  it  valid. 

Assignments  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  are 
now  regulated  by  statute  law  in  nearly  every 
State. 

An  assignment  of  a  debt  or  note  carries  with 
it  all  collaterals  and  securities. 

A  mortgage  cannot  he  assigned  without  a 
transfer,  at  the  same  time,  of  the  debt,  note  or 
bond.  In  addition,  in  some  State-,  the  land  also 
should  be  conveyed  as  in  the  form  below. 


A  Simple  Assignment. 
For  value  received.  I  hen  b3  assign  -ill  my  riu'ht,  title  and  h 
in  tin-  within  contract  to  John  Doe.     Dated  Chicago,  November  17, 
A.  D.  1882. 

RICHARD  ROE. 


Assignment  of  Wages. 
Know  all  Men  bi  These  Presents.  That  I,  Myrick  .1.  I 
of  Riverside,  Cook  coanty.  and  Stat.-  of  Illinois,  in  consideration  of 
Fifty  Dollars,  the  receipt  of  which  I  acknowledge,  do  hereby  assign, 
transfer  and  Bet  over  to  George  /.  Bassett,  of  tin-  same  place,  all 
claims  and  demands  which  I  now  have,  and  all  which  at  anytime 
between  the  date  hereof  ami  the  seventeenth  day  of  January  next, 
A.  D.  lss:j.  1  may  or  -hall  have  against  Cooper  Donelson  for  all  stuns 


of  money  due.  or  to  become  due  to  me.  as  engineer  in  his  factory; 

that  1  do  hereby  appoint  and  constitute  -aid  l.eor_v  '/..  Bassett,  and 
hie  assigns,  my  attorney  irrevocable,  to  do  and  perform  all  acts, 
matters  and  things  in  the  premises  in  like  manner,  and  to  all  intents 
and  purposes,  as  I  could  if  personally  present. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  this  seventeenth 
day  of  November,  A    D 

P.  0.  Buck.  Witi  MYl.'U  K  .1     LASLET. 

[The  above  form  is  proper  for  all  attignmenU  of  rights.] 


Form  of  Assignment  of  a  Mortgage. 

Know    ai. i.    Hem     nv     Tin-  -.    That    whereas    Donald 

Cooper,  of  the  town  of  Aurora,  in  Kane  county,  and  State  of  Illinois, 
on  the  fifth  day  of  August,   \    D.  1881,  by  his  deed  of  mortg 


u 


FORMS    "I 


thai  date,  for  the  consideration  of  One  Thousand  Dollars,  did  grant, 
bargain,  s,!l  and  convey  unto  me,  Cameron  Smith,  of  Chicago,  in 
i  .ink  connty  :mtl  State  of  Illinois,  my  loirs  and  assigns,  .ill  and 
singular  the  real  estate  (minutely  described) ;  to  have  and  I 

me  to  me,  th<  I  as,  foi 

ever,  a;  nserl  the  i  onditlons  of  the  morl 

Now,  therefore,  I,  the  said  Cameron  Smith,  In  consideration  of  the 
sum  of '  Ine  I  housand  Dollars,  i"  me  In  hand  paid  before  the  ensealing 
f,  do  by  these  pi  U,  assign,  transfer,  and  set  over  unto 

William  ol    \ ..  In  Kane  county  and  State  of  Illinois, 

in-  heli                  as,  forever,  the  mortgage,  debt,  aofes,  and  bonds, 
aises  or  property),  to  have  and  to  hold  the  same  to 
m,   hi-   heir  as,  forever,  as 

manner Ss  I,  the  said  Cameron  Smith,  my 
:    ind  enjoy  the  same  by  virtue  of  tin' 
.    ed  afon      d,  and  do!  othei 
Ami   I  do,  for  myself,  execntorB,  and  administi 

apower  the  said  William  Anderson,  hii 
tors,  and  administrators,  ton  his  ami  their  own  use  the 

Bam  or  soma  mentioned  In  the  condition  of  Bald  deed  whenever  the 
shall  lu-  tendered  or  paid  in  him,  nr  them,  by  the  said  Donald 
Cooper,  his  belra,  executors,  it  administrators,  agreeably  th 
andtodischai  ■■■  to  take  and  pursue  such  other 
steps  .i"'l  means  fur  recovery  .>f  the  said  sum  nr  sums,  with  the 
interest,  by  the  sale  of  the  Bald  mortgaged  premises,  nr  otherwise,  as 
bylaw  are  provided,  as  fully  to  all  int<-nts  and  purposes  as  I,  the 
u  Smith,  in    tii itors,  or  administrators,  might 

l    <jo,   for   myself,   my  ;  cutors,  and  administrators, 

.     i         :  H   Hi  mi  Anderson,  hi-  heirs  I  b  signs,  Lbal 

[  have  good  right  to  assign  the  said  i bt,  and  prem 

aforesaid,  that  there  Is  now  due  thereon Dollars;  .mil  thai  in-,  the 

nail  .mil  mayhave,  hold,  oo 
enjoy  the  Bam  bov  ever,  i"  the  right  of  redemption,  as  by 

law  in  '  the  lawful  claim  of  all  pt-r- 

sons. 

In  wiinis-  whereof  I  have  hereunto  sel  my  hand  .mil  Beal  this 
eighteenth  day  of  November,  A.  l>.  1882. 

in  presence  of      I 
John  Jokes,      > 

i.l  OBOE  I'M  is.     ) 


i  IMERON  -Mrril. 


[The  above  should  b,  acknowledged  the  same  as  a  deed.] 


Form  of  Assignment  of  a  Lease. 
Show  all  His  bi   Thesi    Presents,  Thai  I,  Jacob  Spencer,  ol 

l  11      i,i  1   ni  coi 

rwo  Hundred  Dollars,  to  me  duly  p  Q        b  J.  u  ats 

of  the  ■"'•  ''""- 

transfi I  sel  over  unto  said  George  J.  Watson  a  cer- 
tain Instrument  ol  ■     first  .lay  of  May,   i.  D. 

<l  bj    Andrew  Knox,  of  the  -. city,  county  and  State, 

i ■  for  i  term  of  two  years,  reserving  unto  said  Andrew  Knox  the 

yearly  r.mt  of  One  Hundred  and  Eight  D  monthly. 

ment  shall  taki  effectonthc  Brst  day  of  November, 
A    ii    i  nun'  daring  i  ■  term  of  two 

rerthelees,  to  the  rents,  covenants,  conditio] 
provisions  in  said  l<  ase  mentioned. 

That  1  do  covenant,  promise  and  agree,  that  I,  Jacob  S] 
aforesaid,  am  now  in  the  full  enjoyment  and  possession  of  said 
. !  that  they  an-  now  fnt-  ami  clear  of  all  assessmi  nl-, 
assignments,  back-rents,  bargains,  ii.-m.mil-.  taxes,  and  all  other 
encumbrances  tending  to  disturb  tin-  peaceful  enjoyment  of  said 
premie  Watson  during  the  unexpired  I 

tin-  -aid  lease. 

In  witness  whereof  I    have   hereunto  set    my  hand   and  seal   this 
■  iber,  a   ii    1882 


In  presence  of         I 

ROBERT   s,  ,,tt,       > 
Mn  11  MI.    KANE.       \ 


Assignment  of  an  Insurance  Policy. 
Know    \m    Mi\  r.\  Tm-i    i''.i-i\i-.  That  having  sold  and  con- 
veyed the  insured  property  within  mentioned  in  George   M    Porter, 
Bvanston,  i  Illinois,  his  1 

mi  consideration  of  the  sum  ol  I  tm 
Dollar,  in  mi'  in  h:m. I  paid  b)  tb  M    Porter,  assign  ami 

cc  to  him.  hi-  executors,  admin- 
iBtratot  M    Porter,  by  BnbBcrlblng 

'in-  assignment,  makes  himself  resj Bible  for  nil  thi    D   

io  which  I  have  bound  myself  by  tin-  within  policy. 

Witness  our  bands I  seals,  at  Chics    i  and  State  ot 

Illinois,  this  twentj  i       ol   November,  A.  D   1882. 

i  .mil  delivered  "1 

in  presi  n I  I  HENRY  MI. I.,    I    I  lL] 

Babtlett  C.  iiiu  M  ii.    ,        GEORGE   M.    PORTER.  "l 

Taos  \-     W.     Kl'MI    Nlis,  I 


JACOB   3P1     'i  i 


m 


Assignment  of  Stock  of  Railroad  and  Other  Corporations. 
Enow    \ii    Min  bi    Thesi     Presents,  Thai   I,  Charl      i: 

I.,   Kolb  county,  and  State  of  Illinois,  for  and  In  consider- 
ation ..I  Tin  Thousand   Dollars,  to  me  duly  paid  by   Mortimer  M 
Elliott,  ol     Vim. i.i.   Kan.'  county,  .mil  siii.'  of  Illinois,  no  hereby 
convey,  transfer  and  set  over  uuto  -.ml  Mortimer  M.  BUiotl 
ail  no.  right,  title  and  Interest  in  the  shares,  scrip  and  capital  Btock 

and  property  ol  the  cor] tion  and  concern  known  as  the  Pullman 

a    Bui  I'h  ■ i:  illroad   i  omp  inj ,  «  b Its   place   of 

o  in  i  imk  county,  and  State  "i  Illinois.      Ind  l 

furthen  n i   i   rce  to  and  with  the  said  Mortimer  M.  Elliott, 

■    ■  cutors,  administrators,  and  assigns,  that,  at  the  request  of  him 
ii  them,  I  and   my  i  Imil  as,  shall  and 

will  at  all  tiiiirs  hereafter  execnte  any  Instrument  that  m  tybi  neci 
vest   completely    In   bim  or   them  all   my   rights,    in 
to  -ml  property,  scrip  and  Btock,  and  to  enable  him  or  them 
to  possess,  control,  .  njoj  and  ti  insfer  all  the  property  and  chosea  In 
action  herein  assigned,  or  Intended  to  be  assigned. 

In  witness  whi  reof,  I  he affix  my  band  and  Beal,  al  Sycamore, 

i  county,  ami  State  of  Illinois,  this  twenty-first  day  of  Novem 
ber,  A.  Ii.  IE 

Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  ~| 
in  presence  of  { 

l.'"i',i  in   i'i  • i 


CHARLES  KOSS. 


William  B.  Smith. 


s 


Form  of  Assignment  of  a  Patent. 

Know  am,  Min  bi  ini-i  Prxsents,  Thai  In  consideration  of 
One  Thousand  Dollars,  to  me  in  hand  paid  by  Norman  Endlcott,  of 
the  citj  of  Rochester,  in  the  county  of  Genesee,  and  si  itc  ol  New 
jfork,  I  do  hereby  •  II  and  assign  to  the  said  Norman  Endlcott  all  my 
right,  nil.' .mil  mill. -i  In  and  to  ihr  letters  patent  of  the  i  aited 
stairs.  No.  100,000,  for  an  Improvement  in  bydranl  ranted 

tome  September  twentj \.  D.  1882,  tl  in-  held  and 

,  m  Endicotl  to  the  full  end  ol  the  term  for 
which  said  letters  patent  are  granted,  as  fully  ami  t-ntin-ly  as  tin- 
same  would  b  id  and  enjoyed  by  me  if  this  assignment 
and  Bale  had  not  been  made. 

Witness  m;  &   -•  :|l   this   twenty  first  day  of  November, 

A.  D.  1882,  ai  the  citj  of  Buffalo,  in  the  county  of  Erie,  and 
of  New  York. 


In  pi 
sin      " 
Kobe 


-,n.i   i  .i  i 

-  W.  .I"' 

BE  I      Si   uTT.  J 


SOLOMON  TLBBS    i  i  ~i 

^■ii»i-i 


Form  of  Assignment  of  the  Copyright  of  a  Book. 

Know    \m.  Men  bt  These  Presents,  Thai  in  conslderatl i 

th.   - I  Three  Tl Band   Dollars,  to  me  In  hand  paid  byjosiah 

Allen  and  Joshua  Billings,  partners  and  publishers,  doing  business 
n  Boston,  in  the  county  of  Suffolk,  and  Slati-  of  Massuihiisi-tts,  I  do 
hereby  Bell  and  assign  the  copyright  heretofore  taken  out  by  mo  for 


FOKMS    OF    ASSIGNMENT.       SUGGESTIONS    EELATING    TO    BAIL. 


211 


the  book  entitled  "Cottage  Papers:  A  Literary  Miscellany  fur  All 
Ages,"  of  which  I  am  the  author  and  proprietor,  the  certificate  of 
which  copyright  is  annexed  to  this  assignment,  with  all  my  literary 
property,  right,  title  and  interest  in  and  to  said  book,  and  all  the 
profit,  benefit,  or  advantage  that  shall  or  may  arise  from  printing,  pub- 
lishing and  vending  the  same  in  all  the  States  and  Territories  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  to  hold  and  enjoy  the  same  during  the 
full  end  and  term  for  which  the  said  copyright  has  been  issued. 

In  witness  whereof,  at  Chicago,  in  Cook  county,  and  State  of 
Illinois,  I  have  hereunto  affixed  my  hand  and  seal  this  twenty- first 
day  <>f  November,  A.  D.  1882. 

In  presence  of      1 
ROGER  Ridekhood,  l  MATTHEW  HAWTHORN.     :7"7j 

John  Habmon.         )  C—.'^' 

Note. — To  the  foregoing  assignment  must  be  securely  fastened 
either  the  original,  or  a  properly  certified  copy,  of  the  certificate  of 
copyright  for  said  book,  issued  by  tin-  librarian  of  Congress  at 
Washington. 

Assignments  of  patent  and  copyrights  should  be  acknowledged  and 
recorded  in  the  patent  office,  Washington,  D.  C. 


Assignment  by  a  Debtor,  for  the  Benefit  of  His  Creditors. 

Know  all  Men  by  These  Presents,  that  this  assignment,  made 
this  twenty -first  day  of  November,  A.  I>.  1882,  by  Norton  Norris, 
of  Salamanca,  in  the  county  of  Gregory,  and  State  of  Tennessee, 
dealer  in  general  merchandise,  of  the  first  part,  and  Hiram  Hunt,  of 
the  game  place,  of  the  second  part,  and  the  several  persons,  creditors 
of  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  who  have  executed  or  shall  here- 
after execute  or  accede  to  these  presents,  of  the  third  part,  witnesseth: 

That  whereas  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  is  justly  indebted  in 
considerable  sums  of  money,  and  has  become  unable  to  pay  and  dis- 
charge  the  same  with  punctuality,  or  in  full;  and  that  he,  the  said 
Norris  Norton,  is  now  desirous  of  making  a  fair  and  equitable  distri- 
bution of  his  property  and  effects  among  his  creditors:  Now. 
therefore,  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  in  consideration  of  the 
premises,  and  of  the  sum  of  One  Dollar,  to  him  in  hand  paid  by  the 
party  of  the  second  part,  the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged, 
has  bargained,  granted  and  sold,  released,  assigned,  transferred,  and 
set  over  and  by  these  presents  dues  grant,  bargain  and  sell,  release, 
assign,  transfer,  and  set  over  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part, 
and  to  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever,  all  and  singular,  his  lands 
tenements,  hereditaments,  goods,  chattels  and  choses  in  action,  of 
every  name,  nature  and  description,  wheresoever  the  same  may  be, 
more  particularly  enumerated  and  described  in  the  schedule  hereunto 
annexed,  marked  "Schedule  1,"  excepting  and  reserving 
property  only  as  is  exempted  by  law  from  attachment ;  to  have  and  to 
hold  the  same  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs  and 
:i<sii'iis;  but  in  trust  and  confidence,  nevertheless,  to  sell  and  dis- 
pose "f  the   said  real   and    personal    estate,  and  to  collect  the  said 


choses  in  action,  and    -ell   and    dispose  "t    the  same  for  cash  upon 
such  terms  and    condition-   ae    in    I,       judgment 
and  most   for   the    interest    of  tin*  parties   concerned,  making 
thereof  for  cash  or  on  credit,  at   public    auction,  or  by  private  con- 
tract, and  with  the  right  to  compound   for  the   ..-ml   choses   in  action, 
accepting  a  part  of  the  value  thereof  for  the  whole,  where  the  trustee 

shall  deem  it  expedient  bo  to  do;   and  then,  ■ 

the  proceeds  of  the  said  property  in  the  manner  following,  to  wit: 

First,   To  pay  all  such  debts  as  by  the  laws  of  the  United 
are  entitled  to  a  preference  in  such  cases. 

Second.  To  pay  and  discharge  all  the  just  and  reasonable  expenses, 
costs  and  charges  of  executing  this  assignment,  and  of  carrying  info 
effect  the  trust  hereby  created,  including  the  lawful  commissions  of 
the  party  of  the  second  part  for  his  services  in  executing  the  said 
trust. 

Third,  To  distribute  and  pay  the  remainder  of  said  proceeds  to  the 
creditors  of  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  for  all  debt-  and  liabilities 
which  he  may  owe*  or  for  which  he  may  lawfully  be  held  responsible, 
to  any  person  whomsoever:  provided,  that  should  the  proceeds  aris- 
ing from  the  sale  of  his  assets  not  lie  -utlicient  to  pay  all  hi-  indebl  • 
edness,  then  the  said  debts  are  to  be  paid  ratably  and  in  proportion. 

Fourth.  The  residue  and  remainder  of  the  proceeds  of  said  sales 
and  disposal  of  the  assets  of  the  party  of  the  first  part,  if  any  there 
be,  after  paying  all  his  debts  in  full,  shall  be  repaid  to  him,  the  said 
party  of  the  first  part,  his  executors,  administrators  or  as 

And  the  party  of  the  first,  part,  for  the  better  execution  of  these 
presents,  and  of  the  several  trusts  her.  does  hereby  make, 

nominate   and   appoint   the    said   party  of   the  second  part,  and  his 
irs,  administrators  and  assigns,  his  true  and  lawful  attorney 
irrevocable,  with  full  power  and  authority  todo,  transact  and  perform 
all  acts,  deeds,  matters  and  things  which  can  or  m  -try  in 

the  premises,  as  fully  and  completely  as  the  said  party  of  the  first 
part  might  or  could  do,  were  these  presents  not  executed;  and  also 
for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  or  for  any  of  them,  to  make,  constitute 
and  appoint  one  or  more  attorneys  under  him,  and  at  his  pleasure  to 
revoke  the  same;  hereby  ratifying  and  confirming  whatever  the  said 
party  of  the  second  part,  or  his  substitute,  shall  lawfully  do  in  the 
premises. 

And  the  part_\  of  the  second  part,  hereby  accepting  these  trusts, 
covenants  to  and  with  each  of  the  other  parties  hereto,  t"  execute  the 
same  faithfully:  and  that  this  co  is  binding  upon  his 

executors,  administrators  and  assigns  as  it  is  upon  him- 

In  witness  whereof  the  parties  to  these  presents  have  hereunto  set 
their  hands  and  seals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

NORTON   XORKIS-(seal)- 

iiikam  nrvr.-isEAL!- 

Creditors  assent  by  proving  their  debts  or  filing  the  same  with  the 
assignee.  As  it  conveys  real  estate,  it  should  be  acknowledged  and 
recorded  as  a  deed. 


In  presence  of  \ 

Uriah  Welch,    V 
David T.Ellis.  ) 


jnilE  WORD  BAIL,  in  law,  lias  very  much 

f     the  same  meaning  as  "guaranty,"  and  is 

~       a   voucher   by    a   competent    person,    or 

persons,  that  another  person  will  perform  a  duty 

required  by  the  civil  authority. 

The  effect  of  such  a  voucher,  or  guaranty,  is 
to  temporarily  set  tree,  liberate,  or  release  from 
custody  a  person,  or  persons,  charged  with  the 
infraction  of  some  public  law. 


In  law.  such  a  guaranty  is  called  a  recogniz- 
ance, the  surety  being  the  bailor,  and  the  pris- 
oner the  bailee. 

The  bailor  usually  engages,  under  the  penalty 
of  paying  a  certain  sum  of  money,  in  case  of 
forfeiture,  that  the  bailee  will  be  present  and 
submit  himself  peaceably  to  the  curr  whenever 
his  trial  or  examination  is  appointed,  and 
patiently  abide  the  issue  thereof. 


212 


FORMS    I  BED    IN    GIVING    HAIL.       BILLS   OF    SALE. 


In  case  ;i  prisoner  who  has  been  bailed  <>ut  of 
custody  does  not  appear  for  trial  at  the  time 
specified  in  the  bail-bond,  the  surety  forfeits 
whatever  sum  is  thereby  pledged. 


Bail  in  civil  transactions  is  seldom  required. 
Guaranty  Forms  and  Letters  of  Credit,  elsewhere 
explained,  appear  to  have  superseded  the  neces- 
sity and  practice  of  these  obligations. 


Recognizance  for  Further  Examination. 

State  of  Illinois,  ) 

county  ii f  conk,     i     '    This  day  personalis  appeared  before  the 
undersigned,  a  jnetice  of  tin-  peace  In  and  r<>r  said  county,  Henrj 
rge  ii.  Brown  and  James  T.  White,  all  "f  Chicago,  in 
said  county  and  State,  anil  jointly  and  severally  nikiunvli'il'_'ril  tluni 
Indebted  nnto  the  people  of  the  State  i»r  Illinois,  in  the 
Mim  of  Five  Hundred  Dollars,  to  be  lei  led  of  their  goods  and  chat- 
tels, lands  and  tenements. 
Whkuk  \s.  thr  ihiiv-  IhuiiuIi'ii  lliiirv  Carter,  on  the  thirtieth  day  "f 
iber,   A.  l>-   1882,  was  brought  and  examined  by  and  before 

ll.H  in   ii ini.    a  in-tin- of  tlic  pi'iice  in  and  for  the  county  afore- 

on  a  i  harge  preferred  against  the  saiil  Benry  Carter,  for  Btealtng 
Fifty  Dollar-  I  nun  the  -tore  of  .lulin-  Wristht,  In  said  county,  and  the 
further  examination  of  said  Henry  Carter  having  been  continued  to 
the  tenth  day  of  January.  A.I).  IKS.'),  at  ten  o'clock  a.m..  ami  the  Bald 
Benry  Carter  having  in  en  adjudged  ami  required  by  the  said  justice 


i  i n i nil  by  the  statute  iii  such  case  i le  and  pro- 

\  id. 'it.  for  hi-  appearance  to  answer  to  said  charge  Now  the  condi- 
tion oi  this  recognizance  Is  Bncfa  that  if  the  above-bonnden  Henry 

Carter  shall   be  and  appear  before  the  ondereig I,  at  the  Third 

District  Police  court-room,  In  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  said  county. 
on   the  tenth   day  of  January,  A     D     lss:;.  ai    i,n   o'clock    A.M.,    then 

and  there  to  answer  to  the  said  people  of  the  state  of  Illinois,  on 
said  charge,  and  abide  the  order  and  judgment  of  said  court,  ami  not 
depart  the  same  without  leave,  then  and  ill  that  case  this  recognizance 
to  bi  Come  void,  Otherwise  to  be  and  remain  in  full  fore.,  and  \  i  rt ii. ■ 

A-  witness  our  hands  and   Bcals   tin-    thirtieth   day  of  Dcceinh.  r, 
A.  1).   188S. 


Til.  n,  entered  into  and 
acknowledged  before 
me,  thi-  thirtieth  day 
of  December,  IS82. 

Horace  Donohtse, 
Justice  of  the  Peace. 


IIICXKY  CARTER,      -(8BAL)- 

i;i:oi;i;i:  i:    I'.HoWN,     -iskali- 
JAMES  T.  WHITE,      -(skm.i- 


^»M 


-~s- 


[ILLS  OF  SALE  arc  written  evidences  of 
agreements  by  which  parties  transfer  to 
'others,  tor  a  consideration,  all  their  right, 
title  and  interest  in  personal  property. 

The  ownership  of  personal   property,  in   law. 
is  considered   changed  by  the  delivery  of  such 
property  to  the  purchaser;  though  in  some  States 
without  deliverv.a  hill  of  sale  is  good  evidence 
of  ownership,  even  against  creditors,  provided 


BILLS  OF  SALE. 

T     %  ,      ,  ?     . . 


JF** 


the  sale  was  aot  fraudulently  made   for  the  pur- 
pose of  avoiding  the  payment  of  debts. 
Juries  have  power  to  determine  the  fairness 

Or  unfairness  of  a  sale,  and  upon  evidence  of 
fraud  such  bill  of  sale  will  he  Ignored  and  tle- 
clared  void. 

Anv  form  of  words,  importing  that  the  seller 
transfers  to  the  buyer  the  title  to  persona]  prop- 
erly, is  a  l>i!l  of  salt-. 


Common  Form  of  Bill  of  Sale. 

Know    ai.i.  Men  by  this    in-tntnn  mt,    that  1.    Philetns     Hour,    of 
ftfiddlebnry,   Vermont,  of  the  Are.  part,   for  and  in  consideration  of 
Four  Hundred  and  Fifty  Dollars,  to  me  paid  by  Charles  Rose,  of  the 
same  place,  of  the  second  part,  the  receipt  whereof  La  berebj  ac- 
knowledged, have  Bold,  and  trnment  do  convey  unto  the  said 
party  of  the  second  pari,   hie  executors,  administrators  and 
.  my  undivided  half  of  twenty  acres  of  grass,  now  growing  ou 
the  farm  <>f  Lorenzo  Pease,  in  the  town  above  mentioned;  one  pair  of 
ten  Bwine,  and  three  cows,  belonging  to  me  and  in  my  posses- 
sion ai  the  farm  aforesaid  :  to  have  and  t«»  hold  the  Bame  unto  the  par- 
ly <>f  the  Becond  part,  bis  <    ei  itors  and  assigns,  forever.      Lnd  I  do, 
for  myself  and  legal  representatlvi    .  agree  with  the  Baid  parry  of  the 
Becond  part,  and  his  legal  repre  to  warrant  and  defend  the 
sale  "f  the  afore-mentioned  property  and  chattels  unto  the  Bald  party 
of  the  Becond  part,  and  his  legal  representatives,  against  all  and  every 
whatsoever. 
in  witnesB  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  affixed  my  hand  this  tenth 
day  of  June,  one  thi                  ii  hnndred  and  -■  '  ■ 

PHILETUS  HOWE. 


Bill  of  Sale  of  Personal  Property. 

Kn.iw  u.i. Men  by  these  presents,  thai  I,  John  T.  Hall 
gomery,   Alabama,   planter,  in   consideration  of    Six 


of  Mont 

Hundred    and 


Sevcnty-FlveDollars  ($675)  to  me  in  hand  paid  by  Oscar  D.  Scott,  of 
Montgomery,  Albany,  the  receipt  whereof  Is  hereby  acknowledged, 
<it i  hereby  barg  iln,  Bell,  and  deliver  nnto  tin-  Baid  <  tscar  1>.  Scott  the 
following  property,  to  wil : 

Four  mules (g  $125 $500 

Twosetfl  Harness @  20 40 

Two  Farm  Wagons ®  85 TO 

on.-  Corn-Planter @  20 20 

Thr.c  Plows ©15 45 

Total SB75 

To  have  and  to  bold  the  Bald  g Is  and  chattels  unto  the  said  0»  li  D 

Scott,  bi  ■  exei  tltol  B,  administrator-,  and  assigns,  to  hi-  own  proper 
use  and  benefit,  forever.  And  I,  the  Baid  John  T.  Hall,  do  avow 
myself  to  be  the  true  and  lawful  owmr  of  said  L'oods  and  chattel-; 
that  I  have  full  power,  good  right,  and  lawful  authority  to  disp 
-aid  L'onrl-  anil  i  hattels  in  manner  a-  aforesaid;  and  that  T  will,  and 
-.  and  administrators   shall    warrant  and    defend 

! Is  and  chattels  onto  the  said  Oscar  D.    Scott, 

,   administrator-,  and  assigns,  from  mid  against  the  law- 
i ::  i  rial  Hi-  and  demands  of  all  pei 

In  witnesB  whereof,  i.  the  Baid  John  T.  Hall,  have  hereto  Bet  mj 
hand  this  llrsl  day  of  April,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  seventy-three. 

JOHN  T.  IIALL. 


BILLS   OF    LADING. 

................. — 4> — #— 


^IILLS  OF  LADING  are  accounts  in  writing 

■  pj     of  merchandise  shipped  from  one  place  to 

^     another,  by  any  person,  on  board  of  an 

ocean  or  lake  vessel,  or  on  a  railroad  car,  signed 

by  the  master  of  the  vessel,  or  an  officer  of  a 

freight   line  or  a  railroad   company,  who  thus 


acknowledges  the  receipt  of  the  goods,  and 
agrees  to  deliver  them  safely  at  the  place  to  which 
they  are  sent.  One  bill  of  lading  is  kept  by  the 
shipper,  one  by  the  party  transporting  the  Lr'»ids, 
and  one  is  sent  to  the  person  to  whom  the  goods 
are  directed.     The  following  shows  form  of  bill: 


UNION      LINE. 


THROUGH  FREIGHT  LINE,  OWNED  AND  OPERATED  BY  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  COMPANY,  VIA  P.  F.  &  C.  R.  R. 

GEO    B.  EDWARDS,  Eastern  Manager,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  D.  S.  GRAY,  Western  Manager,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

nr.        -  -  X.  \V.  Corner  Dearborn  and  Washington  Streets,  Chicago,  I1L 


W  W.  CHAN 


New  York. 


This  Bill  of  Lading 

FROM 

Chicago,  111., 


72. 


JU^d 


Chicago,  111., 


No.  <^3<^-6. 

Received  from 

the    following  packages   (contents   and  value   unknown,)    in   apparent  good   order,  viz.  : 


Tie  Bate  of  Freight  Through  is  to  te 


Marked  and  numbered  as  in  the  margin,  to  be  transported  by  the  Union  Line,  and  the  steamboats,  rail- 
road companies  and  forwarding  lines  with  which  it  connects,  on  the  following  terms  and  conditions,  viz.  : 
It  being  expressly  understood  and  agreed,  That  the  Union  Line  reserves  the  right,  in  consideration 
of  issuing  a  through  bill  of  lading,  and  guaranteeing  a  through  rate,  to  forward  said  goods  by  any  railroad 
line  between  points  of  shipment  and  destination. 

It  is  further  agreed  That  the  rates  given  on  bulk  freight  are  given  on  the  understanding  that  i 
than  24,000  pounds  will  be  loaded  in  each  car,  and  that  such  minimum  weigbl  may,  at  the  option  of  this 
line,  be  charged  for,  whether  that  quantity  is  placed  in  the  car  or  not. 

It  is  further  agreed  That  all  weight  in  excess  of  30,000  lbs.  per  car  will  be  charged  double  the  rate 
named  in  this  bill  of  lading. 

It  is  further  agreed  That  the  said  Union  Line,  and  the  steamboats,  railroad  companies  and  forward- 
ing lines  with  which  it  connects,  and  which  receives  said  properly,  shall  not  be  liable  for  leakage  of  oils 
or  any  kind  of  liquids ;  breakage  of  any  kind  of  glass,  earthen  or  queensware,  carboys  ol  nicies 

packed  in  glass,  stoves  and  stove  furniture,  castings,  machinery,  carriages,  furniture,  musical  instruments 
of  any  kind,  packages  of  eggs;  or  for  rust  of  iron  and  of  iron  articles:  or  for  loss  or  damage  by  wet,  dirt, 
fire  or  loss  of  weight;  or  for  condition  of  haling  in  hay,  hemp  or  cotton ;  nor  for  loss  or  damage  of  any 
kind  on  any  articles  whose  bulb  requires  it  to  be  carried  on  -     nor  for  damage  to  perishable 

property  of  any  kind,  occasioned  by  delays  from  any  cause,  or  by  change  of  weather:  nor  for  loss  or  damage  on  any  article  of  property  what- 
ever, by  tire  or  other  casualty,  while  in  transit,  or  while  in  depots  or  places  of  transhipment,  or  at  depot-  at  point  of  delivery;  nor 
for  loss  or  damage  by  fire,  collision,  or  the  dangers  of  navigation  while  on  seas,  rivers,  lakes  or  canals.  All  goods  or  property  under  this  bill 
of  lading  will  be  subject,  at  its  owner's  cost,  to  necessary  cooperage  or  baling,  and  is  to  be  transported  to  the  depots  of  the  companies  or  land- 
ing of  the  steamboats  or  forwarding  lines,  at  the  point  receipted  to,  for  delivery. 

It  is  further  agreed  That  unless  this  bill  of  lading,  properly  indorsed,  be  delivered  to  the  agent  of  the  Union  Line  at  destination,  on  or 
before  the  arrival  thereof  the  herein-above- described  property,  the  said  line  is  authorized   to  deliver  the  Bald  property  to  aee,  or 

to  the  party  to  whose  care  M  is,  by  this  bill  of  lading,  consigned ;  and  after  such  delivery,  the  said  line  shall  be  no  loi  n  oron 

account  of  any  assignment  or  transfer  thereof. 
[The  claim*  relating  to  tht  time  when  the  liability  of  thi  Union  Line  ceases,  and  H  !  UUy  of  shippers  as  to  costs  and  charges,  omitted.  ] 

It  is  further  stipulated  and  agreed  That  in  case  of  any  toss,  detrimi  nt,  or  d  im  .  done  to  or  sustained  by  any  of  the  property  herein 
receipted  for  during  such  transportation,  whereby  any  legal  liability  or  responsibility  shall  or  may  be  incurred,  that  company  alone  shall  be  held 
answerable  therefor  in  whose  actual  custody  the  Bame  maj  be  at  the  time  of  the  happening  of  such  loss,  detriment,  or  damage,  and  the  carrier 
so  liable  shall  have  the  f til  1  benefit  of  anj  Insurance  that  may  ba>  e  been  effected  npon  ot  "n  account  of  said  i:<>ods. 

And  it  is  further  agreed  That  the  amount  of  the  loss  or  damage  bo  accruing,  so  far  as  it  Bhall  I  carriers  above  described,  shall 

be  i  omputed  at  the  value  or  cost  of  Haid   goods  or  property  at  the  place  and  time  of  shipment  under  this  bill  of  lading,  unless  the  value  of 

the  articles  has  been  agreed  upon  with  the  shipper,  or  so  determined  by  the  classification  upon  which    the  rates  are  based. 

It  is  further  agreed  That  all  weights  furnished  by  shippers  are  subject  to  corrections. 

This  contract  is  executed  and  accomplished,  and  the  liability  of  the  companies,  as  common  carriers  thereunder,  terminates  on  the  arrival 
of  the  goods  or  property  at  the  station  or  depot  of  delivery  (and  the  companies  will  be  liable  as  warehousemen  only  thereafter*,  and  unless 
removed  by  the  consignee  from  the  stations  or  depots  of  delivery  within  twenty-four  hours  of  their  said  arrival,  they  may  be  removed  and 
stored  by  the  companies,  at   the  owner's  expense  and  risk. 

NOTICE — In  accepting  thi-  bill  of  lading,  the  Shipper  or  other  agent  of  the  owner  of  the  property  carried,  expressly  accepts  and  agrees  to 


all  its  stipulations,  e  ml  conditions. 


W.  W.  CHANDLER,  Agrent. 


2]  I 


-[  i. i.l. -I  lnNS    RELATING    TO    AM'    FORMS    FOR    BONDS. 


% 


♦  ...  ...  »   ;- 

BONDS. 


:, 


:=$<—  • 


f 


B<  >XI>  is  a  written  admission  of  an  obliga- 
tion on  tin-  pari  of  the  maker,  whereby 
lie  pledges  himself  to  pay  -i  certain  sum 
of  money  to  another  person  or  persons,  at  a 
certain  specified  time,  for  some  real  consider- 
ation. 

The  person  giving  the  bond  is  termed  the 
obligor;  the  person  receiving  the  same  i>  called 
the  obligee. 

A  bond,  as  defined  above,  is  a  single  bond; 
hut  generally  conditions  are  added  to  the  bond, 
whereby  the  person  giving  the  same  must  per- 
form some  specific  act  or  acts,  in  which  case  the 
bond  becomes  void;  otherwise  it  remains  in  full 
force  and  effect. 

The  penalty  attached  to  the  bond  is  usually 
sufficient  to  cover  debt,  interest,  and  costs,  be 
ing  generally  placed  at  a  sum  twice  the  amount 


Common  Form  of  Bond. 

Know  mi.  Mkn  by  this  Instrument,  that   I,  Jonas  Clayton,  of  Wil- 
mington, Hanover  County,  State  of  North  Carolina,  am  firmly  bound 
uiiiu  Henry  Horse  of  the  place  aforesaid,  in  the  sum  "f  <  me  Thousand 
Dollars,  to  be  paid  to  the  said  Henry  Horse,  or  bis  legal  repri 
the-;  to  whl  t,  to  be  made,   I    bind  myself  or   my  legal 

representatives,  bj  this  instrument 

Sealed  with  mj  -■  tirst  day  of  July,  our  tho 

eight  hundred  and  -*"•  entj  -tun  i 

The  conditio  b   that,   if  I,  Jonas  Clayton,  my 

idministrators,  or  executors,   -loll  promptly  pay  the  sum  <>f 

five  hundred  dollars  in  thi  annual  payments  from  the  date 

hereof,  with  annual  interest,  then  the  above  obligation  to  be  of  no 

effect;  otherwise  to  be  In  full  force  and  valid. 

Signed,  sealed  and  de- 
livered in  presence  of 
Gbobgi  Downing. 


-  CLAYTON 


"— — 


Bond  of  Cashier  of  a  Bank. 
Know  all  Mkn  by  this  Instrument,  that  I.  Nathaniel  Howard,  of 
o,  Connty  of  Bexar,  and  State  of  Texas,  am  firmly 
bound  t<>  the  First  National  Bank  corporation  of  said  town,  county, 
and  state,  in  the  sum  of  One  Hundred  Thousand  Dollars,  to  i 
to  the  First  National  Hank  corporation,  or  assigns,  aforementioned: 
for  which  payment  I  bind  myself,  mj  heirs,  executors,  and  admin- 
istrators by  this  Instrument 

■  1   with   my  seal,  and  dated  this  third  day  of  February,  one 

ind  seventy-two. 

Whereas,  the  above  bounden  Nathaniel  Howard  has  been  appointed 

cashier  of  the  Firsl   National  Bank  of  San  Antonio,  aforementioned, 

i-on  whereof  various  sums  of    money,    gooi  — .    and 

other  property,  belo  dd   Bank  corporation,  will  conic  into 

his  custody ; 

Therefore,  the  condition  of  the  above  bond  Is  Buch,  that,  if  the 
said  Nathaniel  Howard,  ids  executors  or  administrators,  at  the  expi- 
ration of  his  time  of   service  to   said   bank,  Bl    to    him  or 


of  the  real  debt,  the  fact  being  Btated  that  Buch 
penally  is  the  sum  rixed  upon  as  liquidated  or 
settled  damages,  in  event  of  failure  to  meet 
payments  according  to  the  conditions  of  the 
bond. 

The  bond  may  be  so  drawn  as  to  have  the 
penalty  attach  and  appertain  to  either  the  obli- 
gor or  obligee. 

Though,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  the 
bond  is  in  full  effect,  yel  an  act  of  Providence, 
whereby  its  accomplishment  is  rendered  impos- 
sible, relieves  the  party  obligated  from  an  en- 
forcement of  the  penalty. 

Action  on  such  instrument  must  be  brought 
within  twenty  years  after  right  of  action  ac- 
crues, or  within  such  time  as  provided  by  the 
statutes  of  the  different  States. 


them  made,  shall  deliver  unto  the  said  hank  corporation  or  their 
agent,  or  their  attorney,  a  correct  account  of  all  soma  of  money, 
goods,  valuables,  and  other  property,  as  it  cornea  into  his  custody,  as 

Of   said    hank,  and   shall    pay  and    deliver   to    hi-    9UCCeSBOr    in 

office,  or  any  other  person  authorized  to  receive  the  same,  all  bal- 
ances, -  ney,  g ts,  valuables,  and  other  property,  which 

Bhall  be  in  bis  bands,  and  due  bj  him  to  said  hank  corporation;  and 
if  the  said  Nathaniel  Howard  shall  justly,  honestly,  and  faithfully, 
in  all  mattt  re,  serve  the  said  bank  corporation  as  cashier,  duri 
contlnu  co  capacity,  then  the  above  obligation  to  be  of  no 

etTec ; ;  otnerwise  to  remain  valid  and  in  full  force 

li  il  and  delivered 
in  present 

.Ions  Stoddabd. 


NATHANIEL   HOWARD. 


Bond  to  a  Corporation. 

Know  all   Men   by   th  rs,  that    I,  Cornelius   Burr,  of 

WeBt   Chester,  Chester  county,  state  of   Penney]  a   dimly 

hound  unto  ili.'  rhe-ier  l  on  in  \    fleet . -S ii '_m  r   M an n f act u ri n 

in  th    -mil  of  Twenty  Thousand  Dollars,  to  be  paid  to   b 

pany,  or  their  assigns,  for  which  payment  to  be  made,  I  bind  myself 

and  representatives  firmly  by  these  presents. 

d  With  my  seal,  and    dated    thi-    lir-t    day  of   Attgnst,  eighteen 

hundn  nty. 

The  cond  Hon  ot  the  above  bond  is  such  that,  if  T.  the  said  Corne- 
llne   Burr,  my  heirs,  administrators,  or  assigns,  shall  pay  unto  the 
i<  -ter  t  ounty  Reet-SiiL'ar  Manufacturing  Company,  or  as»jU'ii-, 
Ten  Thousand  Dollars,  in  two  equal  payments,  viz.  :  Five  Thousand 
January  first,  and   Five 

Thousand   Dollars  July  first   next   following,  with  accrued  Into 
th  m    be  above  to  be  void;  otherwise  to  remain  in  full  force  and 
effect 

1  and  de-"] 
livered  in  presence  of  >  CORNELIUS  BURR. 

CllAKLES   ROYCE.  J 


SUGGESTIONS    RELATING    To    (  i  u;i'<  >KATIoNS    AND    How    TO    ORGANIZE    THEM. 


21 J 


CORPORATE  ASSOCIATIONS. 


U*HEX  THREE  or  more  individuals  obtain 
from  government  the  authority  to  act 

F4p?H  as  one  by  their  officers,  with  perpetual 
succession,  and  under  a  name  selected  for  them, 
they  become  a  corporation,  with  the  right  to 
transact  the  business  for  which  it  was  organized 
in  the  same  manner  as  an  individual. 

When  legally  organized,  the  corporation,  in  a 
limited  way,  becomes  a  person  and  a  citizen. 
The  advantages  of  incorporation  are  these:  It 
combines  capital,  knowledge  and  enterprise,  with 
a  limited  pecuniary  responsibility,  which  is  gen- 
erally the  amount  of  stock  owned  by  a  person. 

The  powers  possessed  by  a  corporation  are 
either  granted  or  implied. 

The  granted  powers  are  such  as  the  constitu- 
tion, laws  and  act  of  incorporation  of  the  State 
give  it. 

The  implied  powers  are  such  as  are  usual, 
proper  and  necessary  to  carry  into  effect  the 
objects  of  the  corporation  and  its  granted 
powers. 

GOVERNMENT    REGULATION'S. 

In  law.  '•  words  importing  the  plural  number 
may-include  the  singular;"  so  the  United  States 
statutes  provide  that  "the  word  person  may 
extend  and  be  applied  to  partnerships  and  cor- 
porations." They  also  provide  that  ••the  word 
company  or  association,  when  used  in  reference 
to  a  corporation,  shall  be  deemed  to  embrace  the 
words,  successors  and  assigns  of  such  company 
or  association,"  the  same  as  if  these  words  had 
been  definitely  expressed. 

A   GOVERNMENTAL    RESTRICTS  IN. 

No  officer  or  agent  of  any  banking  or  other 
commercial  corporation,  and  no  member  of  any 
mercantile  or  trading  firm,  or  person  directly  or 

indirectly  interested  in  the  pecuniary  profits  or 
contracts  of  such  corporation  or  firm,  shall  be 
employed  or  shall  act  as  an  officer  or  agent  of 

the  United  States  for  the  transaction  of  business 
with  such  corporation  or  firm;  and   every  such 


officer,  agent,  or  member,  or  person,  so  inter- 
ested, who  so  acts,  shall  be  imprisoned  not  more 

than  two  years,  and  fined  not  more  than  two 
thousand  dollars,  nor  less  than  five  hundred 
dollars. 

IN    THE    STATES. 

The  legislature  of  each  State  enjoys  the  right 
to  regulate  the  organization  of  business  and 
other  corporations,  religious,  literary,  charitable 
and  miscellaneous,  within  its  own  borders. 

IN    THE    TERRITORIES. 

The  legislative  assemblies  of  the  several  Terri- 
tories are  prohibited  from  granting  private 
charters  or  especial  privileges,  but  are  allowed, 
by  general  incorp< iratioii  acts,  to  permit  persons 
to  associate  themselves  together  as  corporate 
bodies  for  mining,  manufacturing  and  other 
industrial  pursuits,  or  the  construction  and  oper- 
ation of  railroads,  wagon-roads,  irrigating 
ditches,  and  the  colonization  and  improvement 
of  lands  in  connection  therewith,  orforcolh  ! 
seminaries,  churches,  libraries,  or  any  benevo- 
lent, charitable  or  scientific  associations. 

No  corporation  or  association  for  religion-  or 
charitable  purposes  can  acquire  or  hold  real 
estate  in  any  Territory  during  the  existence  of  the 
territorial  government,  if  its  value  exceeds  fifty 
thousand  dollars;  and  all  real  estate  acquire 
held  by  such  corporation  or  association  contrary 
to  this  restriction  shall  be  forfeited  to  the  United 
States:  but  vested  rights  in  real  estate  exist; 
any  Territory  prior  to  the  passage  of  this  law 
were  not  impaired  by  it. 

In  Washington  Territory,  however,  the   legis 
lature    has    no   power   to    incorporate   banks 
banking  institutions. 

In  the  location  of  public  lands  by  corporations 
under  grants  from  Congress  for  railroads  and 
other  purposes  (except  for  agricultural  coll,  g 
a  fee  of  one  dollar  for  each  final  Location  of  one 
hundred  and  sixty  acre-  i-  assessed  against  the 
corporation  making  such  location. 


FORM    "1     AMPLICATION    WHEN    OEGANIZING    \    COMPANY. 


Tlic  federal  laws  provide  that  all  valuable 
mineral  deposits  in  lands  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  whether  previously  surveyed  or  not,  are 
free  and  open  to  exploration  and  purchase;  that 

the  land  in  which  these  mineral  deposits  arc 
found  may  be  occupied  and  purchased  by  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  or  those  who  have  declared 
their  intention  to  become  such,  under  regulations 
provided  in  such  cases  by  law  and  the  local  cus- 
toms or  rules  nt'  miners  in  the  several  mining 
districts,  wherever  they  art'  applicable  and  con- 
sistent with  the  federal  laws;  and  that  in  the  case 
nt'  an  association  of  persons  unincorporated, 
proof  nt'  citizenship  oi  the  parties  may  be  given 
by  the  affidavit  of  their  authorized  agent,  made 
on  his  own  knowledge,  information  or  belief; 
while  in  the  case  of  a  corporation  organized 
under  the  federal  laws,  or  the  laws  <>\'  any  State 
or  Territory,  the  filing  of  a  certified  copy  of  their 
charter,  or  certificate  of  incorporation,  is  suffi- 
cient evidence. 

IIi>\\     !'u   ORGANIZE    A    COMPANY. 

To  illustrate  the  various  steps  to  be  taken  in 
organizing  a  company,  the  following  forms,  as 
used  in  Illinois,  accompanied  by  suggestions,  will 
give  the  reader  an  idea  of  the  methods  of  general 
procedure,  subject  to  Blight  modifications,  of  a 
local  character  in  different  State-. 


The  statutes  of  Illinois  provide  for  the  licens- 
ing of  associations  for  pecuniary  profit;  not  for 
pecuniary  profit;  religious  purposes;  moral  pur- 
poses, etc. 

of  these  associations  for  banking,  insurance, 
real-estate  brokerage,  the  operating  of  railroads, 
and  monej  loaning,  require  to  he  licensed  under 
the  general  law  of  the  Ohited  States.  Companies 
organized  to  conduct  horse  and  dummy  railways, 
and  sales  of  land  for  burial  purposes,  however, 
have  permission  to  incorporate  under  the  laws  of 
tin-  State. 

Tin:  Ari'i  ii  \  i  tox. 

When  three  and  not  more  than  seven  persons 
propose  to  form  a  corporation  they  must  tile  with 
the  Secretary  of  State  a  statement  si-tt inir  forth 
the  objects  of  the  association,  the  amount  of  its 
capital  stock,  the  number  of  shares  into  which  it 
is  divided,  the  location  of  the  principal  office, 
and  the  duration  of  the  corporation,  which  may 
not.  however,  exceed  ninety-nine  years;  this 
statement  must  be  signed  and  duly  acknowledged 
before  a  proper  officer  by  the  proposed  incorpora- 
tors. Thereupon  the  Secretary  of  State  issues  to 
such  persons  a  license  as  commissioners  to  open 
bonks  for  subscriptions  to  the  capital  stock  of  such 
corporation  at  set  times  and  places.  No  two  com- 
panies oi  the  same  name  may  be  licensed. 


Form  of  Application  for  Incorporation. 

op  Illinois, 

'"     1 

To Secretary  of  State: 

We,  Hi.'  undersigned,  George  C.  Anderson,  Rudolph  S.  Sehenck, 
ronatban   Blgelow,  propose  to  form  a  corporation  under  an  act 
of  the  genei   :  Illinois,  entitled,  "  An  Act 

Concerning  Corporations,"  approved  April  is.  is?-\  ami  all  acts 
amendatory  thereof ;  ami  that  for  the  purposes  of  such  organization 
we  hereby  Btate  ae  follow  -.  to  wit: 

1.  Tie-  name  "f  such  corporation  is  the  Metropolitan  lioot  and  Shoe 

| 

2.  The  object  for  which  it  is  formed  i-  to  carry  on  the  bnsli 
manufacturing  lioots  and  Bhoes,  in  all  its  branches,  and  to  sell  the 
good*  so  manufactured  in  the  best  markets  obtainable. 

3.  The  capital  stock  shall  be  live  hundred  thousan 
dollar-. 

4.  The  amount  of  each  share  i<  one  hundred  (3100)  dollars. 

5.  The  linmiicr  of  shares  five  thoasai 

6.  Tie- location  of  the  principal  office  te  ■  in  tic  county 

of    Cook.  State  of    Illinois 

7.  The  duration  of  the  corporation  -hall  he  eight]  isiii  years. 

I    I  I  iRGE  i      ANDERSON, 

RUDOLPH   s     SCHENCK, 

JONATHAN  BIGELOW 


The  document  must  beat  the  following 

Endorsement  on  the  Back. 

State  of  Illinois,  ) 
i  ■  unit  v  of  Cook,      J 

I, ,  a  notary  public  in   and   for   the   said   Cook     on 

st  ite    it'll -ml.   do  hereby  certify  that  on    this  thirtieth   d 
November,   A.  I>     1881,   persona  n    mi    I  ■  orgc  C. 

Anderson,  Rudolph  s.  Sehenck,  ami  Jonathan  Blgelow,  i 

sonally  known  to  be  the  same  persons  who  executed  the  for 
statement,  and  severally  acknowledged  that  they  executed  the  same 
for  the  purposes  then  in  Bet  forth. 

lu  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  nr-  band  ami  seal  the  day 
and  year  above  written. 

,  Notary  Public. 


A  descriptive  endorsement  wilt  also  be  made  a-  follows: 

Corporation  for  Pecuniary  Profit. 

statement  of  incorporation  of   the   Metropolitan    Bool   ami  Shoe 
Manufacturing  Company.     Location.  Chicago,  Cook  county,  state  of 
I     s.,00,000.      Object,  manufacture  ami 
ml  -lii.i  -       Duration,  eighty  J  i 


LICENSED    TO    INCORPORATE.       CHARTER    OF    AN    ORGANIZED    COMPANY. 


The  printed  forms  contain  in  addition  to  all  these  matters,  which 
are  essential,  the  following  notes,  which  are  important  for  the  Baving 
of  time  and  trouble  in  the  public  office  concerned,  and  tc  the  incor- 
porators. 

The  Constitution  provides  that  all  fees  shall  be  paid  in  advance 
into  the  State  treasury. 

Fee  for  filing  statement  and  issuing  license,  $8.00;  fee  for  filing 
report  of  commissioners  and  issuing  certificate,  $3.50. 

Blanks  furnished  on  application. 

The  Secretary  of  State  replies  to  the  application,  if  accompanied 
by  the  fee  indicated,  forwarding  the  required  license. 

Form  of  Slate  License  for  Incorporating. 

State  of  JJOJH me,     I     Secretary  of  State. 

Department  of  State,   |  J 

To  all  to  whom  these  Presents  shall  come,  Greeting: 

Whereas,  it  being  proposed  by  the  persons  hereinafter  named  to 
form  a  corporation,  under  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  entitled  "An  Act  Concerning  Corporations,"  approved 
April  18,  1872,  the  object  and  purposes  of  which  corporation  are  set 
forth  in  a  statement,  duly  signed  and  acknowledged  according  to  law, 
and  filed  this  day  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State. 

Now,  therefore,   I,  ,    Secretary  of    State  of    the  State  of 

Illinois,  by  virtue  of  the  powers  and  duties  vested  in  me  by  law,  do 
hereby  authorize,  empower  and  license  George  C.  Anderson,  Rudolph 
S.  Schenck,  and  Jonathan  Bigelow,  the  persons  whose  names  are 
signed  to  the  before-mentioned  statement,  as  commissioners  to  open 
books  for  subscription  to  the  capital  stock  of  the  Metropolitan  Boot 
and  Shoe  Manufacturing  Company,  such  being  the  name  of  the  pro- 
posed corporation,  as  contained  in  the  statement,  at  such  times  and 
places  as  tin-  said  commissioners  may  determine. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  hereto  set  my  hand  and 

cause   to   be  affixed   the  great  seal   of   State. 

Done  at  the  city  of  Springfield  this  sixth  day  of 

great      j  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 

SEAL  $ 

eight  hundred  and  eighty-one,  and  of  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States  the  one  hundred 
and  sixth. 

,  Secretary  of  State. 

The  incorporators,  thus  empowered,  proceed  with  the  work  of 
incorporation,  and  having  allotted  the  capital  stock  of  the  company, 
report  as  follows,  on  another  printed  form  prepared  for  such  occa- 
sions: 

Form  of  Incorporator's  Report. 

To  Hon. .  Secretary  of  State  of  the  State  of  Illinois: 

The  commisMnmTs  duly  authorized  to  open  books  for  subscription 
to  the  capital  stock  of  the  Metropolitan  Boot  and  Shoe  Manufacturing 
Company,  pursuant  in  license  heretofore  issued  bearing  date  the 
sixth  day  of  December,  A.  D.  1881,  do  hereby  report  that  they 
opened  books  for  subscription  to  the  capital  stock  of  the  said  com- 
pany, and  thai  the  said  stock  was  fully  subscribed;  that  the  follow- 
ing is  a  true  copy  of  such  subscription,  viz.  :  We,  the  undersigned, 
hereby  severally  subscribe  for  the  number  of  shares  set  opposite  our 
respective  names  to  the  capital  stock  of  the  Metropolitan  Moot  and 
Shoe  Manufacturing  Company,  and  we  severally  agree  to  pay  the  said 
company,  on  each  share,  th<   sum  of  One  Hundred  Dollars. 

NAMES.  SHAKES.  \Mo|'NT. 

George  C.   Anderson 2,000 $000,001 1 

Rudolph  s   Schenck 8,000 -.'110,01)0 

Jonathan  Bigelow 1,000 100,000 

5,000  {500,000 

That  on  the  twentieth  day  of  December,  A.  D.  1861,  at  the 
of  the  company  In  Chicago,  at  the  hour  of  ten  o'clock  a.  m.  ,  they 


convened  a  meeting  of  the  subscribers  aforesam,  pursuant  to  notice 
required  by  law,  which  said  notice  was  deposited  in  the  post-office, 
properly  addressed  to  each  subscriber,  ten  days  before  the  time 
fixed  therefor,  a  copy  of  which  said  notice  is  as  follows,  to  wit  : 

To 

You  are  hereby  notified  that  the  capital  stock  of  the  Metropolitan 
Boot  and  Shoe  Manufacturing  Company  has  been  fully  subscribed, 
and  that  a  meeting  of  the  subscribers  of  such  stock  will  be  held  at 
the  offices  of  the  company,  209  Wabash  avenue,  Chicago,  on  the 
twentieth  day  of  December,  A.  D.  1881,  at  ten  o'clock  a.  m.  ,  for  the 
purpose  of  electing  a  board  of  directors  for  said  company,  and  for 
the  transaction  of  such  other  business  as  may  be  deemed  necessary. 

GEORGE  C.  ANDERSON,  1 

IM  DOLPH  s.  SCHENCK,    V Commissioners. 

JONATHAN  BIGELOW,      ) 

That  said  subscribers  met  at  the  time  and  place  in  said  notice 
specified,  and  proceeded  to  elect  directors,  and  that  the  following 
persons   were   duly   elected  for   tin-    term  of  one  year,  as  follows: 
George  C.  Anderson,  Rudolph  S.  Schenck,  Jonathan  Bigelow. 
Signed,     GEORGE  C.  ANDERSON,  t 

RUDOLPH  S.  SCHENCK,    >  Commissioners. 
JONATHAN  BIGELOW,      ) 

Notarial  Endorsement. 

The  notarial  endorsement  is  once  more  demanded  to  attest  the 
regularity  of  the  foregoing  proceedings,  and  it  is  given  on  the  back 
of  the  form  last  supplied,  as  follows: 

State  op  Illinois,  } 

County  of  Cook,    \ 

On  this  twentieth  day  of  December,  A.  D.  1881,  personally  ap- 
peared before  me,  a  notary  public  in  and  for  said  county,  in  said 
State,  George  C.  Anderson,  Rudolph  S.  Schenck,  and  Jonathan 
Bigelow,  and  made  oath  that  the  foregoing  report  by  them  subscribed 
is  true  in  substance  and  in  fact. 

,  Notary  Public. 

Charter  of  an  Organized  Company. 

The  papers  are  then  all  returned  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  except 
the  license  to  act  as  commissioner-,  and  subsequently  that  officer 
informs  the  incorporators  that  the  certificate  of  organization  lias 
been  issued,  the  final  fee  of  $3.50  having  been  forwarded  with  the 
document  last  mentioned.  The  certificate,  which  places  the  com- 
pany on  a  basis  to  commence  business  as  a  corporation,  is  an  elegant 
compendium  of  all  the  papers  that  have  theretofore  been  issued,  tied 
with  ribbon  and  bearing  the  great  seal  of  State,  comprising  the 
following  statement  in  due  form,  pro]  3ted: 


1  try  of  State. 


State  of  Illinois,  J 
Department  of  State.  \ 
To  all  to  whom  these  Presents  shall  come.  Greeting: 

Whereas,  a  statement,  duly  signed  and  acknowledged,  has 
filed  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  on  the  thirtieth  1 
November,  A.  D,  1881,  for  the  organization  of  the  Metrop 
and  Shoe  Manufacturing  Company,  under  and  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  "an  act  concerning  corporations,1*  approved  April  18', 
1ST?,    and   in   force  July  1.  1ST'-',  and   all   acts   amendatory  thereof,  a 
copy  of  which  statement  is  hereto  attached: 

And  whereas,  a  !■  ed  to  George  C.  Anderson. 

Rudolph    S.     Schenck.    ami    Jonathan    Bigelow.    as    commissioners    to 
open  bcioks  for  subscription  to  the  capital  st.uk  of  the  said  company: 
And  whereas,  the  said  commissioners  having,  on  the  twentieth  day 
-1  Di  1  ember,  A.  D.  1881,  tiled  in  the  office  of  thi   -  of  state 

a  report  of  their  proceedings   under  the  said   license,  a  copy  of  which 
report  i<  hereto  attached  : 


218 


<  <>m    OF    ORG  Wl/iv.     A    i  OMPANY. 


ELECTION    OF    OFFICERS    AM)    OTHER    DETAILS 


therefore,  I, 


i    oi    the   State  o  f 


Illinois,    ■■      rtm   -I'  the  powers  and  duties  vested  in  me  by  law,  do 
hereto    '  :i  :   l'1,    ~-,nl  "Metropolitan   Bool   and   Shoe   afanu- 

factui ii      i  corporation   andei   the 

laws  "f  tbia  S 

in  testimony  whereof,  I  hereunto  set  my  hand  and 
[■•  be  affixed  the  great  Bea]  of  State, 

of  Springfield,  this  tenth  day  "f 
January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  eighty-two,  and  of  the  Inde- 
pendence of  id,-  United  Si  itea  the  one  hundred 
ami  seventh. 

,  Secretary  of  State. 

Charter  to  be  Recorded. 
It  thru  only  remain-  for  the  corporation  to  take  their  certificate, 
i  the  recorder,  the  fart  of  record  being  endoi 
on  the  back  of  the  completed  Issue,  thus: 

Metropolitan  Bool  and  Shoe  Manufacturing  Company 

No.  , 

state  of  Illinois,  ) 
Count]  of  i  a 
Recorded,  January  80,  iss-j,  at  two  p.  k. 
Book of  Corporations,  Page ■. 


,  Recorder. 

What  it  Costs  to  Organize  a  Company. 
The  actual  on  of  the  company  is  thus  ascer- 

tained to  bi    hi  fees  to  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  state  $5. 50, 
ige  ami   forme  about  Si.     And  when  any  doubt 
oriaee  in  tie-  minds  of  corporators  that  cannot  be  removed  by  the 

perusal  of  the  revised  statutes  i :hlng  corporations,  a  fee  may  be 

paid  to  counsel  for  advice 

After  or  during  incorporation,  any  number  of  members  may  be 
added,  by  subscription  for  shares  in  capital  stock  or  subsequent 
pnrchae  with  the  conditions  ol  the  certificate.     The 

ni/.e  yonng  men  or  women  who  have  not  attained 
their   majority,  but   in  practice   it    is  well   known   that   minors   in 
many  companies  hold  Btock. 
When  the  capital  stock  has  all  been    a  b  scribed,  the  commissioners, 

after  at  leasl   ten  days*  personal  nol ene  the  subscribers  at 

peclfled  time  and  place  to  elect  as  m  »  or  managers 

may  be  agreed  upon.  Bach  subscriber  or 
stockholder,  in  persou  or  by  proxy,  casts  as  many  rotes  as  he  owns 
shares  for  ae  ma  as  are  to  bo  elected  managers  oi  i 

tors;  or  be  may  give  one  candidate  as  many  votes  a-  ttie  number 
of  directors  or  managers  multiplied   by  the  number  of  bis  shares 
ii;  or  distribute  hie  votes  on  the  same  prim  tple 

amoni:  he  ma     cl Be;    and  no  director-  or 

managers  c  in  be  elei  ted  in  anj  other  way. 

Voting  by  Proxy. 
Voting  by  proxy,  referred  to  above,  Is  win 
written  authority  to  some  other  stockholder  to  vote  for  him  at  the 
election  of  managers,  if    not   himself  abb-   to   be  present    at    the 

election.        The    following    la    the    form    for    such    authority: 

Know    am.    Mis    r.\    THESE     PRESENTS,  That     I.    Bben    C    W<-r.  of 

Chicago,  ill.,  owner  of  one  hundred  shares  in  the  Metropolitan  Boot 
and  simc  Manufacturing  <  ompany,  do  hereby  constitute  and  appoint 


I]  Jones,  of  the  same  place,  and  also  a  shareholder  In  ti i 

company,  on  attorney  and  agent  tor  me  and  in  my  name,  place  and 

stead  i n  proxy  al  an  election  of  dir<  ctors  of  Bald  company, 

to  be  hoiden  at  No. —  dark  street,  Chicago,  December  7.  A    D.  1882, 
according  to  the  number  of  votes  that  I  should  be  entitled  to 
then  personally  present,  with  power  or  substitution  In  case  he  cannot 
)>.■  present  al  t  he  election. 

in  witness  whereof,  1  have  hereunto  Bel  my  band  and  seal  this 
firs!  daj     fDecei   t>er,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-two. 
\\  ii i  — ; 

ihbbt  i>   Tweed. 


i  i: i : x  c.  V7EST    p   b  \ 


Completing  the  Organization  of  a  Company. 

After  their  election  the  board  of  managers  or  directors  ma  b< 
divided  iu  in  h  corporation  into  three  classes,  the  first  of  whose 
term  of  office  BhaU  expire  at  the  next  annua]  election;  that  of  the 
second  class  .-if  the  Becond  annual  election,  and  that  of  the  third-class 
at  the  third  annual  election,  the  vacancies  being  filled  at  each  annual 
n  at  which  they  occur. 

To  complete  the  organization  the  commissioners  file  in  the  office  of 
the  Secretary  of  State  a  full  report  of  their  proceedings,  aa  set  forth 
above,  with  copies  of  the  election  notice  sent  to  subscribers,  the 
subscription  list,  and  the  list  ol  tui  >  ed  managers  or  directors, 
with  the  length  of  their  respective  terms  of  office;  the  whole  Bworn 
to  by  a  majority  or  all  of  tbe  commissioners.  The  Secretary  of 
State  then  Issue  hi  certificate  of  the  complete  organization  of  the 
ition  under  hla  handand  seal  of  State  and  records  it  in  the 
office  of  the  Recorder  of  Deeds  of  the  county  in  which  the  corpora- 
tion is  located.  Tin  organization  la  then  ready  for  business,  which 
it  must  commence  within  two  years  or  forfeit  its  license. 

Such  a  corporation  may  have  a  common  seal,  may  sne  and  be  Bned, 

and    pit-, ■--     such     ai mts    of     real     estate     as    will    enable    it     to 

carry  on   its    business   and    dispose  of   it   at    will;   but    no   Other    real 

estate  acquired  by  the  corporation  in  the  way  of  business  can  be 
retained  by  it,  but  must  be  sold  at  auction,  after  due  advertisement, 
for  the  benefit  or  the  organization,  at  least  once  a  year. 

Officers  of  a  Company. 

'Tie'  otlieers  of  sin  Ii  a  orpoi  at  ion  enlist  i.f  a  pn  I  I  retary 

and  treasurer,  and  such  other  Official  personages  aa  maybe  deter- 
mined by  the  board  of  directors  or  managers,  who  may  also  require 
the  officers  or  agents  of  the  organization  to  give  proper  bonds  for 
the  performance  of  their  duties  and  make  by-lawa  for  the  govern- 
ment and  Continuance  in  Office  of  all   connected  with  the  corporation. 

Shares  of  Btock  cannot  be  less  than  $10,  nor  more  than  Sum  each, 

and  are  classed  as  personal  property  and   transferable  under  certain 

ctions  and  regulations      Correcl  accounts  of  all  its  bushier 

are  required  to  be  kepi  by  each  corporation,  and  these  accounts  are 

Inspection  by  every  stockholder  in  the  organization,  or  his 

attoi  oej .  at  n  asonable  hours. 

should  any  corporation  perform  or  neglect  any  act  En  such  a 
manner  as  to  forfeit  its  license  to  organize,  all  it*  subscribers  maj 
personally  be  Bued  for  the  Indebtedness  of  the  defunct  organization, 
provided  thai  it-  company  assets  are  not  sufficient  to  cancel  its  obli- 
gations. Officers  and  directors  are  liable,  personally,  if  they  permit 
the  debts  of  the  corporation  to  exceed  the  amount  of  its  capital  stock. 


1H>\\     TO    ORGANIZE    ASSOCIATIONS    Y<>\1    VARIOUS    PURPOSES.       DEEDS 


t  Corporations  for  Social 

NY  three*  or  more  persons,  who  are  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
may  apply  to  the  Secretary  of  Statu  in  a  manner  similar  to  money- 
making  corporations  for  license  to  organize  for  other  purposes, 
filing  with  him  a  duly  acknowledged  statement  in  writing  of  the  name 
and  particular  business  or  objects  of  such  association,  the  number  of 
its  trustees,  directors  or  managers,  and  the  names  of  those  officials 
selected  to  serve  during  the  first  year.  The  Secretary  of  State  may 
then  issue  his  certificate  of  the  organization  of  such  corporation,  and 
when  this  certificate  is  duly  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  recorder  of 
deeds  in  the  county  where  the  association  is  located,  the  incorpora- 
tors may  proceed  to  transact  business.     Such  corporations  may  sue 


and  Benevolent  Purposes. 

and  be  sued;  may  make  and  enforce  contracts   in   relation   to  their 
legitimate  business ;  may  have  a  common   seal;    may  purchase,  hold 
and  dispose  of  real  and  personal  estate  for  purposes  of  their  n 
tive  organizations;    make    by-laws    for   their   own   government   not 
inconsistent  with  general   laws;     may   elect  trustees,    m 
directors  to  control  the  affairs  and  funds  of  the  corporation ;  may  bor- 
row money  for  the  purposes  of  the  organization  and  pledge  its  prop- 
erty fortbe  payment  thereof:    may  register  the  names  of  its  officers 
in  the  county  where  it  is  located,  and  when  its  debts  are  paid  may 
dissolve  the  corporation,  distribute  the  property  among  its  mem 
and  register  its  dissolution  papers  in  the  county  recorder's  office. 


Corporations  for  Religious  Purposes. 


^.smNY  church,  congregation  or  society  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
e3«  religious  worship  may  be  incorporated  as  follows :  By  electing  or 
appointing,  at  any  meeting  of  its  members  held  for  that  purpose,  two 
or  more  members  as  trustees,  wardens  and  vestrymen,  or  other  such 
officers  with  powers  and  duties  equivalent  to  those  of  trustees,  as  shall 
be  in  accordance  with  the  customs  and  usages  of  such  congregation, 
church  or  society;  may  adopt  a  corporate  name;  and  may  make  and 
file,  by  the  chairman  or  secretary  of  such  meeting,  a  sworn  affidavit 
setting  forth  the  details  of  the  business  transacted  at  such  meeting, 
in  the  office  of  the  recorder  of  deeds  of  the  county,  where  tin-  s:iiii 
church,  congregation  or  society  is  located.  The  church,  congrega- 
tion or  society,  thus  incorporated,  may  adopt  by-laws  and  regulations 
for  the  government  of  its  own  members,  the  election  of  its  own 
officers,  filling  vacancies  therein,  removing  trustees  for  immoral  or 
other  causes;  may  hold  and  control  personal  property,  borrow 
money  and  pledge  such  property  for  its  payment;  may  own  and  use 
land  acquired  by  gift,  devise  or  purchase,  not  exceeding  ten  acres; 
nii\  build  houses  or  other  buildings,  lay  out  burial  grounds,  etc.,  for 
the  use  of  the  church,  congregation  or  society  thus  organized;  may 
improve  or  repair  or  alter  such  buildings  at   will;  may  own   camp- 


meeting  grounds,  not  exceeding  forty  acres,  acquired  by  grant. 
devise  or  bequest,  and  fit  them  up  for  the  comfort  and  convenience 
of  worshipers,  and  may  publish  books,  periodicals,  tracts,  etc. 

The  statutes  prescribe  numerous  regulations  and  provisions,  aside 
from  the  foregoing,  for  the  control  of  incorporated  associations, 
relative  to  compulsory  payments  of  stock  instalments  and  the  transfer 
of  stock;  powers  and  rights  after  the  expiration  of  charters; 
inspection  of  accounts;  the  liability  of  directors  and  officers  for 
corporation  debts;  annual  statements  of  acquired  real  estate;  the 
penalties  for  rendering  false  official  reports;  the  legal  pow 
official  meetings  of  directors  or  stockholders;  the  change  of  articles 
of  association,  name  and  place  of  business  of  the  organization;  the 
increase  or  decrease  of  capital  stock  and  number  of  director-;  the 
consolidation  of  associations;  the  holding  of  special  meetii 
stockholders,  etc. 

Special    provisions    are    also    made    for   action    by  attorn 
corporations:    loans   of    money  on    real  estate   securities 
corporations:  the  building  of  elevated  railways  and  conveyors;  the 
formation  of  total  abstinence  societies;  the  licensing  of  horn 
loan  associations  and  the  regulation  thereof. 


\ -^ 


N  INSTRUMENT  in  writing,  by  which 
v\  lands  and  appurtenances  thereon  an'  eon- 
—  ~  veyed  from  one  person  to  another,  signed, 
sealed,  and  properly  witnessed,  is  termed  a  deed. 
A  deed  may  be  written  or  printed  en  parchment 
or  paper,  ami  must  lie  executed  by  parties  com- 
petent to  contract. 

The  law  provides  that  an  acknowledgment  of 
a  deed  can  onlv  be  made  before  certain  persons 
authorized  to  take  the  same;  these  including,  in 
different  States,  justices  of  the  peace,   notaries. 


masters  in  chancery,  judges  ami  clerks  of  courts, 
mayors  of  cities,  commissioners  of  deeds,  etc. 
In  some  States  one  witness,  in  some  two.  ami  in 
some  none  are  required. 

To  render  a  deed  valid,  there  must  be  a  realty 
to  grant,  and  a  sufficienl  consideration. 

To  enable  a  person  Legally  to  convey  property 
to  another,  the  following  requisites  an-  necessary: 
First,  he  or  she  must  be  of  sane  mind;  second, 
of  age;  and  third,  the  rightful  owner  of  the  prop- 
erty. 


:<'i;\l    OF    WARRANTY    DEED    AM)    QUIT-CJ    MM    I'M  I 


The  maker  of  the  deed  is  called  the  grantor; 
the  person  or  party  to  whom  the  deed  is  delivered, 
the  grantee.  The  wife  of  the  grantor,  in  the 
absence  of  any  statute  regulating  the  same,  must 
execute  the  deed,  or  else,  after  the  death  of 
her  husband,  she  will  be  entitled  to  a  one-third 
interest  in  the  property,  as  dower,  during  her  life. 
A  deed  of  a  homestead  qo1  executed  by  the  wife 
is  void.  Her  acknowledgment  of  the  deed  must 
be  of  her  own  free  will  and  accord,  and  the  com- 
missioner, or  other  officer,  before  whom  the 
acknowledgment  is  taken,  must  certify  to  the  fact 
that  her  consent  was  without  compulsion. 

Special  cart-  should  he  taken  to  have  the  deed 
properly  acknowledged  and  witnessed,  and  the 
proper  seal  attached. 


The  deed  takes  effect  upon  its  delivery  to  the 
person  authorized  to  receive  it. 

Amy  alterations  or  interlineations  in  the  deed 
should  be  noted  at  the  bottom  of  the  instrument, 
and  properly  witnessed.  After  the  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  deed,  the  parties  may  not  make  the 
slightest  alteration.  An  alteration  after  thedeliv- 
ery,  in  favor  of  the  grantee,  vitiates  the  deed. 

By  a  genera]  warranty  deed,  the  grantor  agrees 
to  wan-ant  and  defend  the  property  conveyed 
against  all  persons  whatsoever.  A  quit-claim  deed 
releases  what  interest  the  grantor  may  have  in  the 
land,  but  does  QOl  warrant  and  defend  against 
others. 

Deeds,  upon  their  delivery,  should  be  recorded 
in  the  recorder's  office  without  delay. 


Warranty  Deed,  with  Covenants. 

This  Extdbmtubk,  made  this  eighteenth  da]  of  March,  in  the  year 
of  our  Lord  i  d  eight  hundred  and  Beventy- three,  between 

Henry  Botsford,  of  Lee,  co  :  B   rkshire,  81  ite  ol  U  issai  busetts, 

and  Mary,  hia  wife,  <>f  the  first  part,  and  Calvin  Dairirett,  of  the  same 
■  .f  tin-  Becond  part; 
WITNESSETH,  that  the  said  part]  Of  tin'  lir^t  part,  for   and   in   con- 
sideration of  the  Bam  of  Three  Thousand  Dollars  in  hand  paid  by 
the  Bold   party  of  the  second   part,  the  receipt  whereof   is  hereby 
■  v  ledged,    have    gr  n  iin<  d,    and    Bold,   and   by   these 

presents   do  '/rant,  bargain,  and   sell,  unto   the   said   party  of  the 
i  port,  bis  he  igns,  all  the  follow  Lng  desci  toed  lot, 

or  pared  of  land.  Hin.iinl  in  the  town  of  Lee,  in  the  connty 
of  Berkshire,  Ma  tte,  to  wit : 

[  Hen  descrtin  the  property."] 
Together   with   all   and   Blngnlar    the   hereditaments   and   appur- 
tenances tberennto  belonging  or  in  anywise  appertaining,  and  the 
reversion  and  revi  tinder  and   remainders,  rents,  issues, 

and  profits  thereof;  and  all  the  estate,  right,  title,   interest,  claim, 
and  demand  n  party  of  the  first  part,  either  in 

equity,  of,  in.  and  to  the  above  bargained  premises,  with  the 
beredl   i  I   appurtenances:   To  have  and  to  hold  t it < ■  -aid 

h  ive  bargained    and   described,  with  the   appurtet 
unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs  and  ass! 
And  the  said  Henry  Botsford  and   Mary  Botsford,  his  wife,  party  of 
the  first  part,  hereby  expressly  waive,  release,  and  relinquish  unto 
dd  party  of  the   Becond  pan.  hi  ecutors,  administra- 

all   right,  titl<  oterest,  and  benefil   what- 

ever, in  and  to  the  above- described  premisi       rod  i  ich  and  every 
part  thereof,  whirl.  or  results  from  all  laws  of  this  State 

■  the  exemption  of  homesfc  ads. 
And  the  said  Henry  Botsford  and  Mary  Botsford,  his  wife,  party  of 
the  first  part,  for  themselves  and  their  heirs  -.  and  admin- 

istrators, do  covenant,  grant,  bargain,  and  agree,  to  and  with  the 
said  party  of  the  sro.nd  part,  his  heirs  ami  assigns,  that  at  the  time 
of  the  ensealing  and  delivery  of  these  presents  they  were  well 
of  the  preml  Bure,  perfect 

lute,  and  indefeasible  estate  <<f  Inheritance  in  law,  and  In  fee  si 
and  have  good  right,  full  power,  and  lawful  authority  to  grant,  bar- 
gain, sell,  and  convey  the  same,  in  manner  and  form  aforesaid,  and 
that  the  same  are  free  and  ch-ar  from  all  former  and  other  grants, 
bargains,  sales,  liens,  taxes,  assessments,  and  encumbrances  of  what 
kind   or  nature   soever;  and  the  above-bargained  premises  in  the 


quiet  and  peaceable  possession  of  the  said  party  of  the  second  part, 
Ins  heirs  and  assigns,  against  all  and  every  person  or  persons  law- 
fully claiming  or  to  Claim  the  whole  or  any  part  thereof,  the  said 
party  Of   the  flrsl   part  shall  and  will  warrant  and  forever  defend. 

In  testimony  whereof,  the  said  parties  of  the  first   part  have  here- 
unto set  their  hand-  and  >e:ils  the  day  and  y.   ir  first  above  written. 

';.;*,  I  HENRY  BOTSFORD 

,',„',;•;,  ,!;„„"     \  KAR1  BOTSFORD.  -J«alJ- 

[The  foregoing  should  b<  tfri-mnritdged  before  a  legally  authorized 
officer.     See  "Acknowledgments,"  ] 


Quit-Claim  Deed. 
Tuts  Indenture,  made  the  fourth  day  of  July,  In  the  year  of  our 
Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  Beventy -one,  between  Oscar 
Joy,  of  Nashville,  county  of  Davidson,  State  of  Tennessee,  partj  of 

the  tirst  part,  and  Lorenzo   Ksher,  of  the  same  place,  partj  ol   the 
second  part. 

WITNESSETH,  that    the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  for  and    in  con- 
sideration of    Bight   Hundred   Dollars    in    hand    paid    DJ    the  Bald  party 

of  the  second  pan,  the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledge) 
the  said  party  of  the  second  part  forever  released  and  disco 
therefrom,  has  remised,  released,  sold,  conveyed  and  quit-claimed, 
and  by  these  presents  does  remiBe,  release,  sell,  convey,  and  quit- 
claim, unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  port,  his  heirs  and   assigns, 
i.  all  the  right,  title,  interest,   claim,  ad,  which  the 

said  party  of  the  first  part  has  in  and  to  the  following- described  lot, 
piece,  or  parcel  of  land,  to  wit: 

I  Ben  describe  tht  land,  | 
To  have  and  to  hi. id  the  same,  together  with  ail  and  singular  the 

appurtenances    and    privileges    thercuiiM    bi  in    .unwise 

thereunto  appertaining,  and  all  tie-  estate,  right,  title,  interest,  and 

Claim  whatever,  of   the  said  party  of  the    fir,-t    part,  either    in    IttW    or 

equity,  benefit,  and  behoof  of  the  said  party 

Of  tin'  Becond  part, his  heirs  and  assigns  forever. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  said  part;,  o  part  hereunto  sets 

hi-  hand  and  seal  tie-  daj  and  year  above  written. 

led  and  deliv- 
ered in  presi 

A/.no  Mollis 


dellv-   ) 

■  of  V 


OSCAR  JOY.    j™, 
[TTie  above  should  be  duly  acknowledged.] 


Ql'ITH  LAIM    DEED. 


FORM    OF    ACKNOWLEDGMENT.       EXTRADITION. 


221 


Long  Form  Quit-Claim  Deed—Homestead  Waiver. 

This  InDENTDBB,  made  the  fourteenth  day  of  October,  in  the  year 
of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-two,  between 
Park  Converse,  of  Burlington,  county  of  Des  Moines,  State  of  Iowa, 
party  of  the  first  part,  and  Elbridge  Robinson,  of  the  same  place, 
party  of  the  second  part, 

Witnessetu,  that  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  for  and  in  con- 
sideration of  Four  Thousand  Dollars  in  hand  paid  by  the  said  party 
of  the  second  part,  the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged,  and 
the  said  party  of  the  second  part  forever  released  and  discharged 
therefrom,  has  remised,  released,  sold,  conveyed,  and  quit-claimed, 
and  by  these  presents  does  remise,  release,  sell,  convey,  and  quit- 
claim, unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs  and  ae 
forever,  all  the  right,  title,  interest,  claim,  and  demand  which  the 
said  party  of  the  first  part  has  in  and  to  the  following  described  lot, 
piece,  or  parcel  of  land,  to  wit : 

[Here  describe  the  land.  ] 

To  have  and  to  hold  the  same,  together  with  all  and  singular  the 
appurtenances  and  privileges  thereunto  belonging,  or  in  any  wise 
tlit-rt-unto  appertaining;  and  all  the  estate,  right,  title,  interest,  and 
claim  whatever,  of  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  either  in  law  or 
equity,  to  the  only  proper  use,  benefit,  and  behoof  of  the  said  party  of 
the  second  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever. 

And  the  said  Park  Converse,  party  of  the  first  part,  hereby 
expressly  waives,  releases,  and  relinquishes  unto  the  said  party  of 
the  second  part,  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  and  assigns,  all 
right,  title,  claim,  interest,  and  benefit  whatever,  in  and  to  the  above- 
described  premises,~and  each  and  every  part  thereof,  which  \<  given 
by  or  results  from  all  laws  of  this  State  pertaining  to  the  exemption 
of  homesteads. 


And  the  said  party  of  the  tirst  part,  for  himself  and  his  heir?, 
executor-,  ami  administrators,  does  covenant,  promise  and  agree,  to 
and  with  the  said  party  of  the  Becoild  pari,  his  heir-,  executors, 
administrators,  and  i  he  hath  not  made,  done,  committed, 

executed,  or  suffered,  any  act  or  acta,  thin.:  or  things,  whate 
whereby,  or  by  means  whereof,  the  above-mention<  d  and  de& 
premises,  or  any  part  or  parcel  thereof,  now  are,  or  any  time 
after,  shall   or  may  be  impeached,  charged,  or  incumbered,  in  any 
way  or  manner  whatsoever. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  hereunto  sets 
his  hand  and  seal  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

Signed,  sealed  and  deliv-    i  _  —* 

ered  in  presence  of  j-  PARK  CONVERSE 

Gerry  Hobbs.  \ 


Acknowledgment  Before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

State  of  Iowa.  > 

County  of  Des  Moid  I.  <r.-rry  Hobbs,  a  justice  of  th.- 

peace  in  and  for  the  said  county,  in  the  State  aforesaid,  do  hereby 
certify  that  Park  Converse,  who  is  personally  known  to  me  as  the 
same  person  whose  name  is  subscribed  to  the  foregoing  instrument, 
appeared  before  me  this  day  in  person,  and  acknowledged  that  he 
signed,  sealed  and  delivered  the  said  instrument  as  his  free  and 
voluntary  act,  for  the  uses  and  purposes  therein  set  forth,  including 
the  release  and  waiver  of  the  right  of  homestead. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal,   this  fourteenth  day  of  October, 
A.  D.  1872.  GERRY  HOBBS,  iTT! 

Justice  of  the  Peace.   l'...Ya 


THHE  SIGNIFICATION  of  the  word  "extra- 
y  dition"  is  delivery  out  of,  or  up  from,  and 
n  has  been  adopted  by  various  States  and 
nations  to  express  the  return  from  one  to  the 
other  of  fugitives  from  justice,  for  punishment 
in  the  place  where  the  crime  was  committed. 

The  constitution  of  the  United  States  declares 
that  "a  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason, 
felony,  or  other  crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice, 
and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall,  on  demand 
of  the  executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which 
he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to  the 
State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  cause." 

Extradition  between  the  several  States  is  regu- 
lated by  the  laws  of  the  United  State-,  and 
between  foreign  States  by  treaties.  Still,  a  foreign 
State  sometimes  extradites  without  a  treaty,  as 
was  done  by  us  in  the  case  of  a  Cuban  slave- 
trader,  in  1863. 

The  surrender  of  fugitives  from  justice  having 
been  abused  for  private  purposes,  governors  of 


State-  from  which  the  fugitives  tied,  in  addition  to 
the  usual  papers,  require  an  affidavit  asserting 
that  the  application  is  made  for  the  purpose  of 
public  justice,  and  not  for  private  gain. 

The  usual  papers  are  a  duly  certified  copy  of 
the  indictment,  and  an  affidavit  showing  that  the 
criminal  was  within  the  State  when  the  crime  was 
committed,  and  fled  therefrom  after  the  crime  to 
the  State  on  which  the  demand  i-  to  be  made. 
If  there  is  not  time  to  wait  for  an  indictment,  a 
duly  certified  copy  of  the  complaint  to  the  m 
trate  and  his  warrant  are  sent. 

If  the  paper-  sati-t\  the  governor,  he  LSSUeS  a 
requisition  on  the  other  governor  tor  the  fugitive. 
A  requisition  is  a  request  to  have  the  criminal 
arrested  and  delivered  to  the  person  named  in  the 
requisition.  With  the  requisition  are  -cut  copies 
of  the  indictment,  or  complaint,  and  the  warrant. 

If  the  governor  is  satisfied  with  the  papers,  he 
iss  -  a  warrant  to  an  officer  of  his  State  to  arrest 
the  criminal  and  deliver  him  to  the  person  named 


!i"\v    TO    '    U'llkl.    FUGITIVES    FROM    JUSTICE    l\ 


iKKION    COUNTRIES. 


in  the  requisition.      If  die  governor  refdsi 
issue  tin*  warrant,  he  may,  in  a  proper  <*a>t*.    be 
compelled   t«>  «1"  -<•  1>\    a   mandamus  from  the 
United  State-  <  lircuit  *  lonrt 

The  proceedings  in  tin-  case  of  foreign  States 
are  substantially  similar. 

Tlie  Secretary  of  State  of  each  State,  and  <>t' 
the  United  States,  will  famish  forms  ami  instruc- 
tions on  application. 

Treaties  witli  other  nations  also  specify  the 
forms   in   which   the    extradition    laws   may   be 


Affidavit. 

State  of  Georgia,   ) 

rv  nf  Harris,   \ 

Philip  Maxwell,  of  Hannah,  Harris  comity,  and  State  of  Georgia, 
inly  sworn,  - 

f— That  Robert  Thorsen,  aliaa  "Big  Bob,"  Is  a  fugitive  from 

justice  fmm  tin-  State  of  t  ;..>n,*iii-  where  he  stand  on  oath 

with  felony,  committed  in  this  State,  viz.  :  With  having,  on  the  night 

of  June  6,  A.  D.  ii   the   hours  of   eleven   and    twelve 

o clock,  midnight,  brntally  assaulted  the  said  Philip  Maxwell,  knock- 

ing  him  Benselesfl  with  a  red  to  be  three  feet  Ion? 

and  one  and  our  half   inches  thick:  and  with  having  then  and  there 

robbed  the  said  Philip  Maxwell,  while  In-  lay  unconscious,  of  a  silver 

old  chain,  of  the  value  of  Fifty  Dollars,  and  <>f  money,  in 

greenback-,  gold  and  silver  coin-,  of  the  valne  of  One  Hundred  and 

Forty- three   Dollar-   and  -.lawful   currency  of   the 

States  by  the  law  of  the   - 

_ .:  -i  a  crime. 

SecOii'i — That  the  S&id  Chargl  On    or   about    the    seventh 

day  of   June,  A.  1>.    Is-:  said    Philip   Maxwell,   testifying 

under   oath    before    the    Hannah    Po  In    Harris   county, 

Georgia,  as  to  the  facts  above  Bet  forth,  with  such  other  details  of  tie 
crime  as  he  could  i 

Tfiinl— That  the  said   Robert  Thor&  Big  Bob,"  fa 

from  tbe  said  State  last  aforesaid  and  has  taken  refuge  in  ti 
of  Wisconsin,  from  the  laws  andjusl  theS  irgia. 

And  Depomnt  Prats  thai  a,  alias  "  Big 

Bob,"  may  be  arrested  and  held  in  custody  by  the  proper  authorities 
of  the  state  of  Wisconsin  until  the  proper  authorities  of  the  said 
I  Georgia  shall  ha  time  to  require,  in  manner  and 

form  as  the  law  directs,  the  body  ol    said    Robert  Thorsen,  alias 
"Big  Boo,"  from   the  executive  and   authorities  "f   the   state  of 
Wisconsin,  and  until  the  said  executive  of   said  last  above-named 
ihall  make  hi-  warrant   for  the  surrender  of  the   body 

to   the    end   that    he    may   he 
brought  to  i'     •  and  dealt  with  as  law  and  justice  shall 

require. 

And  this  deponent  further  says,  upon  Ins  oath,  that  this  affidavit  is 
made  in  order  that  the  end-  of  public  justice  may  be  served,  and  not 
fmm  motives  of  private  gain  or  malii 

HIM. IP  MAXWELL. 
-ii  before  me,  this  twelfth  day  of  July,  A.  I>.  1882,  at  Hannah, 
Harris  county,  Georgia. 

JESSE  SMITH, 
Clerk  of  the  Criminal  Court  of  said  County. 


mutually  enforced.  In  some  countries  extradi- 
tion is  more  difficult,  and  the  methods  more  com- 
plicated than  in  others. 

The  following  forms  are  those  in  substance, 
that  regulate  our  inter-state  system  of  returning 
criminals : 

Philip  Maxwell  has  been  robbed  by  a  well- 
known  thief,  at  Hannah,  Ga.,  and  the  robber 
has  escaped  to  Wisconsin,  beyond  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  State  Maxwell  therefore  goes  before  a 
magistrate,  and  make-  the  following  affida^  it : 


This  affidavit,    upon    which    the   requisition   of    the   governor   of 
Georgia  for  the  return  of  the  criminal  is  based,  having  been  taken  by 


a  police  or  sheriffs  officer  to  the  governor  of  Wlsconsli 

the  following  warrant  for  the  surrender  of  the 
criminal,  if  found  within  hi-  State,  to  the  authorities  of  thi  State  of 
Georgia: 

The  Order  for  Surrender. 
— — ,  governor  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  to  the  aheriffsof  the 
county  of  Dane,  and  the  Bhertffs,  constables  and  other  peace -officers 
of  the  Bei  eral  counl  i  State: 

Wnii:  represented  to  me  by  tbe  governor  of  tbe 

of    GeOl  Robert    Thorsen    (also   well-known    a-    "Big 

Bob"),   late  of  Hannah,   In  said  State,   has  been  guilty  of 
and  robbery  upon  the  highway  upon  the  person  of  Philip  Maxwell,  of 
nich  said   acts   are    made  criminal    by  the   law-    of 
te;   and  that  he   has  lied  from    justice    in    that    State,  and   has 
taken  refuge  in  the  State  of  Wisconsin;  and  that  said  governor  of 
a  has,  in  pursuance  of  tbe  constitution  and  laws  of  tbe  United 
il   me  thai  I  should  cause  the  Baid  Robert  Thorsen 

nested  and  delivered  Into  the  custody  of .  sheriff  of  the 

county  of  Harris,  in  said  State,  who  is  duly  author!  e  him 

into  his  custody,  and  to  convey  him  back  to  the  said  State  ol  i  ■■ 
and  whereas  tin   said  representation  and  demand  led  by 

an  affldai  it  taken  before  the  clerk  of  the  circuit  court  of  the  county 
of  Harris  in  the  said  state  of  Georgia,  whereby  tbe  said  Robert 
Thorsen  i-  charged  with  the  said  crime,  which  affidavit  i-  certified  by 
tin-  -aid  governor  "f  <;eurL'ia  to  be  duly  authenticated:  You  are 
therefore  required  to  arrest  the  said  Robert  Thorsen  wherever  he 
may  he  found  within  thi-  State,  and  to  deliver  him  into  the  i 

of  the  said ,  sheriff  of  -aid  county  of  Harris,  to  be  taken  back 

to  the  Bald  state  from  which  he  fled,  pursuant  to  the  said  req.nl 

looooft       Given   under  my  hand  and  the  privy  seal  of  the 
<P  State  of  Wisconsin,  ;it   the   city   ol    U 

I'ltIVY        ? 

Seal  of 
State 


this    sixteenth    day    of     July,   one    thousand 

I.  CtV       • 


eight  hundred  and  eighty-two. 


Governor. 


Fugitives  from  Justice  in  Foreign  Lands. 

After  the  prelim! I  il  and  order  of  surrender  have   been 

properly  made  out.  a-  above  deML'nated,  it  i-  USUal  for  -nine  police- 
Officer,    or    other    authorized    per-on,    to  visit    the    country  where    the 

fugitive  ha-  taken  refoge,  and.  with  the  aid  of  tbe  United  state- 
minister  to  that  government,  secure  the  criminal  and  bring  him  back 
to  the  State  where  the  crime  was  committed,  for  trial.  The  expenses 
are  to  be  borne  by  the  party  who  makes  the  requisition  for  his 
return. 


THE    LAW    AND    FORMS    RELATING    Ti  >    THE    iHARDIANSHIl'    (iK    CHILDREN. 


-  '.:- 


- 


MI\<  >U  is  a  person  under  twenty-one  years 
,(,\  of  age,  or,  in  some  States,  a  maiden  under 
eighteen  years  old.  In  England,  and  in 
manv  of  the  United  States.  Bex  makes  no  differ- 
ence. 

The  legal  term  for  a  minor  is  ••infant."  The 
legal  consequences  of  infancy  are:  First,  inability 
to  commit  crime  until  of  a  certain  age;  secondly. 
inability  to  consent  until  a  certain  age;  third. 
inability  to  make  a  contract  of  any  kind  except 
marriage;  and,  fourth,  inability  to  sue  or  be  sued, 
except  by  guardians. 

Infants  may  own  and  hold  all  kinds  of  property. 

Infants  should  have  guardians  of  their  persons 
and  property. 

The  parents  are  the  guardians  of  the  per-<.n. 
Courts  of  probate  appoint  suitable   persons  for 


GUARDIANS  AND  MINOR  CHILDREN. 

^-5- 


guardians  of  their  property.  At  fourteen  the 
infant  may  select  his  or  her  guardian  of  hi-  or  her 
property. 

Infants  whose  parent-  are  unfit  to  be  guardians, 
or  who  suffer  them  t'  >  bee  ime  a  public  charge,  may 
have  guardian-  of  their  persons  appointed  by 
some  public  officer. 

The  parties  so  chosen  are  called  guardians,  and 
the  infants  wards. 

Thus  the  guardians  of  the  person  must  supply 
the  ward  with  necessaries  and  instruction,  and 
the  guardian  of  the  property  must  preserve  it. 
and  cannot  expend  it  or  change  it  from  real  to 
personal  property  without  the  order  of  the  court. 

The  laws  relating  to  the  rights  and  duties  of 
guardians  vary  in  different  States,  but  in  < 
tial  particulars  resemble  each  other. 


Petition  to  Have  a  Guardian  Appointed,  Made  by  a  Friend. 


To  the  Surrogate  of  the  County  of  - 


-.  Slate  of  - 


To  the  County  Court  of  the  County  of  ■ 

The  petition  of  William  J.  Erskine,  of  the  city  of  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  respectfully  shows  that  Moses  Erskine  is  a  resident  of  the 
county  of  Milwaukee,  and  is  a  minor  over  fourteen  years  of  age,  and 
was  fifteen  years  of  age  on  the  twelfth  day  of  September  last  past. 
That  he  is  entitled  to  certain  property  and  estate,  to  wit.  two  building- 
the  northwest  corner  of  Sholto  and  Schiller  streets,  in  said 
city,  and  that  to  protect  and  preserve  the  legal  rights  of  Baid  infant 
it  is  necessary  that  some  proper  person  should  tie  duly  appointed  the 
guardian  of  his  estate  during  his  minority.  Wherefore,  your  peti- 
tioner nominates,  subject  to  the  approbation  of  the  (surrog 

county  court  of   the  comity  of 1.  G -^-   V.  KTorcott,  of  the 

city   of  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  merchant,  to  be  such  guardian,  and 
prays  his  appointment  accordingly,  pursuant  to  the  statute  in 
case  made  and  provided. 

WILLIAM  J.    ERSKIXE. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  November  1,  1883. 

To  the  bottom  of  this  petition  the  merchant  may  add- 

I.  George  V.  Xorcott,  of  the  city  of  Milwaukee,  Wis. .  merchant, 
hereby  consent  to  be   appointed   the   guardian  of    the  person  and 
of  the  above-named  minor  during  his  minority. 

GEORGE  V.   XORCOTT. 
Milwaukee,  Wis. .  November  1,  1883. 


Form  of  Bond  of  Guardian. 

EJs'ow  All  Men  by  These  Presents  -V.  Xorcott. 

of  the  city  of  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  merchant,  and  Samuel  Finch,  provi- 
sion packer,  of  the  same  city,  are  held  and  firmly  bound  unto  (either 
the  State,  or  the  probate  or  county  jndge,  as  the  law  decl&x 
the   sum   of  Four  Thousand  Dollars,  lawful    money   of    the    United 
States,  to  be  paid  to  -    ireor  jndge),  his  executors,  adminis- 

trators, or  assigns:  to  which  payment,  well  and  truly  to  he  made,  we 
bind  ourselves,  and  heirs  (and  each  of  them),  and  our  executors  and 
administrators,  jointly  and  severally,  firmly  by  these  pres 

Sealed  with  our  seals.      Dated  the  fourth  day  of  November,  A.  D. 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  -two. 

The  condition  of  this  obligation  i<  such,  that  if  the  alwve  bounden 
George  V.  Xorcott  shall  and  will  faithfully,  in  all  things,  discharge 
the  duty  of  a  guardian  :<>  He'  said  minor,  according  to  law,  and 
render  a  true  and  just  account  of  all  the  property  and  ::> 
received  by  him,  and  of  the  application  thereof,  and  of  his  guardian- 
ship in  all  respects,  to  any  court  having  cognizance  thereof,  when 
thereunto  required,  then  this  obligation  to  be  void:  otherwise  to 
remain  in  full  force  and  virtue. 

Signed,  sealed  and  deliv-  "] 

in  presence  of  RGB  V.    XOI!roTT.-i -eali- 

J.    T.    ItRowN,  -\Ml"EL  FIXCIL-ISEAL)- 

W.     M.     SMtTH 

The  obligee  of  the  bond  is  sometimes  the  State,  and  sometimes  the 
judge. 


•<gjs^ 


224 


FORMS   01    '.I  ai;  vvn  , 


[NS1  RANI  1 


... 


' — "+*9  " 


GUARANTY. 


"-,:; 


,V 


GUARANTY  (sometimes  spelled  guar- 
antee) i-  a  written  promise  that  a  person 
~~  will  tli)  as  he  lias  promised,  or  that  on 
his  default,  the  guarantor  will  pay  all  damages. 

The  person  who  guarantees  the  performance 
of  another  is  called  the  guarantor.  The  person 
tn  whom  the  pledge  is  made  is  called  the  guar- 
antee. 

The  liability,  in  such  a  case,  first  rests  upon 
the  person  who  is  guaranteed  by  another;  ami. 


Form  of  Guaranty  on  the  Back  of  a  Note. 
For  value  received,  i  hereby  guarantee  the  payment  of  tin-  within 
note. 
Port  Wants,  Ihd.,  May  20,  1888  JOHN  HOOVER. 


A  Father's  Guarantee  of  His  Son's  Fidelity  as  an  Apprentice. 
,  Written  m,  tlu  backoftlu  Contract  of  Apprenticeship.) 

i iBlderatli f  the  performance  of  the  agreements  and  cove- 

specified  in  the  within  indentnre  (or  agreements)  by  Marcus 

Koran  with  my  s Allen  Bills,  I  do  hereby  bind  myself  to  tin-  said 

Moran  for  the  true  ami  faithful  observation  ami  performance 
of  all  matters  and  things  by  the  said  Allen  Ellis  agreed  and  cov- 
enanted  therein,  and  thai  In-  shall  will  and  truly  serve  the  said 
Marcus  ttoran. 


~.-:.'j'" 


■ 


secondly,  it'  the  first  person  fails,  tin-  individual 
who  gives  the  guaranty  i-  beld  t<>  the  same 
extent  as  the  other.  The  consideration  for  giv- 
ing the  pledge  Should  he  either  nailleil  or 
expressed  as  "for  value  received." 

The  laws  recognize  guarantees  .it' any  contraet 
that  may  be  legally  made,  and  aid  in  enforcing 
them. 

The  following  forms  will  serve  to  show  how 
they  may  he  drawn,  and  some  of  their  uses. 


Witness  my  hand  thi-  twenty -second  day  of  November,  A.D.  1882. 

PABKEB  ELLIS 


Guarantee  for  the  Performance  of  a  Contract  for  Labor. 
For  a  good  and  valuable  consideration   by   us   received,  we.   the 
undersigned,  do  hereby  guarantee  a   faithful   compliance  with  the 
terms  of  the  above  (or  within)  agreement,  upon  the  jmrt  <>f  thi 
contractor,  William  Hawkins.     Done  at  Kenosha,  Kenosha  county, 
and  state  oi  Wisconsin,  this  tenth  day  of  December,  A.  I).  1882. 

Signed,  sealed  and  deliv- 
ered In  presence  of 
Rich  u:i    Slo  \\. 

Maiiy    Ann    Stow 


BOB]   I.T    N      Mliltl!IS,-(9K.U.)- 
THOMAS  WII.MOT. 


tNSURANCE  is  a  guarantee  of  protection 
against  loss  ly  fire,  tempests,  disease,  death 
or  other  calamity  common  to  all  men.  by 
individuals  or  corporations  possessing  large 
amounts  of  money,  upon  payment,  by  the 
insured,  of  a  stipulated  sum  at  set  times  agreed 
upon  between  the  insurer  and  insured. 

Insurance  is  classed  under  the  heads  of  fire, 

marine,  accident  and  life. 

Fire    insurance    extends    to    stores,    dwellings, 

barns,  offices,  out  buildings,  manufactories  and 
other  structures,  together  with  their  contents. 
The  mi. re  combustible  the  prpperty  is,   or  the 

i v  it  is  exposed   to  danger  from  neighboring 

buildings,  etc..  the  greater  the  hazard  and  the 
larger  the  premium  la  sum  paid  by    the  insured) 

will   he. 

Marine    insurance    includes    the    hulks,    sails. 
rigging  and  fittings  of  vessels  or  steamers  in 


port  <>r  at  sea,  and  the  cargoes  which  are  carried 

by  them. 

Accident    insurance    covers    the    casualties    to 

which  travelers  by  land  or  sea  are  commonly 

exposed    without     undue     carelessness    (in    their 

part ;  and  if  luss  of  limb  or  health  results  there- 
from, the  insurer  agrees  to  pay  a  stipulated  sum 
to  the  insured,  proportionate  to  the  premium  paid. 
Life  insurance  extends  to  all  persons  in  good 
health,  and  is  founded  upon  the  established 
death-rate  among  such  persons  at  all  ages  from 
youth    tn  elderly  manhood.      The  premium  is 

regulated  hv  the  aye  of  the  insured  at  the  time 
when  the  insurance  is  applied  fir,  the  prospect 
of  long  life,  and  the  amount  fir  which  the  policy 
is   issued. 

An  insurance  broker  is  the  agent  of  an 
insurance  company  t<i  effect  insurance  with  the 
people  upon  their  property,  and  cannot  change 


REQUIREMENTS    AND   SPECIFICATIONS    IN    AN    INSURANCE    POLICY. 


225 


the  restrictions  of  his  company  or  the  privileges 
allowed  by  it. 

Insurance  companies  and  agents  are  governed 
by  the  laws  of  the  several  States,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent frauds  from  being  perpetrated   upon   the 


4 


No.  102,567. 


insured.  The  insurance  companies  are  also  pro- 
tected by  State  laws  against  frauds  by  the  per- 
sons insured.  The  policy  is  the  contract  given  by 
the  insurer  to  the  insured.  The  following  is  the 
general  form  of  an  insurance  policy  : 

Form  of  Fire  Insurance  Policy. 
Cash  Capital  $2,000,000.  $5,000.00. 


:the: 


SEWARD    INSURANCE    COMPANY, 


Incorporated  1864. 


OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 


Stock  P.olicy. 


\ 


In  Consideration  of  Seventy  Dollar?,  do  insure  Harry  J.  Weitzel  against  loss  or  damage  by  fire,  to  the  amount  of  Five  Thousand  Dollars : 
$3,000  on  his  two-story  and  basement  brick  dwelling  house,  situate  No.  976  Ericcson  street,  Albany,  XV.  :  $1,000  on  his  brick  barn  in 
rear  of  above  dwelling:  $1,000  on  his  household  furniture,  useful  and  ornamental,  beds,  bedding,  linen,  family  wearing  apparel,  printed 
books  and  music,  silver  plate  and  plated  ware,  paintings,  engravings,  and  their  frames,  at  not  exceeding  their  cost,  piano,  sewing-machine,  fuel 
and  family  .stores  contained  in  above  brick  dwelling  house  and  barn,  for  one  year,  to  wit:  from  the  twenty-third  day  of  November,  1881,  at 
12  o'clock  noon,  to  the  twenty-third  day  of  November,  1882,  at  12  o'clock  noon. 

6.  For  any  consequential  or  constructive  loss  or  damage,  beyond  the  actual 
damage  by  fire  to  the  property,  whether  such  loss  or  damage  be  occasioned 
by  any  ordinance  or  law  regulating  the  construction  or  repair  of  buildings 
or  otherwise. 

4.  "What  1«  not  Insured  —  This  insurance  does  not  cover  any  of  the 
following  named  articles  or  goods,  unless  separately  and  specifically  nun 
tioned  in  writing  in  the  policy,  viz.:  Money  or  bullion,  drawings,  models, 
patterns,  tools,  implements,  paintings,  sculpture,  medals,  casts,  curiositii 
jewels,  watches,  scientific  apparatus,  store  furniture  and  fixtures,  awnings, 
signs,  yard  fixtures;  nor  goods  held  on  storage. 

5.  General  privilege*  —  1.  Kerosene  or  refined  petroleum  oil  of  the 
legal  standard  may  be  used  for  lights  only,  lamps  to  be  filled  and  trimmed 
by  daylight  and  not  within  ten  feet  of  artificial  Light. 

2.  Mechanics  are  allowed  to  make  ordinary  alterations  and  repairs  to 
buildings  not  exceeding  fifteen  days  in  each  year  of  this  insurance,  without 
notice  to  the  company.  Any  extension  of  this  pri-  ilege  must  be  previously 
consented  to  in  writing  on  this  policy. 

3.  Rate-glass,  frescoes  and  wall  decorations  are  covered  by  insurance  on 
the  building;  but  if  there  shall  be  any  other  insurance  on  the  building,  this 
company  shall  be  liable  only  for  such  proportion  of  the  loss  on  said  plate- 
glass,  frescoes  and  decorations  as  the  amount  hereby  insured  shall  bear 
to  the  whole  insurance  on  the  building,  whether  such  other  Insurance  applies 
to  said  glass,  frescoes  and  decorations  or  not. 

6.  Cancellation  ot"  policy— 1.  If  anv  broker  or  other  person  than  the 
assured  have  procured  this  policy,  or  any  renewal  thereof,  or  anv  i  - 
ment  thereon,  he  shall  be  deemed  to  be  the  agent  of  the  assured,  and  not  ol 
this  company,  in  any  transaction  relating  to  this  Insurance,  including  the 
delivering  of  this  policy  and  payment  of  the  premium. 

2.  This  insurance  may  be  terminated  at  any  time  by  request  of  the  assured, 
or  by  the  company,  on    giving  notice    to  that    effect.     On  surrender 
policy,  the  company  shall  refund   anv  premium  that   may  have  been   paid, 
reserving  the  usual  short  rates  in  the  first  case,  and  pro  rata  rates  in  the 
other  case. 

Agreement  as  to  loss  —  The  amount  of  sound  value  and  of  d  i 
to  the  property  may  be  determined  by  mutual  agreement  between  the  com- 
pany and  the  assured;  or  failing  to  agree  the  same  shall  1  written 
requestofeitherparty.be  ascertained    bj  an   appraisal  of  each   article  of 
personal  property,  or  bj  estimate  In  detail  ol  tne  building,  bj  competent 

and  impart  in  1  iippr.-ii   ei  -,  ■  t<>   be  selected    bv    each    party,  and    the    I 

chosen  shall  first  select  an  umpire  to  act  with  them  ui  case  of  their  disagree- 
ment; and,  if  the  said  appraisers  fail  to  agree,  they  shall  refer  the  did  i 
to  such  umpire;  and  the  award  of  any  two.  in  writing, under  oath,  shall  be 
binding  and  conclusive  as  to  the  amount  ot  such  loss  or  damage,  but  shall 
not  decide  as  to  the  validity  of  the  contract  or  anv  other  question  except  the 

amount  of  -u,-h  ],,--  ,,|  damage       C.iHi    ,,,,,,    -l,  ,jj    ,,..,v  their  own    a|  | 

and  one-half  the  umpire's  fee.  it  shall  be  optional  with  this  company  t..  take 
the  whole  or  an)  part  of  the  articles  al  their  appraised  value,  and  also  to 
repair,  rebuild  or  replace  the   property  tosl  or  damaged  with  other  of  like 

kind  and  quality  witl ■  tune,  giving  notice  of  their  Intent 

to  do  within  thirty  days  after  completion  ol  thi 


1.  Warranty  of  the  assured  — The  assured  by  the  acceptance 
of  this  policy  hereby  warrants  that  any  application,  survey,  plan, 
statement  or  description,  connected  with  procuring  this  insurance,  or  con- 
tained in,  or  referred  to  in  this  policy,  is  true,  and  shall  be  a  part  of  this 
policy;  that  the  assured  has  not  overvalued  the  property  herein  described, 
nor  omitted  to  state  to  this  company  any  information  material  to  the  risk; 
and  this  company  shall  not  be  bound  under  this  policy  by  any  act  of,  or 
statement  to,  or  by  any  agent  or  other  person,  which  is  not  contained  in  this 
policy  or  in  any  written  paper  above  mentioned. 

It  is  also  a  part  of  this  warranty  that  if  the  policy  shall  be  continued  by 
renewal,  it  shall  be  considered  as  continued  under  the  original  representa- 
tions; and  that  any  change  in  the  risk,  not  made  known  to  this  company  at 
the  time  it  is  so  continued,  shall  render  this  policy  void. 

2.  Why  this  policy  will  become  void  —  This  policy  shall 
become  void,  unless  consent  in  writing  is  endorsed  by  the  company  hereon, 
in  each  of  the  following  instances,  viz. :  If  the  assured  is  not  the 
sole  and  unconditional  owner  of  the  property;  or  the  building  herein 
described  stand  on  ground  not  owned  in  fee  simple  by  the  assured;  or  if  the 
interest  of  the  assured  in  the  property,  whether  as  owner,  trustee,  consignee, 
factor,  agent,  mortgagee,  lessee,  or  otherwise,  is  not  truly  stated  in  this 
policy;  or  if  any  change  take  place  in  the  title,  interest,  location  or  posses- 
sion of  the  property  (except  in  case  of  succession  by  reason  of  the  death  of  the 
assured),  whether  by  sale,  transfer  or  conveyance,  in  whole  or  in  part,  or  by 
legal  process  or  by  judicial  decree,  or  the  title  or  possession  be  now  or  here- 
after become  Involved  in  litigation,  or  if  this  policy  be  assigned  or  trans- 
ferred before  a  loss. 

2.  If  the  assured  have  or  shall  hereafter  obtain  any  other  policy  or  agree- 
ment for  insurance,  whether  valid  or  not,  on  the  property  above  mentioned, 
or  any  part  thereof. 

3.  If  the  risk  be  increased  by  any  change  in  the  occupation  of  the  building 
or  premises  herein  described,  or  by  the  erection  or  occupation  of  adjacent 
buildings;  or  by  any  means  whatever  within  the  knowledge  of  the  assured. 

4.  If  any  building  herein  described  be  or  become  vacant  or  unoccupied  for 
the  purposes  indicated  in  this  contract. 

:>.  li  the  property  herein  described,  being  a  manufacturing  establishment, 
shall  be  run  at  night  or  overtime,  or  shall  cease  to  be  operated. 

6.  Or  if  any  of  the  following-named  articles  be  kept,  stored  or  used  in  or 
on  the  premises  herein  described,  any  custom  or  usage  of  trade  or  manufac- 
ture to  the  contrary  notwithstanding,  viz.:  benzine,  benzole,  benzine* var- 
nish, burning  Quid,  chemical  oils,  fire- works,  gasoline,  gunpowder,  naphtha, 
nitro-glyrerine,  nitrate  of  soda,  oily  waste,  petroleum  and  products,  phos- 
phorus, lubber  cement,  salt  pet  re,  spirit-gas,  or  any  articles  subject  to  legal 
rest  fiction. 

8.  'What  this  company  Is  liable  for  —  This  company  shall  not  be 
liable  under  this  policy  for  loss  or  damage  by  fire  in  any  of  the  following 
Instances,  viz. : 

1.  If  caused  directly  or  indirectly  by  means  or  In  consequence  of  an  inva- 
sion, insurrection,  riot,  civil  war  or  commotion,  or  military  power,  or  by 
order  of  any  military  or  civil  authority,  or  in  consequence  of  any  neglect  or 
violation  of  any  law  or  ordinance,  or  by  the  fraudulent  act  or  procurement 
<il  the  assured. 

2.  If  caused  by  lightning  or  explosion  of  any  kind,  unless  fire  ensues,  and 
then  for  the  loss  h.\  Are  only. 

3.  If  the  building  herein  described  or  any  part  thereof  fall,  except  the  fall 
is  the  result  of  fire. 

4.  If  caused  by  neglect  of  the  assured  to  use  all  practicable  means  to  save 
and  protect  the  property  at  and  after  the  fire,  or  when  the  property  is 
endangered  by  a  fire  in  neighboring  premises. 

h.  For  loss  of  accounts,  bills,  notes,  deed-,  manuscripts,  evidences  of  debt 
or  securities  of  property  of  anv  kind;  or  for  loss  by  theft  at  or  after  the 

lire. 


[Suggestion*  as  to  particular  statement  relative  to  property  here  omitted.] 

Any  fraud  or  attempt  at   fraud,  or  anv  misrepresentation 
statement  touching  the  loss,  or  any  false  swearing  on  the  part  of  the  assured 
or  his  agent,  in  any  examination  or  In  the  i  iss  or  otherwise,  shall 

forfeiture  ol  all  claim  on  this  company  under  this  policy:  and  in 

such  case,  this  company  shall  have  the  right  at  anv  time  to  require  the  same 

to  be  delivered  up  to  be  canceled. 

[  What  the  Company  is  not  liable  for  and  other  conditions  are  here  omitted.] 


In  Witness  Whereof  the  Seward  Insurance  Company  on  its  part,  has  caused  these  presents  to  be  signed  by  its  President  or 
Vice-President,  and  attested  by  Its  Secretary,  in  the  city  of  Hartford.     But  this  policy  shall  not  be  valid  iinlese  countersigned  by 

Hiram  Ilunkins,  agent  of  said  Seward  Insurance  Company,  at  Albany,  N.  V. 


Smith  C.  Watkins,   Secretary. 
W — — ■ 


Hiram  Hankins,  Agent. 


Henry  K.  Williams,  President. 


,< 


226 


QUESTIONS    ami    FORMS    KELATIMG    TO    III  K    INM  i:\MK. 


LIFE  INSURANCE. 

That  our  readers  may  understand  the  condition  "f  insurance   upon  lif--,  we  present  herewith  the  questions  asked  of  an  applicant,  and 

the  form  >>f  life  Insurance  policy. 


Application  for  Assurance 

To  (he    II Llfie    Insurance   <  «nii|>uny.    It  rook  I. vn    mill    \cm     lurk. 

The  appllcanl  Is  <  ind  required  to  answer  all  the  following  questions  definitely  and  fully.     .V"'"  ■  to  •i}>}lin-nt,>x,     it  \*  desirable 

thai  the  answer  be  written  by  tin-  hand  of  the  applicant ;  if  written  by  the  agent,  it  will  in-  at  tin-  request  of  and    i-  tin-  amanuensis  of  the 
applicant 


1. 


For  whose  benefit  Is  the  Insurance  to  be  efli  ■ 
Whose  lit--  to  be  Insured  i 

Amount  .if  asgnrai  i 

How  do  you  wish  to  pay  the  premium? 

When  ami  where  was  tin-  party  to  )k-  insured  born? 

party  in  good  health,  and    free  from  any  symptom  of  dis- 


7.    I:-  the  party  whose  lif'-  i-  to  be  insured  married! 

s.   Has  the  party  been  oi  had  the  small-pox,  or  vario- 

loid? 

9.  \p  tin  habits  of  tin-  party  uniformly  and  strictly  sober  and 
temperate? 

id.   Has  the  party  ever  been  addicted  to  the  excessive  or  tntem- 

nse  of  any  alcoholic  stimulants  or  opium.'      Doee   tin-  party 

use,  habitually,  intoxicating  drink-  a-  a  beverage?     i><" -  tin-  party 

practice  is  habit  thai  tends  t"  the  shortening  of  life? 

ii.    What  employments  has   the   party  been  engaged  in?     Has  the 

health  0l   the   party  suffered   thereby?     Has    Hit-   party  t : 

manufacture  oi  sale  of  Intoxicating  liquors?     If 

<•>,  in  what  way  and  when? 

12.    Is  the  party  now  deaf,  dumb,  blind,  or  crippled  in  any  way. 

13  Ha-  the  party  ever  b  id  anj  of  the  following  diseases,  or  any 
symptom-  thereof?  (Here  follows  a  long  h-t  of  well-known,  ordi- 
nary maladies.  >  If  tin-  |  n  more  of  these  diseases, 
particularly  which. 

N.  Hi-  the  p  irty  bad  inflammatory  rheumatism?  if  so,  when  and 
bow  often? 

15.  Ha-  the  party  ever  had  disease  of  any  vital  organ?  If  BO,  what 
Was  it.  and   v.  : 

16.  Is  the  p  pepsia,  diarrhoea,  or  vertigo? 

IT.    Has  the  party  ever  had  an   habitual  COUgh?      Has    he   ever   Bpit 
blood- 
is.    Has  Hi--  party  ever  met  with  any  severe  personal  injur  .        i, 

hat  ? 

19.   Hi-  th<   party  had,  during  the  past  ten  years,  any  sickni 


1 1  bo,  state  the  particulars  of  each  and  e>  ery  Bucfa  sl< 
or  disease,  and  the  name  ol  each  and  everj  physician  or  physicians 
who  prescribed  or  who  were  consulted? 

20.  Have  the  ancestors  of  the  part}  generally  reached  old  age? 

21.  Have  the  parents,  uncles,  aunts,  brothers  or  sisters  of  the 
party  bei  filleted  with  Lnsai 

or  i  hronlc  disease  of  brain.  lungB,  heart,  kidneys,  or  liver? 

II"  BO,  Bl  t!'-  explicitly  how  many  and  who'' 

22.  Are  the  i1  iri  nts  of  Mir  part}  \i\  Ingl 

23.  An-  tin-  parents  of  the  party  dead  I 

'.'i.   How  many  brothers  bae  'in-  party  had?    How  many  si 

How  mam  are  living,  and  their  name-?      At  what  aires?      What  i-  the 

ij   theii  health  ely?     How  many  have  died,  and  their 

\i  what  age?    <  >f  what  diet  Else  did  the  ■  ■ 

'Jo.    Has  the  party  emplo  i  inlted  am  physician  for  self  or 

family-     Please    inswer   this,    i*es  or   no.     If  name  or 

namee  <>i  eai  b  and  ei  erj  Buch  pbj  b!<  Ian,  and  i :    Id   qci 

Jii.  Name  and  residence  Of  an  intimate  friend  to  whom  the  party 
refers  a-  competent  and  authorized  to  answer  Buch  questions  as  may 
be  asked  by  the  company  relating  to  him  or  her. 

27.  u  hat  amount  ie  now  assured  on  the  lib-  of  the  party,  and  in 
what  company  or  companies? 

28.  Has  applicati ;ver  been  made  to  this  or  any  other  company 

foi  insurance  on  the  life  of  the  party,  which  was  not  granted?     if  so. 

mpany,  w  hen,  and  for  \\  hat  reason? 

29.  Have  you  read  the  "  Nntiee  tO  Applicants11   at   tin-  head  of    Ibis 

ind  have  | lulj  considered  your  answers  to  all  the  foregoing 

ons?    Do  they  definitely  express  what  yon  int.  nil  to  say,  and 

are  you  aware    Ibat  any  untrue,  evasive  or   fraudulent    answer   to   the 

above  queries,  or  any  suppression  or  misstatement  ol   ract     In  these 
answers  in   regard  to  the  health,   habit-,  or  circumstances  of   the 

party,  or  of  the  family  relation-  <>f  the   party,  will  vitiate  the  policy, 
and  forfeit  all  payments  thereon? 

[The  party  Insured  hert  affirms  that  i>>  has  truly  answered  tht 
.//-'>••.  irhich  tijtirmafion  is  <iu)y  attested  by  "  compett  nt  witness.] 


The  Life  Insurance  Policy- 

The  r<  to  the  satisfaction  or  the  company,  a  policy  is  issued  to  the  party  insured  in  the  following  form: 

>'■  - -  —^^$£ 

■ 


No.  316,725. 


$2,000.C^. 


HOME    LIFE    INSURANCE    COMPANY, 


1  ±lUM£i      LlI^'Hi     irsLSU-tlAlMU-di     UUlYirAlM  I  ,  1 

'     Premium,  $80.00.  OF   BROOKLYN    AND   NEW    YORK,  Age, 49  Years. 


in  consideration  of  the   represt  stations  a 

in  the  application  thei  I  }>-  pa  1  menl  ■ 

Eighty  Dollars,  and  the  Inter!  rd  ol  the  said  annual 

{let  third  La  b  loan  lecui  ed  bj  I  h      pol  03    to  be  tlqufda  bed  as 

Uoc«  it*«nre  the  lite 

jey,  in  the  sum  of  Two  Thousand  Dollar*  f..r  n  ■ 
I            i.  . ■...!!  iii  profits.     \ii'l  the  said  Borne  Ltfi  Insuranci  i  'om 
ind  with  the  ■-■>  i'ii..>    i  ' ..  Martell 
..... 
Iness  to  the  company  on  account  •  >(  tbl ntract,  or  for  an 

ly.to  In-  win      ■ 

liter  due  notl  ol   death,  and 

■ 
l>i„v  ided  always*  and  t tent  and 

company     and 
■■i  1 1  tell  upon  these  express  condition 
1. 1.    by  or  for  him,  contained  In  Hi"  application 
date  the  tenth  day  of  January,  IS81,  upon  the  faith  of  which  this  pollcj 
i  which  statements  be  makes 

■  nti  v.-  In 

any  respect;  or  En  case  the  Bald  Edward  0.  Martell  shaJ 
i   the  delivery  "i  tin-  | 


said  Edward G    Kartell  lain  z I  health, or  ihaU  not   pay. or  cause  to  be 

i I  to  this  company  atlteofilci    In  the  city  ol  New  York  on  oi    before  thi 

■I.,  noon,  in  each  and  every  year 
during  the  continuance  of  this  policy,  the  aid  two-thirds  ol  the  annual 
premium  of  eighty  dollars   to  wil ,  the  nimol   fifty-three  dollars  and  thirty* 

■        1.1   I  I  \       III     adl    ."!■■  I  J  I  S  1 •■    Of      Itll    •      ! 

rest  on  one-third  of  the  annual  premiums  which  may  have  loaned  to 

■  I  r-  main  trap 
Ln  case  thi      ild  Edward G.  M  be] 

■■  hi  i  ■.  be  gl  1 1  I.  to  i  ud  i red  bj    aid  company,  In  pa  H  pay- 
any  premium,  on  thi  the  same  shall  become  doe; 
Oi-  iii  ease  the  said  Edward  ] I    htartell  Bball,  without   the  written  ■ 
of  this  company,  previously  obtained,  engage  as  mariner,  engines  i    fireman, 

tor,  agent,  messenger,  laborei  or  servani  In  anj  capacity,  in 
on  an]    ■  i  er,  lake  or  railroad,  or  In  the  manufacture  of  anj 

explosive  substance,  or  ol  an.  ..imii  unv  •    ,.  i  ..hit  <•?■ 

c poun  i  foi  m    ■■>  c poneni  part,  or  In  submarine  operations  or  mln 

■  naval 
service  whatsoevei    the  mllll  I  i 
Or  In  case  th<  Martell  shall  die  In  consequence  ol 

or  of  the  violation  ol  lav    then,    ind   In  i    ■  >  ■     a  i i 

shall  n<«t  in-  liabli   toi  the  paymenl  ol  the  sura  assured,  01  any  pari  U 
and  iin>-  policy  shall  cease,  and  be  null,  void  and  ••!  no  effect. 


nitted.] 

In  AVI  1  nesa  Wiun-or,   rh<  mpany  bu  b  ai   tnd  secretary,  signed  and  delivered  th!   contract  at  the  city  of  Kew 

,  Presldenl 


Tork,  In  theSts  I  eight  hundred  and  eighty-one. 




Marginal  Ran,— Notice  to  the  Holder  of  tMt  fls  authorised  or  permitted  to  waive,  all  anj   ol  the  eondf- 

1   nor  to  collect  or  receive  any  premiums  which  may  become  due  and  payable  under  it, 
without]  rertng  to  the  in  tid  premium,  signed  by  the  pn  tary  of  this  company. 


TIIK    LAW    BETWEEN    LANDLORD    AND    TENANT. 


.  r  0 


LEASES. 


-!WX« 


^Jk~ 


-4o;~ »- 


~&r* 

■  <b 

PERSON  leasing  real  estate  to  another  is 
termed  a  Landlord;  the  person  occupying 
~~ " ""?  such  real  estate  is  known  as  a  tenant. 
The  person  making  the  lease  is  known  in  law  as 
the  lessor;  the  person  to  whom  the  lease  is  made. 
as  the  lessee.  No  particular  form  of  wording  a 
lease  is  necessary.  It  is  important,  however, 
that  the  lease  state,  in  a  plain,  straightforward 
manner,  the  terms  and  conditions  of  the  agree- 
ment, so  that  there  may  be  no  misunderstanding 
between  the  landlord  and  tenant. 

It  is  essential  that  the  lease  state  all  the  con- 
ditions, as  additional  verbal  promises  avail 
nothing  in  law.  It  is  held,  generally,  that  a 
written  instrument  contains  the  details,  and 
states  the  bargain  entire,  as  the  contracting  par- 
ties intended. 

The  tenant  can  sub-let  a  part,  or  all,  of  his 
premises,  unless  prohibited  by  the  terms  of  his 
lease. 

A  Lease  by  a  married  woman,  even  if  it  be 
upon  her  own  property,  at  common  law,  is  not 
valid;  but,  by  recent  statutes,  she,  in  many 
States,  may  Lease  her  own  property  and  liave 
full  control  of  the  same;  neither  can  the  husband 
effect  a  lease  that  will  bind  her  after  his  death. 
His  control  over  her  property  continues  only  so 
long  as  he  lives. 

Neither  a  guardian  nor  a  minor  can  give  a 
lease,  extending  beyond  the  ward's  majority, 
which  can  be  enforced  by  the  lessee;  yet  the 
latter  is  bound  unless  the  lease  is  annulled. 

If  no  time  is  specified  in  a  lease,  it  is  generally 
held  that  the  lessee  can  retain  possession  of  the 
real   estate  for   one   year.       A    tenancy  at   will, 


-* — *■**  *■■»- 


Short  Form  of  Lease  for  a  House. 

This  Instrument,  made  the  first  day  of  May,  1872,  witnessed) 
thai  Theodore  Shonts,  Ashvilh-.  County  of  Buncombe,  State  of  N'orth 
Carolina,   hath   rented    from   Tilgham   Sehnee,  of  A-hville.    aforesaid, 

the  dwelling  and  lot  No.  46  Broadway,  Bituated  in  said  town  or  \-ti- 

ville,  for  four  years  from  the  ahove  date,  at  the  yearly  rental  of  Two 
Hundred  and  Forty  Dollars,  payable  monthly,  on  the  Ural  daj 

month,  in  advance,  at  the  resident f  said  Tildoni  Sehnee. 

At  the  expiration  of  said  above-mentioned  term,  the  said  shonts 


however,  may  be  terminated  in  the  eastern 
States  by  giving  three  months'  notice  in  writing; 
in  the  middle  ami  southern  States,  six  months; 
and  in  the  western  States,  one  month:  though 
recent  statutes,  in  some  States,  have  somewhat 
modified  the  aljove. 

The  lease  that  specifies  a  term  of  years  without 
giving  the  definite  number  is  without  effect  at 
the  expiration  of  two  years.  A  lease  for  three 
or  more  years,  being  acknowledged  and  recorded 
in  the  recorder's  office,  is  an  effectual  bar  to  the 
secret  or  fraudulent  conveyance  of  such  leased 
property;  and  it  further  obviates  the  necessity  of 
procuring  witnesses  to  authenticate  the  validity 
of  the  lease. 

Duplicate  copies  of  a  lease  should  always  be 
made,  and  each  party  should  retain  a  copy  of 
the  same. 

A  new  lease  to  the  same  person  invalidates  an 
old  one. 

A  lease  on  property  that  is  mortgaged  ceases 
to  exist  when  the  person  holding  such  mort£ 
forecloses  the  same  if  it  is  prior  to  the  lease. 

A  landlord,  consenting  to  take  a  substitute, 
releases  the  first  tenant. 

Where  there  is  nothing  but  a  verbal  agreement 
the  tenancy  is  understood  to  commence  at  time 
of  taking  possession.  When  there  is  no  time 
specified  in  the  lease,  tenancy  i~  regarded  as 
commencing  at  the  time  of  delivering  the  writ- 
ings. 

If  it  is  underst 1  that   the  tenant  is  to  pay 

the  taxes  on  the  property  he  occupies,  such  fact 
must  be  distinctly  stated  in  the  lease,  as  a  verbal 
promise  is  of  no  effect. 


agrees  to  give  the  -aid  Sehnee  peaceable  possession  of  the  said  dwell- 
ing, in  as  good  condition  as  when  taken,  ordinary  wear  ami  casualties 
pted. 
In  witness  whereof,  we  place  our  hand-  and  Seals  the  day  and  year 

aforesaid. 

Signed,  sealed  anil  deliv- 
ered in  presence  of 
John  Kdminster. 
Notary  Public. 


in  IKK  SHONTS,- 

Tll.i.ll  \\l    SCHNBE 


008 


FORMS    OF    LEASES    A.NH    NOTIFICATIONS. 


Lease  of  Dwelling-House  tor  a  Term  of  Years,  with  a  Covenant 
not  to  Sub-let. 

Tin-  Imiknti  UK.  made  this  Irsl  daj  ol  Hay,  t^'.'-i,  between  Hiram 

ol  Oxford,  ityof  Benton,  and  State  of  Alabama,  party 

nf  the  tir-t  part,  and  Barton  D.  Maynard,  of  the  same  town,  county 
and  State,  party  of  the  sec I  part; 

WmrEssi  in.  that  tb(  said  party  of  the  Brat  part,  In  consideration 
nf  the  covenants  ol  tin-  Bald  party  ol  the  Becond  part,  hereinafb  i 
sot  forth,  does  by  these  pi  e  to  the  said  party  of  the  second 

part  tin'  following-described  property,  to  wit:  The  dwelling-house 
and  certain  parcel  of  land,  Bltuated  on  the  south  Bide  of  Main  Btreet, 
between  Spring  and  Elm  streets,  known  as  No.  B2  Main  street. 

To  have-  and  l.i  bold  the  same  to  the  said  party  of  the  second  part, 
from  the  Irsl  day  ol  U  I  .  1878,  to  the  thirtieth  day  of  April,  1875. 
And  the  said  party  of  the  Becond  pari,  In  consideration  of  the  leasing 
the  premises  as  above  set  forth,  covenants  and  agrees  with  the  party 

of  the  tirst  part  10  pay  the  .-aid  parly  of  the  tir-t  part,  a-  nut  for  the 
same,  the  sum  of  One  Hundred  and  Eighty  Hollars  per  annum,  pay- 
able quarterly  iu  advance,  at  the  residence  of  said  party  of  the  first 
part,  or  at  his  place  of  bual 

The  said  party  of  the  second  part  further  covenants  with  the  party 
of  the  tir-t  part,  that  at  the  expiration  of  the  time  mentioned  in  this 
lease,  peaceable  possession  of  the  -aid  premises  -hail  !>,■  given  to 

said  party  of  the   lir-1  part,  in  a-  good  condition  us  they  now  are,  the 

usual  wear,  inevitable  accidents,  and  loss  by  tire,  excepted;  and  that 
upon  the  non-payment  of  the  whole  or  any  portion  of  the  said  rent 
ut  the  time  when  the  same  i-  above  promised  to  be  paid,  the  said 
party  of  the  tir.-t  part  may,  at  his  election,  either  distrain  for  said 
lue,  or  declare  this  lease  al  an  cud,  and  recover  possession  as  if 

the  -a were  held  by  forcible  detainer;  the  said  party  of  the  second 

part  hereby  waiving  any  notice  ol  such  election,  or  any  demand  for 
the  possession  of  Bald  pr>  : 

And  it  is  further  covenanted  and  agreed,  between  the  parties 
afore-aid,  that  said  Barton  1).  Maynard  shall  use  the  above-mentioned 

dwelling  for  residence  pari -  only,  and  shall  not  Bub-let  any  por- 
tion of  the  same  to  other-,  without  permission  from  said  Hiram 
Wilcox. 

Tie    covenant-  herein  shall   extend   to  and   be  binding  upon   the 
heir-,  executors  and  administrators  of  the  partie-  to  this  lease. 
Witness  the  bands  and  seals  of  the  parti.-  aforesaid 

mi:  \m  v.  ii<  OX,  i-KA,.;- 
BABTON   1'    MAYNARD.  -i-i.u .)- 


Lease  ol  Farm  and  Buildings  Thereon. 
This   Ini>>  -  day  of  March,   1878,   '" 

Bfoaet   vl  lite,  of  the  town  of   Ooyleston,  State  of  Pennsylvania,  of 

the  first  part,  and  Ahijah  Hazelton,  Of  the  Bame  place,  of  the  second 

WITNESSETH,  that  the  said    Mi Waitc,  for  and   in  consideration 

of  the  covenant-  hereinafter  lie  On   the  part  of 

,!„.  jjj,  i  ilor-  ami  assigns, 

t,,  be  paid,  kepi  and  performed ;  hath  let,  ami  bj  these  presents  doth 
grant,  demise  ami  let,  unto  the  Bald  ahljah  Hazelton,  in-  executors, 
administrators  ami  assigns,  all  thai  pan,  1  ,.f  land  situate  in  Doyles- 
ton  aforesaid,  bounded  and  described  a-  follow-,  to  wit: 
//. ,,  ,/. ..,;/,.  I),.  In,,, I.] 

Together  with  all  the  appurtenance-  appertaining  thereto.  To 
have  and  to  hold  the  said  premises,  with  appurtenances  thereto 
belonging,  unto  the  -aid  Hazelton,  hi-  executors,  administrators  and 
-.  for  the  term  of  live  years  from  the  tir-t  day  of  April  next 
foil,, win::,  at  a  yearly  rent  of  Bight  Hundred  Dollar-,  to  he  paid  in 
equal  payments,  semi-annually,  --  are  in  good 

tenantable  condition 

\ml  tie   -aid  Hazell by  these  presents,  covenants  and  agree-  to 

md  i lie  i.i-.   iml  keep  in  repair  all  hedges,  ditches, 

rail,  and  oiler  fence,  (the  -aid   M, —  Waite,  hi-  heir-,  assigns  and 


administrators,  to  furni-h  all  timber,  brick,  tile  und  other  materials 
uei  i  saary  for  such  repair-,  i 

s-.ml  Hazelton  further  covenants  and  agrees  to   apply  to   said   land, 

in  a  farmer-like  manner,  all  manure  and  compos!  accumulathuj  upon 

said  farm,  and  cultivate  all  Hie  arable  land  in  a  hil-baml    like  manner, 

Ingto  the  usual  custom  among  farmers  in  the  neighborhood; 
he  also  agrees  to  trim  the  bedgee  al  s  seasonable  time,  preventing 

injury  from  cattle  to  -,  and  to  all  fruit  and  other  t D 

Hi,  said  premises.  That  he  will  seed  down  with  clover  and  timothy 
Beed  twenty  acre-  yearly  of  arable  land,  ploughing  the  same  number 

of  acres  each  spring  of    land  now   in  L'ras-,  and  hitherto  unbroken. 

It  la  further  agreed,  that  if  the -aid  Hazelton  shall  fail  to  perform 
the  whole  "r  any  one  "f  the  above-mentioned  covenant-,  then  and  in 
that  caee  the  said  Mo  ee  w  site  may  declare  this  lease  terminated,  bj 

giving  three  months1  notice  of    the  same,   prior  tO  the  !ir-t  of  April  of 

i.  ami  maj  distrain  any  part  of  the  stock,  goods  or  chattels, 

or  other  proper!,   m  possession  of  -aid  Hazell f"i  sufficient  to 

compensate  for  the  non-performance  of  the  above-written  covenants, 
the  Bame  to  be  determined,  and  amounts  bo  to  be  paid  to  in-  deter- 
mined by  three  arbitrators,  chosen  a-  follows !  Bach  ol  the  parties  to 
this  Instrument  to  Ch008e  one,  and  the  two  BO  chosen  to  select  a 
third;  the  decision  of  -aid  arbitrator-  to  be  Anal. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereto  set  our  hands  and  seals, 


Signed,  si  uled  and  deliv- 
ered in  presence  of 

HARRY    t'UAM  I  IV. 


HOSES  «  \ITE,-(9EAL)- 
AIU.JAII    HAZELTON. -(si  vi     - 


Landlord's  Agreement. 

This  certifies  that  ]  have  let  ami  rented,  this   tir-t   day  of  May, 

W72,  unto    Dennis    Holden,  my   house    and    lot,  No.    1H,  North    I-' rout 

street,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  its 

appurtenances;  he  to  have  the  free  and   uninterrupted  occupation 

thereof  for  year    from  this   dale,  at    the    yearly  rental   of  Twelve 

Hundred   Dollars,  to  be  paid   monthly  in  advance;  rent   to  cease   if 
destroyed  by  Are,  or  otherwise  made  untenantable, 

JONAS  WHEELOCE. 


Tenant's  Agreement. 
This  Certifies  that  I  have  hind  and  taken  from  .lima-  Wheelock, 
in-  honse  ami  l"t.  No,  [8  North  Front  street,  in  the  city  of  Philadel- 
phia, State  "1  Pennsylvania,  with  appurtenance-  thereto  belonging, 
for  one  year,  to  commi  me  ibis  day,  at  a  yearly  rental  of  Twelve 
Hundred  Dollar-,  to  be  paid  monthly  in  advance;  unless  -aid  house 
becomes  untenantable  from  tin-  or  oiler  ran-,-.  In  which  case  renl 

ceases;   and  1  further  iiL'ree  to  give  and  yield  said  premises  one    rear 
from   this  Iir-t    day    of    May,    1*72,    in   as    gi.od    condition    a-    now, 
ordinary  wear  ami  damage  by  the  element.-  excepted. 
.  under  my  band  tin-  >^ty- 

DENNIS   HOLDEN. 


Notice  to  Quit- 
To  i  HANOI. er  Peck, 

Sir: — Please  observe  thai  the  term  of  one  year,  for  which  the  house 
and  land,  situated  at  No.  it  Elm  street,  and  now  occupied  by  your- 
self, were  rented  t"   y expired  on   tin-   tir-t   day  of    May,  ls7:t.  and 

a-  l  de-ire  to    repossess  said  premises,  you  are  hereby  requested  and 
required  to  vacate  the  -one. 

Reapectfully  Yours, 
Newton,  Mass.,  May  4,  DEXSLOW  MOORE. 


Tenant's  Notice  ol  Leaving. 

Dear  sir: — The  premises  I  now  occupy  as  your  tenant,  at  No.  14 
Elm  street.  I  -hall  vacate  on  the  first  day  of  May,  IsT.'i.  You  will 
phase  take  notice  accordingly. 

Dated  this  tir-t  da]  ,,f  February.  1873. 
ToDenslow  m tE,  Esq  rllANDl.EU  I'EcK. 


THE    USES    AND    FORMS    OF    LETTERS    OF    CREDIT. 


LETTERS  OF  CREDIT. 


1 


> 


|4ETTERS  OF  CREDIT  are  written  papers 
Mrfi  authorizing  credit  to  the  amount  named  to 
-•*x^    the  persons  bearing  them. 

Such  a  letter  is  usually  given  by  a  banker, 
merchant,  or  other  responsible  man,  to  a  distant 
banker  or  wealthy  friend.  The  person  bearing  it 
may  leave  an  equivalent  with  the  party  giving  it, 
as  a  deposit  of  money,  bonds,  mortgages  or 
stocks;  or  no  security  may  be  required,  as  in  the 
case  of  a  son  or  other  near  relative,  or  of  a  very 
intimate  friend.  It  must  have  the  written  signa- 
ture of  the  person  sending  it,  and  be  guarded  in 
other  ways,  as  are  drafts,  checks,  etc.  A  copy 
of  the  letter,  with  a  description  of  the  person 
named,  is  also  sent  to  the  correspondent 
addressed,  by  mail,  in  order  to  make  the  recog- 
nition of  the  person  to  be  credited  the  more 
certain. 

The  person  presenting  the  letter  of  credit, 
having  been  fully  identified  by  the  party  to  whom 
it  is  sent,  must  comply  freely  with  any  conditions 
stated  in  the  letter  before  receiving  the  money. 

If  the  money  to  be  received  on  the  letter  of 
credit  is  to  be  used  in  paying  a  debt  owing  by 


Form  of  Letter  of  Credit. 

14  Soho  Sqnare,  Beaver  Street,  London,  Eng.  ,  Dec.  4,  1882. 
Messrs.  Drexel,  Morgan  &  Co., 

New  York  City,  U.  S.  A. 
Dear  Sirs: 

I  take  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you  Mr.  George  W.  Hop- 
kins, of  Helgrave  Terrace,  Newton  street,  London,  C.W.,  who  visits 
the  United  States  for  the  purpose  of  investing  in  manufacturing 
property  in  the  city  or  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  desires  to 
open  a  credit  with  you  of  Ten  Thousand  Dollars  during  each  of  the 
months  of  Hay,  June  and  July,  of  1883.  I  hereby  authorize  you  to 
honor  his  drafts  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  in  the  aggregate  the 
above-named  sum,  and  charge  the  same  to  me. 
The  signature  of  Mr.  Hopkins  accompanies  tlii-. 
Yours  Very  Respectfully, 

MOSES  I'.UANDENBERG. 
Signature  of  Georgk  W.  Hopkins. 


Mr.  Brandenberg's  Letter  Sent  by  Mail. 
14  Soho  Square,  Beaver  Street,  LONDON,  Kng.,  Dec.  4,  1882. 
Messrs.  Drexel,  Morgan  a  Co., 

New  York  City,  V .  S.  A. 
Gentlemen: 

v7e  have  to-day  granted  a  letter  or  credit  on  your  house  |  •- 
per  enclosed  duplicate)  to  Mr.  George  W.  Hopkins,  for  Thirty 
Thousand  Dollars. 


the  bearer  of  it  to  another  party,  the  fact  should 
be  stated  in  the  letter. 

Should  the  letter  not  be  accepted  by  the  person 
to  whom  it  is  directed,  the  bearer  of  it  should  at 
once  notify  the  writer  of  it,  and  state  the  osten- 
sible reason  for  not  honoring  it. 

A  gentleman  of  means  may  obtain  from  an- 
other, in  similar  circumstances,  a  letter  to  a 
business  house  where  the  latter  is  well  known 
and  the  former  is  not,  reciting  the  financial  ability 
of  the  applicant  for  credit,  and  guaranteeing  the 
payment  of  any  indebtedness  incurred  by  him 
within  a  certain  limit.  The  person  of  the 
strange  gentleman  must  be  so  described  in  the 
letter  that  the  business  firm  to  win  mi  it  is 
addressed  may  readily  recognize  him  as  the  per- 
son entitled  to  present  it. 

Or,  if  one  gentleman  has  already  incurred  a 
debt,  the  letter  of  credit  may  guarantee  the  pay- 
ment of  the  amount  due  within  a  specified  time. 

The  gentleman  who  signs  either  letter  is 
holden  for  the  amount  involved,  provided  the 
business  house  accepts  the  guarantee  as  soon  as 
it  is  received. 


Mr.  Hopkins  is  fifty-one  years  of  age,  six  feet  and  one  inch  tall; 
has  a  dark  complexion,  with  dark  hair  and  eyes,  and  is  slightly  lame 
in  his  right  foot. 

Respectfully  Yours, 

MOSES  llUANDEXBERG. 


A  Guarantee  Letter  of  Credit. 

New  Orleans,  La.  ,  May  3,  1883. 
Mr.  UoiiERT  Fleming, 

St  Louis,  Mo. 

Dear  Mr: 

Mr.  Asahil  T.  Cox,  the  bearer  of  this  letter,  is  an 
extensive  dealer  in  hardware,  stoves  and  tinners'  stock,  at  Baton 
,  I. a.,  who  is  UOW  about  visiting  your  city  for  the  tirst  time, 
with  a  view  of  purchasing  large  additions  to  his  stock  of  merchan- 
dise. We  have  reason  t"  know  the  condition  of  his  financial  ability. 
his  character  for  fair  dealing  ami  his  promptness  in  meeting  his  lia- 
bilities. We,  therefore,  do  not  hesitate  to  guarantee  the  payment  of 
any  indebtedness  that  he  may  contract  with  your  house  not  exceeding 
Ten  Thousand  Dollars,  on  not  less  time  than  sixty  days. 
Very  Respi  rare, 

GEORGE  PriORITY  &  CO., 

101  Breadalbane  street. 


230 


SUGGESTIONS    RELATING    TO     \M>    LICENSE    FORMS. 


The  Letter  Sent  by  Mail. 
mi  Breadalbane  street,  n>.»  Orleans  La.,  May  3,  1S82. 

Mr     ROB1  BT    1  !  >  MIS... 

st.   Louis,  Mo. 
Dtai 

We  b  >>i-n  a  guarantee  letter  of  credit  upon 

yon  f"r  Ten  Thousand   Dollar!   In   merchandise,  to  be  paid  within 
Bixty  days  after  your  receipt  of  tliis.     The   bearer  of  our  letter  of 


credit  i*  Mr.  Anahel  T.  Cox,  an  acquaintance  "t  lot  \  and  a 

e  merchant  at  Baton  Ronge,  La. 

Mr.  Coi  (a  twenty-nine  years  old,  live  feel  four  inches  tall,  with 

blue  eyes,  li^ht  hair,  side  whiskers  of  a  darker  Bbade,  and  ha*  a  hair- 

m  hie  lefl  i  q<  i  k.     We  commeud  him  in  your  kind  conaldera- 

IIMII 

Your-  \ 'er.v  Respectfully, 

i.l  nHi.K  I'KOBITY  A   '  ii 


,,.     ...... 


LICENSE. 


LICENSE  Is  a  paper  permitting  a  proper 
person,  or  persons,  to  sell  certain  merchan- 

~ <lisf.  nr  transact  other  lawful  and  specific 

liiisiiicss  with  tlif  public  within  certain  prescribed 
districts,  on  payment  ofa  special  tax  or  premium 
for  such  privilege. 

Licenses  mav  be  issued,  respectively,  by 
national,  State,  county,  or  municipal  governments, 
or  by  others  in  authority . 

Licenses  cover  an  indefinite  number  of  objects, 
trades  and  professions,  and  are  regulated  by 
statutes  ami  ordinances,  providing  restrictions 
and  inflicting  penalties  for  misrepresentations  and 
other  fraudulent  practices. 


Licenses  are  liable  to  be  recalled,  or  annulled, 
by  the  parties  who  issue  them,  whether  of  a 
public  or  private  nature,  either  by  agreement  at 
a  particular  date,  or  on  account  of  some  viola- 
tion of  good  faith  on  the  part  of  the  licensed 
person. 

A  license  may  exist  if  only  framed  in  words, 
without  a  writing,  hut  in  such  a  case  it  should 
only  be  uttered  in  the  presence  of  competent  wit- 
nesses. 

The  following  are  the  forms  of  license,  issued 
by  the  municipal  authority,  and  are  good  general 
forms  for  use  anywhere  : 


Form  of  Peddler's  License. 

By  authority  of  the  i  Ity  of  Buffalo,  permission  is  hereby  piven  to 
John  Ryan  to  peddle  green  fruit,  numbered  st^.  from  the  date 
hereof  until  the  Aral  day  of  afaynext,  In  said  city,  snbject  to  the 
ordlnas  [d   cltj  in    Bucfa   cases   made   and  provided,  and  to 

revocation  by  the  M  time,  at  his  discretion. 

Qo  .  o  c  n  t  n3         Win: —  th.   hand  of  tin   Mayor  of  said  city,  and 
TcrrrsiAi  T      ""  'Ii  "li:"  twenty-second  day 

i~~*~l£      of  May,  1882. 

11.  H.  CARTER,  Mayor. 
Attest:  John  Smith,  city  Clerk. 

On   tin-    back   of   this   license   is   printed    the    following: 

IK    I    \-!       N<>       873. 

To  Peddmsbs:— Your  attention  i-  directed  to  the  following  section 
from  tin-  ordinance  rel  ii  lere: 

piom  5.— Any  person  «  bo  shall  exercise  the  vocation  <>f  peddler, 
by  means  of  a  wagon,  cart  or  other  vehicle,  shall  cause  his  name, 
together  with  the  number  <<f  hi-  license,  to  t»*  painted  on  the  outside 
of  1j  i  ^  vehicle,  iii<-  letters  and  figures  not  less  than  one  Inch  in  length. 
Any  violation  of  this  section  shall  subject  the  offender  to  a  fine  of 
not  lew  Dollars,  and  no!  more  than  Fifty  Dollars. 


License-  for  other  purposes,  including  taverns,  saloons,  etc.,  may 
ted  by  the  presidents  and  common  councils  of  villages,  super- 
visors of  towns,  or  mayors  and  aldermen  of  cities,  in   States  where 
Buch  -_■<  ire  permitted  by  the  State  and  municipal  laws,  to 

i  ithin  their  limits. 


Druggist's  License  from  the  Government  to  Retail  Ardent  Spirits. 
-      00.     Series  of  1881.      v.   8071 654.     United  Mart-  -lamp  for 

Bpe<  ill  tax.       Internal  revenue. 

Received  from  George  T   Ueriton  the  sum  of  Twenty -live    Dollar-. 
for  special  tax  mi  tin-  business  of  retail   liquor  dealer*  to  be  i 
on  at  Preeport,  State  of  P<  nnsj  Ivania,  for  the  periods  represented  by 
the  coupon  or   coupons   hereto  attached.      Dated 
at   Philadelphia,  S3  Lpril,  1881. 
seal.  THOMAS   B    SMITH, 

Q$ &Q  ,  ollector  1st  Dlsl  .  Si  it   ol  Pennsylvania. 

s.  '.  I'M-  (,i  n  .in.  -  are  imposed  for  neglect  or  refusal  to  place  and 
keep  this  stamp  conspicuously  in  your  establishment  or  place  of 
business. 


3 


■ «$ 

r.  s.  in  v 


Form  of  License  to  Sell  Tobacco  and  Cigars. 

*." >erie-  of   iss-j       No    B.Y.M075.      I  oited  States    -ramp  for 

special  tax.       Internal  revenue. 

Received  from  Andrew    R.    Phillips,   the    Mini    of    Five    Dollar-,   for 

special  tax  on  the  business  of  retail  tobacco  dealer,  t<>  be  carried  on 
at  Albany,  state   of   New  York,  for   the   period    represented   bj  th) 

coupon  or  coupons   hereto  attached.      Dated   at 

Albany,  N.  V..  6  dun.'.  1882 

ARTHI'K  KBLLET, 


L>^vrv^AlwUtM 


Colli  i  tor  3d  Diet.,  SI  it<  of  New  York. 


Severe  penalties  are  Imposed  for  neglect  or  refusal  to  place  and  keep 
i in-  b!  imp  i  onsptcuonely  In  your  establishment  or  place  of  business 


THE    LAW    AND    FORMS    FOE    USE    OF    MECHANICS. 


231 


±+^j/y.  ■■  ■'--  ■ 


- 


MECHANICS'  LIENS. 


Wi  IEX-LAWS  establish  a  right  to  retain  posses- 
'\  f  sic  m  of.  personal  property  until  the  pay- 
-,;-"     merit  is  made  for  services  in  respect  to  it. 

A  lien  is  lost  by  the  voluntary  surrender  of 
the  property  t<>  the  owner  or  his  agent. 

There  is  no  common  law  lien  without  posses- 
sion. It  is  a  right  created  by  law  in  favor  of  the 
tavern-keepers,  livery-men,  pasturers,  carriers 
and  mechanics.  It  may  be  created  by  contract 
between  the  parties,  as  in  a  lease. 

Whatever  is  affixed  to  land  belongs  to  the 
owner  of  the  land,  except  in  a  few  cases.  Hence, 
carpenters  who  built  houses  on  the  land  of  others 
had  no  lien.  But  as  the  principle  is  just,  and 
the  practice  beneficial.  States  have,  by  law, 
given  builders  and  persons  who  furnish  material 
a  lien  on  the  land  and  building,  if  claimed  within 
a  limited  time.  Under  this  kind  of  mechanics' 
lien,  no  possession  is  required.  The  right  to  pay 
the  charge  and  take  the  property  is  a  right  of 
redemption  which  is  lost  by  a  public  sale  of  the 
property.  The  surplus,  if  any,  is  paid  to  the 
owner. 

Liens  by  State  law  are  generally  foreclosed  in  a 


Notice  to  the  County  Clerk. 

To  Philip  Best,  clerk  of  the  city  and  county  of  New  York,  in  the 
State  of  New  York : 

Sir:  Please  to  take  notice  that  I.  James  Van  Horn,  residing  at  No. 
45  Conkling  avenue,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  said  county,  have  a 
claim  against  William  Y.  Heath,  owner  (or  only  contractor,  as  the 
case  maybe)  of  a  new  two-story  brick  dwelling-house,  amounting 
to  Nineteen  Hundred  and  Sixty-two  Dollars  ami  forty  cents,  now  due 
to  me,  and  that  the  claim  is  made  for  and  on  account  of  hrick 
furnished  and  labor  done  before  the  whole  work  <>n  said  buildii 
completed,  and  which  labor  and  materials  were  done  and  furnished 
within  three  months  of  the  date  of  this  notice;  and  that  such  work 
and  brick  were  done  ami  furnished  in  pursuance  of  a  contract  for 
twenty  thousand  serviceable  brick  and  the  mason  work  of  putting  up 
the  outer  walls  of  said  new  building,  between  the  undersigned  ami 

the  said  William  Y.  Heath,  which  building  is  Bituatcd  on  l* , t . 

in  block ,  in  Wctsel's  addition   to   the   city  of    Xew   York,   on 

the  west  side  of  Salina  avenue,   and  is  known  as  Xo.  482  of  said 
avenue.     The  following  is  a  diagram  of  said  premisi  - 

[Insert  diagram. } 
And   that    I    have   and    claim    a     lien    upon     said     dwelling-house 
and    the   appurtenances   and    lot    on    which    the    same    stands,   pur- 
suant to  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  the  State  of 
Xew  York,  entitled  "  An  act   to  secure   the   payment   of  mechanics. 


court,  upon  a  petition  for  that  purpose.  By  its 
decree  the  property  is  sold  and  the  proceeds 
divided  according  to  the  rights  of  the  parties. 

Liens  may,  in  certain  States,  be  enforced 
against  vessels  and  wharves  as  well  as  buildings, 
for  construction,  alteration  or  repairs.  In  most 
States,  while  the  same  general  principle  N  main- 
tained, the  modes  of  procedure  vary. 

A  workman  desiring  the  protection  of  the  law 
for  the  security  of  his  wages,  may  draw  up  a 
paper,  addressed  to  the  county  clerk  of  the 
county  where  the  work  was  done,  filled  up  in  a 
manner  similar  to  the  following  form,  setting 
forth  all  the  circumstances  of  the  work  done,  his 
bargain  with  the  contractor,  the  failure  to  reo 
his  pay  and  his  tears  that  he  will  lose  all  if  his 
lien  is  not  made.  This  paper,  sworn  to  before  a 
justice  or  notary  public,  as  true,  is  tiled  in  the 
county  clerk's  office  and  becomes  a  cloud  upon 
the  building,  which  the  owner  is  only  too  glad, 
frequently,  to  remove  by  paying  the  debt  himself 
and  taking  ir ,  mt  i  >f  the  contractor's  bill.  In  either 
event  the  owner  or  contractor  must  pay  the  debt 
if  it  is  an  honest  one. 


laborers  and  persons  furnishing  material  toward  the  erection,  alter- 
ing or   repairing  of    buildings  in   the  city  of    New    York." 

,  18 — ,  and  of  the  acts  amending  the  sunn-. 

Xew  York,  December  1.  1882  JAMES  VAX  HORN 

■James  Van  Horn,  being  duly  sworn,  says  that    be   is   the  claimant 
mentioned  in  tic  foregoing  notice  of  lien;  that  lie  has  read  i: 
notice,  and  knows  the  contents;  and  that  the  sami  Ms,  own 

knowledge,  except  a  tters  therein    stated  on  information 

and  belief,  and  us  to  those  matters  he  believes  it  to  he  true. 

•  t  \MI>   \   \X   HORN". 
sv\oru  before  me  this  first  day  of  December,  A.  1>.   1882 
•1.   I..  LESLIE.  Po 


The  lien-laws  of  certain  States  provide  that  any  person  who  shall 

either  labor  himself,  or  furnish  laborers  or  materials  for  constructing, 
altering,  or  repairing  any  building,  shall  have  a  lien  therefor  upon  such 
building  and  the  specific  lot  or  tract  of  land  on  which  it  is  located: 
hut  a  suit  to  enforce  the  payment  of  said  claim  must  begin  within 
six  months  from  the  time  tin- last  payment  therefor  is  due.  Land- 
lords, also,  may  enforce  a  lieu  for  arrears  of  rent,  upon  all  cr 
their  tenants,  whether  growing  or  matured. 


232 


llciw    TO    PE08PECT    AMi    OBTAIN    MINING    CLAIH8. 


MINING  AND   MINERS'  FORMS. 


TT7IIK     PERSON     who   proposes   to    visit    a 

mining  region  with  a  view  to  prospecting, 

~'      disci>\  oring,  ami  extracting  from  the  earth 

precious  metals,  should  first  studythe  geography 

of  the  country  in  which  he  expects  to  operate. 

Second,  he  should  read  all  available  matter 
relating  to  the  region  and  the  Bubject  of  mining. 

Third,  he  should,  it'  possible,  make  the  ac- 
quaintance of  those  who  have  traveled  in  that 
portion  of  the  country,  and  thus  avail  himself  of 
their  experience. 

Fourth,  he  should  then  proceed  to  a  "School 
of  Mines.*'  one  or  more  of  which  may  usually 
be  found  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  all  rich 
mining  regions,  and  there  spend  a  few  days  or 
weeks  in  receiving  instruction  from  competent 
instructors  as  to  the  means  by  which  rich  ores 
may  be  known  when  found,  methods  of  testing 
ores,  J i rocesses  of  reduction,  assaying,  smelting, 
taking  i  >ut  <  »f  ore,  and  much  other  useful  infi  irma- 

tioii   which  will  be  of  service   to  the    prospector. 

Experience   has  shown    that    a    company  oi 


three,  each  provided  with  a  mule  or  small  horse, 
if  this  convenience  can  be  afforded,  make  the 
number  best  calculated  to  prospect  together. 
especially  in  the  mountainous  regions  of  Amer- 
ica, the  advantage  of  this  number  being  that 
while  one  cares  for  baggage,  mules,  washing. 
cooking,  etc,  the  others  are  free  to  engage  in 
exploration. 

Saving  found,  outside  of  property  owned  by 
anybody  else,  evidence  of  mineral  in  such  quan- 
tity and  richness  as  to  make  it  desirable  to  locate 
a  claim,  the  miner  will  proceed  to  stake  ott'  the 
aim  unit  of  land  to  which  he  is  entitled  by  law, 
mi  each  side  of  the  nearest  place  where  he 
intends  in  >ink  an  opening  into  the  earth  in 
search  of  ore. 

The  law  of  must  of  the  mining  regions  in  the 
I  lucky  Mi  m nta ins  permits  the  miner  to  claim  750 
feet  in  each  direction  from  the  discovery  shaft  in 
the  line  that  the  vein  of  "l'e  is  supposed  tu  lain, 
and  150  feet  on  each  side,  so  that  when  the  claim 
is  staked  off  it  will  he  in  shape  as  follows: 


Prospecting  Miner's  Claim. 


i  ,s r\  i  i   i  us.. 


300 
reel 
wide. 


o 

Shaft, 


300 
wide. 


"  1,500   FEET    LONG, 

The  law  of  different  mining  localities  Is  liable  to  change,  however, 
eo  that  it  may  be  necessary  for  the  miner  to  provide  himself  with  the 
various  pocket  manuals  containing  the  law  of  his  locality  in  order  to 
know  how  much  land  he  is  actually  entitled  to  claim,  as  the  law  fre- 
quently differs  in  differ. -lit  portions  of  :t  Stale. 

&.  prospector,  holding  a  discovery  claim,  is  allowed  sixty  days  in 
which  to  sink  his  discovery  shaft  the  distance  of  ten  feet  At  the 
place  where  the  discovery  of  a  vein  has  been  made,  it  is  customary 
to  post  a  notice  in  substance  as  follow  - : 

Coming-Day  Lode. 

The  undersigned  claim  sixty  days  to  sink  discovery  shaft  and  three 
months  to  record  on  this  vein. 


FRANKLIN   ALLEN,  i 
WALTEK   B    SMITH,  .-  Discoverers. 
JOHN    JOHNSON,  \ 


This  notice  li  not  a  necessity,  bul  -imply  a  warning  to  other 
prospectors  thai  the  vein  is  i"  !"•  claimed.  The  sixty  days  begin 
when  the  vein  i*  discovered,  and  cannot  be  extended  beyond  that 
number. 

Having -unk  his  dlscoi  0  a  depth  Of  ten  feet,  the  miner 

should,  if  possible,  procure  the  Bervices  of  a  surveyor,  who  will 
make  a  competent  and  lawful  survey.  lint  even  without  a  surveyor 
the  claim,  if  definitely  mirk.-.l  off  by  -lakes  driven  into  the  ground, 
or  supported  by  a  pile  of  -ton.-  around  each,  will  be  sufficiently 
well  defined  to  enable  a  record  to  be  made  of  the  same 

Having  sunk  a  discovery  shaft,  and  having  an  accurate  description 
by  a  surveyor  or  otherwise,  the  I  to  have  a  record  made  of 

the  same  in  the  recorder's  office  of  that  county  as  follows: 


Certificate  ol  Mining  Location. 

Know  Am.  Min    e.v   These   PBE6EKT8,  Thai   we,  Franklin  Allen, 
Walter  It.  smith  and  John  Johnson,  of  the  county  of  i 

of  Colorado,  claim  by  right  of  discovery  and   location  fifteen 

hundred  feel  linear  and  horizontal  measurement,  on  the  Coming  Day 

i:  thereof,  with  all   it-  dip  -  and  angles; 

i  v.  iih  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  width  on  each  side  of  the 


LABOB    AMI    FOBM8    NECESSARY    TO    SECURE    MINING    PROPERTY. 


middle  of  said  vein  at  the  surface ;  and  all  veins,  lodes,  ledges,  d. 
and  surface  ground  within  the  lines  of  said  claim;  seven  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  on  said  lode,  running  east  fifteen  degrees  north  from  the 
center  of  the  discovery  shaft,  and  seven  hundred  and  fifty  feet  run- 
ning west  fifteen  degrees  south  from  said  center  of  discovery  shaft. 

Said  claim  is  on  the  eastern  slope  of  Democrat  mountain,  in 
Griffith  mining  district,  county  of  Clear  Creek,  State  of  Colorado, 
and  is  bounded  and  described  as  follows:  Beginning  at  corner  No.  1, 
from  which  deep  shaft  on  Famine  lode  bears  west  three  degrees,  south 
180  feet,  and  chiseled  on  prominent  ledge  of  rock,  bears  east  twenty 
degrees,  north  290  feet,  and  running  thence  west  fifteen  degrees, 
north  750  feet  to  east  center  stake,  thence  same  conrse  750  feet  to 
corner  No.  2;  thence  (etc.,  going  all  around  the  claim  in  the  same 
manner).  Discovery  shaft  bears  west  forty-nine  degrees,  north  100 
feet  from  corner  No.  1  of  survey  lot  No.  777. 

Said  lode  was  discovered  on  the  6th  day  of  May,  1882.  Date  of 
location,  July  15,  1882.     Date  of  this  certificate,  August  6,  1882. 

FRANKLIN   ALLEN. 

WALTER  B    SMITH, 

Attest:  Francis  French.  JOHN  JOHNSON. 

Annual  Labor  to  Hold  a  Claim. 

The  law  makes  it  necessary  that  at  least  Five  Hundred  Dollars' 
worth  of  labor  shall  be  performed  upon  the  claim  before  a  patent 
will  be  granted  by  the  government  to  the  person  who  may  desire  to 
buy  the  land,  and  of  this  labor  at  least  One  Hundred  Dollars'  worth 
shall  be  done  each  year  in  order  to  hold  the  claim. 

Where  annual  labor  is  performed  for  the  purpose  of  holding  a 
claim,  affidavit  must  be  made  of  that  fact  before  a  legally  consti- 
tuted authority,  as  shown  in  the  following: 

Form  of  Affidavit  of  Labor  Performed. 

State  of  Colorado,      I 
County  of  Clear  Creek,    ) 

Before  me,  the  subscriber,  personally  appeared  Franklin  Allen, 
Walter  B.  Smith,  and  John  Johnson,  who,  being  duly  sworn,  say 
that  at  least  one  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  labor  or  improvement 
was  done  or  made  upon  the  Coming-Day  lode,  situate  on  Democrat 
mountain,  in  the  Griffith  mining  district,  county  of  Clear  Creek, 
State  of  Colorado.  Said  expenditure  was  made  by  or  at  the  expense 
of  Frederick  Allen,  Walter  B.  Smith  and  John  Johnson,  principal 
owners  of  said  claim,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  said  claim  for  the 
annual  period  expiring  on  the  thirtieth  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1881. 

FRANKLIN  ALLEN. 

WALTER    B.    SMITH, 

JOHN  JOHNSON. 

Sworn  and  subscribed  before  me  this  first  day  of  May,  A.D.  1881. 

JAPHETH  E.    COX,  Notary  Public. 


In  order  to  keep  a  claim  good  as  against  others  entering  upon  the 
land,  the  discoverers,  their  heirs  or  assigns,  must  perform  One  Hun- 
dred Dollars'  worth  of  work  upon  the  mine  each  year.  If  one  or 
more  of  the  co-owners  neglect  or  refuse  to  contribute  their  portion 
of  the  annual  assessment,  they  thereby  forfeit  their  ownership, 
which  notice  of  forfeiture  will  be  published  in  the  nearest  news- 
paper thirteen  successive  weeks,  and  will  read  as  follow-: 

Notice  of  Forfeiture  of  Claim. 

Georgetown.  Cot.,  May  b\  1882. 
To  John  Johnson. 

You  are  hereby  notified  that  we  have,  during  the  year  just 
past,  ending  this  day,  expended  One  Hundred  Dollars  in 
labor    and    improvements    upon    the    Coming-Day    lode,    situate 


upon  Democrat  mountain,  in  the  Griffith  mining  district,  county  of 
Clear  Creek,  and  State  of  Colorado,  of  which  the  location  certificate 
is  found  on  record  in  book  35,  page  301,  in  the  office  of  the  recorder 
of  said  county,  in  order  to  hold  said  claim  nnder  the  provisions  of 
sections  2,324  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
amendments  thereto  approved  January  22.  1880,  concerning  annual 
labor  upon  mining  claims,  being  the  amount  required  to  bold  said 
lode  for  the  period  ending  on  May  6,  A.  D.  1882.  And  if,  within 
ninety  days  from  the  service  of  this  notice  Tor,  within  ninety  days 
after  this  notice  by  publication)  you  fail  or  refuse  to  contribute  your 
proportion  of  such  expenditure  as  a  co-owner,  your  interest  in  the 
claim  will  become  the  property  of  the  subscribers  by  the  terms  of 
said  section. 

FRANKLIN  ALLEN, 
WALTER  B.    SMITH. 

The  forfeiture  notice  being  personally  served  upon  the  delinquent 
co-owner,  and  he  paying  no  attention  to  the  same,  the  forfeiture  is 
considered  complete  at  the  expiration  of  ninety  days  from  the  time 
the  notice  was  served. 

In  the   meantime  Franklin    Allen  and  Walter  B.    Smith   having 

hired  Granville  Smith  and  Philip  H.  Cooper  to  perform  the 

ment  work,  and,  neglecting  to  pay  them  for  their  services,  said  work- 
men file  a  lien  against  the  Coming-Day  mining  claim,  which  reads  as 
follows, Twenty-five  Dollars  being  the  lowest  amonnt  for  which  a  lien 
can  be  allowed,  which  claim  must  be  made  within  six  months  from 
the  time  the  labor  was  performed. 

Notice  of  Miners'  Lien  for  Labor. 

Griffith  Mining  District.  Clear  Creek  County, 

Colorado,  September  6,  1882. 
To  Franklin  Allen,  Walter  B.  Smith  and  John  Johnson: 

You  are  indebted  to  us  in  the  sum  of  One  Hundred  Dollars  for  work 
done  by  us,  under  a  contract  with  yon  on  the  Coming-Day  mining 
claim,  recently  worked  by  you,  on  Democrat  monntain,  in  this 
mining  district,  in  said  county,  for  » hich  sum  we  claim  a  lien  on 
said  mining  claim. 

GRANVILLE    SMITH. 
PHILIP   II     COOPER. 
State  of  Colorado,  I 
Clear  Creek  County,    ) 

Granville  Smith  and  Philip  H.  Cooper,  being  this  day  sworn  by 
me,  deposed  and  said  that  the  sum  of  money  mentioned  in  the  fore- 
going statement  is  justly  due  to  them  from  said  Frederick  Allen, 
Walter  B.  Smith  and  John  Johnson. 


^notarial  seal. 


PETER  BEASLEY,  Notary  Public. 


September  0,  1 882. 


How  to  Secure  a  Mine  From  Government. 
The  foregoing  claim  for  miners"  lien  having  been  paid,  and  the 
owners>being  desirous  of  securing  absolute  ownership  of  the  land 
and  mine  from  government,  now  observe  the  following  directions 
from  the  United  States  statutes  relating  to  mining  and  mining 
claims. 

Section  2. :!-.■>.  -Any  person,  association  or  corporation  authorised  to 
locate  a  claim  under  tin- chapter,  havint-  I  piece  of  land 

for  such  purpose-,  wha  !i  »-.  or  hive,  compiled  with  the  termsof  this  chapter. 
may  file  in  the  proper  land  offl  i  show- 

b  compliance,  together  with  a  plat  and 
claims  in  common,  made  by  or  under  the  direction  of  the  t'n 
vev..i   ii.iier.il.  show  the  claim   or 

which  -hall  be  distinctly  marked  by  monuments  "n  the  ground,  andsh 

such  plat,  togethei  with  a  application  for  a  patent.  In 

■i  the  land  embraced  It 
of  the  application  for  a  patent,  and  shall  file  an  • 
sen- th  :  has  been  duly  posted,  and  shall  Hie  a  copy  of  thi 

in  siieli  land  office,  and  snail  thereupon  i  :it  for  the  land. 

In  the  manner  following:  The  register  of  the  html  office,  upon  tie 
sueh  application,  plat,  fleld-l  publish  a  notii 

such  aii  i.  been  made,  for  the  period  of  sixty  days,  in  anewspaper 


234 


FORMS    FOB    LEASING,    RELOCATING    AND    SELLING    MIXES. 


t,,t„-  bj  li !. -ik'i>  '  '  '   -"•■''   Claim;  anil    bi 

Hi,  claimant  at  the 

t i  n  i  ink-  tin*  application,  01  at  any  time  thereafter,  ^  it  inn  tin-  sixty 

hull  tin-  «nii  tin-  register  a  certificate  ol  tin-  i  nlted 
i  Dollars'  worth  "t  labor  has  been 
expended  or  Iraprovi  npon  the  claim  by  himself  or  grantors; 

i,m  ther  description 

lenttfj  tin-  claim  an, I 
tarnish  u  ""' 

expiration  of  the  sixty  days  ol  pub]  claimant  shall  file  hi 

-  n   posted   in i 

,,,,,  during  mch  period    a  publication.    It   no    - 

,  Died  with  the  ,,  gister  and  the  receivet 

of  tbeprop  he  explratloi be  -i\t\  d  i  ition,  it 

,1  thai  il,,-  applicant  Is  entitled  to  a  patent,  upon  the  payment 
if  Five  Dollai     '        -  "i,l  thai  no  adverse  claim 

ana  thereafter  no  objection  from  third   parties  to  the  Issuan , 

pi  ,i  i„-  shown  thai  the  api is     -  died  t,, 

iplywlththi  ipter    Provided,  thai   where  the  claimant 

aent  Is  not  a  n    Identol  or  within  the  land  district  wherein  tin  vein, 
.    patented  U  (  plication  for 

rite  required  to  be  made  mi  b 

ithorized  agent,  where 
in:  with  il,,    tacts  sought  to  be  established  by  said 

Afterward  for  a  time  the  owners  lease  the  mine,  the  following 
being  tlte  form  of  paper  drawn  for  that  purpose: 

Form  ol  Lease  of  a  Mine. 
This  Isiikntikk.  made  this  lift  day  of  July,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
on,-  thousand  eight  hundred  ami  eighty-three,  between  Franklin  Allen 
ami  Walter  IS.  Smith,  of  tin-  county  of  clear  Creek,  and  State  of 
Colorado,  lessors,  ami  Nestor  1'-  Bobbins,  of  the  same  place,  lessee; 
Witnessetii,  thai  the  saitl  h---ors,  for  and  in  consideration  of  the 
enarits  and  agreements  hereinafter  mentioned, 
reserved  and  contained,  and  by  the  said  lessee,  his  executors,  admin- 
assigns,  i,>  l»-  paid,  kept  and  performed,  do  lease  and 
to    -aid    lessee,    his    Inir-,    executors,    administrators,    and 
-,  the  right  of  entering  in  upon  the  following  lands,  situated 

forth   in  the 

iim  form  of  "  CtriXficaU.  Location,")  tot  the  purpose 

of  searching  for   mineral  and   fossil  Bubstances,  and  of  conducting 

mining  and  quarrying  to  any  extent  that  he  may  deem  advisable:  for 

the    term    of    two    years    from    the   first   day  of   July,  A.  D.  1883, 

(but    not    to  hold    DOSeeSSiOn  Of   any  part  Of    said    lands    for  any  other 

purpose  whatsoever),  paying  for  the  site  of  buildings  (or  designate 

any  specific  works  or  machinery)  necessary  thereto,  a  reasonable 
rent 

And   tin-   said   lessee  hereby  agrees  that   he,  his  heirs,  executors, 
administrators  or  assigns,  will  pay  or  cause  to  he  paid  to  the  said 
-,  their   heirs  or  assigns,  a-  follows:    Two  Thousand  Dollars 
semi-annually,  on  ij   of  January  and  July  of  eat 

during  tie-  continuance  of  this  Be  Firsl   National  Bank  of 

- ,  at  iiu-  city  of  Dent  ,*r,  in  tin-  siate  of  Colorado. 
And  the  said  lessee  covenants  thai  no  damage  shall  he  done  to  or 
upon  said  land-  and  premises,  other  than  may  he  necessary  in  con- 
ind  quarrying  operations. 
ni,i  He-  lessee,  each  for  themselves,  their  heirs, 
executor-,  administrators,  and  assigns,  covenant  and  agree,  and  this 
Indenture  is  madewlth  this  expn  -><  proviso,  thai  if  none: 
fossil  mined  or  quarried,  as  now  contemplated  by  said 

parties,  within  the  period  of  one  year  from  and  after  the  first 
day  of  July.  A.  I).  1888,  then  these  presents,  and  everything  con- 
tained herein,  shall  cease  and  In-  forever  null  and  void. 

In  witm-ss  whereof  the  lessors  ami  lessee  have  hereunto  set  their 

hand-  and  year  first  above  written. 

Executed  in  FRANKLIN  ALLEN,  -(seali- 

J.  WALTER   B    SMITH,  -(seaiA- 

chaiiies  Dane.  )  NESTOR  I'.  ROBBINS.    -(seal)- 


These    parties    also   arrange    with    Peter  Conant    and   Simon    D. 
Thompson  to  prospect  for  them,  making  with  them  the  following 

stent: 

Form  of  Agreement  for  Prospecting. 
In  consideration  of  pro  meed  to  ns  by  Franklin  Allen 

and   Walter  B.   Smith,  and  of  their  agreement   to   supply    us   from 
time  to  time,  as  we  may  reasonably  demand  them,  with  tools,  food 


and  milling  outfit  gem-rally,  and  the  sum  of  One  Hundred  Dollars  in 
hand  paid,  we  agree  to  prospect  for  lode-  ami  deposits  ill  the  county 
of  Boulder,  and  Slate  of  Colorado,  and  to  IOC  Which 

we  may  consider  worth  tin  expenditure,  and  record  tin-  sane-  in  the 
joint  nam,  -  of  -,u,i  outfitters  ami  ooreelves,  and  iii  our  nami 

owners.     Our  time  and  labo  ilnst  m y. 

provisions,  etc.,  a-  aforesaid.      All  expenses  of  survey  and 

-hall     !„■     paid    by  II,  1,,  in  ike    DO  dl 

-  .in,  ait.     Work  do* t  claim   tfter  record  ami 

before  ill,-  expiration  of  tiii-  contract,  shall  t><-  considered  at 

under  tlii—  contract,  ami  no  charge  for  labor  or  ii gball  be 

for  tin-  same.     Tin  ball  stand  good  dnnm:  the  whole  "i 

the  summer  ami  fail  of  1888,  and  during  all  that  period  we  "ill  not 
work  or  pro-pict  on  our  own  account,  or  for  parties  Other  than  -aid 
outfit*  PETER  CON  WT, 

Dated.  Boulder,  Col.,  July  I,  1883.  s|\lu\    [>    THOMPSON. 

V7e  agree  i.,  Hi,  terms  above  stated. 

FRANKLIN  ALLEN, 
WALTER  B   Mill  II 

In  the  prospecting  tour  Conant  anil  Thompson  find  an  abandoned 
mining  claim  which  they  are  satisfied  from  indications  <  an  be  made 
profitable  to  work.     Learning  th  tents  have  not  been  kept 

up  on  the  same,  and  that   they  are  free  to  relocate  this   claim,  they 
proceed  to  take  possession  in  the  following  form: 
Form  for  Relocating  a  Mine. 

Know   At. I.   Men    Bi    these    PBB8BVT8,    thai    We,    Franklin    Allen. 

Walter  B.    Smith,    Peter  Conant   an,!    Simon    D    Tl ipson,   of   the 

town  of  Boulder,  in  the  county  of   Boulder,  and  stale  of  Coli 
claim,  by  right  of  relocation,  fifteen  hundred   feet,  linear  and  hori- 
zontal  measurement,  on  the   Tennessee    lode,  along  the  vein  thereof, 

with  all  its  dip  together  with  seventy-five  feel 

In  width  on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  said  vein  at  the  surface;  and  all 

i ml  surface- ground  within  the  lines  of  said  claim: 
Beven  hundred  and  fifty  feet  on  said  lode  running  wast,  ten  dc 
north  from  the  center  of  the  discovery  shaft,  and  seven  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  running  east,  ten  degrees  south  from  said  center  of  dis- 
covery Shaft     being    situate    upon    -aid    lode, 

within  the  lie  iiiin,  iii  Morton  mining  district,  county  of 
Bonlder,  state  of  Colorado:  said  claim  being  hound,-, I  and  described 
as  follows:  Beginning  al  corner  No',  i.  (here  follow  tin- description 
in  the  original  location);  being  the  same  lode  originally  located  on 
the  tenth  da]  of  June,  A.  D.  1880,  ami  recorded  on  tin-  twenty-fifth 
day  of  June,  A.  D.  1880,  In  i k  I,'.  page  106,  In  the  office  "f  tin- 
recorder  of  said  county; — ibis  further  certificate  of  location  being 
made  without  waiver  ot  any  i>r,-\ions  rights,  but  to  correct  any  error 
in  prior  location  or  record,  to  s,.,-,ire  all  abandoned  overlapping 
claims,  and  r,,  -r,  or,-  all   the  benefiteof  Bection  1828  of  the gt 

laws  ,,f  Colorado      Date  of   relocate December  10,  A.   I).   1883. 

Date  of  certificate,  December  11,  A.  l> 

FRANKLIN  All 
Utesf.G    W .  I'i.ist.  WALTER  B.  SMITH, 

PETER  CONANT. 

SIMON   It     THOMPSON. 

The  claim  which  has  been  relocated,  the  new  owners  conclude  to 
sell,  and  in  doing  so  execute  only  a  quit-claim  deed.  This 
differs  very  little  in  any  essential  point  from  common  quit-claim 
deeds,  (see  "  Di  on    !   ;!  I,  in  form.     The  descrip- 

tion of  the  property  is  worded  minutely,  so  that  it-  location  and 
dimensions  are  clearly  defined. 

Description  of  Quit-Claim  Deed. 

Situate  in  Merton  mining  district,  In  the  county  of  Boulder,  and 
State  of  Colorado,  to  wit:  The  Brilli  ;  laim,  on  id,-  Ten 

lode,   known   a-   survey  sss,   being  fifteen   hundred  feet  in 
length  and  three  hundred  feet  in  width,  together  with  all  ami  singular 


IN<  ORPORATING    A    MINING    COMPANY. 


EMPOSTANT    FACTS    FOB    MINI. l:s. 


the  lodes  and  veins  within  the  lines  of  said  claim,  and  the  dips, 
Bpnrs,  mines,  minerals,  easements,  mining  fixtures,  improvements, 
rights,  privileges  and  appurtenances  thereunto  in  anywise  per- 
taining 

This  must  be  acknowledged  before  a  proper  officer,  like  other 
deeds. 

Allen  and  Smith  being  satisfied  with  their  original  claim,  and  the 
term  for  which  it  was  leased  having  expired,  propose  to  work  it  yet 
more  vigorously,  and  to  that  end,  with  a  view  to  getting  more  capital, 
they  organize  a  stock  company,  the  articles  and  forms  of  incorpora- 
tion of  which  are  shown  in  the  following: 

Articles  Incorporating  a  Company  for  Mining. 

Whereas  Franklin  Allen,  Walter  B.  Smith  and  Granville  Smith, 
of  the  county  of  Clear  Creek,  and  State  of  Colorado,  have  associated 
themselves  together  for  purposes  of  incorporation  under  the  General 
Incorporation  Acts  of  the  State  of  Colorado,  they  do  therefore  make, 
sigD  and  acknowledge  these  duplicate  certificates  in  writing,  which, 
when  tiled,  shall  constitute  the  articles  of  incorporation  of  the 
u Coming-Day  Mining  Company." 

Article  I. — The  name  of  said  company  shall  be  the  "  Coming-Day 
Mining  Company. " 

Article  II. — The  objects  for  which  said  company  is  created,  are  to 
acquire  and  operate  mines  of  silver-bearing  ore,  in  said  county  of 
Clear  Creek,  and  to  do  all  things  incident  to  the  general  object  of 
mining. 

Article  III. — The  term  of  existence  of  said  company  shall  be 
fifteen  years. 

Article  IV. — The  capital  stock  of  said  company  shall  be  Seven 
Hundred  and  Fifty  Thousand  Dollars,  divided  into  seven  thousand 
five  hundred  shares  of  One  Hundred  Dollars  each. 

Article  V. — The  number  of  directors  of  said  company  -hall  be 
three,  and  the  names  of  those  who  shall  manage  the  affairs  of  the 
company  for  the  first  year  of  its  existence  are  Franklin  Allen,  Walter 
B.  Smith,  and  Granville  Smith. 

Article  VI. — The  principal  office  of  said  company  shall  be  kept  at 
Idaho  Springs,  in  said  county;  and  the  principal  business  of  said 


company  shall  be  carried  oh  in  said  county  of  Clear  Creek;  but  a  part 
of  the  business  may  be  transacted  in  the  county  of  Arapahoe,  at  the 
citv  of  Dem er,  in  tin-  State. 
Article  VII.— The  stock  of  said  company  shall  be  non 
Article  VIII. — The  directors  Shall  have  power  to  make  such  pru- 
dential by-laws  as  they  may  deem  proper  for  the  management  of  the 
affairs  of  the  company,  not  inconsistent  with  the  laws  of  this 
for   the   purpose   of   carrying  on  all   kinds  of  business  within  the 
md  purposes  of  said  company. 
In  Witness  Whereof  the  said  incorporators  have  hereun 
their  hands  and  seals  this  first  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1883. 

FRANKLIN  ALLEN.  -(sbaiA- 
WALTKH   B.  SMITH,   -(seal)- 
GBANVItLE  SMITH,    -i-lvl,- 
State  of  Colorado,      } 

County  of  Clear  t  reek,     i      '  I,  Nicholas  Welch,  a  i 

public  in  and  for  said  county,  do  hereby  certify  that  Franklin  Allen. 
Walter  B.  Smith  and  Granville  Smith,  who  are  personally  known  to 
me  to  be  the  same  persons  described  in,  and  who  executed  the 
within  duplicate  articles,  appeared  before  me  this  day  and  personally 
acknowledged  that  they  signed,  sealed  and  delivered  the  same  as 
their  free  and  voluntary  act  and  deed.  Witness  my  hand  and  notarial 
seal  this  first  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1883. 

fZ?-*~ -— **3=  NICHOLAS  WELCH, 

Notary  Public. 


;  NOTARIAL  BEAZi 


These  articles  of  agreement  are  made  in  duplicate  copies.  One  is 
filed  with  the  recorder,  or  register  of  deeds,  of  the  county  where  the 
company  is  formed.  In  the  above  case,  as  part  of  the  business  of  the 
company  is  to  be  done  at  Denver,  a  copy  of  the  articles  of  assi 
must  be  filed  with  the  recorder  of  Arapahoe  county;  and  another 
copy  is  filed  with  the  Secretary  of  State.  This  last  copy 
called  a  duplicate,  but  is  known  as  the  original  of  the  document. 
The  Secretary  of  State  issues  a  certified  copy  of  the  articles,  thus 
giving  them  his  official  approval. 

The  number  «>f  directors  in  such  a  company — sometimes  they  are 
called  trustees — must  not  exceed  nine,  nor  be  less  than  tl 


Facts  Which  Miners  Should  Understand. 


Right  of  Way.— Miners  have  the  right  of  way  across  any  claim  when 
battling  quartz. 

Liability  of  Stockholder**.— Stockholders  are  liable  only  for  debt  to 

tti.    :u ti!  "1    uiipn  id  -i,M-k  h.  1.1  I iy  them. 

Number  to  Form  Company.— Any  three  or  mote  persons  can  form  a 

company  for  tunnel,  ditch  or  mining  pnrp 

Alkaline  Water*.— A  few  drops  of  lemon  juice  will  remove  the  alkali 
from  water,  which  otherwise  is  hurtful  for  miners  to  drink. 

Caution-— Miners  In  high  altitudes  should  be  protected  with  warm  woolen 

gam  ti i  -,  extra  clothing  in  case  of  sudden  change  -  and  material  to 
themselves  dry. 

Size*  In  Feet.— Forty-three  thousand  five  hundred  and  sixt\  square 
Feet  equal  one  acre  of  land.  A  square,  206  71  100  feet  In  length  and  width 
contains  one  acre. 

"Water  Riuht*.  v.  iter  may  be  brought  across  any  claim,  road,  ditch 
or  other  mining  improvement,  provided  I  kitted  thai  it  does  not 

interfere  with  the  prior  rights  ot  another. 

Annual   A«**c**nieiit  of  Placer    Claim*.     Th  r«S    thai 

112  worth  of  wortt  shall  be  done  each  year  on  ■  placer  claim  ol   20 
under,  and  1100  worth  on  a  160  icn  to  ict,  in  order  to  hold  it. 

Amount  of  Land  In  Placer  Clalnii*.  — In  locating  a  placer  (that 
issurfaoi  tim,  the  amount  of  land  le  limited  to  20a 

one  person.  u  of  eight  persons  may  locab   IdOaci 

Things  that  Seldom  Happen. — That  a  miner  given  t<>  strong  drink 
ever  goes  back  rich  to  his  old  home;  that  a  miner  that  gambles  evei 
an*  in. .in  %    that  a  miner  that  attempts  t«-  get  rich  by  dishonest}  i 
manently  prospers. 


Cooking.     !  -ions  in  the  high  altitude?  requires  thrice  the 

time  thai  ii  does  in  the  lower  regions. 

Duration  of"  Charter.— The  tunnel, 

ditch  or  mining  compa  twenty  years. 

Cannot  Mine  Under  Another.— No  miner  has  s  right  to  mine  under 
the  improvements  of  another,  except  bj  legal  permission. 

Te«t  for  Copper,     immerse  ore  in  hot  vinegar;   remove  and  i  - 
the  air.    If  green  or  blue  ap]  lins  copper, 

Mu*t  be  a  Citizen. — To  secure  claims  from  government  the  miner 
musl  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  states,  or  have  legally  declared  hi*  intention 
to  become  such. 

"Where  Law  I*  Found.  A  eopj  of  the  laws  relating  to  mining  In 
each  district  will  be  found  at  th«  office  of  the  county  clerk  in  the  district 
where  the  mine  Is  located. 

Penalty  for  False  Welajhtsu— Any  person  using  scales  that  improp- 
erly weigh  gold  dust  or  other  commodity  for  others  is  subject  to  ;*  One  of 
id  Imprisonment  tor  six  months. 

Penalty  for  Destroying  Claim  Mark*.— Any  pen 

bandoned  property,  shall  be 
liable  to  irt  Imprisonment. 

Penalty  for  Taking  Another'*  Claim.— The  person  jumi 
claim  owned  by  another,  and  gaining  the  same  bj  threats  orvio 
liat.it-  to  a  md  Imprisonment  In  the  county  jail  si\  n* 

Amount  of  Land  for  Mill  Sites.— The  United  States  I 

to  be  taken  aa  a  claim  for  a  mill  site,  but  the  site  must  not   b 
known    mineral    landa     Some  times   the  district   regulations   restrict    the 
I    amount  to  much  less  dimen 


236 


FACTS    I«»K    MINERS, 


MORTG  \«-l  S. 


Tral  for   Nllver.— To   a  quantity    <<t    ore   add  one-third  the  <|uantit>  -•( 

hj»u.    Reduce  bo  a  powder,  and  bake  In  ■  claj  i  •■  1 1  ■  •  -  bowl,    Cool  and  add  ■ 
hull-  water,  heal  again  and  etlr,    i  |         ■■{  bright  copper,  and  H  will 

become  coated  if  an]  •  m. 

Pennlty  for  Mliri'|)rc«i»iliiu'.     Any  person  engaged  In  mlllln 
pllng,  reducing,  shipping  or  purchasing  ores,  «  ho  shall  knowingly  change  the 
joe  "i  the  tame,  wherebj  the  owner  <•(  such  oi  ibtainlbs 

true  ralne,  shall  be  liable  to  e  One  of  11,000  and  one  year's  Imprisonment. 

l*rlncl|»iil  Potnte  in  Locating  a  riiilm.—  When  locating  ai 

i  .  m    boold  contain  the  name  of  the  lode,  n  un    d 
the  loci  l!1  clearly  identify  the 

claim,  and  the  requisite  amount  ol  land,  not  to  exceed  the  amount  allowed  bj 

!   in      l.MVllll   V   . 

Testing  for  Oold>   -In  certain  kinds  of  quarts  gold  Is  readily  distln- 
gniBhed.    in  others, though  preeenl    11   cannot  be    eon.     of  the  numerous 
if  discovering  It,  scientific  and  otherwise,  one  of  the  Bimpiesl  I     to 
grind  the  orel  I  water.    Stir  well,  and  pour  off  the 

top  water     add  mon  ■  l(     in  time,  gold,  If  there  be  any,  will 

appear,    a,  further  test  Is  to  add  a  little  mercury  to  the  sediment,  and  heat 
in  an  iron  spoon.    The   mercurj  and  gold,  if   then- 

appears.    If  still  unsatisfied,  add  a  small  quantity  "f  Had  to  the  metal  left  in 
m  and  melt  together.    Place  the  compound  In  nitric  acid,  and  the 
gold,  undissolved,  will  show  Itself  when  rubbed  with  a  polished  Instrument. 

Vuliie*  anil    \Wlicht«  ol'  (iolil   ttuil    Silver.— A   pound  of  silver  is 

worth   snout  I1S.1I.     \  pound  of  gold  li  worth  |248j04.     Gold  is  almost 

i     beavyas  silver,  as  shown  In  the  fact  thai  a  cubic  foot  of   gold 

weighs  1,908,  while  »  cubic  f""t  ..f  sliver  weighs  62S  pounds.    \  ton  of  gold 

i-  irortfa  $•■"-  :  i  of  silver  Is  worth  137,704.    when  the  teamster 

nil  ..r  pun-  vr« >]ti  which  weighs  8,685  pounds  avoirdupois,  he  has 

00;  but  while  one  team  could  draw  tins,  it  would  require  over  thirty 

to  draw  the  same  value  In  diver,  allowing  nearly  two  tons  to  the 

kites  58329  poun  Br  to  make  11,000,000.    Since  1793 

ale  has  produced  up   to  Jo  ti 34,000  ol    gold,  and 

ded  177,430  000  In  silver.    Among 
the  people  In  the  United  States  there  are  ah.  .at  1470,000,000  of  gold  In  oircu- 
ad  $181,000000  o1  diver,  making  about  $12  in  specie  to  each  man, 
woman  and  child  In  the  country.    The  largest  nuggel  of  gold  on  record  was 
found  In  the  Ballaral    DIggin  -     Australia,  In  1858.    it  weighed 

■    sold  for  $41  .-'•-' '■    Sliver  bullion  flu  due.    At 

the  present  writing,  In  1883,  it  i>  worth  S1.09#  per  ounce.    Gold  bullion  has 
remain*  value  for  manj  years,  being  worth  $20.67  per  ounce. 


Penalty    fur    Putting    Korelsn    Orr    In    a    Claim,  —  "  Salting" 
a  claim,  that  is.  taking  ore  i  r  mine  and  placing  it  in  m 

deceiving  the  purchaser,  Is  punishable  by  a  fine 
of  HjOOO  and  confinement  in  the  atsvteprison  fourteen  ■■    i 

<.-.!•!  Nagsxets  Ponnd  in  Montana. — A  nugget  of  gold  found  on  the 
claim  of]  Brother,  in Ruclcer  Qulch,  sold  tor  SI  B0 found  in 

Nel  lul  sh,  i 'i  I860,  brought  *-.<>73;  and  anotln  i   tali nl  ol  Bn 

Qulch,  in  1865,  weighed  fourteen  pounds  and  ten  on mj  troy,  and  sold  for 

Penalty  fin*  FaUt-  Count.- 1 1  Ddent,  manager  or  owner  of 

a  quarts-mill,  mill*furnace  or  cupel,  engaged  In  extracting  ore,  s  ho  shall 
neglect  or  refuse   to  account  for  and  pay   to  the  owner  of  the  quartz  or 

ml i  .iii  sums  which  shall  !><■  >i"  ■  i>  .■     may  be  rets I  toi 

ile  to  a  fine  of  91^000  and  Imprison n1  uol  exceeding 

one  year. 

\iimlici'  of  Feel  that   Make   Acres. —A  claim   2,640 
ri  > t l t ■  i  in     :  \  cin i iii  i  ,:t_i  i  i>\  I  ,:tjn  feel  contain    10 acre       A  claim 

I  S33J    feet  contains  20  acres      L  claim  BOO  bj  1,089  feel  contains  X 
acres,    a  claim  1,820  by  660  feel  ■  usofeet 

contains  1 n  -        V  claim  r>m  liy  .imi  feel   OOntalnsS  78-100 acres,     A  claim 

1 1  feel  contains  Hi  e  I 

Camp  Outfit.— Pomeroy'*  "  Mining  Manual"  gives  the  following  as  a 
suitable  camp  outfit  for  three  persons:  Ons  tent,  two  <<r  more  woolen 
blankets  each:  one  rubber  blanket  each;  two  pain  <>f  rubber  boots  with 
high  tops,  for  wading  sti  Bams;  one  folding  camp-table;  three  folding  ramp- 
ring-pan;  one  hake-oven;  one  granite  c<. (Tec -put;  six 
granite  plates;  dx  granite  cups;  two  granite  kettles;  one  granite  bucket; 
stxtlnspooni  three  large  and  three  small),  three  knives  and  three  f».rks; 
one  butcher-knl  I  ee-mlll    needles,  thread  and  buttons;  can-opener, 

cork-screw,  Ashing  hooks  and  tines;  one  field-glass,  f<>i  examining  In  i 

untaln  formadons;    one  pocket-lens;   ons  pocki  I  one  tape- 

line;  one  axe;  two  prospecting  picks;  one  drilling-hammer,  and  sledge;  t"-< 
long-handled  shovels;  one  driller's  spoun;  three  drills  of  Jcssop's  steel,  one 
tnche    i  ■"■    I  tichee,  and  one  thirty-six  Inches  long;  Ave 

pounds  giant  powder;  one  box  of  cape  and  necessary  fuse;   one  blow  pip 

soda,  candles,  charcoal,  coffee,  tea,  sugar,  flour,  corn    meal,  onions    I n 

or  ham,  dried  apples,  dried  beef,  pepper,  salt,  condensed  milk    bean 

cheese,  soap,  molasses,  baking-powder,  all  the  canned  goods 
that  may  be  suited  to  the  liking  of  the  prospectors,  the  necessary  means  of 
protecting  life  from  danger,  and  an  equipment  fox  toting  ores. 


go  •• 

f  f"  j 1 1 1-'.  LAW  defines  a  mortgage  as  a  convey- 
ance of  property,  personal  or  real,  given 
—  to  secure  the  payment  of  a  debt,  or  as  a 
guaranty  for  Hie  performance  of  Borne  special 
duty.  As  soon  as  thedebl  is  paid,  or  the  duty  is 
performed,  the  mortgage  is  void  ami  of  no  value. 

The  meaning  of  tlieword  mortgage  is  a  "dead 
pledge,"  because  the  property  pledged  becomes 
lost  or  dead  to  the  person  who  executed  the 
mortgage  it' he  tails  to  fulfill  the  conditions  acces- 
sary to  prevent  such  loss. 

The  party  who  mortgages  his  property  is  called 
the  mortgagor,  and  the  person  to  whom  the 
mortgage  is  given  is  the  mortgagee. 

Where  real  estate  is  i -(gaged,  unless  other- 
wise provided,  the  mortgagor  retains  possession 
of  the  property,  and  receives  its  rents  and  other 
profits,  paying  all  taxes,  insurance,  repairs  and 
liens  upon  it. 


—>53s> 


MORTGAGES. 


In  case  real  estate  is  pledged,  the  mortgage 
must  he  properly  acknowledged,  like  a  deed, 
before  a  notary  public  or  other  legal  officer. 
See  "Acknowledgments,"  on  a  previous  page. 

Personal  property  may  pass  into  possession  of 
the  mortgagee,  if  such  is  the  contract,  or  the 
mortgagor  may  continue  to  hold  and  use  ;t.  if  it 
is  so  agreed. 

Mortgages  must  be  in  writing,  contain  a 
redemption  clause,  he  signed  and  sealed  by  the 
mortgagor,  properly  witnessed,  and  recorded  in 
the  office  of  the  county  clerk  or  of  the  register  of 
deeds,  as  State  laws  may  require. 

The  times  of  payment  of  the  interest  and  of 
the  principal  sum  must  be  distinctly  stated  in  the 
mortgage,  and  the  property  can-fully  described, 
with  its  location. 

A  mortgage  may  contain  a  clause  permitting 
the  sale  of  the  property,    if  forfeited,    without  a 


FORM    OF    NOTE    AND    MORTGAGE    TO    SECURE    THE    SAME. 


decree  of  the  court,  or  otherwise,  as  the  several 
State  laws  determine,  or  by  agreement  of  the 
parties. 

A  mortgage  may  be  drawn  so  that  a  single 
failure  to  pay  the  interest  at  the  stated  time  may 
render  due  the  whole  sum,  principal  and  interest, 
and  permit  the  mortgagee  to  sell  the  property 
upon  taking  the  necessary  legal  steps,  long  before 
the  date  of  its  maturity. 

The  foreclosure  of  a  mortgage  is  a  legal 
declaration  that  the  property  has  been  forfeited 
and  must  be  sold. 


Form  of  a  Note  Secured  by  Mortgage. 

510,000.  Champaign,  111.,  February  4,  1881. 

For  value  received,  on  the  fourth  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1884,  I 
promise  to  pay  to  Robert  Faircbild,  or  his  order,  at  the  First 
National  Bank,  in  Champaign,  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  the  sum  of 
Ten  Thousand  Dollars  (S10,000),  with  interest  at  eight  per  cent, 
per  annum,  said  interest  to  be  paid  without  grace  semi-annually,  to 
wit:  On  the  fourth  day  of  August,  1881,  the  fourth  day  of  February, 

1882,  the  fourth  day  of  August,  1882,  the  fourth  day  of  February, 

1883,  the  fourth  day  of  August,  1883,  and  the  fourth  day  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1884,  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  six  coupon 
notes,  bearing  even  date  herewith,  for  Four  Hundred  Dollars  ($400) 
each,  payable  respectively  upon  the  days  above  named,  at  such 
place  in  the  city  of  Champaign,  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  as  he,  his 
executors,  administrators  or  assigns  may  appoint  in  writing,  and  in 
defanlt  of  such  appointment,  then  at  the  First  National  Bank,  in 
said  city  of  Champaign,  with  interest  upon  each  coupon  note  after 
due  until  paid,  at  eight  per  cent,  per  annum. 

BENJAMIN  HARRISON. 


Caution  to  Persons  Loaning  Money. 

Before  Mr.  Fairchild  gives  the  money  to  Mr.  Harrison,  as  specified 
in  the  above  note,  he  should  require  that  an  abstract  of  title  to  the 
land  be  made  from  the  records,  at  the  recorder's  office,  of  the  property 
upon  which  it  is  proposed  to  place  a  mortgage.  This  abstract,  which 
is  made  by  a  person  duly  authorized  to  make  the  same  at  the  county 
seat,  should  show,  and  it  will  if  lawfully  made,  whether  there  is 
an  incumbrance,  such  as  a  deed,  previous  mortgage,  or  tax  lien,  upon 
the  property  or  not 

If  Harrison  has  borrowed  money  heretofore,  and  given  a  previous 
mortgage  to  any  one,  then  the  person  who  holds  the  first  mortgage 
will  have  the  first  claim  in  case  the  property  mortgaged  by  Harri-on 
has  to  be  sold. 

Should  the  property  when  sold  bring  only  enough  to  pay  the  first 
mortgage,  then  Fairchild  would  have  no  security  whatever.  Should 
it  bring  more  than  is  required  to  pay  the  first  claim,  then  the  surplus 
will  go  to  Fairchild,  if  his  is  the  second  mortgage;  and  should  there 
be  more  than  enough  to  pay  a  first  and  second  mortgage,  the  surplus 
will  go  toward  the  payment  of  a  third  mortgage  if  there  be  Mich  upon 
the  property. 

The  person  loaning  an  amount  of  money  which  it  is  desired  to  ha\  e 


A  mortgage  may  be  assigned  by  the  mortgagee 
to  some  other  person  for  a  valuable  consider- 
ation. 

If  a  mortgage  is  given  to  secure  the  payment 
of  a  certain  note,  the  note  must  be  transferred  to 
the  party  t<>  whom  the  mortgage  is  assign*^!. 

When  forfeited  property  is  Bold  upon  a  mort- 
gage, should  it  bring  more  money  than  is  neces- 
sary to  pay  the  debt,  interest,  c<>-ts  and  charges, 
the  surplus  funds  must  be  paid  to  the  mortgagor 
«>r  his  representative. 


absolutely  secured  by  mortgage,  should  first  ascertain  from  the 
county  records,  through  an  absolutely  responsible  person,  that  the 
property  is  perfectly  free  from  incumbrance.  Second,  he  should,  as 
soon  as  he  gets  the  mortgage,  have  it  recorded.  This  applies  equally 
to  all  mortgages,  whether  upon  real  estate  or  personal  property. 

The  followiug  shows  the  mortgage  taken  by  Fairchild  from  Harri- 
son, upon  property  which  is  found  to  be,  upon  investigation,  abso- 
lutely free  from  incumbrance.  As  will  be  seen  by  examination,  in 
case  the  note  is  not  paid  when  due,  this  mortgage  provides  that  the 
property  shall  be  forfeited  and  sold  at  public  auction,  according  to 
the  legal  forms  of  foreclosing  a  mortgage. 

Real-Estate  Mortgage  to  Secure  Payment  of  Above  Note. 

This  Indenture,  made  this  fourth  day  of  February,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-one,  between  Ben- 
jamin Harrison,  of  Urbana,  county  of  Champaign,  and  State  of 
Illinois,  and  Helen,  his  wife,  party  of  the  first  part,  and  Robert 
Fairchild,  party  of  the  second  part: 

Whereas,  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  is  justly  indebted  to  the 
said  parly  of  the  second  part  in  the  sum  of  Ten  Thousand  1' 
secured  to  be  paid  by  a  certain  promissory  note,  bearing  even  date 
herewith,  due  and  payable  at  the  First  National  Hank  in  Cham- 
paign, 111.,  with  interest,  on  the  fourth  day  of  February,  in  the 
year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-four: 

Xow.  therefore,  this  indenture  witnesseth,  that  the  said  party  of  the 
first  part,  for  the  better  securing  the  payment  of  the  money  aforesaid, 
with  interest  thereon,  according  to  the  tenor  and  effect  of  U 
promissory    note    above    mentioned;    and.    also,    in    consideration 
of  the  further  sum  of  One  Dollar  to  them  in   hand  paid  by  tl 
party  of   tin-  second    part,  at    the   delivery  of   these    presents,    the 
receipt  whereof  Is  In  reby  acknowledged,  have  granted,   barg 
sold    and  conveyed,  and  by  these   presents  do  grant,   bargain,  sell, 
and  convey,  unto  the   said   parry  of  the   second   part,  his   heir-  and 
assigns,  forever,  all  that  certain  parcel  of  land,  situate,  etc. 
■hing  the  pi- 

To  have  and  to  hold  the  same,  together  with  all  and  singular  the 
tenements,  hereditaments,  privileges  "and  appurtenances  thereunto 
Ingot  in  anywise  appertaining.  And.  also,  all  the  estate. 
interest,  and  claim  whatsoever,  in  law  as  well  as  in  equity,  which 
the  party  of  the  first  part  have  in  and  to  the  premises  her.  I' 
Veyed  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
and  to  his  only  proper  use,  benefit  and  behoof.  And  the  said 
Benjamin  Harrison,  and  Helen,  his  wife,  party  of  the  first  part, 
hereby  expressly  waive,  relinquish,  release,  and  convey  unto  the 
said  party  Of  the  second  part,  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators, 
and  assigns,  all  right,  title,  claim,  interest,  and  benefit  whatever,  in 


FORMS    FOB    RELEASING    AND    FORECLOSING    BIORTGAGES. 


and  t"  ilu-  above-described    promisee,   end    each  and  every  part 
thereof,  which  la  given  bj  or  results  from  all  laws  "f  this  State  per- 
taining i"  the  exemption  of  homesteads. 
Provided  always,  and  these  presents  are  upon  tlii-  express  condi- 

ti that  if  the  said  party  <>f  the  Ural  part,  their  heirs,  i 

administrators,  Bhall  well  and  truly  pay,  orcanse  to  be  paid,  to  the 
-ai,l  party  "f  the  Becond  part,  hie  h.  ir-,  execntprs,  administrators,  01 
assigns,  the  r,  with  such  interest  thereon,  al 

and  in  the  manner  specified  in  the  above-mentioned  promts- 

sorj  note,  according  to  the  trne  intent  and  meaning  thereof,  then 
and  in  that  i  A  everything  herein  expressed, 

iihall  b  ly  null  and  void. 

But  if  default  shall  be  made  In  the  payment  of  the  said  snm  of 
:  in  the  note  aforesaid,  or  the  interest   that   may 
on,  or  "f  any  part  thereof,  then  and  from  thence- 
forth it  shall  in-  lawful  for  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  bis 
idministrators  or  assigns,  to  enter  into  and  upon 
all  and  singular  the  promisee  hereby  granted,  or  Intended  bo 

and  tu  sell  and  dispose  of  the  si and  all  benefit  and  equity  "f 

redemption  of  the  said  party  of  the  tir-t  pan.  his  lnir~,  executors, 
administrators,  or  assigns  therein,  at  public  auction,  to  the  highest 
i  ording  to  the  act  in  such  case  made  and  pro 
In  witness  whereof,  the  -aid  party  of  the  first  part  hereunto  set 
their  hands  and  Beals,  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

Signed,  sealed   and   de-  I  nnninn  eiimeas    •—- -• 

llvered  in  presence  of  I  BENJAMIH  HARRISON,  |us.j 

Otis  Obi  r 
ANiiniw   Austin. 


sum  nf  Ten  Thousand  Dollars,  In  full  satisfaction  of  the  within 


HELEN  HARRISON     !'•■*■. 


The  I  not    being  paid  as  was  agreed,  Falrcbild  gives  a 

release  "f  mortgage  t"  Harrison,  which,  like  all  releases  and  mort- 
gages should  be  recorded,  to  Bhow  that  there  is  now  no  Incumbrance 
on  the  property. 

A  release  is  simply  a  *ettiiiL'  free,  or  the  relinquishment  of  an 
established   interest    In   property,    real    or    personal,   belonging  to 
another  party;    as,    where    chattels   Or    lands    have   been    morl 
and  the  mortgage  has  been  duly  paid,  the  moi  -  his  written 

acknowledgment  that  he  i-  satisfied  and  has  no  longer  any  claim  upon 
the  mortgagor,  as  Bhown  In  the  following: 

Form  of  Release  of  Mortgage  When  Note  is  Paid. 

F..r  end  in  consideration  of  the  fulfillment  of  all  tl 
contained  in  a  certain  mortgage  bearing  date  the  fourth  day  of  Feb- 
ruary, A.  D.  1881,  nude  and  execnted  by  Benjamin  Harrison,  of 
i, iv.  and  si  ite  of  Illinois,  and  Helen,  his 
wife,  to  secure  the  payment  to  me,  Robert  Fairchlld,  ol  n 
place,  of  his  note  for  Ten  Thousand  Hollar-,  with  interest  bearing 
even  date  with  Bald  mortgage,  which  -aid  mortgage  was  duly  recorded 
in  the  recorder's  office  mpalgn  county,  Illinois,  on  the 

fourth  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1881,  I  declare  the   Bald  mo 
fully  satisfied,  and   consent    that    the   suuie   may   be   discharged    ol 
record. 

'  at   I  rbana.  Champaign  county,  ami  State  of  Illinois, 
..  1884. 
In  presence  of  J 

William   Dom  3,        \  ROBERT  FAtRCHILD 

Timothy  V.  cask.      )  Mortgi 

[  The  above  release  should  be  recorded  (he  same  as  the  mortgage.  ] 


Second  Form  of  Release. 
lorsed  on  the  margin  of  the  mortgage  in  the  recorder  s book.] 
na.  Champaign  Count}    State  of  Illinois,  Feb.  5,   1884. 
$10,000. 

Ived  of  Benjamin  Harrison,  the  within-named  mortgagor,  the 


Wm     I'oki  -,  /  .... 
T    5     I  ise,    fWl1 


ROBERT  FAIRCHILD,        ~~. 

\i"i  i  .  ■  


Third  Form  of  Release. 

Know    All    Mkn    bt    These    Presents,   That   the  whol< 

e i  bj  morl  ■  i  e  upon  the  following-described  real  estate,  situate 

in  tbe  countj  ol  Champaign,  and  State  ol  Ulinole,  to  wit: 

[2£m  tiescribi  tfu  premise.  ] 
Wherein   Benjamin   Harrison  is  grantor,  and  Robert   Fairchlld  is 
grantee,  and  dated  Februarys  A.  D.  1881,  a  transcript  of  which  is 

■  d  in  vo],  iv.  p.  78,  in  the  office  "i"  ilu-  ri  gieter  of  d 
Bald  county,  has  been  fully  satisfied;  in  consideration  of  which  said 
i-  hereby  released.     Witness  my  hand  and  seal  :it  Urbana, 
Champaign  county,  State  of  Illinois,  Februarys,  A.  l>.   1884. 


Mari   Reese,    I  u-t  Uoijekt  FAIIU'IIILD,     :',r0<^0"S 

Clara  Bell,     ^Witnesses.  (,miI  u 

[The  above  release  shot'!< ? /■'  recorded  tfu  eanu  "■<(}•<  mortgage.] 


How  to  Foreclose  a  Mortgage. 

Methods  of  foreclosure  vary  in  different  States,  but  possess  some 
general  features,  thus: 

Application  to  a  court  of  chancery  for  authority  to  foreclose; 
notification  to  the  mortgagor;  hearing  of  the  parties;  reference  to' a 
master  in  chancery;  advertising  the  property;  selling  It  at  a  speci- 
fied time  to  the  highest  bidder  al  auction;  deeding  it  to  the  pur- 
chaser,  and  paying  over  any  surplus  funds  remaining  from  tbe  sale 
to  the  mortgagor.     To  illustrate: 

Joseph  Lacy  and  his  wife,  owning  certain  land  In  Cumberland 
county,  Tennessee,  and  needing  monej  to  ase  In  establishing  a  small 

at   Nashville,  borrow  $1,500  of   Robert  J<  i  i 
their  neighbor,  and  give  him  a  mortgage  for  the   amount,  on   certain 

real  estate  in  Cumberland  county,  valued  at  fr 52,500  to  $3,ooo, 

bearing  even  date  with  Lacy's  promissory  note,  due  at  the  end  ol 
three  years,  at  six  percent,  interest  per  annum,  the  Interest  to  be 
paid  every  Bix  months.  Two  years  elapse,  and  Lacy  neglects 
interest  on  his  note  after  the  first  six  months.  Robert  Jo 
therefore  decided  to  foreclose  the  mortgage  on  account  of  this 
default,  gives  notice  thereof  in  form  following,  by  publishing  it  in 
some  newspaper  in  the  county  where  the  land  is  located,  twelve 
weeks  or  as  long  as  the  State  laws  require: 

Notice  of  Intended  Sale  of  Mortgaged  Property. 

Mori  le. — Whereas,  Joseph  Lacy,  and  Emily  Lacy,  hie 

wife,  did,  by  their  certaii  dated  the   third  day  of   July, 

181  I.   and   recorded   in    I  lit:    recorder's  oflii  t   ol    >  innberland   county, 

see,  ii  ol   records,  at   p.  802,   convey  to  the   under- 

irtgau'cc  the  real  estate   hereinafter  described,  to 

tymentof  the  certain  promissory  noti  seplTLacy,  ol 

even  date  with  said  mortgage,  f"r  the  sum  of  $1,500,  payable  on  or 

before  three  years  after  the  date  thereof,  to  the   order  of    Robert 

Jones,  the  undersigned,  with  interest,  at  thi  per  cent  per 

annum. 

\ M-i.   whereas,   default   has  been   made  in  the  payment  ol 
promissory  note  and  the.li  ling  thereon  since  one  year  and 

r-ix  months  from  tbe  date  thereot ; 


AFFIDAVIT    OF    PUBLISHER    AND    AUCTIONEER    RELATING    TO    FORECLOSURE. 


239 


Now,  therefore,  I,  Robert  Jones,  as  mortgagee,  under  the  powers 
rested  in  me  by  said  mortgage,  and  for  the  purposes 
therein,  will,  by  M.  M.  Wells,  my  attorney  in  fact,  duly  constituted 
therefor,  on  the  20th  day  of  January,  1877,  at  nine  o'clock  in  the 
forenoon,  at  the  east  door  of  the  court-house  at  Crossville,  in  the 
county  of  Cumberland,  in  the  State  of  Tennessee,  sell  at  public  auc- 
tion, to  the  highest  and  best  bidder  for  cash,  the  premises  hereinafter 
described,  and  all  the  right,  title,  benefit  and  equity  of  redemption  of 
the  said  Joseph  Lacy,  and  Emily  Lacy,  his  wife,  their  heirs  and  assigns 
therein,  to  wit :  Lot  Beventy  {70),  division  four  (4),  of  the  eastern 
subdivision  in  the  northwest  fractional  quarter  of  section  thirty-one 
(31),  township  thirty-eight  (38)  north,  range  fifteen  (15)  east,  of  the 
3d  P.  M. ,  in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  and  State  of  Tennessee,  said 
lot  having  a  frontage  of  100  feet  by  a  depth  of  370  feet. 

The  amount  claimed  to  be  due  upon  the  note  described  in  said 
mortgage  at  the  date  of  sale  is  $1,635. 

Dated  Crossville,  October  7,  1876. 

ROBERT  JONES,   Mortgagee. 

When  the  foregoing  notice  has  been  printed  the  requisite  number 
of  times,  the  publisher  of  the  newspaper  in  which  it  appeared,  or 
the  foreman  of  the  printing-office  from  which  the  newspaper  was 
issued,  or  the  clerk  of  the  publisher,  must  make  an  affidavit  with 
printed  copy  of  the  mortgagee's  notice  of  foreclosure  and  sale 
pasted  beside  the  affidavit,  as  follows: 

Affidavit  that  Notice  of  Sale  Has  Been  Published. 

State  of  Tennessee,    ) 

County  of  Cumberland,  j  Martin    Newman,    of     the    city    of 

Crossville,  in  said  county  and  State,  being  duly  sworn,  says  that  he  is 
the  printer  and  publisher  of  the  Weekly  Budget,  a  newspaper  pub- 
lished at  Crossville,  in  Cumberland  county,  and  State  of  Tennessee, 
aforesaid;  and  that  the  annexed  notice  of  mortgage  sale  has  been 
published  in  the  said  newspaper  twelve  weeks  successively,  at  least 
once  in  each  week,  the  said  publication  beginning  on  the  seventh  day 
of  October,  A.  D.  1876,  and  ending  on  the  eightb  day  of  January, 
A.B.  1877. 
Sworn  before  me  this  twelfth  day    ) 

of  January,  A.  D.  1877,  >-  MARTIN  NEWMAN. 

Gobham  T.  Stiles,  J.  P.  ) 

The  publisher  or  mortgagee  also  makes  an  affidavit,  to  which  a  copy 
of  the  mortgagee's  printed  notice  of  sale  is  attached,  that  he  deliv- 
ered a  copy  of  such  notice  to  the  county  clerk  for  filing  in  his  office. 

The  publisher  or  mortgagee  also  makes  a  similar  affidavit,  to 
which  a  printed  copy  of  the  mortgagee's  notice  of  sale  is  attached, 
that  he  has  posted  a  copy  of  said  notice  on  the  outer  door  of  the 
county  court-house. 

The  mortgagee,  or  some  proper  officer,  also  makes  a  similar  affida- 
vit, to  which  a  printed  copy  of  the  mortgagee's  notice  of  sale  is 
attached,  that  he  delivered  "a  true  copy  of  said  notice  to  the 
wife"  (son  or  daughter  of  a  competent  age)  "of  the  said  Joseph 
Lacy,  at  his  usual  place  of  residence.  No. —  Blank  street,  he 
being  absent  therefrom  at  the  time;"  or  that  "  he  served  the  said 
Joseph  Lacy  and  Emily  Lacy,  his  wife,  by  delivering  a  copy  of  said 
notice  to  each  of  them  individually,  and  leaving  the  same  with  them;" 
or  "  served  Joseph  Lacy  with  a  notice  of  sale,  of  which  the  annexed 
printed  notice  is  a  copy,  by  depositing  a  copy  of  said  notice  in  the 
post-office  in  Crossville,  Tennessee,  properly  folded,  and  enclosed  In 
a  sealed  envelope,  and  directed  to  him  at  his  phut  of  resilience. 
No.  —  Blank  street. " 


A  printed  copy  of  the  mortgagee's  advertisement  of  foreclosure 

and  sale  should  be  attached  to  the  following  notice,  in  all  cases: 

The  Auctioneer's  Affidavit  of  the  Sale  of  the  Mortgaged  Property. 

State  of  Tennessee,      ) 
County  of  Cumberland,  \     '  Richard  Tennyson,  "f  Crossville, 

in  said  county  and  stir.-,  being  duly  sworn,  says  that  he  sold  the 
premise-  described  in  the  annexed  printed  notice,  by  public  auction, 
at  the  time  and  place  of  sale  therein  mentioned,  to  wit:  On  the  twen- 
tieth day  of  January,  A.  D.  1877,  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  forenoon,  at 
the  east  door  of  the  court-house,  in  the  city  ol  Crossville,  in  said 
county  and  State,  and  that  Thomas  Paine  then  and  there  purchased 
the  same,  for  the  price  of  Twenty-Five  Hundred  Dollars,  he  being 
the  highest  bidder,  and  that  being  the  greatest  sum  bidden  for  the 
same. 

And  this  deponent  further  says  that  said  sale  was  made  in  the  day- 
time, and,  in   all   respects,   honestly,   fairly  and   legally  conducted, 
according  to  his  best  knowledge  and  belief;  and,  also,  that  to 
Thomas  Paine  purchased  the  said  premises  fairly  and  in  good  faith, 
as  he  verily  believes. 

RICHARD  TENNYSON. 

Sworn  before  me  this  twentieth  day  of  January,  A.  D. 

GORHAM  T.  STILES,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

It  now  remains  for  the  person  holding  the  mortgage  to  figure  up 
the  principal  and  interest  actually  due  upon  the  mortgage  at  the  time 
of  sale,  adding  to  that  amount  all  fees  to  legal  officers,  cost  of  adver- 
tising, and  other  necessary  expenditures  attending  the  foreclosure,  to 
deduct  the  total  sum  from  the  $2,500  for  which  the  property  was 
sold,  and  to  pay  the  surplus  to  the  one  who  gave  the  mortgage. 

This  having  been  done,  the  sheriff  of  the  county  proceeds  to  give 
a  deed  of  the  property  sold  to  the  one  who  buys  it.  This  deed  sets 
forth  the  circumstances  of  the  indebtedness,  the  foreclosure  of  the 
mortgage,  the  advertising  and  the  sale,  and  transfers  the  ownership 
to  the  purchaser  in  the  usual  form  of  a  deed. 

Usually  there  is  a  fixed  time  and  method  for  the  redemption  of  his 
forfeited  real  estate  by  the  one  who' gave  the  mortgage,  but  the  laws 
of  the  several  States  differ  in  this  direction.  Thus  in  North  Caro- 
lina there  is  no  redemption;  in  California  six  months  are  allowed  for 
redemption  upon  repayment  of  the  money  for  which  the  property 
was  sold  and  two  per  cent,  interest  per  month  on  the  amount;  in 
Arkansas,  one  year,  with  costs  and  I*)  per  cent,  interest  per  annum; 
and  in  Alabama,  two  years,  under  the  same  conditi 


Form  of  Chattel  Mortgage. 

Tnis  INDENTURE,  made  and  entered  into  this  tenth  day  of  March, 

in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  ami  seventy-two, 

□  Amos  W.  Barber,  of  the  town  of  Waukcgan,  of  the  county 

of  Lake,  of  Illinois,  party  of  the  first  part,  and  AlonzoW. 

King,  of  iii"  -ime  town,  county,  and  State,  of  the  second  part: 

WITNESSETH,  that  the  said    party  of  the   first    part,  for  and  in  con- 

lon  "i'  ill'-    Bum   of    Sis    Hundred   Dollars    in  band   paid,   the 

■    whereof  is  hereb;  Iged,   does   hereby  L-raut,   sell, 

convey,  and  confirm  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second   part,  his  heirs 

and  assigns  forever,  all  and  singular,  the   following  described  goods 

and  chattels,  to  wit: 

Two  fonr-year-old  cream-colored  horses,   one  ('bickering  piano, 

■   -Try  carpet,   16x18    feet    in    size,  one    marble-top 

center-table,  one  Stewart  cooking- stove,  No.   1 14,  one  black- walnnt 

bureau  with  mirror  attached,  one  set  of  parlor  chairs  (six  in  number). 

upholstered  in  green  rep,  with  lounge  corresponding  with  same  in 


240 


km. i'   ITION8    IMTi:    Wlliril    FOREIGNERS   MAY    BE    NATURALIZED. 


style  and  color  «>f  upholstery,  now  in  possession  at  Bald  Barber,  at 
v-   8  Statt   street,  w  ankegan,  ill.  ; 

Together    with    all    and   singular    the   appurtenances    thereunto 
n  in  any  wise  appertaining;  to  have  and  to  hold  the  above 
described  goode  and  chattels  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part, 
In-  be!  I  'ns  forever. 

Provided,  always,  and  theBe  presents  are  upon  this  express  condi- 
tion, that  if  the  said  AmOS  W.  Barber,  his  heirs,  executors,  admin- 
istrators, or  assigns,  Shall,  on  or  before  the  tenth  day  of  March,  A.  I). 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-three,  pay  or  cause  to  be 
the  said  aVlonzoW.  King,  or  his  lawful  attorney  or  attorneys, 
heirs,  administrators!  or  assigns,  the  sum  of  six  Hundred  Dollars, 

together  with  the  interest  that  may  accrue  thereon,  at  the  rate  of  ten 
per  cent  per  annum,  from  the  tenth  day  of  March,  A.  D.  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  se\ enty- two  until  paid,  according  to  the  tenor 
of  one  promissory  note  bearing  even  date  herewith  for  the  payment 
of  said  sum  of  money,  that  then  and  from  thenceforth,  these  presents, 
and  everything  herein  contained,  shall  cease,  and  be  null  and  void, 
anything  herein  contained  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

Provided,  also,  that  the  said  Amos  W.  Barber  may  retain  the  pos- 
session of  and  have  the  use  of  said  goods  and  chattels  until  the  day  of 
payment  aforesaid  ;  and  also,  at  his  own  expense,  shall  keep  said 
goods  and  chattels  ;  and  also  at  the  expiration  of  said  time  of  payment, 
if  said  -urn  of  money,  together  with  the  interest  as  aforesaid,  shall 
not  be  paid,  shall  deliver  up  said  goods  and  chattels,   in  good  con- 


dition, to  said  Alon/.o  W.  King,  or  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators, 

or  assl 

And  provided,  also,  that  if  default  in  payment  as  aforesaid,  by 
said  parly  of  the  first  part,  shall  be  made,  or  if  said  party  of  the 
second  part  shall  at  any  time  before  Bald  promissory  note  becomes 
due,  feel  himself  unsafe  or  Insecure,  that  then  the  said  party  of  tin- 
second  part,  or  ids  attorney,  agent,  assigns,  or  luirv,  executors,  or 
administrators,  shall  have  the  right  to  take  possession  of  said  goods 
and  chattels,  wherever  they  may  or  can  be  found,  and  sell  the  same 
at  public  or  private  Bale,  t<>  tin'  highest  bidder  for  cash  in  hand,  after 
giving  ten  days1  notice  of  the  time  and  place  of  said  sale,  together 
with  a  description  of  the  goods  and  chattels  to  be  sold,  by  al 
four  advertisements,  posted  up  in  public  places  in  the  \  i<  init  v  where 
the  said  sale  is  to  take  place,  and  proceed  to  make  the  sum  of  money 
anil  interest  promised  as  aforesaid,  together  with  all  reasonable 
costs,  charges,  and  expenses  in  so  doing;  and  if  there  shall  be  any 
overplus,  shall  pay  the  same  without  delay  to  the  said  party  of  the 
fir-t  part,  or  his  legal   representatives. 

In  testimony  whereof,  the  -aid  party  of  the  first  part  has  here- 
unto set  his  hand  and  affixed  his  seal,  the  day  and  year  first  above 
written. 


Signed,  sealed  and  deliv- 
ered in  presence  of 
Robert  Kendall. 


AMOS  \V.  BAKBEK. 


• 


NATURALIZATION, 


-^— <$F 


~zj- 


^pfOREIGXERS,   before  they  become  citizens 

rl  of  the  United  States,  as  set  forth  in  the 
—  •'  following  tonus  and  explanations,  are 
called  aliens,  and  owe  no  allegiance  to  the  State 
in  which  they  reside. 

Aliens  do  not  possess  the  right  to  vote  for  the 
election  of  an\  officer  of  the  government,  town. 
municipal,  county.  State  or  national;  nor  can  they 
hold  public  offices  until  they  are  naturalized  or 
have  declared  their  intentions  to  become  citizens. 

Their  personal  and  property  rights  while 
aliens  are.  however,  respected  and  protected  by 
all  branches  of  our  government. 

Comparing  individuals  with  governments,  the 
alien  -ceins  to  heal'  about  the  same  relation  to 
citizenship  that  the  Territories  of  the  United 
State-  do  to  the  Union  —protected,  but  with  cer- 
tain privileges  withheld. 

The  laws  by  which  an  alien  is  transformed  into 
a  citizen,  and  is  endowed  with  all  a  citizen's 
rights  and  privileges,  are  established  by  the  gen- 
eral government. 

The  United  States  laws  require  the  applicant 
for     naturalization     to     be    an    individual     who 


has  lived  within  its  territory  for  five  years  imme- 
diately before  and  up  to  the  timeof  his  application. 
He  must  also  have  resided  during  one  year  of  the 
rive  in  the  State  or  Territory  in  which  he  makes 
his  application.  Two  years  before  he  can  Legally 
be  naturalized,  he  must  go  before  a  federal  court. 
or  some  local  court  of  record,  or  the  clerk  of  either 
of  such  courts,  and  make  an  affidavit  that  he 
proposes  to  become  a  full  citizen  of  the  United 
States  at  the  proper  time,  and  to  renounce  his 
allegiance  t<>  all  other  governments,  princes  or 
potentates,  and.  particularly,  the  sovereignty  of 
the  country  from  which  he  emigrated.  In  most 
States  this  declaration  entitles  him  to  vote.  If 
an  alien  has  served  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the 
United  States,  and  has  been  honorably  dis- 
charged from  such  service,  he  may  be  naturalized 
after  one  year's  resilience  in  any  State  or  Terri- 
tory. Such  residence  must,  however,  be 
definitely  proven  before  the  court. 

The  first  step  in  the  process  of  legal  naturaliza- 
tion, the  applicant  having  duly  shown  that  he  is 
entitled  to  become  a  citizen,  is  to  file  in  court  a 
declaration  of  his  intentions  as  follows: 


FORMS    BY    WHICH    AN    ALIEN    BECOMES    A    CITIZEN    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Ml 


Form  of  Declaring  Intention  to  Become  a  Citizen. 

I,  Gustave  Baum,  do  declare  on  oath  (or  do  affirm),  that  it  is  really 
my  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  to 
renounce  forever  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  all  and  any  foreign 
prince,  potentate,  State  and  sovereignty  whatever,  and  particularly 
to  William,  Emperor  of  the  German  confederation. 

GUSTAVE  BAUM. 

Sworn  (or  affirmed)  in  open  court,  at  Loredo,  Webb  county,  State  of 
Texas,  this  sixteenth  day  of  January,  A.D.  1881. 

Simon  R.  Peterson,  Clerk. 

The  Clerk's  Certificate. 

Tin'  following  is  annexed  to  the  declaration  of  intentions: 

State  of  Texas,    ) 

County  of  Webb,  \  '  I,  Simon  R.  Peterson,  clerk  of  the  circuit 
court  of  said  county,  do  certify  that  the  above  is  a  true  copy  of  the 
original  declaration  of  intention  of  Gustave  Baum  to  become  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  remaining  on  record  in  my  office, 
j&ooo*  ooooffi  In  testimony  whereof  I  have  hereunto  subscribed 
f  s  j   my  name  and  affixed  the  seal   of   said   court,   the 

I  Clerk  of  I    sixteenth  day  of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
Circcit    |    dred  and  eighty-one. 
Coubi.  SIMON  R.  PETERSON,  Clerk. 


Two  years  after  filing  his  declaration  of  intention  to  become  a 
citizen,  the  alien,  having  been  a  resident  of  the  United  States  for 
five  years,  goes  into  the  court  again,  bearing  the  written  proof  that 
he  has  been  sufficiently  long  in  the  United  States  to  become  a  citizen, 
and  there  makes  oath  of  his  allegiance  as  a  citizen  in  the  following 
forms : 

Proof  of  an  Alien's  Residence  and  Moral  Character. 

Circuit  Court,  1 

County  of  Webb,      >ss. 

State  of  Texas,  }  Robert  Morris,  of  Loredo,  being  duly  sworn 
(or  affirmed)says  that  he  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  is, 
and  has  been  during  the  last  past  five  years,  well  acquainted  with 
Gustave  Baum,  now  present;  that  said  Gustave  Baum  has  resided 
within  the  United  States  for  at  least  five  years  last  past,  and  for  one 
year  last  past  within  the  State  of  Texas;  and  that  during  that  time 
the  said  Gustave  Baum  has  behaved  as  a  man  of  good  moral 
character,  attached  to  the  principles  of  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States,  and  well  disposed  to  the  good  order  and  happiness  of 
the  same. 

ROBERT  MORRIS. 

Sworn  (or  affirmed)  in  open  court  the  twenty-fifth  day  of  January, 
A.  D.  1883. 

Simon  R.  Peterson,  Clerk. 

1 

The  Applicant's  Oath  of  Allegiance   Accompanying    the   Fore- 
going Proof. 

Circuit  Court, 
Com 

State  of  Texas,    )  I,  Gustave  Baum,  do  swear  (or  affirm)  that 

the  contents  of  my  petition  are  true;  that  I  will  support  the  constl- 
tntion  of  the  United  States;  and  I  now  renounce  and  relinquish  any 
title  or  order  of  nobility  to  which  I  am  now  or  may  hereafter  be 
entitled;  and  I  do  absolutely  and  entirely  renounce  and  abjure  all 
allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any  foreign  prince,  potentate.  State,  or 
BOVerelgnty  Whatever,  and  particularly  to  William,  Emperor  of  the 
German  confederation,  of  whom  before  I  was  a  subject. 

GUSTAVti  BAUM. 
Sworn  (or  affirmed)  in  open  court,  this  twenty-fifth   day  of  Jan- 
uary, A.D.  1883.  Simon  R.    Peterson,  Clerk. 


icuit  Court,       1 

iinty  of  Webb,      >ss. 

\te  of  Texas,    J  I,  Gustave 


The  applicant  for  citizenship  having  now  complied  with  all  the 
requirements  of  the  naturalization  law,  by  properly  declaring  his 
intentions,  and  proving  his  eligibility  to  become  a  citizen,  and  having 
taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United  States  government  and 
renounced  the  claims  of  any  other  government  upon  him  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  court,  is  now  entitled  to  receive  the  final  certifi- 
cate that  he  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States.  The  form  of  the  cer- 
tificate is  as  follows: 

Certificate  of  Citizenship  After  Having  Been  Fully  Naturalized. 

United  States  of  America,    j 

State  of  Texas,  ',-ss. 

County  of  Webb,  )  Be  it  remembered  that  on 

the  twenty-fifth  day  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  eighty-three,  Gustave  Baum,  formerly  of  Berlin, 
in  the  empire  of  Germany,  now  of  Loredo,  Webb  county,  in  the  State 
of  Texas,  appeared  in  the  circuit  court  (the  said  court  being  a  court 
of  record,  having  common-law  jurisdiction,  and  a  clerk  and  seal), 
and  applied  to  the  said  court  to  be  admitted  to  become  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  the 
several  acts  of  Congress  of  the  United  States  of  America,  for  that 
purpose  made  and  provided.  And  the  said  applicant  having  pro- 
duced to  the  court  such  evidence,  made  such  declaration 
and  renunciation,  and  taken  such  oaths  as  are  by  the  said  acts 
required,  it  was  ordered  by  the  said  court  that  the  said  applicant 
be  admitted,  and  he  was  accordingly  admitted  by  said  court,  to 
be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

r^  In  testimony  whereof  the  seal  of  the  said  conrt  is 
<Jj  hereunto  affixed  this  twenty-fifth  day  of  January,  in 
seal  §  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
*  of  the  J  eighty- three,  and  in  the  year  of  our  independence 
A  court.  I  one  hundred  and  seven. 
<L^         ^3  By  the  Court, 


SIMON  R.  PETERSON,  Clerk. 

If  any  alien  die  after  declaring  his  intention  to  become  a  full 
citizen,  and  before  he  can  legally  do  so,  his  widow  and  children  are 
entitled  to  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  citizens  upon  taking  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  this  government. 

Minor  Aliens. 
Alien  parents  coming  to  this  country  bring  male  children  under 
eighteen  years  of  age.  These  boys,  residing  here  continuously  for 
five  or  more  years,  become  of  age.  Then  tln-y  are  eligible  to 
naturalization,  and  are  not  required  to  make  the  formal  declaration 
of  intention  two  years  before  applying  for  citizenship,  as  in  other 
cases.  But  when  they  appear  before  the  proper  court 
citizenship  they  must  make  the  declaration,  swear  (or  affirm) 

that  for  the  three  years  immediately  pi  ir  application  such 

has  been  their  intention,  and  in  all  other  respects  must  comply  with 
the  naturalization  laws. 

Proof  of  a  Minor  Alien's  Residence  and  Good  Character. 

Circuit  Court,  1 

County  of  Oswego,         >ss. 

State  of  New  York.    \  Thomas   G.   affagill,  of   Oswego.   X    V. 

being  duly  sworn  (or  affirm  thai  he  is  a  citizen  of  the  United 

States,  and   is.    and  has    been    during  the    last    past    five    year- 
acquainted  with  Sannders  McCarty,  now  pres  -  lid  Saunders 
McCarty  has  resided  within  the  United  States  for  at  lea* 
last  past,  and  for  on,- year  hist  past   within   the  S  I    New  York; 
that  during  that  time  the  said   Saund 

man   of    good   moral  character,    attached    to   the   principles   of    the 
constitution    of    th<     Ui        IS  thai    said    Saunders    M 


>42 


SUGGESTIONS    RELATING    TO    PAKTNEKSHIP. 


ie  age  of  twentj  -one  years  on  the  tenth  day  of  Decei 
A  1).   1882;  an. I  that   he   resided  within   the   I  nlted   States  at   leasl 
three  years  next  previous  to  his  becoming  twenty-one  years  ol 

llMM  \-  G.    MAGILL. 

ii  (or  affirmed)  in  open  courl   ilii-  iir-t  day  of  April,   \    D. 

:--  ;.  \i  [SOU    M     Babbi  b,  i  ltrk. 

Oalh  of  Recently  Minor  Alien  lor  Naturalization. 


' 


IT    (   ill  I1T. 

State  of  Nt:\v  Fork,      )  I.  Sounder!    HcCarty,  '1"  swear  (or 

afflrni)  thai  the  contents  of  my  petition  are  true;  thai  l  will  support 


the  constitul I  the   I  ulted  Btates;    ami   I   now    renounce  anil 

relinquleh  any  title  or  order  of  nobility  to  which  I  am  now  <>r  may 
hereafter  be  entitled;  ami  l  do  absolutely  and  entirely  renounce  and 

abjure   all   allegiance   ami    fidelity  to    any   fur. -;_'n   prill..-,    |»..i 

State,  or  sovereignty  whatever,  and  particularly  to  Victoria,  Queen 

i  Britain  and  Ireland,  of  whom  before   l   was  a  subject   (or 

citizen):  And  l  .i<>  also  swear(or  affirm)  that  ii  is  really  mylnten- 

ind  has  been  for  the  la-t  three  yeai       i  I ie  s  citizen  of  the 

United  - 

S  M  NDBRS  H<  CAKTT. 
Sworn  (or  affirmed)  In  open  court  this  first   clay  of  April.    \    1) 
1888  Ai.is.in  M.    Babbsb,  Clerk. 


PARTNERSHIP. 

->•  :      mi      :  ■-» 


-■:■■  -^'' 


N  agreement  between  two  or  mure  persons 
to  invest  their  labor,  time  and  means 
together,  sharing  in  tin-  loss  or  profit  that 
may  arise  from  such  investment,  is  termed  a 
partnership. 

This  partnership  may  consist  in  the  contribu- 
tion of  skill,  extra  labor,  or  acknowledged  reputa- 
tion upon  the  part  of  one  partner,  while  the  other, 
or  others,  contribute  money,  each  sharing 
equally,  or  in  fixed  proportion,  in  the  profits.  Or 
an  equal  amount  of  time.  Labor  and  money  may 
be  invested  by  the  partners  and  the  ]  >r<  .lit-  equally 
divided:  the  test  of  partnership  being  the  joint 
participation  in  profit  and  joint  liability  to  h>-s. 

A  partnership  formed  without  limitation  is 
termed  a  general  partnership.  An  agreement 
entered  into  tor  the  performance  of  only  a  par- 
ticular work,  is  termed  a  special  partnership; 
while  the  partner  putting  in  a  limited  amount 
of  capital,  upon  which  he  receives  a  correspond 
ing  amount  of  profit,  and  is  held  correspondingly 
responsible  tor  the  contracts  ofthe  firm,  is  termed 
a  special  partner.  The  conditions  of  such  a  part- 
nership, are  regulated  by  law  in  different  States. 

Negotiable  paperof  the  firm,  even  though  given 
..ii  private  account  by  one  of  the  partners,  will 
hold  all  the  partners  of  the  firm  when  it  |i;i-rs 
into  the  hand-  of  holders  who  were  ignorant  of 
the  fact-  attending  its  creation. 

Partnership  effects  may  be  bought  and  sold  by 
a  partner;  he  may  make  contract-:  may  receive 
money:  endorse,  draw  and  accept  bills  and  notes: 
and  while  this  may  be  for  his  own  private  account, 
if  it  apparently   he  for  the  use  of  the  firm,  his 


partners  will  he  hound  by  his  action,  provided 
the  parties  dealing  with  him  were  ignorant  ofthe 
tran-action  being  on  his  private  account;  and  thus 
representation  or  misrepresentation  of  a  partner 
having  relation  to  business  of  the  firm,  will  hind 
the  members  in  the  partnership. 

An  individual  Lending  his  name  to  a  firm,  as 
partner  or  allowing  the  same  to  lie  used  after  he 
has  withdrawn  from  the  same,  is  still  responsible 
to  third  per-ons  as  a  partner. 

A  partnership  is  presumed  to  commence  tit  the 
time  articles  of  copartnership  are  drawn,  it'  no 
stipulation  is  made  to  the  contrary,  and  the  same 
can  he  discontinued  at  any  time,  unless  a  specified 

period  .it' partnership  is  designated  in  the  agree- 
ment; and  even  then  he  may  withdraw  by  giving 
previous  notice  of  such  withdrawal  from  the  same. 
being  liable. however,  in  damages,  if  such  are 
caused  by  his  withdrawal. 

Should  it  lie  desired  that  the  executors  and 
representatives  nf  the  partner  continue  tin'  busi- 
ness in  the  event  of  hi-  death,  it  should  be  so 
specified  in  the  articles,  otherwise  the  partnership 

ceases  at  death.  Should  adminstrators  and  exec- 
utors continue  the  business  under  such  circuni- 
stances,  they  are  personally  responsible  for  the 
debt-  contracted  by  the  firm. 

It'iti-  desired  that  a  majority  of  the  partners 
in  a  firm  have  the  privilege  of  closing  the  affairs 
ofthe  company,  or  in  any  way  regulating  the 
same,  such  fact  should  '>,■  designated  in  the  agree- 
ment; otherwise  such  right  will  not  be  presumed. 

Partners  may  mutually  agree  to  dissolve  a 
partnership,  or  a  dissolution  may  be  effected  by 


FOEM    OF    PARTNERSHIP    AGREEMENT    AND    NOTICE    OF    DISSOLUTION. 


243 


a  decree  of  a  court  of  equity.  Dissolute  conduct, 
dishonesty,  habits  calculated  to  imperil  the  busi- 
ness of  a  firm,  incapacity,  or  the  necessity  of 
partnership  m>  longer  continuing,  shall  be  deemed 
sufficient  causes  to  invoke  the  law  in  securing  a 
dissolution  of  partnership,  in  case  the  same  cannot 
be  effected  by  mutual  agreement. 
After  dissolution  of  certain  kinds  of  partnership, 


notice  of  the  same  should  be  given  in  the  most 
public  newspapers,  and  a  notice  likewise  should 
be  sent  to  every  person  having  special  dealings 
with  the  firm.  These  precautions  not  being  taken, 
each  partner  continues  liable  for  the  acts  of  the 
others  to  those  persons  pecuniarily  interested  who 
have  no  knowledge  of  the  dissolution  and  have 
had  previous  dealings  with  the  firm. 


Form  of  Partnership  Agreement. 

This  Agreement  ma  le  this  tenth  day  <>f  Jane,  A.  D.  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  seve  ity  one,  between  Charles  R.  Field,  of  Salem, 
Washington  county,  New  York,  of  the  one  part,  and  David  <..  Hobart, 
of  the  same  place,  of  the  other  part,  witnesscth: 

The  said  parties  agree  to  associate  themselves  as  copartners,  for  a 
period  of  five  years  from  this  date,  in  the  business  of  buying  and 
selling  hardware  and  such  other  goods  and  commodities  as  belong  in 
that  line  of  trade;  the  name  and  style  of  the  firm  to  be  "Field  & 
Hobart." 

For  the  purpose  of  conducting  the  business  of  the  above-named 
partnership,  Charles  R.  Field  has,  at  the  date  of  Ibis  writing, 
invested  Five  Thousand  Dollars  as  capital  stock,  and  the  said  David 
G.  Hobart  has  paid  in  the  like  sum  of  Five  Thousand  Dollars,  both 
of  which  amounts  are  to  be  expended  and  used  in  common,  for  the 
mutual  advantage  of  the  parties  hereto,  in  the  management  of  their 
business. 

It  is  hereby  also  agreed  by  both  parties  hereto,  that  they  will  not, 
while  associated  as  copartners,  follow  any  avocation  or  trade  to  their 
own  private  advantage;  but  will,  throughout  the  entire  period  of 
copartnership,  put  forth  their  utmost  and  best  efforts  for  their 
mutual  advantage  and  the  increase  of  the  capital  stock. 

That  the  details  of  the  business  may  be  thoroughly  understood  by 
each,  it  is  agreed  that  during  the  aforesaid  period  accurate  and  full 
book-accounts  shall  be  kept,  wherein  each  partner  shall  record,  or 
cause  to  be  entered  and  recorded,  full  mention  of  all  moneys 
received  and  expended,  as  well  as  every  article  purchased  and  sold 
belonging  to,  or  in  any  wise  appertaining  to  such  partnership;  the 
gains,  profits,  expenditures  and  losses  being  equally  divided  between 
them. 

It  is  further  agreed,  that  once  every  year  or  oftener,  should  either 
part;  desire,  a  full,  just  and  accurate  exhibit  shall  be  made  to  each 
other,  or  to  their  executors,  administrators,  or  representatives,  of 
the  losses,  receipts,  profits  and  increase  made  by  reason  of,  or 
arising  from  such  copartnership.  And  after  such  exhibit  is  made, 
the  surplus  profit,  if  such  there  be  resulting  from  the  business,  shall 
be  divided  between  the  subscribing  partners,  share  and  share  alike. 

Either  party  hereto  shall  be  allowed  to  draw  a  sum,  the  first  year, 
not  exceeding  Six  Hundred  Dollars  per  annum,  from  the  capital  stock 
of  the  firm,  in  monthly  installments  of  Fifty  Dollars  each;  which 
amount  may  be  increased  by  subsequent  agreement. 

And  further,  should  either  partner  desire,  or  should  death  of  either 
of  the  parties,  or  other  reasons,  make  it  necessary,  they,  the  said 
copartners,  will  t-acb  to  the  other,  or,  in  cast-  of  either,  the  surviving 
party  to  the  executors  or  administrators  of  the  party  deceased,  make 


a  full,  accurate  and  final  account  of  the  condition  of  the  partnership 
as  aforesaid,  and  will,  fairly  and  accurately,  adjust  the  same.  And 
also,  upon  taking  an  inventory  of  said  capital  stock,  with  increase 
and  profit  thereon,  which  shall  appear  oris  found  to  he  remaining, 
all  such  remainder  shall  be  equally  apportioned  and  divided  between 
them,  the  said  copartners  their  exeeutors  or  administrators,  share 
and  share  alike. 

It  is  also  agreed  that  in  case  of  a  misunderstanding  arising  with 
the  partners  hereto,  which  cannot  be  settled  between  themselves, 
such  difference  of  opinion  shall  be  settled  by  arbitration,  upon  the 
following  conditions,  to  wit:  Each  party  to  choose  one  arbitrator, 
which  two  thus  elected  shall  choose  a  third;  the  three  thus  chosen  to 
determine  the  merits  of  the  case,  and  arrange  the  basis  of  a  settle- 
ment. 

In  witness  whereof  the  undersigned  hereto  set  their  hands  the  day 
and  year  first  above  written. 

CHARLES  R.  FIELD, 
Signed  in  presence  of  DAVID  G.    HOBART. 

Abel  Smith. 

Mybon  Brown. 

Dissolution  of  a  Firm. 

A  silent  partner  withdrawing  from  the  firm,  a  majority  of  the 
creditors  not  knowing  of  his  interest  in  the  business,  a  public 
announcement  of  his  retirement  is  not  deemed  necessary.  But  if 
his  name  has  been  prominently  associated  in  the  partnership,  a  notice 
of  the  dissolution  is  published  in  some  newspaper  within  the  county 
where  the  business  was  transacted,  in  the  following  form: 

Notice  of  Dissolution  of  Partnership. 

The  partnership  heretofore  existing  under  the  name  of  Beecher, 
Moulton  &  Tilton,  wherein  John  L.  Beecher  and  Richard  T.  Bfoul- 

ton,  both  of  the  city  of  Huntsville,  in  the  county  of  Butler  and  - 
of  Kentucky.  .1  partners,  and  Frederick  W.  Tilton,  <>r  tin- 

city  of  St.  Louis,  in  the  county  of  St.  Louis  and  State  of  Missouri, 
was  a  special  partner,  is  this,  the  twenty-seventh  day  of  January, 
A.  D.  1883,  dissolved  by  mutual  consent. 

JOHN  L.  BEECHER, 
RICH  UtD  T.  MOULTON, 

FREDERICK  YV.   Til. 

The  business  will  he  continued  at  Huntsville.  Ky..  by  John  L. 
Beecher,  who  alone  is  authorized  to  settle  the  affairs  of  the  said 
firm. 

Huntsville,  Ky.,  January  :.'; , 


IU 


THE    FOBM    Of     PASSPORT    REQUIRED    UY    UNITED    STATES    CITIZENS    ABROAD. 


A.SSPORTS  are  written  permits,  furnished 
for  $5.00  each,  to  citizens  of  this  country 
—  to  travel  unmolested  in  European  or  other 
dominions,  virtually  commending  them  to  the 
protection  of  the  foreign  governments  which  they 
may  visit.  The  Secretary  of  State  of  the  Tinted 
States  at  Washington,  is  alone  authorized  to 
grant  and  issue  passports;  hut  the  ministers  and 
other  diplomatic  representatives  of  our  govern 
ment  abroad  may  also  irrant.  issue  and  verify 
passnorts.  Xone  but  citizens  of  the  United 
States  can   receive   passport8,  and    they  are  only 

issued  under  such  rules  as  the  President  of  the 
United  States  prescribes.  The  unlawful  granting 
or  verifying  of  a  passport  by  any  officer  of  the 
United  States  subjects  him  to  punishment  by  fine 


or  imprisonment  Collectors  of  customs  may 
also  issue  passports  to  United  States  vessels 
visiting    foreign    ports,    and    the    master    of    the 

vessel  is  punished  if  he  sails  from  an  American 
port  to  a  foreign  country  without  one. 

The  name,  age  and  residence  of  the  individual 
applying  i'"r  a  passport,  with  a  description  of  his 
person  and  appearance,  are  entered  in  it.  for  the 
purpose  of  properly  identifying  him.  Though 
passports  possess  less  importance  now  than 
formerly,  it  is  well  for  the  traveler  abroad  to 
always  procure  one  before  commencing  a  foreign 

journey. 

Passports  arc  engraved  and  printed,  in  large 

letters  and  open  lines,  on  parchment.  The  fol- 
lowing is  the  form: 


Form  of  Passport  tor  Citizen  of  the  United  States  when  Traveling  Abroad. 

i£>    ■■    (si 


:s  of 


*mer;ga?  J\ 


EPARTHENT   OF  ATATE. 


■ 


■   ",'■•'''  Wo.   18667. 

a  s 

To  all  to  whom  those  presents  shall  come,  greeting! 

;  Kr  A    of       //'        ty        •'••■'       s    '  ■'■•'     «/     (J>.     ■ 

trric  U[iilinni  jSniillj, 

r>/  /Ac       '  I  '■    .    ^fi/r/it    trur/   Aitc/tr    Ap     /<ttoj,    tine/  t\:    rrro-r    r-A   -ytrcrA  To     rftvt-    -ft-t.. 

<**vc/lt   urn   -AtanrA  oneA  -<%e    *&**/  «/    /Ar       Jl y',  ,' !  f>*l**lt 
00^  */      ^/Altr,      »t      fAr        f 

!  Department  |  -         j  .        '  /Sf/,    «. 


DESCRIPTION. 


Ape.  96 

Stature,  5  feel  6  Lnol 

i       Forehead,  high. 

prominent. 

Mouth 

i  "i  i  i  1 1 .  i  j  i  ■    I 

■ 
long. 

iture  by  thr  b 


-:.•••    - 


ii)   ■■   cgF 


-    -.:; 


=»— ^ >-y- 


OUTLINE    <iF    THE    LAW    RELATING    TO    PATENTS. 


245 


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-s-sSi*- 


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.■'■ 


PATENTS. 


TEXTS  are  granted  in  the  United  States, 
giving  the  exclusive  right  to  the  inventor, 
his  heirs  and  assigns,  to  make,  use  and  sell 
the  invention  or  discovery  throughout  the  United 
States  and  the  Territories  thereof  for  a  term  of 
seventeen  years. 

Before  any  inventor  or  discoverer  can  receive 
a  patent  he  must  make  a  written  application  for 
it.  addressed  to  the  commissioner  of  patents,  and 
tile  in  the  patent-office  a  written  description  of 
his  invention  or  discovery,  giving  details  of  its 
various  parts,  the  materials  used,  how  constructed 
or  compounded,  the  manner  of  operating  it,  and 
the  results  proposed  to  be  accomplished  by  its 
use;  all  expressed  in  such  full,  clear,  concise  and 
exact  language  that  any  person,  familiar  with  the 
art  or  science  which  the  invention  i-  designed  to 
benefit  or  illustrate,  may  be  enabled  to  make, 
construct,  compound  and  use  it.  If  it  is  a 
machine,  the  principle  on  which  it  performs  its 
work  must  be  explained,  as  well  as  the  best 
methods  of  applying  it  to  the  objects  of  the 
invention.  This  is  required  to  distinguish  it 
from  other  machines.  Every  part,  improvement 
or  combination  of  the  invention  which  the  appli- 
cant claims  as  original  with  himself,  must  be 
particularly  pointed  out. 

The  specifications  must  be  signed  by  the 
inventor  and  be  attested  by  two  witnesses. 

When  the  character  of  the  application  requires 
drawings    of    machinery,    or   parts    thereof,    the 


Application  for  a  Patent. 

To  the  Commission'  r  of  Pott  nts,   Washington,  t>.  C. : 
The  petition  of  Joe]  Rice,  "f  Florence,  in  the  county  of  Erie,  and 
State  of  Ohio,  respectfully  represents: 

That   your  petitioner  has  invented   a   new    and    improved    mode    of 
creating  steam-power  for  the  operation  of  machinery,  propulsion  of 

vehicles  on  common  roads,  and  of  all  kinds  of  crafts  upon  navigable 
waters,  which  lie  verily  believes  has  not  been  known  or  used  priorto 
the  invention  thereof  by  your  petitioner,  lie  therefore  prays  that 
letters-patent  of  the  United  state-  may  be  granted  to  him  therefor, 
vesting  in  him  and  his  legal  representatives  tie'  exclusive  righl  t<> 
the  same,  upon  the  terms  and  conditions  expressed  in  the 
Congress  in  that  case  made  and   provided;  he  having  paid  Fifteen 


applicant  must  furnish  one  copy  of  each  drawing, 
signed  by  the  Lnventoror  his  attorney  in  fact,  with 
two  witnesses.  This  copy  is  tiled  in  the  patent- 
office,  and  the  government  officials  attach  another 
copy  to  the  patent  as  a  part  of  the  specifications. 

If  the  article  to  be  patented  is  compounded  'if 
several  ingredients,  specimens  of  the  materials 
used  in  making  it.  and  of  the  whole  composition, 
must  be  forwarded  with  the  application,  in  such 
quantities  that  experiments  can  be  made  accord- 
ing to  the  specifications  by  the  official  examiners. 

Where  a  machine  for  which  a  patent  is  asked 
can  be  illustrated  by  a  working  model  thereof, 
the  commissioner  may  require  the  applicant  to 
furnish  such  model,  in  order  to  show  how  all 
parts  of  the  invention  are  to  be  operated.  The 
model  must  not  exceed  one  square  foot  in  size. 

An  applicant  for  a  patent-right  must  swear  (or 
affirm)  that  he  is.  or  believes  himself  to  he  the 
first,  or  original,  inventor  or  discoverer  of  the 
art,  machine,  manufacture,  composition  or 
improvement  which  he  desires  to  patent;  that  he 
does  not  know,  and  does  not  believe,  that  the 
same  was  ever  before  known  or  used:  ami  must 
tell  of  what  country  he  is  a  citizen.  This  affida- 
vit may  be  made  before  any  person  authorized  to 
administer  oaths  in  the  United  States;  or,  if  the 
applicant  is  a  resident  of  a  foreign  government, 
he  may  take  this  oath  before  an  American  min- 
ister, consul  or  a  notary  public  of  the  foreign 
countrv  where  he  resides. 


Dollarsinto  the  treasury,  and  complied  with  the  other  provisions  of 
the  said  acts 

JOEL  RICE 


Form  of  Specifications  for  a  New   Method   of  Creating   Steam. 
Power. 

Be  it  Known,  that  I,  Joel   Rice,  of    Florence,   in  the  county  of 
F.rie,  and  State  >■!  Ohio,  ii  i  a  new  and  useful  machine  for 

the  purpose  of  creating  steam-power  for  the  operating  of  mat  b 
the  propnlsion  of  vehicles  on  common  roads,  and   of  all    kinds   of 
crafts  upon  navigable  waters:  and  1  do  hereby  declare  that  the   fol- 
lowing is  a  full,  clear  and    exact  description    of   the   construction  and 

operation  of  the  same:  reference  being  had  tothe  annexed  drawings, 


246 


FORM    OF    PETITION     WHIN      U'PI.YIV;    FOR    CAVEAT    OR    PATENT. 


Ion,  in  which  figure  one 
11  perspective,  of  Che  complete  i  iched  i>»  an  ordinary 

engtne;  figure  two  la  an  ordinary  fire-arch,  Bunnounted  by  a 
lobular  iron  kettle,  with  a  flat,  iron  top,  closely  fitted  to  the 
ipper  rim  of  tin-  kettle,  and  fastened  tightly  down  thereto  by 
bed  to  said  cover,  staples  and   keys,  all  of 

ir i"  shown  In  the  working  model  accompanying  this  application; 

figure  three  i-  an  iron  pipe  (a)  three-fourths  "f  an  inch  in  diameter, 

iper  end  of  wl  >nally  into  the  tower  pari  of  the 

righl  side  "f  the  kettle,  and  the  other  end  is  atl  iched  to  a  tank  of 

the  top  "f  the  kettle  and 
reof,  so  thai  by  a  hydraulic  pressure,  regulated  by  an 
automat  ■  within  said  pipe,  and  a  small  extend- 

ing from  the  tank  to  said  pipe  outside  of  said  kettle,  a  supply  of 
water  equal  to  I  is  ejected  into  the  kettle  through  r 

every  thirty  seconds;    figure  four  isapipe  (/)  of  similar  size  and 
.   passing  directly  from  the    Inside  of    the   kettle,  out- 
I  for  the  purpose  of  i 

log  steam  from  the  kettle  to  the  engine  as  a  motive  power  for  the 
propulsion  of  said  engine.  What  I  claim  as  my  invention  and  dis- 
covery,  and  d  cure  by  letters -patent,  Is  the  production  of 

superheated  Bteam  by  the  injection  "f  half  a  L'ill  of  cold  water,  every 
thirtj  u  to  the  red-hot  kettle,  and  the  passage  «-f  the  super- 

heated Bteam  directly  to  the  engine  to  supply  ii  with  power,  t«>  per- 
form any  work  that  any  Bteam- engine  may  perform,  increasing  tii«' 
■  ii  Bteam  from  two  to  fifteen-horse  power  by 
my  invention,  and  the  use  of  superheated  sn 
process  above  described.  I  also  claim  the  righl  to  p 
discovery  and  method  of  application,  the  use  of  superheated  steam  as 
a  motor  In  the  propulsion  of  all  machinery  to  which  it  can  be  applied 
by  ordinary  steam- engines. 

PbtbbM    Ricb,         L  witnesses 

William  T.  I'ktrie,  |  wuneB8M- 


JOEL  RICE. 


The  Inventor's  Oath  Accompanying  his  Application. 
Stats  of  Ohio,  ( 

County  of  Bri<  On  this  tenth  day  of  .inly,  1882,  before 

me,  the  subscriber,  a  notary  public,  appeared  the  within-nann 

ilemnoatn  (or  affirmation)  thai  be  verily  believes 
himself  to   be   the   original   and   first   inventor  of  the  mode  herein 

ted  for  creating  and  applying  superheated  steam  as  a  propelling 
nes,  and  the  propulsion  of  all  bai 
machinery;  and  that  he  does  not  know  or  believe  the  same  h  ■ 
before  known  or   used;  and  that  be  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  - 


T 


NOTARIAL    SEAL. 


EBEN  TATTERSALL, 

Notary  Public. 


Petition  for  a  Patent  with  Power  of  Attorney. 

To  the  Con. 

Your  petitioner,  a  resident  of  the  city  of  Raleigh,  ir 
^orth  Carolina,  requests  that  letters-patent  may  be  granted  to  him 
for    the    invention    set    forth  in   the   annexed    specification;  and   ho 
hereby  appoints  Charles  S,  Dixon,  of  the  city  of  Charleston,  in  the 
State  of  South  Carolina,  bis  attorney, with  full  power  of  substitution 
ami  revocation,  to  prosecute  this  application,  to  make  alterations  and 
dmente  therein,  to  receive  the  patent  and  to  transacl  all  busi- 
mnected  therewith 
edal  Charleston,  in  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  this  - 
teenth  day  of  October,  1882.  ELLIOTT  WELLS. 


Petition  for  a  Patent  for  a  Design. 
To  th  0  ner  of  Patents : 

Your  petitioner,  residing  in  Noel  county.  South  Carolina,  n 
that  letters-patent  may  be  granted  to  him  for  the  term  of  -even  year* 
new  and  original  design  set  fortn  in  me  annexed  specifica- 
tion. GEORGE  S    STEELE. 


Here  follow  th<  me  of  the  design  (for  emblems  <>t  civic 

or   military  ,   home   ornaments,    etc  I,  carefully 

described  In  detail,  and  ending:  "What  I  claim  a-  my  invention,  and 
desire  to  secure  by  letter-patent,  is  the  design  or  pattern  for 
in_-  the  article)  herein  Bel  forth." 


Petition  for  the  Registration  of  a  Trade-Mark. 
To  th*  Commissioner  of  Patent*; 

Your  petitioners  respectfully  represent  thai  the  Arm  of  Lancaster, 

Berkshire  A  Kent  is  engaged  In  the  packing  of  pork,  for  European 

market-,  at  th.  citj  of  St   Louis,  in  the  county  of  st.  Louis,  and  the 

of  afiesouri,  and  al  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  in  1 1  ■  *  -  county  of 

Hamiltoi  of  Ohio,  and  that  the  Bald  Arm  is  entitled  to  the 

Ive   use,  upon  the  packages  of  the  g is  that  they  Bell,  of  the 

trade-mark  describe  i   statement  or  specification,  as 

show  n  more  eleurly  in  the  accompanying  specimen  of  said  trade- 
mark.    They  therefore  request  thai  they  may  be  permitted  to 
protection  for  such  trade-mark  under  the  law  in  such  cases  made 
and  provided.  LANCASTER,  BERKSHIRE  a  KENT, 

Bj  J.   B.   Law 


Transfer  of  a  Trade-Mark. 

We.  J.  B.  Lancaster,  Roheri  Berkshire  and  L.  w.  Kent,  of  the 
d  county  or  Si  Louis,  Lt  the  State  of  ttlssouri,  and  the  city  of 
Cincinnati,  county  of  Hamilton,  and  State  of  Onlo,  partners,  under 
the  firm-name  of  Lancaster,  Berkshire  &  Kent,  in  consideration 
of  six  Bundred  Dollars  to  as  paid  by  Roswell  Jones,  of  the  ell 
county  of  St  Louis,  In  the  State  of  Missonri,  do  hereby  sell,  assign 
and  transfer  to  the  said  Roswi  II  Jones  and  hie  assigns  the  exclusive 
righl  to  use,  in  the  business  of  packing  pork  for  exportation,  a 

a    trade- mark    for    packages    of    pork,  deposited    by  n  -    in    the 

United  states  patent-office,  and  recorded  therein  January  15,  1888; 

iyed  and  nsed  by  the  said   Roswell  Jones  as 

fully  and  entirely  a-  the  same  would  have  been  held  and  enjoyed  by 

ns  if  this  grant  bad  not  been  m 

Witness  our  hands  this  fifteenth  day  of  January,  1883. 

J.  B.   LANCASTER, 
ROBERT    BERKSHIRE, 
L.  W.   KENT. 


Petition  for  a  Caveat. 

To  the  Commissioner  of  Patents: 

The  petition  Of  Michael  Harris,  of  the  town  of  Ralston,  county  of 
Vesper,  and  state  of  Virginia,  respectfully  represents: 

That  he  has  made  certain  improvements  In  the  sawing  of  lumber 
with  upright  and  circular  saws,  and  that  he  is  now  engaged  in  b 

ory  to  applying  for  letters- patent  therefor.  Be 
therefore  requests  that  the  subjoined  description  of  his  Invention 
maybe  filed  a?  a  caveat  in  the  confidential  archives  of  the  patent- 
offli  e  KICHAEL  HARRIS 

follows  th*  ■.  in  which  Uu  I  rip  and 

fully  explained.] 


License  to  Use  a  Patent  by  Paying  a  Royalty  Thereon. 

THIS  Agreement,  made  this  sixteenth  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1881, 
between    .John    I.,  rainier,  of    Knoxville.  in   the  county  of  Knox,  and 
be  first  part,  and  Jerome  1.  Case,  <>f  the 
city  of  Racine,  In  '  I  State 

party  of  the  second  part: 

Witnessetii,  That  wh<  patent  of  the  United  State*  for 

an  improvement  in  the  grain -separators  of  thrashing-machines  were 

.;  to  the  said   party  of  the  first  part.  November  6,  A.  )» 
and  whereas  the  party  of   the   second  part  i*  desirous  of  making 
■  bine-  containing  said   patented   improvement:    Now. 

therefore.   Th  IS   foUOWfr! 


FORMS    AMI    IMPORTANT    FACTS    FOR   THOSE    Willi    WANT    PATENTS. 


241 


1.  The  party  of  the  first  part  hereby  licensee  and  empower*  the 
party  of  the  second  part  to  manufacture,  subject  to  Che  conditions 
hereinafter  named,  at  his  factory  in  Racine,  in  the  Stat-  of  w  iscon- 
sin,  and  in  no  other  place  or  places,  to  the  end  of  the  term  for  which 
said  letters- patent  were  granted,  grain- separators  for  thrashing- 
machines  containing  said  patented  improvements,  and  to  sell  the 
same  within  the  United  States. 

2.  The  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  make  full  and  true 
returns  to  the  party  of  the  first  part,  under  oath,  upon  the  first  day-, 
respectively,  of  January  and  July  in  each  year,  of  all  grain-separators 
containing  said  patented  improvement,--  manufactured  by  him. 

3.  The  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  pay  to  the  party  of  the 
first  part  Five  Dollars,  as  a  license-fee,  upon  every  grain-separator 
manufactured  by  said  party  of  the  second  part  containing  said  pat- 
ented improvements;  provided,  that  if  the  said  fee  be  paid  upon  the 

-pecified  herein  for  semi-annual  returns,  or  within  ten  days 
thereafter,  a  discount  of  twenty  per  cent,  shall  be  made  from  said 
fee  for  prompt  payment. 

4.  Upon  a  failure  of  the  party  of  the  second  part  to  make  returns, 
or  to  make  payment  of  license-fees,  as  herein  provided,  for  thirty 
days  after  the  days  herein  named,  the  party  of  the  first  part  may 
terminate  this  license  by  serving  a  written  notice  npon  the  party  of 
the  second  part :  but  the  party  of  the  Becond  part  shall  not  thereby 
be  discharged  from  any  liability  to  the  party  of  the  first  part  for  any 
license-fee  due  at  the  time  of  the  service  of  the  said  notice. 

Ix  Witness  Whereof  the  parties  above  named  have  hereunto  set 
their  hands  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 


In  presence  of 
Thomas  Lay. 


JOHN  L.  PALMER 
JEROME  I.  CASE. 


License  Granted  lo  Use  a  Patent  in  a  Mechanic's  Shop. 

Know  all  Men  by  These  Presents,  That  in  c  n  .  of  the 

payment  to  me  of  the  sum  of  Sixty  Dollars,  by  John  Scott,  of  the 
village  of  Trenton,  in  the  county  of  Yell,  and  State  of  Arkansas,  the 
of  which  I  hereby  acknowledge,  I  do  hereby  license  and  em- 
power the  said  Join;  -  uufactnre,  at  one  blacksmith  shop  in 
the  village  of  Trenton  aforesaid,  my  improved  rotary  horseshoe,  for 
which  letters-patent  of  the  United  States,  No.  31,265,  were  granted 
to  me  December  6,  1881,  and  to  use  and  sell  the  said  rotary  horse- 
shoes, in  his  business  of  blacksmithing,  for  two  years  from  and  after 
this  date. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this  third  day  of  April,  A.  D.  1882. 


ASAHEL  MERRITT.    XZ  ~  i 


Territory  Assigned  to  the  Purchaser  of  the  Right  to  Sell  a  Patent. 

Know  all  Men  by  These  Presents.  That  in  consideration  of  the 
sum  of  Fifteen  Hundred  Dollars,  to  me  in  hand  paid  by  George  M. 
Van  Cleve,  of  the  city  of  Syracuse,  in  the  county  of  Onondaga,  and 
State  of  New  York,  the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged,  I 
do  hereby  grant  and  convey  to  the  said  George  M.  Van  Cleve  the 
exclusive  right  to  make,  use  and  vend,  within  the  State  of  Delaware, 
and  in  no  other  place  or  places,  the  improvement  in  thrashing- 
machines  for  which  letters-patent  of  the  Uni  -  •  dated  July  5. 
1882,  were  granted  to  me,  the  same  to  be  held  and  enjoyed  by  the 
said  George  M.  Van  Cleve  as  fully  and  entirely  as  the  same  would 
have  been  held  and  enjoyed  by  me  if  this  grant  had  not  been  made. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this  fifteenth  day  of  January,  A.  D. 

,QCO  „^ 

ROMEO  KENDALL.    \      -  i 


Facts  Which  Patentees  Should  Understand. 


Tax  on  Patents.— A  patent  is  not  subject  to  either  local,  State  or 
national  taxes. 

Can  Be  Assigned.—  Patents  can  be  assigned  like  other  written  evi- 
dences of  proprietorship.    (See  Assignments,  i 

Aliens  and  Minors.— Patents  are  granted  to  aliens,  minors  or  women; 
also  to  administrators  and  executors  of  di  utors. 

Assignees.— Patents  may  be  granted  and  also  re-issued  to  the  assignee 
of  the  inventor  or  discoverer;  but  the  assignment  must  first  be  recorded  in 
the  patent-office. 

The  \ame  of  the  Inventors  md  that  of  the  assignee,  if  it  be 
assigned,  together  with  the  title  of  the  invention,  must  be  permanently 
affixed  to  the  model. 

Patents  In   Great    Britain.— Patent  covers  England.    Wales 
Umd  and  Ireland.      No  model   required.     Patent  good  for  fourteen  years. 
Fees  from  8200  to  S300. 

Appeals.— When  an  examiner  rejects  a  case,  appeal  is  made  to  the 
examiner-in-chief,  next  to  the  commissioner  of  patents,  and  lastly  to  the 
supreme  court  of  the  district. 

Patent    Papers  are  not  prepared  at    the  patent-office  at   Washington, 

but  should  be  prepared  and  all  in  readiness  for  examination  before  sending 
the  model  and  papers  t<>  Washington. 

Public  Property. —The  commissioner  of  patents  has  no  power  to 
renew  a  patent.  The  monopoly  on  the  same  expires  at  the  end  of  Bevenfc  en 
years  and  it  then  becomes  public  property. 

Other  Countries.— Patent--  in  Spain  extend  for  twenty  years;  Italy, 
fifteen  years;  Russia,  ten  years;  Australian  colonies,  fourteen  years.  Fees 
for  the  entire  term  in  foreign  countries  will  be  from  $*J<>0  to  $500. 

Interference.  — A  disagreement  as  to  who  is  the  first  to  produce  a  certain 
invention  is  termed  an  interference.     In  Such  cases 

examiner,  each  contestant  being  represented  by  a  competent  person  to  pre- 
sent the  merits  of  the  case  fully. 

Order  of  Examination.  —The  case  of  a  patent  passes  Into  its  regular 
class,  and  is  taken  up  for  examination  with  others  in  its  regular  rotation. 

Exception  to  this  is  mad-    in  d  patents,  and  patents 

which  are  of  especial  importance  to  the  public  ■-■ 

The  Inventor  of  a  patent  must  apply  for  the  same  in  his  own  name, 
over  his  own  signature.     An  attorney  cannot  sign  for  the  inventor;    and  yet. 

in  many  cases,  the  inventor  may  find  it  most  convenient  and  economical  to 
employ  a  patent-solicitor  of  experience  to  care  for  bis  legal  work. 


Legibility.—  The  law  requires  that  all  papers  deposited  at  the  patent- 
office  shall  be  correctly  and  legibly  written. 

Patents  in  Germany.— Good  for  fifteen  years.  Patent  maybe  taken 
for  one  year  and  extended  by  payment  of  annual  tax. 

Foreign  Inventors  must  have  their  patented  article  in  use  or  for  sale 
in  the  United  States  within  eighteen  months  from  date  of  patent. 

Patents  in  France.— Patent  good  for  fifteen  years.  No  model 
required.  Annual  tax  on  patent  of  #20.  Patent  ceases  if  tax  unpaid.  Fees 
from  $100  to  $150. 

Infringement.— An  invention  which  is  an  improvement  on  a  previous 

patent  is  not  an  infringement,  unless  to  produce  the  improvement  the  pre- 
vious patent  be  used. 

Assignments,  agreements,  contracts,  and  all  important  papers  relating 
to  change  of  ownership  should  be  recorded  at  Washington,  th 
original  patent  papers. 

Patents  in  Belgium.  — Patent  allowed  for  twenty  years,  except  where 
it  d  in  another  country,  in  which  case  patent  expires  according  to  the 
law  where  it  was  tirst  Issued. 

Iii  <  a«e  of  Heath.— tf  a  person  entitled  to  receive  a  patent  should  die 

before  it  is  granted,  his  executors  or  administrators  may  receive  it  in  trust 
for  his  heirs  upon  the  same  condition. 

If  Xot  Patented.— If  an  inventor  makes  and  sells  any  newly  invented 
machine  before  it  is  patented,  the  purchaser  of  it  shall  have  the  right  to  sell 
her  person  to  be  used  without  liability  therefor. 

Original  Papers  relating  to  a  patent,  when  decided,  are  retained  at 

sent  to  the  patentee  at  tl. 
i  hough  patent  be  denied,  the  money  paid  on  the  application  cannot 
be  withdi 

When  Finished.— All  applications  for  patents  must  be  completed  and 
amination  within  two  years  after  the  application  is  first  filed 
in  the  patent-office,  or  be  considered  as  abandoned,  unl.  sfactory 

'     r  the  long  delay  is  given. 

New  Dealgns.— Patents  are  granted  for  new  designs  of  ornamental 
character  for  three  and  i  hair  years  ,,.  as  may  be 

In  the  application.     The  patent  ex]  miration  of  th 

for  which  application  *  as  made,  and  no  extension  i>  granted. 

Foreign  Patent*.  -A  patent  procured  in  the  United  states,  for  which 
itent  in  a  foreign  country,  may  remain  in  th. 
archives  Of  the  patent-office  at  Washington   for  a  period  not   exceeding  six 
months,  in  order  to  give  opportunity  to  arrange  for  pan  nts  abroad. 


248 


FACTS     MS*  H    1     l'ATKXTS.       PEN8IOK8    AXLOWED    FOE    TOTAL    DISABILITY. 


Kviiiue.- Whenever  as  been  made  In  the  elalmi  or   peclfl 

i  petition  rn.n  be  mad<  to\   i  n  I    ae,  the  petition  to  be 
accompanied  by  new  drawings  and  corrected  specifications,    a  new  and  cor- 
■rill  thereupon  be  leaned, and  the  runner  patent  will  be  can- 
celled. 

Mark.il     **  Putt*  nteil."  —  All    patented    articles    must    be    D 

ited"  before  being  ■old  or  need.  [1  l>  a  punishable  offense  t<»  pat  the 
word  "  patented '  upon  any  article  for  which  a  patent  hae  not  been  issued. 
The  p«-r»iiit>  is  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $H*>,  with  eost>;  one-half  of  the  fine, 
when  i  '    paid  to  the  person  who  prosecutes  the  guilty  party,  and 

the  othei  half  t"  the  United  - 

Patent*  in  fan  nd  u.    The  patent  most  be  applied  for  within  01 
after  the  patent  was  allowed  m  the  i  n tted  states,  hy  an  American  wishing  a 
patent  In  Cans  [Hired,  and  patent  wood  for 

fifteen  yean     ttaj  In  ide  during  the  first  year,  bot 

■  I  begin  1 anufactore  the  article  on  Canadian  soil,  or 

else  arrange  h  d.liinh'  pluee  where  the  same  may  he  obtained.     Pei 
1100. 

Boiling      Patents.      Of    the    VarlOUS    methods  for  disposing  Of     patent-. 

Ing  ol  the  patent  entire  to  othere,  without  reserving 

any  rlgb  ng  s  royalty  on 

che patent  is  used;  thud,  selling  the  right 

to  roanufacl nn  tain  length  of  tune,  fourth, 

selling  thi  bt  to  nxannfactnn  >ry  on  a  royalty 

1  in  certain  Iocs 

or  the  right  to  manufacture  In  certain  sta 

OlMi-lal   Fee*.     SlC  *834,     The  following  Bball   be  the   rate   for  patent 
in  id  uik*  each  original  application  foi  a  patent,  except  In  design  cases 

Dgeacb  original  patent,  except  In  design  cases,  920.     In 
For  three  years  ind  six  months,  910;  foi  |1S;  for  four' 

ears,  *30.    On  filing  each  caveat,  tlO.    <  m  every  application  for  the 
re-Issue  of  a  patent,  980.    On  filing  each  disclaimer,  $10.    On  ever} 
tlon  for  the  extension  ••(  a  patent,  150.    On  the  granting  of  i  nslonol 

be  first  time  from  the  primary  ■■ 
blef,  t!0.    On  ewers  appeal  from  the  cm. mine,    , 

tOtheCOl Onei     920       K<u-  -■-  rr  ill.'.t  .-.  .f.i..     ,,f   patents   and    other    i 

Bed  printed  copies,  ten  cent    pei  hundred  words.    For  record- 

at,  power   of   attorney,  or  other  paper  of 

three  hundred  words  oi   under,  91;  of  ovi  idred    uid   u 

thousand  .  i  words.  93.    For  copies  of  draw- 

ings, thei  Bbc     1035.     Patent   fees  may  be 

paid  to  the  oomj  patents,  or  to  the  treasurer  or  any  of  the  assistant 


rers  of  the  United  States,  01   t->  am  of  the  <[<■  ,.  -.  .  ■ .  1     .  .  , 
national  bank     [rers  01  public  money,  di    Ignated  by  the  secretary  of 

-Mi.  .  t     Shall    gtve  the  de] 

receipt  or  certificate  oi  depostl  therefor,    all  money  re  ■  ■  the  patent- 

1  any  purpose,  or  tromany  source  whatever,  shall  be  paid  Into  the 

.   deduotion  whateTcr.     Bbc   1086,     The 

urer  of  the  United  authorised  to  pay  baok  any  sum  or  sums 

<.t  monej  to  any  person  who  has  through  mi-take  paid  the  same  into  the 

l  ■  to  any  recelTer  or  depositary,  to  the  credit  of  the  treasury,  as  for 

ruing  at  the  patent-office,  upon  ■  certificate  thereof  being  made  to 

the  treasurer  bj  the  commissioner  ol  patents. 

M <»<it- W  Keq nired.  -While  s  1 piete  model  i-  required  not  exceeding 

one  fool  1  new  Invention,  to  case  of  an  unproTemenl   ■ 

machine  ol  rocs  Impro^  1  tired    amodelmaj  be  made 

of  wood  or  11  let.  1 1  as  best  huIos  tin*  convenience  of  tin'  bw  ntor,  H     unple  pur- 
pose being  to  Illustrate  the  working  or  the  Improvement  or  Invent!  in, 

lira  wlnir*.—  Paper  must  be  used     tiff  enough   to  be  Stowed  away  In  the 

portfolio     run  1  he  calendered  and  imooth.     India  ink.  or  othei 

giving  0  cli  ai  blaj  fa  m  Lrk,  mn  I  1 1     Blse  oi  the  sheet  should  be  exactly 

lObj  15  inches,  and  one  Inch  from  It  1  lini   should  be 

drawn.  |i  p  ice  for  drawing  exactly  8  by  13  Inches.    As  much  0 

tobi  1    ■  ...fueiiik'  the  dr. iw intra  ami  specifications, the  Inventor 

si Id  avail  hlmseli  of  the  experience  "f  some  competent  person  in  their 

. 

Caveat*  give  Inventors  tim  1  i»erfect  theii  1  unning 

for   "     mm  cs  led   from   year  to   year.     They  can   only  be 

filed  by  ntizeiis  of  tie- I'tiited  states  and  foreigners  who  have    ■ 

Ian  I  their  Intention  to  become  citizens.    A  caveat  is 
secret,  and    the   caveator  can    uss  the  stamp  "caveat   filed."     No  model 

1  be  cav)  al  does  not  lu  live  right  ol 

patent  does.     i  don,  drawing  and  affl- 

davli  ol  Utventli  in, 

Trade-Mark*  maj    be  registered,  giving  person,  firm  or  corporation 
excluslvi  rrn      Trad*  marl    remain  in  use  for  thin  ■ 

and  ma\  bi  renewed  foi  thirty     ore     N maj  use  the  patented 

aark  of  another  on  a  similar  ols     ol  - d    calculated  to  deceive,  but 

1  mark    may  he  used  on    another   ell  if  mother    line  of 

trade  without  Infringement    Where  the  word  ed  by  acertain 

,11  would  not  bi  the  figure  of  a 

star  on  a  competing  shirt,  as  the  purpose  In  this  case  would  be  to  deceive, 

Nelthei  tmllar  In  pronunciation  be  u-    .  as  the  words  ■  i>_vii' 

and  "  loyal." 


1 

1 


•  ■:  • 


PENSIONS. 

-J— e>  ^H^ 


.-1 


t-  is — 5-** 


tNDIVIDTJALS  entitled  to  obtain  pensions 
from  the  United  States  government  for 
wounds  or  injuries  to  their  persons  or 
health,  received  in  the  line  of  duty,  so  that  they 
arc  incapacitated  for  active  service  or  for  earning 
their  own  support,  are  the  following: 

Any  officer  of  the  army,  in  either  division,  and 
any  officer  of  the  navy  or  marine  corps. 

Any  enlisted  man.  however  employed,  in  the 
military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States. 

Any  master  serving  on  a  government  gun-boat, 
or  any  pilot,  engineer,  sailor,  or  other  person  not 
regularly  mustered  into  the  naval  service. 

Any  person  not  enlisted  in  the  army,  but  who 
has  served  as  a  volunteer  soldier  or  militiaman 
in  any  regularly  organized  military  or  naval 
force 

Any  assistant  or  contracting  army  surgeon, 


or  provost-marshal,    deputy  provost-marshal,  or 
enrolling  officer. 

The  following  are  the  pensions  per  month. 
allowed  for  total  disability  in  the  army  and  navy, 
payable  every  six  months  : 

Army  Pension. — Lieutenant-colonels,  and  all  above  that  rank, 
130;  major.  $25;  captain,  $20;  Brat  lieutenant,  $17;  Becond  lieu- 
tenant, $15;  non  commissioned  officers,  musicians  and  private 
soldier-     - 

Navy  Pension. — Captain,  commander,  surgeon,  paymaster  and 
er(by  law  rioikioL'  as  commanders),  lieutenant -command- 
ing and  maater  commanding,  $80;  lieutenant,  Bnrgeon,  paymaster  and 
1  bi<  I  englneei  I  bj  law  rankine  as  lieutenant- 1,  a  nil  p;i--eil  j,--i  -taut  - 
surgeon,  $•,>:>;  professor  of  mathematics,  maater,  assistant-am 
assistant-paymaster  and  chaplain,  $20;  first  assistant-engineers  and 
pilots,  $15:  passed  midshipman,  midshipman,  captain's  and  pay- 
master's clerk-,  second  and  third  assistant-engineers,  master's-mate 
and  all  warrant  officers,  S10:  all  petty  officers,  and  all  oilier  persons 
not  named  above,  lint  employed  in  the  naval  service,  $8. 

PENSIONS   TO   RELATTVE8. 

Only  one  full  pension  can  be  claimed  by  the 
relatives  of  a  deceased  officer,  soldier  or  seaman, 
and  these  are  classified,  in  order  of  precedence, 


IF    ENTITLED    TO    A    PENSION,    HOW  TO  SECURE   IT. 


249 


as  follows:  Widows  of  officers,  soldiers  and 
seamen;  children  under  sixteen  years  of  age, 
if  the  widow  is  dead,  or  from  the  date  of  her 
remarriage,  when  her  pension  ceases;  mothers  of 
officers,  soldiers  and  seamen,  dependent  upon 
the  deceased  for  support,  or  where  the  deceased 
leaves  neither  widow  nor  children  under  sixteen 
years  of  age;  sisters  of  the  deceased,  under  six- 
teen years  of  age,  or  who  were  dependent  upon 
their  brothers  for  support,  provided  that  none  of 
the  other  above-named  relatives  are  living.  When 
more  than  one  minor  child  or  orphan  sister 
become  entitled  to  the  pension,  it  must  be  equally 
divided  between  them. 

WHEN    PENSIONS   BEGIN. 

Invalid  pensions  to  officers,  soldiers  and  sea- 
men begin  from  the  date  of  the  pensioner's  dis- 
charge from  the  service,  if  claimed  within  a  year 
afterward;  if  it  is  not,  the  pension  must  com- 
mence from  the  date  of  the  application.  The 
pensions  of  relatives  begin  at  the  date  of  the 
death  of  the  pensioner. 

It  will  be  noticed  in  the  following  declarations 
— and  this  the  government,  laws  require — that  the 
identity  of  the  claimant  is  established  by  the 
oaths  of  two  witnesses,  certified  by  a  proper 
officer  to  be  respectable  and  truthful,  who  are 
present  and  testify  to  the  signature  of  the 
claimant. 

Applicants  for  invalid  pensions  must,  if  pos- 
sible,   produce  certificates  from  the  captains  or 


Applicant's  Declaration. 

State  of  Ohio,  [ 

County  uf  Cuyahoga,  j  v*'  On  this  first  day  of  April,  A.  D. 

1865,  personally  appeared  before  me,  a  justice  of  the  peace  in  and 
for  said  county,  Jonas  Allen,  a  resident  of  the  city  of  Toledo, 
Miami  county,  and  State  of  Ohio,  aged  twenty-seven  years,  who, 
being  first  duly  sworn,  according  to  law,  declares  that  be  is  the 
identical  Jonas  Allen  who  enlisted  in  the  service  of  the  United 
stairs  at  Toledo,  Miami  county,  in  the  State  "f  Ohio,  on  the  twelfth 
day  of  October,  A.  1).  1861,  as  a  private  soldier,  in  company  C, 
commanded  by  Captain  Robert  Bell,  in  the  Seventieth  Regimentof 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  in  the  war  of  1861,  and  was  honorably 
discharged  on  the  seventeenth  day  of  July,  A.  D.  1864.  That  while 
in  the  service  aforesaid,  and  in  the  line  of  his  , i u t \  on  or  about  the 
tenth  day  of  June,  A.  1).  1864,  he  received  the  Following  wound,  to 
wit,  a  bullet  three-eighths  of  on.'  inch  in  diameter  passing  into  the 
front  part  of  his  right  lei:,  two  inches  above  the  knee,  passing  down- 
ward ami  into  the  cap  of  said  right  knee,  shattering  it,  ami  passim: 
out  of  the  hinder  part  of  his  said  right  leg,  about  two  inches  below 
the  knee-joint  thereof,  producing  permanent  lameness  of  the  said 
rightleg;  from  which  wound  he  Is  now  a  sufferer  and  incapacitated 


some  other  commissioned  officers  under  whom 
they  served,  distinctly  stating  the  times  and  places 
when  and  where  the  applicants  were  disabled  or 
seriously  wounded,  and  the  nature  of  the  disa- 
bility, and  that  this  occurred  while  the  claimant 
was  actually  in  the  service  of  the  United  States 
ami  performing  his  duty. 

Should  the  proper  officer  be  dead  or  beyond 
reach,  the  applicant  must  swear  to  that  fact,  and 
produce  the  testimony  of  two  credible  witnesses 
upon  the  subject;  and  the  good  character  of  these 
witnesses  must  be  vouched  for  by  some  judicial 
officer,  or  by  some  one  well  known  at  the  treasury 
department  at  Washington.  The  testimony  of 
these  witnesses  must  be  minute  in  detail,  and 
they  must  show  on  what  their  knowledge  of  the 
facts  is  founded. 

The  personal  habits  of  the  applicant  and  his 
occupation,  after  having  been  discharged  from  the 
service,  must  also  be  verified  by  the  testimony  of 
two  trustworthy  witnesses. 

The  counsel  of  an  intelligent  lawyer,  when 
applying  for  a  pension,  will  greatly  aid  the 
claimant  in  establishing  his  rights. 

The  fees  of  agents  to  obtain  pensions  are  Five 
Dollars. 

THE    FIRST    STEP. 

The  first  thing  to  be  done  by  the  claimant  for  a 
pension  is  to  make  out.  sign  ami  verity  by  oath 
and  proper  witnesses,  the  following  declaration — 
if  formerly  in  the  army: 


for  military  duty  and  earning  a  livelihood  by  his  trade  as  a  stone- 
mason.      That  at  the  time  the  wound  above  described   was   r 
he    was   engaged  with  his  company   and   regiment   in  repulsing  an 
assault  by  confederates  at  Btoney  Creek,  in  the  State  of  Missouri. 

That  he  languished  in  the  military  hospital  at    Xero    in    Baid    S 
Missouri,  in  consequence  of    said    wound,    unable   to   perform   any 
active  duty,  for  six  weeks  ami  three  days.      That    when   disi 
from    said    military  hospital,  he   returned    to   Toledo,  Miami    COU 
and  state  of  Ohio,  where    he    has    ever    sin.  , 

his  return  home  he  has  followed  the occupat i  a  clerk  in  a  law- 
yer's Office  at    Toledo    aforesaid.        He    makes    this    application    for   a 

pension,  provided  by  the  act  of  Congress,  approved  July  it.  a    D. 
[862.      M>    post-office   address    la   a-   follows:    Bos   6,000,   T 

Miami  count v,  Ohio. 

•ion  AS  ALLEN. 

Also  personally  appeared  before  me  Edward  C.  Thomas  am]  Hart* 
lett  Chauncey,  residents  of  the  city  of  Toledo,  in  the  county  of 
Miami,  and  Stat,  of  Ohio.  lo  me  well  known  as  credible  persons, 
who,  being  duly  sworn,  declare  that  they  were  present  and  si 
Jonas  Allen  siu'n  his  name  to  the  Foregoing  dei  laratlon,  and  thai  they 
believe,  from  the  appearance  of  the  applicant  and  their  acquaintance 


250 


PROCLAMATIONS.       BUCHANAN'S    PROCLAMATION    IN     1  s<'>". 


with  him,  that  he  is  the  Identical  person  he  represents  himself  to  be, 

that  hie  habits  and  character  are  g I,  and  thai   in-  occupation  la 

thai  of  a  lawyer's  clerk;  and   they  further  state  thai   they  have  no 
Lnteresl  In  the  prosecution  of  this  claim. 

Kl>\\  URD  C     THOM  \s, 
BARTLBTT  CHAUNCEY. 

Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me  this  Aral  daj  of  April,  A.  D. 
1865;  and  I  b  fy  thai   1  have  no  Interest,  direct  or  indirect, 

in  tin-  prosecution  of  tin-  i 

niK am  COE,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

The  Widow's  Application. 

The  widow  of  a  soldier,  who  died  w  bile  in  the  line  of  his  duty  and 

i    i       tied  to  a  pension  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  must 

an  affidavit  similar  to  the  foregoing,  setting  forth  that  she 

Doth  on  her  oath  make  the  following  declaration  In  order  to  obtain 
the  benefits  of  the  provision  made  by  the  act  of  Congress,  approved 
.luh  it,  1862,  granting  pensions;  that  Bhe  Is  the  widow  of  Charles 
James  Fox,  late  of  the  county  of  Oswego,  and  State  of  New  fork, 
who  was  a  corporal  Ln  Company  M,  commanded  bj  Captain  Martin 
i.  [n  the  Ninety -third  Regiment  of  New  fork  Volunteer  Infantry, 
mustered  Into  the  Bervice  of  the  United  Stat<  s,  from  the  State  of  New 
fork,  in  tin-  war  of  1861,  and  who  was  killed  at  the  tir-t  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  on  the  twenty-first  day  of  July,  A.  I>  1861,  a-  this  deponent 
verily  believes,  she  further  declares  that  Bhe  was  lawfully  married 
to  the  -ani  <  harles  .lame-  Pox,  at  Oswego,  in  the  state  of  New  York, 


by  the  Rev.  William  Pitt,  s  i  lerg]  man  ol  the  <  !ongregational  church, 
on  the  fourth  day  ol  February,  A  l».  1856;  thai  her  husband,  the 
aforesaid  Charles  James  Pox,  died  on  the  day  above  mentioned,  at  she 
verilj  believes,  and  Bhe  remained  hie  faithful  wife  until  bta  dec 
sin-  further  declares  that  Bhe  has  remained  bis  widow  ever  since  the 
d<  m  b  ol  hei  said  husband,  she  further  declares  that  she  had  by  her 
eceased  husband  one  child,  a  boy,  now  living,  undei  the  age  of 
Bixteen  d  Ebon  Pox,  aged  eighl  years,  and  residing  with 

her  :it  OswegO,   in  the  Mate  of    New  York;   and    that     she    has    not,  in 

any  manner,  been  engaged  in.  or  aided  or  abetted,  the  rebellion  in 
the  United  States,  and  that  her  maiden  name  was  Stella  Swift  My 
post- office  address  i-  760  Fifth  Btreet,  Oswego,  Oswego  county,  State 

'"   Vw  V"rk-  mi. I, A   FOX. 

Uso  personally  appeared  Mary  Boss  and  Hermann  Lange,  i 
dents  of  Oswego,  in  the  county  of  Oswego,  and  State  of  New  York, 
persons  whom  1  certify  to  be  respectable  and  entitled  to  credit,  and 
who,  being  by  me  duly  sworn,  say  that  they  were  present  and  saw 
Stella  Fox  sign  her  name  to  the  foregoing  declaration;  and  they 
further  swear  that  thej  have  known  the  parties  above  described  to 
have  lived  together  as  husband  and  wife  five  years  previous  to  and 
up  to  the  time  of  deceased  going  Into  the  aforesaid  service  of  the 
United  state-,  and  that  thej  h.n  i  ei  ery  reason  to  believe,  from  the 
appearance  of  the  applicant,  and  their  acquaintance  with  her,  that 
she  is  the  Identical  person  she  represents  herself  to  be;  and  that 
they  have  no  Interest  In  the  prosecution  of  this  claim. 

[Sworntoand  subscribed  as  in  tfu  declaration  preceding.] 


PROCLAMATIONS. 


'    ^ 


IlROCLAMATIONS    are    either    verbal    or 

written    public    announcements,    from   an 

official      personage,      relating     to     some 

cia]  exigency  or  a  particular  occasion.      They 

may  be  addressed  to  a  class  or  certain  classes  of 

people,  or  to  all  the  citizens  of  a  nation  or  State. 

They  possess  the  character  of  a  law,  because 

tln\  require  obedience  or  co-operation  of  action 


in  those  to  whom  they  are  addressed,  although 

no  penalty  attaches  to  their  infraction,  except  in 
time  of  war.  Invasion  or  insurrection,  when 
offenders  are  punished  by  the  ruling  authorities, 
whether  civil  or  military. 

The  most  of  the  following  forms  show  procla- 
mations which  have  been  actually  issued  upon 
important  occasions  by  government  officials. 


President  Buchanan's  Proclamation  for  a  Fast-Day  in  1860. 

Numerous  appeals  have  been  made  to  me   by  pious  and   patriotic 
■    in  view  "f  the  present  distracted  and  dan- 
condition  "i"  onr  country,  to  recommend  that   a  day  bi    Bel 
apart  for  humiliation,  fasting  and  prayer  throughout  the  Dnion.     In 
ince  with  tb<  ii  request,  and  m>  own   sense  of  duty,  i 
i  riday,  the  fourth  dayol  ■■  1861,  for  this  purpose,  and 

recommeno  thai  the  people  assemble  on  thai  day,  according  to  their 
Bever&i  forms  of  worship,  to  keep  it  as  a  solemn  fast 

?he  Onion  of  the  States  is  at  the  present  moment  threatened  with 

alarming  and  Immediate   danger — panic   and   distress  of  a   fearful 

ter  prevail  throughout   the  land — our  laboring  population  are 

il    employment,   and  consequently  deprived  of  the  means  of 

■  f  their  bread — indeed  hope  seems  to  have  deserted   the  minds 

nf  men.     All  classes  are  in  a  state  of  confusion  and  dismay;  and  the 

n  isesl  counsels  of  our  best  and  purest  men  are  whollj  disregarded. 

In  this,  the  hour  «»f  .  I  peril,  to  whom   shall  we 

resor*  for  relief  but  to  the  God  of  onr  fathers!     His  omnipotent  arm 

i   ii-  from  the  awful  effects  of  our  crimes  and  follies — our 

i  ititnde  and  guilt  towards  our  Heavenly  Father. 

Let  us,  then,  with  deep  contrition  at   sorrow,  unite  in 


humbling  ourselves  before  the  Mob!  High,  In  confessing  onr  indi- 
vidual and  national  Bins,  and  in  acknowledging  the  Justice  of  onr 
punishment.  Let  us  implore  Him  to  remove  from  our  hearts  that 
false  pride  ol  opinion  which  would  Impel  us  to  persevere  in  wrong 
for  the  sake  of  consistency,  rather  than  yield  a  just  submission  to  the 

unforeseen  exigencies  by  which  ■■■■ \    surrounded,      Let   us, 

with  drip  reverence,  beseech  Him  to  restore  the  friendship  and 
good-will  which  prevailed  In  former  days  among  the  people  of  tie' 
Beveral  States,  and,  above  all,  to  save  us  from  the  horrors  of  civil 
war  and  "  blood-guiltiness. "  Let  our  fervent  prayers  ascend  to  His 
throne,  that  He  would  not  d.s.-rt  us  in   this  hour  of  extreme  peril, 

but  remember  us  as  He  did    our    fathers    in    the    darkest    days    of   the 

i.''  volution,  and  preserve  our  constitution  and  onr  Dnfon — the  work 
of  their  hands — forages  yetto  come.      An  Omnipotent   Providence 

maj  overrule  existing  evils  for  permanent  g I.      He  can  make  the 

wrath  of  man  to  praise  Him,  and  the  remainder  of  wrath  He  can 
restrain.      Let  me  invoke  every  individual,  in  whatever  sphere  of  life 

he  ni.i\  be  placed,  to  feel  a  personal   res] Blbllitv  to  God  and   his 

country  for  keeping  this  day  holy,  and  for  contributing  all  in  his 

power  to  remoi actual  and  impending  difficulties. 

JAKES  BUCHANAN. 
Washington,  D   <  . .  December  14,  I860. 


PKESIDENTIAL    PK<  M  LAMATK  »NS.        MAYuliS      PKOCLAMATK  >NS. 


>:a 


Emancipation  Proclamation  by  President  Lincoln. 

Whereas,  on  the  twenty-second  day  of  September,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-two,  a  proclamation 
was  issued  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  containing,  among 
other  things,  the  following,  to  wit: 

11  That  on  the  first  day  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-three,  all  persons  held  as  slaves 
within  any  State  or  designated  part  of  a  State,  the  people  whereof 
shall  then  be  in  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  shall  be 
then, thence  forward,  and  forever,  free;  and  the  executive  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  including  the  military  and  naval  authority 
thereof,  will  recognize  and  maintain  the  freedom  of  such  persons, 
and  will  do  no  act  or  acts  to  repress  such  persons,  or  any  of  them,  in 
any  efforts  they  may  make  for  their  actual  freedom. 

"That  the  executive  will,  on  the  first  day  of  January  aforesaid,  by 
proclamation,  designate  the  States  and  parts  of  States,  if  any,  in 
which  the  people  thereof,  respectively,  shall  then  be  in  rebellion 
against  the  United  States;  and  the  fact  that  any  state,  or  the  people 
thereof,  shall  on  that  day  be  in  good  faith  represented  in  the  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  by  members  chosen  thereto  at  elections 
wherein  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of  such  States  shall  have 
participated,  shall,  in  the  absence  of  strong  countervailing  testi- 
mony, be  deemed  conclusive  evidence  that  such  State,  and  the  people 
thereof,  are  then  in  rebellion  against  the  United  States." 

Now,  therefore,  I,  Abraham  Lincoln,  President  of  the  United 
States,  by  virtue  of  the  power  in  me  vested  as  commander-in-chief 
of  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  Slates,  in  time  of  actual  armed 
rebellion  against  the  authority  and  government  of  the  United  States, 
and  as  a  fit  and  necessary  war  measure  for  suppressing  said  rebellion, 
do,  on  this  first  day  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  sixty-three,  and  in  accordance  with  my  purpose 
so  to  do,  publicly  proclaimed  for  the  full  period  of  one  hundred  days 
from  the  day  first  above  mentioned,  order  and  designate  as  the  States 
and  parts  of  States  wherein  the  people  thereof,  respectively,  are 
this  day  in  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  the  following,  to 
wit: 

Arkansas,  Texas,  Louisiana  (except  the  parishes  of  St.  Bernard, 
Plaquemines,  Jefferson,  St.  John,  St.  Charles,  St.  James,  Ascension, 
Assumption,  Terre  Bonne,  Lafourche,  St.  Mary,  St.  Martin  and 
Orleans,  including  the  city  of  New  Orleans),  Mississippi,  Alabama, 
Florida,  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  North  Carolina  and  Virginia 
(except  the  forty -eight  counties  designated  as  West  Virginia, 
and  also  the  counties  of  Berkeley,  Accomac,  Northampton,  Eliza- 
beth City,  York,  Princess  Ann  and  Norfolk,  including  the  cities  of 
Norfolk  and  Portsmouth),  and  which  excepted  parts  are  for  the 
present  left  precisely  as  if  this  proclamation  were  not  issued. 

And  by  virtue  of  the  power  and  for  the  purpose  aforesaid,  I  do 
order  and  declare  that  all  persons  held  as  slaves  within  said  desig 
nated  States  and  parts  of  States  are.  ami  henceforward  shall  be, 
free;  and  that  the  executive  government  of  the  United  States, 
including  the  military  and  naval  authorities  thereof,  will  recognize 
anil  maintain  the  freedom  of  said  persons. 

And  I  hereby  enjoin  upon  the  people  so  declared  to  In-  free  to 
abstain  from  all  violence,  unless  in  necessary  self-defense;  and  1 
recommend  to  them  that,  in  all  cases  when  allowed,  they  labor  faith- 
fully for  reasonable  wages. 

And  I  farther  declare  and  make  known  that  such  persons,  of  sult- 
able  condition,  will  be  received  Into  the  armed  service  of  the  United 
States  10  garrison  forts,  positions,  stations  and  other  places,  and  to 
man  vessels  of  all  sorts  in  said  service. 

And  upon  this  act,  sincerely  believed  to  he  an  art  of  justice,  war- 
ranted by  the  constitution  upon  military  necessity,  I  invoke  tin- 
considerate  judgment  of  mankind  and  the  gracious  favor  of  Almighty 
God. 

Tn  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  the 
seal  of  the  United  Slate-  to  lie  affixed. 


Done  at  the  city  of  Washington,  this  first  day  of  January,  in  the 

roou  ooooffi  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
united      6    >ixt>'"Inree'  anci  of  tne   independence  of  the  United 
|    States  of  America  the  eighty- seventh. 
states     * 

|        SEAL*      I  ABRAHAM   LINCOLN. 

fcootoooo^        By  the  President: 

William   II.   Sewabd, 

-'  retary  of  State. 


Proclamation  at  the  Time  of  the  Chicago  Fire. 

Whereas,  in  the  providence  of  God,  to  whose  will  we  humbly 
submit,  a  terrible  calamity  has  befallen  our  city,  which  demands  of 
us  our  best  efforts  for  the  preservation  of  order  and  the  relief  of  the 
suffering. 

Be  it  known  that  the  faith  and  credit  of  the  city  of  Chicago  is 
hereby  pledged  for  the  necessary  expenses  for  the  relief  of  the 
suffering.  Public  order  will  be  preserved.  The  police,  and  special 
police  now  being  appointed,  will  be  responsible  for  the  mainb 
of  the  peace  and  the  protection  of  property.  All  officers  and  men 
of  the  fire  department  and  health  department  will  act  as  special 
policemen  without  further  notice.  The  mayor  and  comptroller  will 
give  vouchers  for  all  supplies  furnished  by  the  different  relief  com- 
mittees. The  head-quarters  of  the  city  government  will  be  at  the 
Congregational  church,  corner  of  West  Wa-hington  and  Ann  >tr.-,-ts. 
All  persons  are  warned  against  any  acts  tending  to  endanger 
property.  All  persons  caught  in  any  depredation  will  be  imme- 
diately arrested. 

With  the  help  of  God,  order  and  peace  and  private  property  shall 
be  preserved.  The  city  government  and  the  committees  of  citizens 
pledge  themselves  to  the  community  to  protect  them  and  prepare  the 
way  for  a  restoration  of  public  and  private  welfare. 

It  is  believed  the  fire  has  spent  its  force,  and  all  will  soon  be  well. 

R.  B.  MASON,  Mayor. 

GEORGE  TAYLOR,  Comptroller. 

T.  B.  BROWN,  President  Board  of  Police. 

CHARLES  C.  P.  HOLDEN,  President  Common  Council. 

Chicago,  October  9,  1871. 


Chicago  Fire  Proclamation  in  New  York. 

Mayor's  Office,   New  York, 

Afternoon  of  October  0,  1871. 
A  disaster  has  fallen  on  the  great  city  of  Chicago,  which  not  only 
has  destroyed  the  besl  part  of  its  dwellings,  and  paralyzed  its 
industry  and  its  i>ii-inr>-,  but  threatens  the  gravest  consequences  to 
the  commerce  and  prosperity  of  our  country.  It  has  also  reduced 
thousands  of  people  to  houselessnesa  and  privation.  A  dispatch 
from  the  mayor  of  Chicago  comes  in  these  words;  "  Can  you  send  us 
some  aid  for  a  hundred  thousand  houseless  people!  Armv  bread 
and  cheese  desirable.*1  1  have  responded  that  New  York  will  do 
everything  to  alleviate  this  disaster;  and  1  now  call  upon  the  people 
to  make  such  organization  a-  may  he  Bpeediesl  and  most  effective  for 
the  purpose  of  sending  money  and  clothing  and  food.  I  would 
recommend  the  immediate  Formation  of  general  relief  committees, 
who  would  take  charge  of  all  contributions,  in  order  thai  no  time 
may  !>■■  hi-i  in  carrying  relief  to  those  of  our  fellow-citizen-  who 
have  fallen  under  this  dispensation  of  Providence,  I  suggest  that 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Produce  Exchange,  the  Board  of 
Brokers,  and  the  united  presidents  of  tin-  banks,  and  all  religious 
and  charitable  associations  Immediately  rail  a  meeting  of  their 
respective  members,  and  from  them  select  independent  relief  com- 
mittees, who  shall  solicit  subscriptions  of  money,  food  and  clothing 
within  their  appropriate  spheres  oi  anion.  In  the  meantime  I 
am  authorized  to  state  that  contributions  of  food  and  clothing 
sent  to  the  depots  of  the  Erie  and  Hudson  and  Central  railroads 
(under  early  and  spontaneous  offers  of  jay  Gould  and  William  II. 
Vanderbilt),  in  even  small  quantities,  from  Individuals  or  but 


FORMS    FOB    PROCLAMATIONS.       SUBSCRIPTION     III  ADINGS. 


Bourcea,  will  in-  t»t  once  forwarded  throogta  t«>  Chicago  free  of 
expense.  I  cannot  t"<>  Btrongl;  urge  apon  our  citizens  Immediate 
attention  to  this  subject. 

A     OAKBT   HALL,  Mayor. 


President's  Proclamation  for  Thanksgiving. 

By  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  America — a  Proclamation: 

in  conformity  with  custom,  the  annual  observance  of  which  is 
justly  held  in  honor  by  tin*  people,  L  Chester  A.  Arthur,  President  of 
the  United  Stat  -.  do  nerebj  set  apart  Thursday,  the  thirtieth  day  of 
November  next,  as  o  daj  ol  public  thanksgiving. 

The  blessings  demanding  our  gratitude  are  numerous  and  varied; 
for  the  peace  and  amity  which  subsist  between  this  republic  and  all 
s  of  ih«>  world;    fi>r  freedom  from   Internal  di-cord  and  vio- 
Lence;     for    Increasing    friendlii  een  the  different  sections 

of   this    land   of    liberty!   justice    and    constitnl  rnment; 

for  the  devotion  of  our  people  to  our  free  Institutions,  and  their 
cheerful  obedience  to  mild  laws;  for  the  constantly  increasing 
strength  of  the  republic,  while  extending  it-  privileges  to  fellow-men 
who  come  to  na;  for  the  Improved  means  of  internal  communication 
and  tin-  Increased  facilities  of  Intercourse  with  other  nations;  for  the 
genera]  pr*-%  uili  n_r  health  of  the  year;  for  the  prosperity  of  ill  our 
Industries— a  nigral  return  for  tin-  mechanic's  toil,  affording 
ket  for  iiir  abundant  harvests  of  the  husbandmen;  for  the  preserva- 
tion  of    the    national    faith    r 1 1  k 1 1    Credit  ;     for    the    Wise    and    gel 

m  to  effei  i  i  h  ■  intellectual  and  mora]  e< itton  of  our  youth; 

Influence  npo n  clence  of  restraining  and  transforming 

religion,  and  for  tin-    joys  of  home;     for  these  and  for  many  other 
blessings  we  shonld  give  thanks. 

Whersfoxue,  I  do  recommend  that  the  day  above  designated  be 
observed  throughout  the  country  as  a  Day  of  National  Thanksgiving 
and  Prayer,  and  that  the  people,  ceasing  from  their  daily  labor-,  and, 
meeting  in  accordance  with  their  Beveral  forms,  worship  and  draw 


aear  to  the  Throne  of  Almighty  God,  offering  to  Hira  praise  and 

gratitude  for  the  manifold  g I  which  ii«'  has  vouchsafed  to  as,  and 

praying  that  Hi-  blessings  and  mercies  may  continue. 

And  I  do  further  recommend  that  the  day  thus  appointed  maybe 

made  the  sp<  ■  m  for  deeds  of  kindness  and  charity  to  the 

Buffering    ind    needy,  so   thai    all    who  dwell   within   the  land  may 

rejoice  id  in  this  ae  ison  of  national  thanksgiving. 

Is  Witness  Whereof  I  have  hereunto  Bel   mj  band,  and  caused 

the  sea]  of  the  Qnited  States  to  be  affl 

Done  al  Lh<  Citj  of  Washington,  this  twenty -fifth 

day  of  October,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord thousand 

light  hundred  and  eighty-two,  and  of  the  Independ- 
''tin'  of  i he  I  nited  Stah-e  the  one  hundred  and 
Bei i  nth. 

<  in.-rri,'   \    Airnirit. 
By  the  President: 

Frederick  T.  Fbj  i  mom  i  si  v 

tary  of  State. 


UNITED 

STATUS 


LB 1 Alt.S  I 

BXAL.        I 


Proclamation  Concerning  Mad  Dogs. 

Whereas,  it  has  been  officially  reported  to  me  thai  mad  dogs  have 
recently  bitten  certain  dogs  and  other  animals  within  this  corporation, 
thereby  endangering  their  lives  and  the  lives  of  o  ti 

Therefore,  in  order  to  preserve  the  lives?  and  peace  of  our  citizens 
and  their  animal-.  I  do  hereby  order  that  from  ami  after  the  date 
hereof,  for  the  next  Bizty  days,  any  dog  found  running  at  large,  with- 
out having  a  substantial  wire  muzzle  securely  fastened  over  its 
mouth,  shall  be  phot  bj  the  cltj  marshal  or  officers  under  his  charge. 
In  Witness  Whereof  I  have  affixed  my  Bignatnre  and  the  official 
seal  of  the  city  of  Herman!  in  the  county  of  Grant,  and 
State  of  Minnesota,  this  thirty-first  day  of  June,  A.  D. 
1880.  PHILO  STEPHENS,  Mayor. 


CITY 


Attest:  Eli  m.  Page,  Cit: 


SUBSCRIPTION    PAPER 


SUBSCRIPTION  heading  should  be  writ- 
ten very  plainly  and  as  briefly  as  may  be, 

ami  f\|ires>  the  object  for  which  the  money  is  sub- 


scribed. The  following,  with  variations  to  suit 
the  circumstances,  will  give  the  reader  a  general 
idea  of  the  manner  of  preparing  such  a  form: 


Form  of  a  Subscription  Heading, 


(Hert  i, -I.   Town,  State,  and  Datt  > 


~^KoAkkfiJ*. 


i   3 


St  ot 


VU^AJJ^U>- 


y    ■  -  ■  *  -  t       /.  '     ■'..-.    <-?  ft « 


/-* 


S.  oo. 


THE    LAW    RELATING    T<'>    WILLS. 


^IIE  LEGAL  declaration  of  what  a  person 
determines  to  have  done  with  his  pr<  >perty 
after  death,  is  termed  a  will. 

All  persons  of  lawful  age,  possessed  of  sound 
mind,  excepting  married  women  in  certain 
States,  are  entitled  to  dispose  of  their  property 
by  will. 

No  exact  form  of  words  is  necessary  in  order 
to  make  a  will  good  at  law,  though  much  care 
sin  mid  be  exercised  to  state  the  provisions  of  the 
will  so  plainly  that  its  language  may  not  be  mis- 
understood. 

The  person  making  the  will  is  termed  the 
testator  (if  a  female,  testatrix). 

A  will  is  of  no  force  and  effect  until  the  death 
of  the  testator,  and  can  be  cancelled  or  modified 
at  any  date  by  the  maker. 

The  last  wall  made  annuls  the  force  of  all  pre- 
ceding wills,  if  not  an  addition  to  them. 

The  law  regards  marriage,  and  offspring  result- 
ing, as  good  evidence  of  revocation  of  a  will 
made  prior  to  such  marriage,  unless  the  wife 
and  children  are  provided  for  by  the  husband 
in  some  other  manner,  in  which  case  the  will 
remains  in  full  force. 

To  convey  real  estate  by  will,  it  must  be  done 
in  accordance  with  the  law  of  the  State  or  country 
where  such  land  is  located:  but  personal  prop- 
erty is  conveyed  in  harmony  with  the  law  that 
obtains  at  tha  place  of  the  testator's  residence. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  wills,  namely,  written 
and  verbal,  or  nuncupative.  The  latter,  or 
spoken  wills,  depending  upon  proof  of  persons 
hearing  the  same,  generally  relate  to  personal 
property  only,  and  are  not  recognized  in  all  the 
States,  unless  made  within  ten  days  previous  to 
the  death,  or  by  persons  in  the  military  or  naval 
service.  Verbal  or  unwritten  wills  are  usually 
unsafe,  and,  even  when  well  authenticated,  often 
make  expensive  litigation;   hence  the  necessity 


of  having  the  wishes  of  the  testator  fully  and 
clearly  defined  in  a  written  will. 

To  give  or  make  a  devise  of  property  by  will 
and  subsequently  dispose  of  the  same,  without 
altering  the  will  to  conform  to  such  sale,  destroys 
the  validity  of  the  devise. 

A  will  made  by  an  unmarried  woman  is  legally 
revoked  by  marriage;  but  she  can  take  such  legal 
steps  in  the  settlement  of  her  property  before 
marriage  as  will  empower  her  to  dispose  of  the 
same  as  she  may  choose,  after  marriage. 

No  husband  can  make  a  will  that  will  deprive 
the  wife  of  her  right  of  dower  in  the  property; 
that  is,  her  right  to  the  proceeds  <>f  one-third  of 
the  real  estate  and  appurtenances,  as  lung  as  she 
may  live.  But  the  husband  can  will  the  wife  a 
certain  amount  in  lieu  of  her  dower,  stating  it  to 
he  in  lieu  thereof.  Such  bequest,  hi  iwever,  will  not 
exclude  her  from  her  dower,  provided  she  prefers 
it  to  the  bequest  made  in  the  will.  Unless  the 
husband  states  distinctly  that  the  bequest  is  in 
lieu  of  dower,  she  is  entitled  to  both. 

Property  bequeathed  must  pay  debts  and 
incumbrances  upon  the  Bame  before  its  distribu- 
tion can  be  made  to  the  legatees  of  the  estate. 

Though  property  may  be  willed  to  a  corpora- 
tion, the  ci  »rpi  tratii  >n  cannot  accept  Mich  gift  unless 
provision  is  made  for  so  doing  in  its  charter. 

A  will  may  be  revoked  by  marriage,  a  codicil, 
destruction  of  the  will,  disposing  of  property 
de\  ised  in  a  will,  or  by  the  execution  of  another 
will. 

The  person  making  a  will  may  appoint  his 
executors,  but  no  person  can  serve  as  such  exec- 
utor if.  at  the  time  of  the  proving  of  the  will,  he 
be  under  twenty-one  years  of  age,  a  convict,  a  thor- 
oughly confirmed  drunkard,  a  lunatic,  or  an 
imbecile.  No  person  appointed  as  an  executor 
is  obliged  to  serve,  but  may  renounce  his  ap- 
pointment by  legal  written   notice  signed  before 


25  I 


.1  M  l;.\i.    i   ICTS    RELATING     I"    \\  II. J. s. 


two  witnesses,  which  notice  must  be  recorded  by 
the  officer  before  whom  the  will  is  proved. 

The  person  named  in  the  will  by  the  testator 
to  administer  the  same  is  termed  an  executor. 
The  individual  appointed  by  a  court  is  known  as 
an  administrator.  The  duties  of  each,  in  the 
settlement  of  an  estate,  are  essentially  the  same 

In  case  a  married  woman  possesses  property, 
and  dies  without  a  will,  her  husband  is  entitled 
to  administer  upon  such  property  in  prel'eivnee 
to  any  one  else,  provided  he  be  of  sound  mind. 

Any  devise  of  property  made  to  a  subscribing 
witness  is  invalid,  although  the  integrity  of  the 
will  in  other  respects  is  not  affected. 

In  all  wills  the   testator's   full    name  should  be 

written  at  the  end  of  the  will.  Tt'  be  be  unable 
to  write,  lie  may  have  his  hand  guided  in  mak- 
ing a  mark  against  the  same.  If  he  possesses 
a  sound  mind,  and  is  conscious  at  the  time  of  the 
import  of  his  action,  such  mark  renders  the  will 
valid. 

Witnesses  should  always  write  their  respective 
places  of  residence  alter  their  names,  their  signa- 
tures being  written  in  the  presence  of  each  other, 
and  ill  the  presence  of  the  testator. 

Different  States  require  a  different  number  of 
witnesses.  To  illustrate:  Missouri,  Illinois.  Ohio. 
Kentucky.     North    Carolina.    Tennessee.    Iowa, 


I  "tali.  Texas,  California,  New  Jersey,  Delaware. 

Indiana.  Virginia, Oregon,  Minnesota,  Michigan, 

Wisconsin,  Rhode  Island.  Louisiana  and  New 
York  require  two  witnesses. 

The  States  of  Florida,  Mississippi,  Maryland, 

Georgia.  South  Carolina,  Massachusetts  Con- 
necticut, Maine,  New  Hampshire  and  Ver- 
mont demand  thbbb  witnesses  to  authenticate  a 
will. 

Witnesses  are  not  required  to  know  the  con- 
tents of  a  will.  They  nave  simply  to  know  that 
the  document  is  a  will,  and  witness  the  signing 
of  the  same  by  the  testator,  or  he  to  witness  their 
signing. 

Proof  of  signature  of  the  testator  by  the  oath 
of  two  reputable  witnesses,  is  sutlicicnl  to  estab- 
lish the  validity  of  a  will  in  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania; no  subscribing  witnesses  being  absolutely 
demanded. 

nihil  ii.s. 

Aii  addition  to  a  will,  which  should  be  in 
writing,  is  termed  a  codicil,  and  executed  like  a 
will. 

A  codicil  is  designed  to  explain,  modify,  or 
change  former  bequests  made  in  the  body  of  the 
will.  It  should  be  done  with  the  same  care  and 
precision  as  was  exercised  in  the  making  of  the 
will  itself. 


General  Form  of  Will  for  Real  and  Personal  Property. 

I,  Warren  P.  Holden,  of  the  town  of  Bennington,  county  of  Pen- 
nington, State  of  Vermont,  being  aware  of  the   uncertainty  of  life, 

and  in  falling  health,  but  "f  sound  mind  and  memory,  ■! 

declare  this  t<>  in-  my  l.i.-t  will  and  testament,  in  manner  following, 
to  wit: 

Firxt.   I  give,  devise  and  bequeath  onto  bvj   oldesl  -on.   i 

in- Holden,  the  sum  <>r  on.-  Thousand  Dollars,  'if  bank  stock, 

now  in  the  First   National   Bank  of  Troy.   New  York,    ami   the   farm 
owned  by  myself  in  the  town  of  Arlington,  consisting  of  one  hundred 
and  forty  acres,  with  all  the  bouseB,  tenements,   and  Improvi 
therennto  belonging;  to  have  and  to  hold  unto  my  said  son,  his  heirs 
and  assigns,  forever. 

atfa  to  each  of  my  daughters, 

Almira  Holden  and  Ham 

ik  stoek,  in  the   First   National    Bank  of  Troy,  N.  Y. . 
and  also  lion  of  land,  owned  by  myself,  situated 

In  the  town  of  Mount   I"'  ■.  and   recorded  in   mynai 

the  recorder's  office  in  the  county  where  snch  land  i-  located.  Tin- 
north  one  hundred  and  slxtj  scree  of  said  half-section  i-  devised  to 
my  eldest  daughter,  Fanny  Almira. 

Tfthfl.  I  give,  devise  and  bequeath  to  my  -on.  Emory  liandor 
Holden,  five  shares  of  railroad  stork  in  the  Troy  and  Boston  Kail- 
road,  and  my  one  hundred  and  sixty  acre-  of  land  and  saw-mill 
thereon,  situated  in  Mnskegon,  Michigan,  with  all  the  improvements 


and  appurtenances  thereunto  belonging,  which  said  real  estate  ie 
recorded  in  my  Dame  in  the  count}-  where  situated. 

Fourth.    I  give  to  my  wife,  Mary  Leflenwell  Holden,  all  my  house- 
hold furniture, goods,  chattels  and  personal  property,  al I  mj 

not  hitherto  dispo-ed  of,   including  six  Thousand   Dollars  of  hank  ■ 
stock,  in   the  First    National  Bank  Of  Troy.  New  York,  fifteen  -hares 

in  tin-  Troy  and  Boston  Railroad,  ami  tie-  free  ami  unrestricted  use, 

possession  and  hem-tit  of  the  home-farm,  so  long  B£  she  may  live,  in- 
Hen  of  dower,  to  which  she  is  entitled  by  law.  said  farm  being  my 
pre-ent  place  of  n-sjil 

Fifth      I  bequeath   to  my   invalid    father,  Walter  B.  Holden,   the 
from  rents  "f  my  -tore  buildlng,at  144  Water  street,   Troy, 
New  York,  during  the   term  of   his   natural    life       Said    buildln 
land  therewith  to  revert  to  my  said  sons  and  daughters   in  equal   pro- 
portion,  upon  the  demise  of  my  said  father. 

It  is  al-o  my  will  and  desire  that,  at  the  death  of  my  wife, 
Mary  Leflenwell  Holden,  or  at  any  time  when  -he  may  arrange  to 
relinquish  her  life  interest  in  tin-  above-mentioned  homestead,  the 
same  may  revert  to  my  above-named  children,  or  to  the  lawful  heirs 
of  each . 

And  lastly,   i  nominate  and  appoint  as  executors  of  this  my  last 
will  ami  testament,  my  wife,  Mary  Leflenwell  Holden,  ami  my  eldest 

-    ii.    Lucius  Deiuie    Holden. 

I  further  direct  that  my  debts  and  necessary  funeral  expenses  shall 
.  from  moneys  qow  on  deposit  in  tie    -       '         Bank  of  Ben- 


I  n);\\>    lei;    Dll  |  I   i;j ■  .\  I     KINDS    "1      \\  II. J>. 


255 


IIOLDEN.     |l.s.| 


nington,  the  residue  of  such  moneys  on  deposit  to  revert  to  my  wife, 
Mary  Leffenwell  Holden,  for  her  use  forever. 

In  witness  whereof,  I,  Warren  P.  Holden,  to  this  my  last  will  and 
testament  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal,  this  tenth  day  of 
September,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-seven. 

Signed,  sealed  and  declared  by 
Warren    P.    Holden,  as   and  WARREN  P. 

for  his  last  will  and  testa- 
ment, in  the  presence  of  us, 
who,  at  his  request,  and  in 
his  presence,  and  in  the  pres- 
ence of  each  other,  have 
subscribed  our  names  here- 
unto aa  witnesses  thereof. 

Luther  0.  westcott, 

Manchester,  Vermont. 
Hartley  B.  Hawley. 

Bennington,  Vermont. 
Daniel  R.  Bottom. 

Bennington,  Vermont. 


Codicil. 


Whereas  I,  Warren  P.  Holden,  did,  on  the  tenth  day  of  September, 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty- seven,  make  my  last  will  and 
testament,  I  do  now,  by  this  writing,  add  this  codicil  to  my  said  will, 
to  be  taken  as  a  part  thereof. 

Whereas,  by  the  dispensation  of  Providence,  my  daughter,  Fanny 
Almira,  has  deceased,  the  third  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1868, 
and  whereas,  a  son  has  been  born  to  me,  which  son  is  now 
christened  Francis  Allen  Holden,  I  give  and  bequeath  unto  him  my 
gold  watch,  and  all  right,  interest,  and  title  in  lauds  and  bank  stock 
and  chattels  bequeathed  to  my  deceased  daughter,  Fanny  Almira,  in 
the  body  of  this  will. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  hereunto  place  my  hand  and  seal,  this  first 
day  of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy. 
Signed,  sealed,  published  and 


declared  to  lis  by  the  testator, 
u  gu  i  tii  p.  Holden,  as  and  for 
a  codicil  to  be  annexed  to  his 
hist  win  and  testament.  And 
we,  nt  his  request,  and  in  his 
presence,  and  in  the  presence 
of  each  other,  have  sub- 
scribed our  names  as  wit- 
nesses thereto,  at  the  date 
hereof. 

Hartley  B.  Hawley, 

Bennington.  Vermont. 

Samuel  M.  WEST, 

Arlington,  Vermont. 

Daniel  R.  Bottoh, 

Bennington,  Vermont. 


WARREN  P.  HOLDEN 


Shorter  Form  of  Will 

I,  Alvin  B.  Adams,  of  the  city  of  Pittsburg,  in  the  county  of  Alle- 
ghany, and  State  of  Pennsylvania,  being  of  sound  mind,  memory 
and  understanding,  do  make  my  last  will  and  testament  in  manner 
and  form  following: 

First.  1  give,  devise  and  bequeath  to  my  wife,  Mary,  her  heirs 
and  assigns  forever,  one-half  of  all  my  property,  real,  personal  and 
mixed,  of  what  nature  and  kind  soever,  ami  wheresoever  the  ~\uw 
shall  be  al  the  time  of  my  death;  the  same  to  be  in  lieu  of  her  dower 
at  common  law. 

Second.  I  give,  devise  and  bequeath  onto  such  of  my  children  as 
may  be  living  at  the  time  of  my  death,  one-half  of  all  my  property, 
nal,  personal  and  mixed,  of  what  nature  and  kind  soever,  and 
wheresoever  the  same  shall  be  at  the  time  of  my  death,  to  be  divided 
among  them  share    and  share  alike. 

Third.  I  hereby  direct  and  empower  my  executor  to  sell  and  dis- 
pose of  all  my  personal  property  ln  tbe  highest  bidder  at  auction,  as 

soon  as   practicable  after    my  decease,  and    to    sell    my  real    estate    at 

auction  or  private  sale,  as  it  may  in  his  judgment  seem  most  advan- 
tageous, or  for  the  interest  of  my  said  devisees. 


Fourth.  I  direct  that  the  net  avails  of  my  real  and  personal  prop- 
erty, so  disposed  of  as  aforesaid,  and  converted  into  money,  shall  be 
divided  and  paid  to  my  said  devisees  within  one  year  after  my 
decease. 

Fifth.  I  hereby  appoint  my  wife,  Mary,  guardian  of  the  person 
and  estate  of  such  of  my  children  as  may  be  minors  at  the  time  of  my 
death. 

Sixth.  I  hereby  appoint  William  H.  Adams  executor  of  this  my 
last  will  and  testament. 

In  witness  whereof,  I,  Alvin  B.  Adams,  the  testator,  have,  to  this 
my  last  will  and  testament,  set  my  hand  and  seal  this  tenth  day  of 
April,  A.  D.  1865. 
Signed,  sealed,  published  and 
declared  by  the  above-named 
Alvin  B.   Adams,  as  and  for 
his  last  will  and  testament, 
in   the  presence  of  us,   who 
have  hereunto  subscribed  our 
names  at  his  request,  as  wit- 
nesses thereto,  in   the   pres- 
ence of  the  said  testator  and 
of  each  other. 
Winfield  V.  Brown, 

Pittsburg:,  Pa. 
Charles  Cajipbell. 

Pittsburg,  Pa. 
John  Doe, 

Pittsburg,  Pa.  J 


ALV1X  B.  ADAMS,     jl.  3. 


Form  of  Will  Where  Property  is  Left  to  Wife  Absolutely. 

This  is  the  last  will  and  testament  of  me,  Thomas  WedgeWOOd, 
made  this  eighteenth  day  of  September,  A.  D.  1S72,  in  Chicago, 
county  of  Cook,  and  State  of  Illinois,  as  follows: 

I  bequeath  all  my  lands,  tenements  and  hereditaments,  and  all  my 
household  furniture,  ready  money,  securities  for  money,  money 
secured  by  life  assurance,  goods  and  chattels,  and  all  other  p 
my  real  and  personal  estate  and  effects  whatsoever  and  whereat 
unto  my  wife,  Clara  Wedgewood,  her  heirs,  administrators  and 
assigns,  to  and  for  her  and  their  absolute  use  and  benefit,  according 
to  the  nature  and  quality  thereof  respectively,  subject  only  to  the 
payment  of  my  just  debts,  funeral  and  testamentary  expenses,  and 
the  charge  of  proving  and  registering  this  my  will.  And  I  appoint 
my  said  wife  executrix  of  this  my  will,  and  hereby  revoke  all  other 
wills. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal,  the  day  and 
ti   above  mentioned. 
Signed)   sealed,  published  and  " 

acknon  [edged    i>\    the    said 

Thomas   Wedgewood.as  ami 

tut*   bis    last    will    and   testa- 

ni.  ni ,  in  t ie-  presence  ■  •!  n-, 

who,  hi  in-  presence,  ami  at 

In-  request,  and  in  tin    pi .  - 

enoe  of  each  other,  have  bud. 

scribed  "in-  names  hereunto 

as  b  Etnessea  I  hereol . 
Solon  W.  Watson, 

Chicago,  in. 
Charles  d.  Snyder. 

I    In.-  ■ 


THOMAS  WEDtJEWOOD. 


Form  of  Will  with  Entire  Property  Left  to  Wife,  for  Life  or  Widow- 
hood, with  Disposition  of  the  Same  After  Her  Marriage  or 
Death,  Provision  Being  Made  for  Maintaining  Children,  Leg- 
acies to  Executors,  etc. 

!  iztng  the  uncertainty  of  life,  I,  Charles  W.  Freeman,  of 
Kenosha,  In  the  county  of  Kenosha,  and  State  of  Wisconsin,  make 
this  last  will  and  testament,  while  in  the  possession  of  sound  mind 
and  memory,  this  fourteenth  day  of  August,   \    D 

I  give,  devise  and  bequeath   unto  my  executors,  hereafter  named. 
all  my  estate  and  effects  that  I  may  die   possessed   of  or   entitled    to, 
upon  trust,  to  be,  as  soon   as  conveniently  can   be,  after  my  di 
sold  and  converted  Into  money,  and  thi  Invested  In  one  or 

Other  of  the  public  funds,  aud  the  dividends  arising  therefrom  to  be 


256 


VERBA!    WILLS.       SHORT    WILLS.       CLAUSES    TO    INSERT    IS    WILL) 


paid  yearly,  each  and  every  year,  onto  my  wife,  Harriet  1>.  Freeman, 
during  tbe  term  of  her  oataral  lif<',  should  she  bo  long  continue  my 
widow;  the  flrsl  yearly  payment  then  mence  and   b 

able  ai  the  explratloo  of  the  tir>t  year  after  my  decease,  if  my  wife 
remains  a  w  Idow. 

Upon  her  second  marriage,  I  direct  that  one-third  of  all  moneys 
from  in  -  :i|>iirt  for  her  Qse  by  my  executors,  be  given  her 

for  her  nse  and  behoof  forever,  to  control  as  she  may  choose,  and  the 
nlng  two-thirds  I  will  to  be  given  to  my  children,  to  be  divided 
eqnally  among  all  my  children  by  my  Bald  wife,  tbe  Bhare  ol  i  u  b 
child  to  be  paid  on  his  or  her  respecth  ly  attalnln  I  Lawful 

majority;  and  I  direct  that  the  dividends  arising  therefrom  shall  be 
applied,  at  tbe  discretion  of  my  executors,  toward  the  maintenance 
and  education  of  my  said  children,  until  they  Bhall  severally  and 
ctively  attain  the  said  age.  And  in  case  anj  or  either  of  my 
said  children  shall  happen  to  die  under  lawful  majority,  then  I  give 
and  bequeath  the  Bhare  or  shim-**  of  him,  her,  or  them,  so  dyin^, 
unto  t in-  survivor  or  Bun  Ivors  of  them. 

Aini  I  nominate  and  appoint  my  vi  iff.  Harriet  1).  Freeman,  my 
eldest  son,  Clinton  W.  Freeman,  and  Walter  C,  Kimball,  and  the 
Bnrvivor  of  them,  and  the  executors  or  administrators  of  such  sur- 
.  to  be  the  execntors  of  this  my  will,  and  in  consideration  of  the 
trouble  thus  imposed  on  them,  I  do  hereby  give  and  bequeath  unto 
!  my  said  executors  the  legacy  or  sum  of  Five  Hundred  Dollar?, 
free  of  legacy  duty  and  all  other  deductions.  And  hereby  revoking 
all  former  or  other  will-  by  me  at  any  time  mi  ide,  I,  the  said  Charles 

W.    Freeman,  to  this  which  1  declare  to  be  my  last  will  and  testament, 
Bet  my  hand  and  seal. 
Signed    by  thi    Mid   testator, 

Charles  W.  Freeman,  and  %c 
■  dged  bj  bim  to  be  his 

last   "iii  and   testament,  In 

the  presence  <>f  us,  pi 

the  lame  time,  and  rabscrlbed 

by  u>  in  the  presence  ol  I  be 

aald   testator  and 

m  her. 
Bahnaiu>  McDole. 

Kenosha,  Wis. 
Hiilim  Fleming, 

tin,  Wis. 
RlCHARIt   WlLSO.v. 

Kenosli.i.  Wis. 


CHARLES  W.  FREEMAN. 


Sbseoi 


Nuncupative  Will. 

In  the  matter  of  nuncupative  will  of  Jonaa  Lyman,  deceased. 

On  the  first   day  of. July,  in   the   vear  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  Beventy-one,  Jonas  Lyman,  being  in  his  last  sickness,  in  his  dwell- 
ing, situate   in    Burlington,  Iowa,  at  S4  Huron  Btreet,  in  the  pi 
of  the  subscribers,  did  declare  his  laat  will  and  wishes  concerning 
the  disposition  of  his  property,  in  the  following  words,  viz.  : 

Be  desired  thai  his  Seven  Hundred  Dollars  in  tbe  First  Na 
BankoflJurii  |        Hui    red   Dollars  in  the  hands  of  Silas 

(Uld  be  given  to  Ids   mother.       He  also  expressed  B  desire 
to  have  Silas  Holme*  act  as  his  executor,  to  collect  the  same  as  soon 


as   possible,   with  Interest   dne,  paying  tbe  entire  amount,   when 
collected,  to  bis  mother.     He  also  said,  --All  my  other  property] 

want  my  mother  to  have  for  her  separate   u^e,  except    m>   house  and 

lot  where  I  live,  which  l  will  to  mj  sister  Mary." 

At  the  time  the  -aid  dona?-  Lyman    stated  the  fore^oinu  as  hi-  will, 

he  was  of  sound  mind  and  memory,  and  desired  us  to  bear  witness 

..  h  was  hie  wish  and  desire. 

Reduced  '"  writing  by  us,  this  tenth  day  of  July,  in  tin   year  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-one. 

ABTAL  GOODING, 
ARTEHAS  WHITE, 
PETER  II.  SMITH. 


Affidavit  to  the  Foregoing. 
STATE  of  Iowa,  \ 

County  Ol  Lee,     )      '  Personally   appeared    In-fore    me,    George 

llartwcll,    clerk   of   the    court   of    probate    for   -aid   county,     LbtsJ 
Gooding,  Artemas  u  bite,  and  Peter  H.  smith,  who  deposed  thai  they 

were  present  on  the   first   day  of  July,  A.   II.    1871,  at  the  dwell 
the  said  donas  Lyman,  situate  ai  B4  Huron  street,  Burlington,  Iowa, 
and  did  hear  donas  Lyman  utter  what  is  Bpecified   In  the   fort 
writing;  that  he  wished  them  to  witness  that  it  was  his  last  will; 
and  that  at  tin    time  he  was  of  sound  mind  and  memory,  to  ih 
of  their  knowledge  and  belief. 

Sworn  and  subscribed  before  me,  this  twelfth  day  of  July,  A.  D. 
1871.  GEORGE  HARTWBLL,  Clerk. 


A  Short  Form  of  Will,  Conveying  the  Entire  Real  and  Personal 
Property  to  the  Wife  of  the  Testator. 

A  will  which  bequeaths  all  the  property  of  the  testator,  real  and 
personal,  wheresoever  it  may  be,  carries  with  it  property  acquired 
after  its  publication,  without  a  repetition  of  any  formalities. 

The  question  in  relation  to  a  bequest  in  such  cases  is  one  of 
intention,  not  of  power.  The  following  will  of  Onslow  Peter-,  the 
legality  of  which  was  tested  and  sustained  by  the  courts,  was  found 
to  be  aniph  sufficient  in  length  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  de- 
signed.     It  read  as  follow--  : 

I,  Onslow  Peters,  do  make  and  publish  this  my  last  will  and  testa- 
in.  nt,  hereby  revoking  all  former  wills  by  me  made. 

I  beqneath  all  my  property,  real  and  personal,  wheresoever  the 
same  may  be,  to  my  beloved  wife,  Hannah  P.  Peter-. 

1  appoint  my  said  wife  the  executrix  of  this  my  last  will  and  testa- 
ment My  will  is  that  my  Bald  wife  shall  not  be  required  to  glv* 
any  bonds  or  security  to  the  judge  of  probate  for  the  faithful 
execution  of  the  duties  Of  executrix. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  BeaJ  this 
tldrteenth  day  of  September,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty- 
eight. 


CLAUSES  FOR  INSERTION  IN  WILLS. 


Cancelling  Debts  That  Are,  or  May  Be,  Due. 
Whereas,  there  are  certain  sums  of  money  due  me,  upon  mort- 
gages, bills,  and  otherwise,  from  persons  hereafter  named  (naming 
them},  it  is  my  will  that  such  indebtedness,  Immediately  after  my 
death,  shall  be  cancelled  by  my  executors.  And  I  do  hereby  release 
those  persons  aforesaid  from  the  pa)  ment  of  all  debts  due. 


Desiring  that  Difference  of  Opinion  about  Provisions  of  the  Will 
be  Settled  by  Arbitrators. 

It  i-  my  de-ire,  that  if  any  dispute,  question  or  controversy  -hall 
happen  concerning  any  bequest  or  other  matter  In  this  my  will, 
such  question  shall  be  referred  to  the  arbitration  of  my  friends,  A.  I>. 
and  C.  L..  with  provision  for  them  to  choose  an  umpire;  but  should 
they  not  be  able  to  act  in  the  matter,  then  I  desire  that  my  wife  and 


.]il.-!  bod  each  appoint  an  arbitrator  or  arbitrators,  with  the  power  of 
choosing  a  third  arbitrator;  and  what  a  majority  of  them  shall  deter- 
mine therein  shall  be  binding  nponall  and  every  person  or  jhi-mh- 
therein  concerned. 


Providing  that  the  Wife  Shall   Have  the  Custody  of  the  Children, 
and  Appointing  a  Guardian  in  Case  of  Her  Death. 

And  in  case  I  shall  leave  any  child  or  children  at  the  time  of  my 
death,  my  will  is  that  my  wife  shall  have  the  guardianship  of  them 
during  their  minority;  and  in  the  case  of  her  death,  during  tin- 
minority  of  said  children,  then  I  desire  that  my  friend,  I).  M.,  shall 
have  the  gnardianship  of  them  during  their  minority;  should  lie 
refuse,  I  will  that  A.  d.  Bhall  take  such  supervision  and  guardian- 
ship. 


SUGGESTIONS    AS    To    SETTLING    ESTATES    DEVISED    BY    WILL    OE    LEFT    WITHOUT    A    WILL. 


L'.M 


-' 


DUTIES  OF  ADMINISTRATORS  AND  METHODS  OF  PROCEDURE  IN  SETTLING  ESTATES. 


T'T  AVING  made  a  will,  the  testator  should  recollect  that  marriage, 
birth  of  children,  death,  or  the  purchase  or  sale  of  real  estate 
may  affect  the  will.  So  the  death  or  removal  of  executors 
may  require  a  change.  These  alterations  may  be  made  by  a  codicil, 
\vbi«h  must  be  executed  aud  witnessed  the  same  as  a  will. 

The  will,  enclosed  in  a  sealed  envelope,  indorsed  "Will  of  A.  B.  ,'* 
should  be  kept  in  safe  custody  under  the  control  of  the  testator.  It 
should  not  be  placed  for  safe  keeping  in  the  hands  of  interested  par- 
ties, nor  beyond  the  reach  of  the  testator.  It  should  also  be  placed 
where  it  will  be  absolutely  forthcoming  in  case  of  the  testator's 
sudden  demise. 

After  the  death  of  the  testator  the  will  should  be  taken  to  the 
court,  unopened,  and  there  tiled  with  an  affidavit  as  to  the  custody  of 
it  and  death  of  the  testator. 

The  judge  having  opened  it,  orders  that  publication  be  made 
according  to  law,  that  on  a  certain  day  it  will  be  offered  for  proof, 
and  causes  notice  to  be  given  the  heirs  at  law  of  the  deceased  and  the 
executors  named,  if  any.  in  the  will. 

At  the  time  appointed  the  widow,  if  there  is  one,  some  of  the  heirs, 
and  one  or  more  of  the  executors,  appear  in  court,  with  the  witnesses 
to  the  will.  To  enable  the  will  to  be  probated  the  witnesses  must 
swear  the  testator  executed  it  as  and  for  his  last  will,  and  was  then 
of  a  sound  and  disposing  mind  and  memory.  At  this  period  any 
party  interested  in  the  estate  may  contest  the  will  before  the 
court. 

Both  husbands  and  wives  are  entitled  to  an  interest  in  their  joint 
estate,  termed  right  of  dower,  which  is  not  affected  by  wills,  so  that 
where  it  appears  by  the  will  that  the  provision  is  made  by  devise  or 


.  in   lieu  of  dower,  the  husband  or  wife  must  be  called  into 
court  to  accept  or  waive  the  provisions  in  the  will. 

If  the  judge  thinks  the  will  properly  proved,  he  orders  it  recorded 
and   issues   letters  of  administration  to  the  executors.      A  certified 
copy  of  the  will  aud  above  order  should  be  recorded  in  tl. 
deeds  of  every  county  in  which  there  is  land  devised  by  the  will. 

If  the  executors  named  do  not  wish  to  act,  they  file  a  disclaimer, 
and  the  judge  then  appoints  an  administrator  with  the  will  annexed. 
If  an  administrator  dies  before  he  has  settled  the  estate,  the  court 
appoints  his  administrator  to  settle  it,  who  is  called  administrator  of 
estate  yet  to  be  settled.  Persons  administering  on  estate  are  by  law- 
required  to  give  a  bond  with  sureties  in  double  the  sworn  value  of 
the  personal  estate.      This  may  be  waived  by  the  will. 

The  law  vests  the  personal  estate  in  the  executor  or  administrators 
from  the  death  of  the  testator,  and  the  real  estate  in  the  heirs  at  law. 
These  latter  enter  into  possession  at  once,  by  descent  or  will,  but 
their  rights  are  subject  to  the  widow's  privilege  of  residing  in  her 
husband's  home  for  forty  days  after  his  death,  and  all  homestead  laws. 

In  every  State  a  widow  has  first,  in  preference  to  creditors,  an 
allowance  for  the  support  of  the  family,  or  an  award.  Except  iu  this 
respect  all  property  is  subject  to  the  debts  of  the  deceased. 

In  many  respects  the  work  of  administrators  appointed  by  the 
court,  in  case  there  is  no  will,  is  similar  to  that  of  executors  when 
there  is  a  will. 

In  case  the  deceased  dies  intestate  (that  is,  leaving  no  will), 
then  the  widow,  or  the  nearest  heir  to  the  estate,  at  once  petitions  the 
probate  court  for  letters  of  administration  to  issue  to  some  suitable 
person  for  its  settlement,  the  following  being  the  form  of  petition: 


Heir's  Petition  to  Have  Administrator  Appointed. 

To  the  County  Court  of  Kane  county,  in  the  State  of  fllit 

The  petition  of  Raymond  Scatt,  the  oldest  surviving  son  of  Willard 
J.  Scott,  late  of  -aid  county,  deceased,  respectfully  showvth:  That  on 
the  eighteenth  day  of  December,  A.  D.  1SS2,  the  said  Willard  J. 
Scott  died,  leaving  goods,  chattels,  rights,  credits  and  real  estate  in 
the  county  aforesaid;  that,  at  the  time  of  his  decease,  the  said 
Willard  J.  Scott  was  a  widower,  his  wife  having  died  at  St.  Charles, 
in  said  county,  as  can  be  duly  verified,  on  the  tenth  day  of  May,  A.  I). 
1881;  that,  to  the  best  of  the  knowledge  and  belief  of  your  peti- 
tioner, no  last  will  and  testament  was  left  by  the  said  Willard  J. 
SGOtt,  deceased;    that  he  ha-  left,  as  ln.irs  to  hi.-  estate,  two  children, 

one  (the  uuder^igned>  aged  twenty-seven  years,  and  a  girl,  Mary, 
now  in  the  fourteenth  year  of  her  age;  and  that  the  dec* 
ami  immediately  prior  to  his  death,  a  resident  of  the  said  county  of 
Kane.  Your  petitioner,  therefore,  prays  that  letters  of  adiniuisira- 
tinn  may  be  granted  on  the  estate  of  the  deceased,  and  that  he  may 
be  appointed  the  administrator  thereof.  RAYMOND  SCOTT 

Dated  this  twenty-fir>t  day  of  December,  A.  D.  1882,  at  St. 
Charles,  in  said  county  of  Kane,  and  State  of  Illinois. 

(An  affidavit   is  required  of  the  petitioner  to  verify  the   facts  as 

stated  in  his  petition.      See  Affii>a\  its.) 

Bond  Required  of  the  Administrator. 

The  petition  of  the  nearest  heir  i  whether  widow  or  child)  having 
been  granted  by  the  court,   the   administrator   must    execute  a  good 


and  sufficient  bond,  in  form  following,  in  order  to  secure  the  estate 
from  loss  by  carelessness  or  roguery. 

Know  All  Men  bt  These  Presents,  that  we,   Raymond  Scott, 

as  principal,  and  Edward  Poor  and  David  T.  Rich,   as  ^uret; 
being  residents  of  Kane  county,  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  are  held  and 
firmly  bound  unto  Roswell  C.  Otis,  judge  of  the  county  court  in  and 
I  county,  in  the  penal  sum  of  Thirty  Thousand  Dollar-,  to  be 
paid  to  said  judge  and  his  success  id  Office;   to  the  trn< 

ment  whereof  we  bind  ourselves  and  each  of  us,  one  and  each  of  our 
heirs,  executors  and  administrators,  jointly  and  severally,  firmly  by 
these  presents.  Sealed  with  our  st-als  and  dated  the  first  day  of 
January,  A.  D.  1883. 

The  condition   of  this   obligation    is,  that    if   the   above-bonnden 
Raynio:       -  imimstrator  of  all  and  s;:..  battels 

and   credits  of  Willard  J.  Scott,  deceased,  do  make,  or  cause  to  be 
made,  a  true  and  perfect  inventory  of  all  ami  Bingnlar  tie 
chattels  and  credits  of  the  said  deceased,  which  havt-  or  shall  COI 
the  hands,  possession  or  knowledge  of  him  the  said    Raymond   S 
or  into  the  hands  and  possession  of  any  other  person,  or  persons,  for 
him,  an  bo  made  do  exhibit,  or  cause  to  be  exhibited  into 

the  county  clerk's  office  of  Katie,  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  within 
thirty  days  from  the  date  hereof;  and  the  -  l-  and 

credits     and    all    other     thi  Chattels    and     credits    of    [he 

said  deceased  at  the  time  of  his  death,  or  which  at  any  time 
after    shall    come    to    the    hands  ami 

mond  Scott,  or  into  the  hands  and  possession  of  any  other  peK 
persons  Tor  him.  do  well  and  truly  administer  according  to  law;  and 
further  do  make,  or  cause  to  be  made,  a  just  and  true  account  of  his 


l<»i;\t-    FOR    USE    OF    ADMINISTRATORS. 


Bald  administration  within  ninety  days  rrom  the  date  hereof,  or  when 
(hereunto  legally  required;  and  all  the  rest  and  residue  of  thi 

its  which  shall  be  found  remaining  upon  the 
aald  adminiel  tm<    being  first   examined  and 

allowed  by  the  county  (or  probate)  court  of  the  county  ha\  tng  juris* 
diction,  shall  deliver  and  pay  unto  persons  as  the  said 

court,  by  their  decree  or  sentence,  pursuanl  to  law,  shall  limit  and 
appoint;  and  shall  well  and  truly  comply  with  the  law  of  this  State 
relating  to  inheritan  I  II  Bball  hereafter  appear  that  any  pas) 

will  and  testament  was  made  03  the  said  deceased,  and  the  same  Bball 

.   1:     mi  md  v<  ott,  being  1  berel  0 

required,  do  surrender  1 1* »*  said  letters  of  administration   Into   the 

office  of  the  clerk  of  said  connty  (or  probate)  court  of  Kane  county, 

then  this  obligation  to  be  void,  otherwise  to  remain  in 

full  force  and  virtue. 

Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  ~]  RAYMOND  SCOTT,  -<>kai.)- 

in  the  presence  of  EDVi  \BD   POOR,  -(seax.)- 

1.      1    1     1    Sinclatb,  DAVID  T.  RICH.   -(sbal>- 

George  W.  Dean. 


Administrator's  Advertisement  Calling  for  Settlement. 
The  preliminaries  being  arranged,  the  administrator  inserts  the 
f.,]]ou:  '  ucwspaper several  times,  which  notice  he 

posts  "ii  the  court-house  door,  and  In  two  other  prominent  plact  -  In 
the  county. 

Notice.— Whereas  letters  <-f  administration   upon  the  eats 
Wlllard   J.    Scott,    late   of   St.  Charles,    In   thi*   county,  havi     been 

iBcriber,  all  persons  Indebted  to  the  said  est  1 
requested toi  dlate  payment,  and  those  having  claims  or 

(inn, uiii-  againsl  the  same  will  present  them  without  delay  to 

RAYMOND  SCOTT,  Administrator. 
a,  Kane  county,  Illinois,  January  1,  A.  D.  1883. 

The  Work  of  Settling  the  Estate. 

The  administrator  Ls  now  ready  to  begin  the  work  of  administration, 

■  and  restraint  of  the  State  laws  upon  this  Bubject, 

using  the  ttrst  readv  money  realized   from  the  estate  (in  most  States) 

tin-  funeral  expenses  of  the  deceased,  the  bills  for  nurses  and 

■  1  attendance  in  his  last  illness,  and   the  probate  fee-  of  the 

court;  debts  (if  any)  due  to  tin-  United  States;  debts  (if  any)  due 

to  the   State  in   whirh  he  lived;    all  liens   that   may  exist  upon  and 

iivof    his    property,   and,    thru,    debts   due    to  all    othei 

Ph     idministrator  has  no  power  outside  of  the  State  in 

which  he  art-  in  that  capacity. 

The  ttrst  work  to  he  don.-,  however,  i-  to  Bearcfa  for  and  gather  up 
all  the  personal  property  and  real  estate  owned  by  the  dei 
This  must  be  carefully  inventoried  and  classified.     In  some  States 
the  Inventory  is  submitted  to  two  or  more  appraisers,  in  order  to 
obtain  the  n  >1    the  Listed  property,  who  bring  in  a  report 

worded  as  foil 

Inventory  of  Property  of  Wiltard  J.  Scott. 

A    true   and    perfect    inventory  and   just   appraisement    of    all    and 
Singular    the    goods    and    i  ;it-*    which    W< 

Wlllard  J.  S  of    Cane,  and  state  of  Illinois, 

the  time  of  hi-  death,  to  « it : 

■■.'v.  th'  p<  rsonal  \  including  the  bonds, 
notes.'  l good^. "doubtful"  or  •■ 

■'   ■    - .  " ■>■>    '■'<<    1  '■•■'  ■  ■  '■■■'■    '" 
another— the  footing  of  each  being  noted  eepareU*  ly]. 

Taken  and  appraised  by  11-,  the  third  and   fourth  'lays  of  January, 
A.  D.  18S3.  »RGE   ERICKSON, 

TIK  »s.   B.  WELLS 


STATK   ok    III   i\.>IS,    ) 

County  ol  Kane,   \     ' 

Personal)]   appeared  before  me,  a  notary  public   in  and  for  the 

county  of  Kane,  and  state  of  1 1 1 i r ■  •  >i-,  the  above-named  i ■■   I 

son  and  Ti  una    H    Wells,  who  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  at  the 
request  of   Raymond  Scott,  administrator,  they  did  well  and  truly, 

and    without    prejudice    or   partiality,   value    and    appraise    the    goods, 

chattels  and  credits  which  were  of  Wlllard  J.  Scott,  deceased,  ai  set 
forth  in  the  foregoing  Inventory,  and  in  all  respects  perform  their 
.  io  the  best  of  their  .-kill  and  Judgment 

GEORGE  ERICKSON, 
THOS.   B.  WKLLs. 
irn  (or  affirmed)  and  subscribed  this  iifth  day  of  January,  A.  D. 
1888,  before  me. 

NELSON    IXUXJK.  Notary  Public. 


'NOTAW  \l.    81      ' 

ir  Bufflcient  property  belonging  to  the  deceased  cannot  he  found  to 
pay  oil  his  indebtedness,  under  ordinarily  careful  management,  the 
administrator  Bhould  at  once  notlfj  the  county  (or  probate)  court 

tb  ii  tie'  estate  is  Insolvent,  and  proceed  i ig  to  the  laws  ol  the 

state  in  win'  1 1  in   Hvei  concerning  insolvent  debtoi 

In  Illinois,  and  possibly  other  stale-,  every  claim  ogainM  a 
-I.  ■  .  :■-.  ■!    p.  i -on-    f-i/ite    inii-t     be    accompanied    by    the    claimant's 

affidavit  that  it  u is  just  and  unpaid,  after  allowing  all  just  credits." 
The  administrator  charges  himself  with  whatever  property  of  the 

deceased COmeS  into  liis  hands,  valued  at  the  sworn  apprai-einent,  and 
all  moneys  received  OH  accounts,  notes,  bond-,  mortgages  and  from 
all  other  resources  of  the  estate;  and  credits  himself  with  all  moneys 

and  effects  paid  out  and  bestowed  upon  creditors  and  heirs  of  the 
estate,  together  with  his  fees  and  commissions  as  administrator :  and 
when  the  estate  ie  folly  Bettled  he  renders  to  the  county  or  probate 
court,  in  the  following  Form,  his  account,  duly  sworn  to: 

Account  of  Raymond  Scott  with  Estate  of  Willard  J.  Scott. 

The  account  of  Raj  mond   Scott,  administrator  of  all  ami  singular 

iods   .md   chattels,  rights   and   credit-*  which   were    p 
Willard   .).  Scott,  late    a    citizen    of    Kane    county,  in    the    State   of 
Illinois,  deceased ; 

UAVMnXD  SCOTT,   Akministkator, 

In  account  \\  Ith 

Estate  of  WILLARD  J.  SCOTT,  Deceased. 


Debits. 
carefully  itemized. 


Total. 


Credits 
Carefully  Itemized. 

Tol  l! $ 

Balance   In    favor  of   tie 

estate 8 

(Signed) 

RAYMOND  SCOTT. 


State  of  ILLINOIS,  \ 
County  of  Kane,      \  Before   me,  a  justice  of  the  peace 

(3    within    Said    COnnty,   personally  appeared    Raymond    Scott, 

trator  aforesaid,  who  doth  de|  ay  that  the  a< 

panying  account  Ls  just  and  true,  to  the  best  of  his  knowledg 
belief. 

Sworn  for  affirmed)  and  subscribed  this  fifteenth  day  of  November, 

A.  D.   1883. 

WILLIAM  II.  WIIITIN*;,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

The  balance  derived  from  the  estate,  after  paying  all  costs,  charges 

and   expenses    that    have    accrued    or   stand    Bgalnsl    it,  is  distributed 

the   beirs  by  the  judge  of  the  court  according  to  law  and 

equity.      The  judge  then  formally  dischargee  the  administrator  from 

all  further  responsibility  and  care  of  the  estate. 


SUMMARY  OF  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  WRITTEN  WILLS. 


Age  :it  which  Testators  can  Make  Wills,  Bights  of  Married  Women,  Number  of  Witnesses  Required,  Courts  thai  hare  Jurisdiction.  Etc. 


Alabama.— All  persons  twenty-one  j I 

age  in.,  j  devise  n  al  •  state  by  will, and  at  ei 

or  ovei   maj  dispose  ol   personal  property.    Two 

witnesses  are  required.    Married  women  maybe- 

■  lU.Mih  their  separate  estates.     Wills  are  recorded 

in  the  probate  judge's  office. 

Arizona     Territory.— Testators,    male    or 
.        must  be   twenty-one   years  old.     Two  wit- 
ni     i  3  are  required.      Married  women  may  devise 
their  separate  property. 

Arkansas.— Must  be  twenty-one  years  of  age 
to  devise  real  estate,  and  eighteen  todeviseper- 
Bonal  property.  Three  witnesses  are  required. 
Wills  are  recorded  in  the  probate  court  of  the 
county  where  most  of  the  heiiueathed  land  Is 
Situated;  but  if  only  personal  property  is  devised, 
then  In  the  county  where  the  testator  died.  Mar- 
ried women  devise  their  separate  property  as 
they  please. 

California.— At  eighteen  or  over  testators 
may  devise  real  or  personal  property.  Married 
women  may  dispose,  by  will,  of  their  separate 
estate  without  theconsentof  their  husbands.  Two 

witnesses  are  required  for  all  written  wills. 

Colorado.— The  testator,  if  male,  must  be 
twenty-one;  if  female,  eighteen.  Either  male  or 
Female  may  will  personal  property  at  seventeen. 
Neither  husband  nor  wife  can  deprive  the  other  of 
one-ball  the  prop*  rty  by  will,  except  wife  may  do 
so  with  written  consent  of  husband.  Two  wit- 
nesses are  required.  Wills  are  recorded  in  county- 
courts,  where  letters  of  administration  are  issued; 
also  with  the  recorder  in  counties  where  the  testa- 
tor owned  real  estate. 

Connecticut.— All  persons  over  eighteen  can 
dispose  of  their  property  by  will,  either  real  or 
personal.  Three  witnesses  are  required.  Ten 
years  are  allowed,  after  the  testator's  death,  in 
which  to  probate  his  will.  Wills  are  recorded  in 
Tlu-  probate  courts. 

Dakota  Territory.— At  eighteen  persons 
maj  devise  both  their  personal  and  real  prop- 
erty. Two  witnesses  are  necessary.  Married 
women  may  dispose  of  their  separate  estates  with- 
out the  consent  of  their  husbands.  A. will  made 
by  an  unmarried  woman  is  revoked  by  her  mar- 
I  .  and  not  revived  by  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band. 

Delaware.— The  testator  must  be  twenty -one 
years  old.  Two  witnesses  are  required.  Married 
women,  with  the  written  consent  of  their  husbands, 
given  under  their  hands  and  seals,  in  presence  of 
two  witnesses,  may  dispose  of  their  property  by 
will. 

District  of  Columbia.  — Male  testators  must 
be  twenty-one  years  old;  females,  eighteen.  Three 
witnesses  are  required  to  testator's  signature. 
Married  women  will  their  separate  property  to 
whom  they  please.  Wills  are  recorded  in  the 
registry  of  wills. 

Florida.— Required  age,  twenty-one.  Three 
witnesses. 

Georgia.—  Testator  must  be  twenty-one.  Three 

witnesses    required.       Recorded    in   the   court    of 
ordinary. 

Idaho  Territory.— Testator  must  be  twenty- 
one.  Husband  must  leave  wife  one-half  ol  com- 
mon property.  At  eighteen  can  dispose  of  goods 
and  chattels.  Married  woman  may  dispose  ol  hei 
separate  estate.  Two  witnesses  required.  Will 
flrst  recorded  In  the  probate  court,  and  afterward 
In  iii  counties  where  real  estate  is  located. 

Illinois.— Males  musl  be  twenty-one;  i 
eighteen.    Two  witnesses  necessary,    wills  Hied 
in  probate  court  and  originals  remain  there. 

Indiana.— Testator  must  be  twenty-one.  Two 
witnesses. 

Iowa.— Must  be  twenty-one  years  old.  Two 
witnesses. 

Kansas.— Testator  required    to  be  twenty-one 

years  old.    Two  witnesses. 

Kentucky.— Testator  must  be  twenty-one.  n 
written    by  testator   himself,   one   witnes 

require,!;    if   written    h\   other   than    the    b 

two  witnesses  necessary.    A  married  woman  may 
dispose  of  herse]  I  its  bj  will. 

Louisiana.— Must  be  twenty-one.  Two  male 
witnesses  required  over  the  age  of  six  teen- 


Maine. —Men    and  women  alike   maj 
their  property,  real   and  personal.     Thn 
nesses  necessai  y.    Wills,  transferring  real  estate, 
are  recorded  Liki  deeds.    Estates  are  settled  In  the 

probate  court. 

Maryland.— Men  must  be  twenty-one;  women. 
eighteen.  Three  witnesses  necessary.  Wills  of 
persona!  property  do  not  require  witnesses.  Wills 
must  be  proven  in  the  orphans'  court  of  each 
county,  or  before  the  register  of  wills. 

Massachusetts.— Any  person  may  will  real 
or  personal  property.  A  husband  cannot  be  de- 
prived of  one-half  of  his  wife's  personal  property 
or  a  life  interest  in  her  real  estate  by  her  will, 
unless  he  consents  to  the  devise.  Three  witnesses 
required  to  signature  of  testator.  Wills  are  re- 
corded in  the  office  of  register  of  probate. 

Michigan.  —Testator  must  be  twenty-one. 
Tun  witnesses  Copies  of  the  wills  must  be  re- 
corded in  the  county  registers'  offices  where  the 
lands  are  located. 

Minnesota. -Men  must  be  twenty-one;  women, 

eighteen.     Two  witnesses.      Estates   are    settled 

in   probate    courts,    where'    wills    are    recorded. 

pies  a  re  recorded  in  counties  where  devised  real 

estate  is  located. 

Mississippi.— Testators  must  be  twenty-one, 
male  or  female.  Three  witnesses  required.  Pro- 
bate is  made  in  the  court  of  chancery,  or  by  the 
clerk  thereof,  and  recorded  in  his  office. 

Missouri.— Must  be  twenty-one  to  dei  I 
estate,  and  eighteen   to  bequeath  personal   prop- 
erty.   Married  women  may  devise  real 
the  age  of  eighteen.      Two  witnesses.     After  pro- 
bate, wills  are  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  ■  i 
of  deeds. 

Montana  Territory.  —  Every  person,  at 
eighteen,  may  devise  any  kind  of  property  in 
writing.    Two  witness* 

Nebraska.— Two  witnesses.  Wilis  may  be 
recorded  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  county 
where  bequeathed  real  estate  is  located. 

Nevada.  —Testators  over  eighteen  yi 
age  may  dispose  of  any  of   their  property 
payment  of  debts  is  provided  for.  Married  woman 
maj  d<  vise  her  separate  estate  without  husband's 
consent.    Wills   must   be  recorded  in  the  courts 
where  they  are  admitted  to  probate. 

Xew  Hampshire.  —  Must  be  twenty-one 
rears  old.    Three  witnesses.    Wilis  are  recorded 

in  the  office  of  the  register  of  probate,  and  proved 
in  probate  court-. 

Xew  Jersey.— Must  be  twenty-one  years  old. 
Married  woman  cannot  will  away  her  hushand's 
interest  in  her  real  estate.     Two  witnesses.     They 

are  [.roved  and  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  surro- 
gate of  the  county. 

Xew  Mexico.  —  Males  over  fourteen  years 
and  female-  over  twelve  years  of  age,  if  ol  Bound 
mind,  maj  execub  wills,  unless  known  to  lie  prod- 
igals. Verbal  wills  require  five  witnesses,  and  all 
must  testify  clearrj  us  to  i  eery  part  of  the  will. 
Written  wills  nee  I  three  or  more  witnesses.  Pro- 
idges   approve   of    wills   or   reject    them. 

appeals  are  taken  to  the  district  court. 

X*ew  York.     Wills  must  be  signed  bj 
i...  .    li    the  end,  bul   need  not  be  sealed.    Males 
can  bequeath   personal  property  when  eh. 
and  (em  i  Ixteen.    Two  witnesses  to  the  sig- 

nature "t  the  testator  and  his  acknowledgment  ol 
iii.  document  in  required  to  bi  affixed  to  t be 
will,  which  is  proven  m  the  office  of  the  surrogate 
ol  the  county  where  the  testator  lived. 

North  Carolina*.— Wills  have  two  witi 

Mai  i  ted    women   devis 

led  in  the  probate  court  of 
the  county  where  the  testator  lived. 

Ohio  —Must  be  twenty-one  years  old.  Two  wit 
nessee     Wills  are  Admitted  to  probate  or  record 

in  the  oilier  of  the  probate  judge. 

Oregon.  -Testators  must  bt  twenty-one  years 
old    ba    order    to   dei  Ise    real    i  -rate     i.  . 

.,i  agi      Ban  led  women  de^  Ise  real 

to  then   I  rest  In  it.     Two  witw 

Pennsylvania.  inst  be  twenty- 

one  years  old.      Two  witnes  ry,  who, 


■  place  their  signatures 
to  the  will.  A  husband  is  not  competent  as  a 
witnee  '      will. 

Rhode   I -In  nd.     Real  estate  maybe  devised 
by    persons    twenty-one    years    old,    and     per- 
sonal   property   by    those  over  eigl 
Two  witnesses.      Probate  courts 

Providence,  where  wills  are  re- 
corded. In  other  places  thev  are  recorded  by  town- 
clerks. 

South  Carolina.— Wills  devising  both  real 
estate  and  personal  property  musl  to 

jence  of  three  or  mure  subscribing  wit- 
nesses, and  recorded  in  the  probate  court  of  the 
county  where  the  testator  resided. 

Tennessee.— Where  only  personal  property 
is  devised  the  witnesses  need  not  subscribe  their 
names  to  the  will.  Married  women  can  devise 
their  separate  property,  unless  they  hold  it  under 
previous  restraint.  County  courts  are  CO 
probate. 

Texa*.— All  persons,  twenty-one  years  old, 
may  devise  their  real  and  pei  ional  i    tate.      Two 

witnesses   n issary.      Wills   are   admitted   and 

proved  in  county  court*,  if  presented  for  probate 
within  four  years  after  the  death  of  the  testator. 
Devises  of  real  estate  must  be  confined  to  written 
wills. 

TJtah  Territory.— Testators,  male  and 
female,  may  devise  their  real  and  personal  prop- 
erty by  win  when  eighteen  years  old.  This  in- 
cludes the  separate  property  of   married  women. 

Two  wir  ii,  ■  -,  -  i  equired. 

"Vermont.— Three  witnesses.  Real  and  per- 
sonal property  of  a  married  woman  may  be 
devised  by  her  will.    1  .  i  tied  in  probate 

courts.  "Wills  may  be  recorded  either  in  probate 
courts  or  in  town-clerk's  office  wherever  the  de- 
vi-ed  real  estate  is  located. 

Virginia.— Persons  of  sound  mind  maj 
their  real  estate  by  will  after  they  become  iw.-nty- 
one  years  of  age.  and  their  personal  property  at 
the  age  of  eighteen  years.    Tin-  Includes  the  sep- 
arate property  ol  n edwi  'men.  Two  witi 

either  corporation,  county  or 
Circuit  courts,  In  the  county  or  corporation  where 
the  testator  lived,  or  where  his  real  estate  is 
located. 

Waybill cton    Territory.— Two    wi1 
Hales  must  be  twenty  one  years  old,  and   females 
eighteen    years,  devising   both    real  and   |  i 
estate.       Married    women    an  I     in    this 

respect  by  their  husbands'  claims  upon  their 
property. 

West  Virginia.— All   p. 

■  i.  maj   dei  ise  their   i  m  I    md    i 
estate  by  a  written  will,  duly  attested.    Two  wit- 

'■■  ■ 

Wisconsin. — : Wills,  including  tht 

women,    must    be   in    wi  signed    in   the 

presence   of  two   or  more   subscribing    wil 

vi'd    and    admitted    to    probate   in 
county  courts. 

Wyominc  Territory.—  Tlu  t 

ritorial  taws  on  the  subject,  the  usag 
Law   regulate  t  he  execution  and  proot  of  wills. 
■   proved  and  admitted  to  settlement  in  the 

Married    women  are  at  liberty  to 
devise  their  separate  property    is  tlu  j   pi.    , 

Canadian  Wills. 

Quebec. — All  persons  twenty-one  years  old  and 
:  mind  m  iy  devise  then-  real  and  pergonal 
property  by  will.  Wills  are  of  three  kinds:  The 
French  will  is  made  before  two  notaries,  or  one 
notary  and  two  witnesses ;  tlu-  English,  signed  by 
the  testator  In  |  I   two  subscribing  wit 

nesses,  and  the  olograph,  written  and  signed  by 

the    tests  BS    neither    the 

j   or  subscribing    witi 
igllsh  and  olograph  wills  require  to 
'■i'  ried  women  cannot  devise  their  estates 
without  their  husbands'  consent 

Ontario.     M  ith  their 

in  the>    \\  ish.     Will-   i 

in  writing,  the  signature  of  the  testator  being 
:  ibing  witnesses  In  tl 

'   i  tor   and  eaeli  other       An  i  t 
i^  a  competent  witness  to  the  will. 


■'till 


CANADA,    III  K    HISTOET,    GOVERNMENT    AND    BUSINESS    FORMS. 


@^S_ 


RADIAN 


^r^. 


.ACTS^>^TATlSf 


Gs- 


THE    CANADIAN    DOMINION, 


An  Outline  of  its  History,  its  Government,  its  Resources,  with  Other  Material  Facts, 
and  its  Forms  for  the  Transaction  of  Business. 


history  of  Canada,  so  named 
from  the  Indian  word  "kan- 
ata,"  which  signifies  a  number  of  liuts,  is  briefly 
sketched  in  the  following : 

Newfoundland  was  discovered  in  1497,  by 
Sebastian  Cabot,  and  subsequently,  in  1534, 
Canada  proper  was  discovered  by  Jacques 
Cartier,  who  sailed  up  the  river  St.  Lawrence  to 
the  point  where  aow  stands  Montreal. 

The  foundation  of  Quebec  was  laid  by  Samuel 
Champlain,  in  1608;  following  which  a   French 

expedition    was    formed    in     L617,  to    explore    the 

unknown    domains    of   Canada,    an    enterprise 

which  wa- entered  upon  still  later  by  the  English, 

in  1689,  and  prosecuted  with  some  advantage 
for  the  next  twelve  years. 

In  1754  a  contest  for  owner-hip  of  the  country 
broke  out  between  the  French  and  the  English, 

which  resulted  in  a  five  years'  war  and  the  tri- 
umph of  the  English,  who  came  into  possession 
bv  the  treaty  of  Paris  in  1763.  Among  the 
chief  events  of  this  war  was  the  taking  of  Quebec 

in    1759,  at    which    time    Montcalm,   the    French 


general,  and  Wolfe,  the  English  chieftain,  both 
L<  >-t  their  lives. 

In  1791  an  act  of  parliament  divided  Canada 
into  two  provinces  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 
By  an  act  of  the  imperial  parliament,  in  L867, 
these  two  divi>ioiis  became  known  as  the  prov- 
inces of  Ontario  and  Quebec;  and.  together  with 
Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  were  consti- 
tuted the  Dominion  of  Canada.  In  ls7<>  the 
province  of  Manitoba  was  formed,  and.  with  the 
remainder  of  the  Eudson  Bay  Territory,  now 
known  a-  the  Northwest  Territory,  admitted  into 
the  Dominion.  British  Columbia  and  Vancou- 
ver Island  followed  in  1871,  and  Prince  Edward 
Island  in  ls7:;. 

<  >f  Canada  proper,  Ontario  comprises  the 
upper  and  western  portion,  whose  inhabitants 
are  principally  English.  Quebec  includes  the 
lower  and  eastern  portion,  the  people  in  which 
are  mostly  of  French  descent,  who  retain  their 
original  language,  religion  and  customs. 

The  timber  trade,  from  the  first  settlement  of 
Canada,  has  ever  been  the  principal  industry  of 


CONSTITUTION    FOR   THE    GOVERNMENT    "F    THE    CANADIAN    DOMINION. 


261 


the  people,  which,  as  the  country  is  cleared  of  its 
forests,  is  being  followed  by  the  raising  of  cattle 
and  the  cultivation  of  the  soil. 

The  executive  authority  of  the  country  is  vested 
in  the  sovereign  of  Great  Britain,  and  is  repre- 
sented at  the  capital  of  the  Dominion  by  a 
governor-general,  assisted    by    a    privy  council. 


The  legislative  power  is  a  parliament  consisting 
of  an  upper  house,  styled  the  senate,  and  a  house 
of  commons;  the  seat  of  government  for  the 
Dominion  being  at  Ottawa. 

The  details  for  the  government  of  the  Cana- 
dian Dominion  are  clearly  set  forth  in  the  follow- 
ing constitution,  being  the  imperial  act  of  1867: 


CONSTITUTION  FOR  THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  CANADA, 

Entitled  An  Act  for  the  Union  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  and  the  Government  Thereof,  and  for  Purposes  Connected 

Therewith,  which  Took  Effect  March  29,  1867. 
Ml 


HEREAS  the  Provinces  of  Canada, 
Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick 
rn«       ~  J[     have    expressed    their    desire    to    be 

B  j  \*  federally  united  into  One  Dominion 
'<-£(—'  2^C  under  the  crown  <>f  the  United  King- 
•  i !  Oreat  Britain  and  Ireland,  with  a  consti- 
tution similar  in  principle  to  that  of  the  United 
Kingdom: 

and  whereas  such  a  union  would  conduce  to  the 
welfa  tv  of  the  provinces  and  promote  the  interests 
of  the  British  empire: 

And  whereason  the  establishment  of  the  union 
by  authority  of  parliament  it  is  expedient,  not 
only  that,  the  constitution  >>t  the  legislative 
antnorityin  the  Dominion  be  provided  for,  but 
also  that  the  nature  of  the  executive  government 
therein  be  declai  ed 

And  whereas  it  is  expedient  that  provision  be 
made  for  the  eventual  admission  into  the  union  of 
other  parts  of  British  North  America: 

Be   it   therefore   enacted    and  declared    bj    the 

>im  en's -t  excellent  majesty,  by  and  with  the 

;td\  i.'i-  and  consent  of  the  lords  spiritual  and  tem- 
poral, and  commons,  in  this  present  parliament 
assembled,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  as 

follows: 

Preliminary* 

1.  This  act  may  be  cited  as  The  British  North 
America  act,  1867. 

3.  The  provisions  of  this  act  referring  to  her 
majesty  tin-  qm  ■  0  extend  also  to  the  heirs  and 
successors  oi  her  majesty,  kings  and  queens  of 
the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Union  of  Different  Provinces. 

3.  It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  queen,  by  and  with 

the  advice  of  her  majesty's -1  honorable  privy 

council,  to  declare  by  proclamation  that,  on  and 
after  a  das  therein  appointed,  not  being  more 
than  six  months  aftei  the  passing  ol  this  act,  the 
provinces- of  Canada.  Nova  Scotia  and  Mew  Bruns- 
wick shall  form  and  !»'  one  Dominion  under  the 
name  of  Canada;  and  on  and  after  that  daj  those 
three  provinces  shall  form  and  be  one  Dominion 
under  that  name  accordingly  . 

■4.  The  subsequent  provisions  of  tin-  act  shall, 
unless  it  is  others  tse  expressed  or  implied,  1  om- 
mence  ana  have  effect  on  and  after  the  union, 
that  is  to  s:iy,  1  tie  day  appoin 

the  union  taking  effect  In   the  queen's  prod 

i  Ion .  and  in  the  same  provisions,  unless  it  is  other- 

n  ise  expressed  or  ImpTh  d,  thi  01 1  ana 

cen  to  mean  Canada  as  constituted  under 

this  act. 

5.  Canada  shall  be  divided  into  four  pro 
named   Ontario,  Quebec,   N01  1    Scotia   and   New 

Brunswick. 

«.    The  parts  of  the   province   Of  I 

exists  al  the  passing  ol  this  act)  which  formerly 
constituted  respectively  the  provinoes  ol  '  pper 
Canada  and  Lower  Canada  Bhall  be  deemed  to  be 

i   .nut  shall  form  two  separate  provinces. 

rl  which  formerij  constituted  the  pi 
of  upper  ( lanada  shall  cons)  Itute  the  proi  In©   ol 

Ontario;   :  1 11.I  the  pari  which  formerij  constituted 


the  province  of  Lower  Canada  shall  constitute 
the  province  of  Quebec. 

7.  The  provinces  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick  shall  have  the  same  limits  as  at  the 
passing  of  this  act. 

8.  In  the  general  census  of  the  population  of 
1  anada,  which  is  hereby  required  to  be  taken  in 
the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  -■ 

one,  and  in  every  tenth  year  thereafter,  the 
respective  populations  of  the  four  provinces  shall 
be  distinguished. 

Executive  Power  Vested  in  the  Queen. 

9.  The  executive  government  and  authority  of 
and  over  Canada  1-  hereby  declared  to  continue 
and  be  vested  in  the  queen. 

10.  The  provisions  of  tins  act  referring  to  the 
governor  general  extend  and  apply  to  th< 
nor-general  for  the  time  being  of  Canada.  ■ 

chief  executive  officer  or  administrator  for 
the  time  being  carrying  on  the  g  ivernment  of 
Canada  on  behalf  and  in  the  name  of  the  queen, 
by  whatever  title  he  is  designated. 

11.  There  shall  be  a  council  to  aid  and  advise 
in  the  government  of  Canada,  to  be  styled  the 

privy  council  for  Canada;  and  the  per- 
sons  who  are  to  bi  members  o(  that  council  shall 
be  From  time  to  time  chosen  and  summoned  by  the 
governor-general  and  sworn  in  as  privj  council' 
tors ;  and  members  thereof  maybe  From  time  tu 
time  removed  by  the  governor-general. 

13.  All  powers,  authorities,  and  fun.  lions 
which  under  any  act  of  the  parliament  ol  Great 
Britain,  or  of  the  parliament  oi  the  United  King- 
dom ol  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  or  of  the 
legislature   of     1  pper    <  '.>  nada,    1  ■  ■  ■ 

Canada     Nova  Scotia,  or  New   Brunswick,  are  at 

the  union   vested  in  or  exereisible     by  the   rr^per- 

tive  governors  or  lieutenant-governors  of  those 
province-,  with  the  advice  or  with  the  advice 
and      consent,     of      the      n    1  executive 

councils  thereof,  or  in  conjunction  with 
tho>e  councils,  or  with  any  number  of  members 
I  here*  if,  or  bj  i  ir   lieutenant- 

governors  individually,  shall,  as  far  as  the  same 
continue  In  existence  and  capable  ol  bein 
1  ■!  -'  d  after  the  union  in  relation  to  the  govern- 
ment oi  Canada,  be  vested  in  and  exerci 
th<  govt  mor  gem  1  il,  with  the  advice  or  with  the 
advice  and  consent  ol  01  in  conjunction  with  the 
!■(  ivy  n  luncll  for  Ca  nada ,  1  >r  anj  mi 

l f ,  or  by  the  governor-general  individually, 

as  the quiri      subject   nevertheless  (except 

will,  respect  to  sucn  as  exisi   under  acta  ol  t'i-: 
parliament  of  Great  Britain  01  ol  the  parliament 
of    the    United  Kingdom    of   Great    Brita 
Ireland)   to  be  abolished  or  altered  by  tin 
m  i'i  ol  1    inada. 
1:1.  The  provisions  ol  1  in-  act  referring  to  the 
era!  in  council  shall  be  consti  ued  as 
referring  to  the  governor-general  acting  by  and 
with  the  advice  of  the  quei 
<  ianada. 

14.  It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  queen,  ii  her 
majesty  thinks  lit.  to  authorize  the  governor- 
general  from  time  to  tune  to  appoint  anj 

or  any  pi  ally  to  be  his 

deputy  or  deputies  within  any  part  or  part-  of 
Canada,  and  in  that   1  during 

governor-general  such  ol  the 
powers,     authority         1  function       ol     1  he 

governor  ■  general,     as     t  hi  general 

deems     It     necessary    or    expedient    %■■ 
to  hi  in  or  them,   subject  to   any  limitations  or 
direction  en  by  the  queen:  but 

the  appointment  of   such  a  deputy  or  deputies 


shall   not  affect   the  exercise   by  the  governor- 
general  himself  of  any  power,  authority  or  func- 

Iloll, 

1.1.  The  commander-in-chief    of    the   land  and 
naval    militia,    and    of    all    naval    and    mi] i tan- 
forces,  of  and  in  Canada,  is  hereby  declai 
continue  and  be  vested  in  the  queen. 

16.  Until  the  queen  otherwise  directs  ■■■ 
of  government  of  Canada  shall  be  Ottawa 

Legislative  Power. 

17.  There  shall  be  one  parliament  for  Canada, 
consisting  of  the  queen,  an  upper  house  styled  the 
senate,  and  the  house  of  commons. 

18.  The  pnvilegesimnmnities  and  pow»  1 
held,  enjoyed  and  exercised  by  the  senate  and  by 
the  house  of  commons  and  by  the  members  there- 
ol  respectively  shall  be  such  .   nine  to 
time  denned  by  act  of  the  parliament  ol  1 

but  so  that  the  same  shall  a  those  at 

the  passing  of  this  act  held,  1  1 

by  the  common  liament  oi  the  United 

Kingdom  of  Great    Britain  and  Ireland  and  b\   the 
members  thereof. 

19.  The  parliament  of  Canada  shall  bi 
together    not    later  than    six    months    after    the 
union. 

30.  There  shall  lie  a  session  of  the  par 
of   Canada  once  at  least  fcn  every  year,  so  tint 
twelve  moni  a;    mall  not  Enterveni 
last  sitting  Of  the  parliament  in   oni 
sitting  in  the  next  session. 


The  Senate:    Qualification  of  Senators. 

31.  The  senate  shall,  subject  to  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  consist  ol  seventy-two  members,  who 
shall  be  st>  led  a  n  itoi  • 

33.    in    relation    to    the    constitution   of  the 
1  anada  shall  be  deemed  to  consist  1 
divisions 

1.  I  Hit. 11  i..  ; 

2.  Quebi  1 

:{.  The    maritime   provinces.  Nova    Scotia  and 
New  Brunswick;  which  tin- ■ 
ject  t..  the  provisions  1 

sented  in  the  sen  irloby  twenty- 

four  senators;   Quebec  by  twenty-four  s*  nators; 
and  the  maritime  provinces  by  twenty-four  sena- 
tors,   twelve   thereof  representing 
and  twelve  thereof  representing  New  Brunswick. 

in  the  1  a  1   1  aty-four 

senators    representing   that     province    shall    be 
appointed    for  one  "t   the  <■■■- 

ed  In  schedule 
te  of  the  < 
■ 

•£:i.  1  he  qualification  of  a  senator  shall  he  as 
follows: 

1  hlrty  years: 
■._'.  1  Hi  ier  a  natui  al-1 

the  que*  1 

■ 

the  parliament  ol  the  United   Kingdom  ol 

aid  Ireland,  or  of  the  legislature  ol 

>l     Upper   *  'ana. 1  el 

or  New  Brunswick,  before 
the  union,  or  ol  the  parliament  Of  Canada  alter 
the  union  : 

lly  or  equitably  seized  as  of 
fi  eehold  For  his  o»  a  use  and  beni  1 

Cenemeni  a  held  bi  fi  ee  a  nd  e n 

r  his  own  use  and  >■•  ■ 
■  nts  held  in  franc-alien  or  in  roture, 

or  Which  he    is   appointed,  of 

lie  ol    four   thousand   dollars,   over  and 


262 


THE    CANADIAN    CONSTITUTION. 


uid  "i-  payable   oul 

(4.)  His  i  ■    !'!■  party    ihall  be 

thou  and  dollaj  -  over  and 
e  in-  debts  and 

:  hall  be  1 1  iid<  iii    iii  the  pi  "V  Inoe   for 
n  hlch  he  I    app< 

|tl     |      I;- 

■i  in  the  electoi  aldii  ■ 
d,  "i  shall  be  pi  i  Idi  at  In  that 
division. 

•j  i.  The  govs r-general  shall  from  time  to 

■ 

Bummon    Qualified 

ci   to  Ml.'  pro- 

immoned 

mil  in-  u  memo  en  ^<-  and 

tor. 

86V  Buch  persona  shall  be  flrsl  summoned  Co 

i  der  her 
i  ■  ■   ■         laf  thinks  fit  to  approve, 

and  their  nam*  In  sited  In  the  queen's 

m  ol  anion. 
'■Hi. 

the  queen  thinks  frl  to  direct 
that  three  or  six  mem 

thegovernoi  general  ma]  bj  ranunon    tothret  or 

I perm  ii i  '.is  the  case  ma j  be),  repre 

equally  the  three  divisions  ol  Canada,  add 

Llngly. 

27.  in  ■•  .i  -•■  '•!  such  addition  being  at  any  time 

made  the  governor-general  Bholl  not  snmn 

!..  the  senate,  except   on  b  further  like 

direction  by  the  queen  on  the  like  n - ■■■■  nd  i 

tlon,  until  each  ol  the  three  divisions  of  Canada  is 
nted  bj  twentj  four  senators  and  no  more, 

Number  of  Senators  Allowed. 

•.£•<.  The  number  o1  ab  ill  not  at  any 

time  exceed  seventy^ight. 

this  act,  hold  his  place  In  tl ab    tor  life. 

:to.    I         itoi   may  b    wiitlns  under  his  hand 
i  .1    to    the  t*nera]    resign    his 

Eee  In  I  aai      uid  thereupon  th<      ba  U 

Leant. 

:tt.   rhe  pla  ball  become  vacant 

,  .  i 
1 1     If  for  two  consecutive   -■■-■  Ions  of  1 

I     111    (lu- 
ll he  takes  an  oath  or  makes  a  de<  I 

:  ...... 

adherem  ■  Ign  powei . 

he   becomes   ■   Bubjecl   or  dtisen,   or 
■  t  Ighte  or  privl  ibject  or 

citizen,  "i  b  foreign  p<  iwer 

.  Ijudged  bankrupt  or  Insolvent,  or 
applies  for  the   benefit  <•'    anj    law  relating  to 
i   ibllc  defanlter: 
■ 

felony  or  ol  any  Infa us  crime: 

:   in  1 1  spec!  ot 
nee;  provided 
shall  not  be  deemed  to  h  ive  a  i  ed  to  be  qualified 

■r  oi  residence  bj  reason  only  of  a 
log  ai   the   Beat  ol   the  govern  mi 
holding  an  office  under  th  <■■ 
there. 
'.t'-i.   '■'-  n  the  senate  by 

■ 

shall  bj  sum m    to  s  nt  and  qualified 

■ 
:i:t.  i ;  ting  the  quail 

senate 
detei  mined  by  the 
B4  aate. 

84.  1  he  goi  ei  noi  -    neral   m  i  ■-   from  time  to 

:  ... 

i  t» 

■  ppolnt  another 
in  li  is 

:t.v  i  ntll  the  parliament  of  Canada  othi 

f,  the  presenc 
ncluding  the  speaker,  shal  rj  to  con 

meeting  ol  the  senate  fori 

itti.       i    ■:  ma  arising   In  the  senate  shall  be 
decided  by  s  ra 

shall  iri  sJl  cases  have  o  vote,  and  when  the  voices 

be  In  the 
negative, 

I  In    HOUM  tilt  nil lis. 

:I7.  i '!  subject  to  the 

nsistol  one  hundred  and 

eighty-one  members,  of  wl i  eighty-two  shall  lie 

nineteen 
for  New  Brunswick. 
:IH.  The  governor-general  shall  from  time  to 
time,  In  name,  by  instrument  under 


the   great    seal    of    Canada,    summon    and   call 

1     VI II-. 

:tt».    \  senatoi   shall  noi   be  cap 

oi  voting  as  a  member  of  the 

■  >l    eotHliio|l>, 

40.  Until  the  parliament  of  Canads  otherwl  a 

Erovides,  Ontario,  Quebec,  Nova  Bcotls  and  Hew 
runswick  shall,  for  the  purposi    ol  the  election 
of  members  to  serve  In  the  hou  i  ol  commons,  be 

dii  ld<  i  Int n  toraldl  ti  lei    fl    follows; 

1. ...Ontario. 

Ontario  BhsJI   be  divided    into   the   i 
ridings  of  (■■•unti  -.  i  of   cities,  and 

towns  enumerated  In  the  first  schedule  to  this  act, 
each  whereof  shall  be  an  < 

■■■  i  ed  In  that  schedule  being 
i  ut  Itled  to  return  one  member. 

*2. -••(Quebec. 

Quebec  shall  be  divided  into  sixty-five  electoral 
districts,    composed    ol    the    six!  s  five   ■  : 

n  -  Into  which  I  nada  Is  at  the  pa 

ing  of  tins  act  divided  under  chapter  two  oi  the 

ol  t  lanads .  chapb  r   ■    ■ 
five  of  the  consolidated  statute  ifoi  Lower* 
and  the  act  of  the  province  ol  Canada  ol   the 
twenty  third  yeai  of  the  queen    chapter  one,  or 
any  other  act  amending  the  same  In  force  ai  the 

'i n.  so  that   each   electoral  division  shall  be 

for  the  purposes  of  this  act  an  electoi  U 
entitled  to  return  one  membi  i 

3.— Nova  Scotia. 

Each  of  the  eighteen  cou  iva  Scotia 

shall   be  an  electoral   district.     The  county   of 
shall  be  entitled  to  return  two  members, 
ami  each  of.  the  othei  counties  one  member. 

4..  —New  Brunswick. 

Bach  of  the  fourteen  counties  Into  which  New 
'  el    i     divided     Im  ludjng    the   city    and 

county  of  St  John,  shall  be  an  electoral  dl  trict; 
the  city  of  St.  John  shall  also  be  ■  separate  elec- 
toral district,  i  ichofthoa  fifteen  electoral  dis- 
tricts shall  be  entitled  to  return  one  member, 

41.  I'ntii  the  parliament  of  Canada  otherwise 
provides,  all  laws  In  force  In  the  w  vera!  pr 

inlon   relati  ve  to  the  following  ma  ti 
anj  .-i  them  namely,    the  qualifications  and  dis- 
qualifications ol  persona  to  be  elected  oi  to    II  or 
bouse  "i  assembly  or 
legislative  assembly  In  the  several  pro  vim 

mch  membei  -.  the  oath    to 

n  by  voters,  the  retui  nlng  office]  ■    theii 
powers  and  duties,  the  proceedings  at  el© 

Luring  which  elections  may  be  con 
tinned,  the  trial  of  controverted  elections  and 
proceedings  Incident  thereto,  the  vacating  of 
seats  of  members,  and  the  execution  of  new  writs 
in  case  I  ban  bj  dlssolu- 

..li    respectively   apply   to   elect! 
members  to  Berve  in  the  house  of  commons  foi  the 
same  several  pr<  n  ino 

Provided  that,  until  the  parliament  of  I 
otherwise  provides,  ai    mj  election  foi  a  member 

of   the   house   "i    < m. .us    for   the   district  of 

Aigoma,  En  addition  to  persons  qualified   bj  the 
law  of  the  province  of i  an  id  ■  to  vote,  everj  male 
British  subject,  aged  twenty-one  years  or  U] 
being  a  householder,  shall  bavi  ;i  vote. 

42.  For  the  fli  b(  eh  ctl I  membei     to    ervi 

in  the  bouse  of  i mona  the  governoi  jenera 

.  ,  use  writs  to  bi    I     led  bj    tich  pel 

fi  i  in,   and    addre    ed   to    mch    returning 

be  thinks  At. 

The  pei  son  I  mderthl     ectlon    ball 

■  !  ,i  i  i  he  union 

by  the  of)  ed  ■■■■  itn  it"-   I    ulngof  writs 

■    ■ 
,  1 1 1 1 ,  i ... i 
the    province   of  Canada,   Nova  Bcotta,  i 
Brunswick:  ami  the  returning  officers  to  whom 

ni  have 

i  s  ith  the  returning  i 
foi  the  ■  lection  ol  m<  mbers  to  serve  In  th< 

Ive     house    of    assembly    or    legislative 
assembly. 

i:t.  [n  case  a  vacancy  in  the  representation  In 
the  house  of  commons  of  any  electoral 
happens  before  the  meeting  ol  the  pa  rliament 
or  alter  the  meeting  of  the  parliament, 
provision  is  made  by  the  parliament  In  this 
behalf,  the  provisions  of  the  last  foregoing  section 
..r  this  net  shall  extend  and  apply  to  tin-  Issuing 
and  returning  of  a  *i  rit  In  respect  of  such  vacant 
. 

Election  of  Speaker  En  t  !■  <  ■  House  of  Commons, 

44.    The  house  of  nimmmi 

llngaftei  [ectlon  shall  proceed  with  all 

ieed  to  elect  one  of  n 
i  ker. 


I.V  in  cane  of   a  vacancy  happening  fn  the 
offli  e  ol 

■  ol  common      ball  with 
peed  pi  '>r,  ed  to  elect  another  of  li 

LtX  ball  pn   Ide  at  all  met  tings, 

among. 

IT.  I  ntll  ii..    paj  li mt  ol  t s la  otl 

provldi        |    beab  tence  fo j a  ol 

1  bi     pi  iker  from  the  chi i  the  hou  ■■■  ol  com- 
mons  for  a    period   of    forty-eight   consecutive 

houi   .  i  he  hou  e  ma  |  i  leel  i I  uei  o ■  m 

bera  to  ocl  s    e    pe  tk<  r,  and  tbe  membei  i  o  elected 
iicfa  absence  of 
'  i"      pi  '  I.'  ' ,  have    ind  i  i  ■  cute  all  the  p 
pi  I   Hi  gee  and  duties  of  speaker. 

48.  The  presence  ol  al  l<  i  -inborn 

ol  t  be  house  of  onions  shall  !>•■  nea 

constitute    i  bouse  for  the  i 

'■'  ll    powei  -.  and  for  I  hat  ptu  i 

shall  be  reckoned  ass  men  I 

41*.  Questions  arising  in  the  house  of  commons 
■i  bj   .i  in. i  |oi  other 

than  tha  in  ben  the  v  ol 

equal,  but  not  otherwise,  the 
rote. 

."»o.  Every  house  of  commons  shadl  continue  for 

-  ii the  daj  ol  the  return  ol  the  writs 

ib  i>  ct   i"  I LI  - 

solved  by  the  governor-generaJ  I,  and  no  lot 

SI.  On  t)i mpletlon  of  the  census  In  the 

year  one  thousa  ad  alghl    bundi  ed  event 

one,  and  ol  i  ach  subsequent  decennla  I  cen 

n\  '  t  ion   ol    the    four   proi  Inces  shall    be 

■  ted  by  such  authority'.  In  such  manner, 
anil  from  Buch  time,  as  the  parlla 

from  Ume  to  time  proi  Ides,  ding 

i     Q  li  I-  o     ball    ha  i  e    I  be    fl  ted    number,   of 
e  members 

(2.)  Thei-e  shall  be  assi^-n.il  t,i  eui-li  <-l    ih.    .  .t  h,  i 

i ■  Ini  i      uoh  knumb mbers  as  a  ill  bear 

propoi i.i.-n  to  the  i i"  j  ..I  it     pi ipula 

tion  (ascertained al   such  census!  as  the  i 

■  bears  to  the  number  of  thi    popula  I  Ion 
of  Qu  bi  ■       i  i  c -.I  i  ■ 

1  'i  the  c out;,!  Ion  ol  I  bi  Dumoei  of  mem* 

■  a  proi  luce  a  1 1  ocl  lonal  pa  1 1  noi  a  cceeding 
'hair  of  the  v\  hole  number  requl 

ling  the   province   to  a   membi  r   shal]   be  dis- 

■  i  i  but  b  fi  ocl  lonal  pa  1 1  exceeding  ■■■ 

ol  that  number  shall  be  equivalent  to  the  whole 
number: 

(4.1  On  any  such  re-adjustment  the  number  of 
members    for   a   province  shall    noi    be  reduced 

thi    pi  -I u  a  hlch  the  numbei   ol   the 

popul  itlon  ol  i  be  i ■  un  ■  bore  to  i  he  number  *•( 

i  he  age  n  g  tie  population  ol  I   i  nad  i  al  I  he  then 
last   preceding  re- adjustment  ol   the  num 
members  for  the  province  Is  ascertained  at  the 
then   latest   census    to   be   d*"?lnisbed    by   one- 
t  ^^  ent  li  i  ii  pai  t  or  up 

(5.)  Buch    re-adju  tmenf    shall   not  tnk- 
until  the  ternn nation  ol    the  then  existing  parlia- 
ment. 

.12.    The  number   Of   members    of    tin-    house    of 

commons  maj  be  i  rom  time  to  tlrai 

■ 
. .  pre  i  ntat  Ion  of  the  i  ei  (bed 

.    iol  Is  not  thereby  dl  it  in  b»  d 

Tin-  BaUInfrand  DlBtrlbation  of  Honey. 

.%:t.  Bills  for  appropriating  any  pari    ol    the 
public  1 1  i  enne ,  oi  for  Imposing  any  ta    oi  Impo  t, 

shall  origin  ite  in  i  lie  hou   6  Ol   Commons. 

^4.  It  shall  noi  be  lawful  for  the  hou-..  of  com* 

ii     to   adopt  or    pass    any    rote,    resolution. 

or  bill  for  the  appropi  li n  o!  any  part 

of  the  public  rei  enue,  or  ol  a  nj  ta  >  or  [mj 
onj  pui  poi  e  that  has  not  been  Aral  recomn  ■ 
to  that  house  bj  message  ol  the  governor-general 
in    tbe  session    In   which    such  vote,  resolution, 
addi  ess,  or  bill  I    prop    ed 

i».V  Where  a  bill  passed  by  the  houses  of  the 

partial t  i  •  presented  to  the  gover ■  general 

for  the  queen's  assent,  he  shall  declare,  according 
to  his  d  Iscre  t  ion   bul   mbjecl  to  the  pro  visions  ol 

■  ner  ra  i  [est]  either 
assents  there! the  queen's  name,  oi 

that  he  withholds  the  queen's  assent,  or  tl 

ih.     lull    for     the    itignifleaiioii    or    tin- 
queen's  ph  ■  rare, 

.ifl.  Winn-  the  governor-general  assents  to   < 
bill  in  the  queen's  name,  he  snail  bj  tbe  hrst  con- 
venient opportunity  send  an  authentl 
ocl  to  one  ,.f  her  majesty's  principal    ecratarii 
ol  state,  and  If  the  queen  In  council  within  two 

Lftei    receipt   thereol   by  the 
i  ite  thinki  Hi  ■  act,  such  disallow. 

......  i  iffcate  of  tin 

the  das  "H  which  the  act  was  received  b 
being  ugi  noi  gem  ral,  bj  rpeech 

or  messa .  e  houses  of  1  be  pari  Is  men! 

or  by  pro*    tmatloi 
after  the  day  of  such  signification. 


EXECUTIVE    AND    LEGISLATIVE    POWEE    AS    DEFINED    BY    THE    CONSTITUTIOH'. 


263 


57.  A  bill  reserved  for  the  signification  of  the 
queen's  pleasure  shall  not  have  any  force  unless 
and  until  within  two  yeai  a  from  the  day  on  which 
ll  was  presented  to  the  governor-general  for  the 
queen's  assent,  the  governor-general  signifies,  by 
speech  or  message  tu  each  of  the  houses  of  the 
parliament,  or  by  proclamation,  that  it  has 
received  the  assent  of  the  queen  in  council. 

An  entry  of  every  such,  speech,  message  or  pro 
clamation  shall  be  made  in  the  journal  ol  each 
house,  and  a  duplicate  thereof,  duly  attested,  shall 
be  delivered  to  the  proper  officer  to  be  kept  among 
the  records  of  Canada. 

Executive  Power  in  Each  Province. 

58.  For  each  province  there  shall  be  an  officer, 
Btyled  the  lieutenant-governor,  appointed  by  the 
governor-general  in  council  by  instrument  under 
the  great  seal  of  Canada. 

59.  A  lieutenant-governor  shall  hold  office 
during  the  pleasure  of  the  governor-general;  but 
any  lieutenant-governor  appointed  after  the 
commencement  of  the  first  session  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Canada  shall  nut  he  removable  within  five 
years  from  his  appointment,  except  for  cause 
assigned,  which  shall  be  communicated  to  him  in 
writing  within  one  month  after  the  order  for  his 
removal  is  made,  and  shall  be  communicated  by 
message  to  the  senate  and  to  the  bouse  of  com- 
mons within  one  week  thereafter  it  the  parlia- 
ment is  then  sitting,  and  if  not,  then  within  one 
week  after  the  commencement  of  the  next  session 
of  the  parliament. 

OO.  The  salaries  of  the  lieutenant-governors 
shall  be  fixed  and  provided  by  the  parliament  of 
Canada. 

CI.  Every  lieutenant-governor  shall,  before 
assuming  the  duties  of  his  office,  make  and  sub- 
scribe before  the  governor-general  or  some  person 
authorized  by  him,  oaths. of  allegiance  and  office 
similar  to  those  taken  by  the  governor-general. 

&'•£.  The  provisions  of  this  act,  referring  to  the 
lieutenant-governor,  extend  and  apply  to  the 
lieutenant-governor  for  the  time  being  of  each 
province  or  other  the  chief  executive  officer  or 
administrator  for  the  time  being  carrying  on  the 
government  of  the  province,  by  whatever  title  he 
is  designated. 

«:j.  The  executive  council  of  Ontario  and  of 
Quebec-shall  be  composed  of  such  persons  as  the 

I tenant-governor  from  time  to  time  thinks  fit, 

and  in  the  first  instance  of  the  following  officers, 
namely,— the  attorney-general,  the  secretary  and 
registrar  of  the  province,  the  treasurer  o'f  the 
province,  the  commissioner  of  crown  lands,  and 
th»-  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  public  works, 
with,  in  Quebec,  the  speaker  of  the  legislative 
council  and  the  solicitor-general. 

64.  The  constitution  of  the  executive  authority 
In  each  of  the  provinces  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick  shall,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  continue  as  it  exists  at  the  union  until  altered 
under  the  authority  of  this  act. 

65.  All  powers,  authorities  and  functions 
which,  under  any  act  of  the  parliament  of 
Great  Britain,  or  of  the  parliament  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
or  of  the  legislature  of  Upper  Canada,  Lower 
Canada,  or  Canada,  were  or  are  before  or  at  the 
union  vested  in  or  exercisible  by  the  respective 
governors  or  lieutenant  govt  mors  of  those  pro- 
vinces, with  the  advice,  or  with  the  advice  and 
consent,  of  the  respective  executive  councils 
thereof,  or  in  conjunction  with  those  councils,  or 
With  any  number  of  members  thereof,  or  by  those 
governors  or  lieutenant-governors  Individually, 
shall,  as  far  as  the  same  are  capable  of  being 
evrnseil  after  the  union  in  relation  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Ontario  and  Quebec  respectively,  !»• 
vested  in  and  shall  or  maybe  exercised  bj  the 
lieuti  ii :mt-governor     of     Ontario     and     Quebec 

respectively,  with  the  advic wiiii  the  advice 

and  consent  of  or  in  conjunction  with  the  respec- 
tive  executive  councils,  or  any  members  thereof, 
or  by  the  lieutenant-governor  individually,  as  the 
case  requires,  subject  nevertheless  (except  with 
respect  to  such  a-s  exist  under  acts  of  the  partia 
ment  of  Great  Britain,  or  of  the  parliament  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland)  to 
be  abolished  or  altered  by  the  respective  legists 
tures  of  Ontario  and  Quebec. 

66.  The  provisions  of  this  act  referring  to  the 
lieutenant  -governor  in  council  shall  be  construed 
■•■  n  Ferring  to  the  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
province  acting  h\  and  with  the  advice  of  the 
executive  council  thereof. 

67.  The  governor  general  in  council  may  from 
' to  time  appoint  an  administrator  to  execute 

the      uttier     ami      t'llMet  1 ' 'II  -    Of      I  tell  tell .  I II  t    BfOVemOr 

during  ln>  absence,  Uiness  or  other  Inability, 
it*.  Unless  and  until  the  executive  government 

of  anj  provini therwise  directs  with  respect  to 

th.it  province,  the  seats  of  government  of  the 
provinces  shall  be  as  follows,  namely,  -of  Ontario, 
the  eitv  Of  Toronto  5   of  Quebec. the  city  of  Quebec; 


of  Nova  Scotia,  the  city  of  Halifax;  and  of  New 
Brunswick,  the  citj  ol  Fredericton. 

Legislative  Power  in  Ontario. 

60.  There  shall  be  a  legislature  for  Ontario, 
consisting  ol  the  lieutenant  governoi  and  of  one 
house,  styled  the  legislative  assembly  of  •  Intario. 

70.  The  legislative  assemblyof  Ontario  shall 
be  composed  oi  eighty-two  members,  to  be  elected 
to  represent  the  eighty-two  electoral  districts  set 
forth  in  the  first  schedule  to  this  act. 

Legislative  Power  in  Quebec. 

71.  There  shall  be  a  legislature  for  Quebec. 
consisting  of  the  lieutenant-governor  and  of  two 
bouses,  styled  the  legislative  council  of  Quebec 

and  the  legi-dative  assembly  of  Quebec. 

72.  The  legislative  council  of  Quebec  shall  be 
composed  of  twenty-four  members,  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  lieutenant-governor  in  the  queen's 
name,  by  instrument  under  the  great  seal  of 
Quebec,  one  being  appointed  to  represent  each  of 
the  twenty-four  electoral  divisions  of  Lower 
Canada  in  this  act  referred  to,  and  each  holding 
office  for  the  term  of  his  life,  unless  the  legislature 
Of  Quebec  otherwise  provides  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act. 

73.  The  qualifications  of  the  legislative  coun- 
cilors of  Quebec  shall  be  the  same  as  those  of  the 
senators  for  Quebec. 

74.  The  place  of  a  legislative  councilor  of 
Quebec  shall  become  vacant  in  the  cases mutat is 
mutandis,  in  which  the  place  of  senator  becomes 
vacant. 

7.».  When  a  vacancy  happens  in  the  legisla- 
tive council  of  Quebec  by  resignation,  death,  or 
otherwise,  the  lieutenant-governor,  in  the  queen's 
name,  by  instrument  under  the  great  seal  of 
Quebec,  shall  appoint  a  fit  and  qualified  person  to 
fill  the  vacancy. 

76.  If  any  question  arises  respecting  the  quali- 
fication of  a  legislative  councilor  of  Quebec,  or  a 
vacancy  in  the  legislative  council  of  Quebec,  the 
same  shall  be  heard  and  determined  by  the  legis- 
lative council. 

77.  The  lieutenant-governor  may  from  time  to 
time,  by  instrument  under  the  great  seal  of 
Quebec,  appoint  a  member  of  the  legislative 
council  of  Quebec  to  be  speaker  thereof,  and  may 
remove  him  and  appoint  another  in  his  stead. 

78.  Until  the  legislature  of  Quebec*  otherwise 
provides,  the  presence  of  at  least  ten  members  of 
the  legislative  council,  including  the  speaker, 
shall  be  necessary  to  constitute  a  meeting  for  the 
exercise  of  its  powers. 

79.  Questions  arising  in  the  legislative  council 
of  Quebec  shall  bedecided  by  a  majority  of  voices, 
and  the  speaker  shall  in  all  cases  have  a  vote,  and 
when  the  voices  are  equal  the  decision  shall  be 
deemed  to  be  in  the  negative. 

50.  The  legislative  assembly  of  Quebec  shall 
be  composed  of  sixty-five  members,  to  be  elected 
to  represent  the  sixty-five  electoral  division-  ,,-, 
districts  of  Lower  Canada  in  this  act  referred  to. 
subject  to  alteration  thereof  by  the  legislature  of 
Quebec:  Provided  that  it  shall  not  be  lawful  to 
present  to  the  lieutenant-governor  of  Quehee  for 
assent  any  hill  for  altering  the  limits  of  any  of 
the  electoral  divisions  or  districts  mentioned  in 

the  second  schedule  to  this  act,  unless  the  sa t 

and  third  readings  of  such  bill  have  been    pasa    I 
in  the  legislative  assembly  with  the  cone:: 

of  the  majority  of  the  members  representing  all 
those  electoral  divisions  or  districts,  and  the 
assent  shall  not  be  given  to  such  bill  unless  an 
address  has  been  presented  by  the  legislative 
assembly  to  the  lieutenant-go vernoi  statu 
it  has  been  so  pa 

The  Legislatures  of  Ontario  and  Quebec. 

51.  The   legislatures    Of    Ontario    and   Quebec 
respectively  shall    be   called  together  nol 
than  six  months  after  the  union. 

89.  The   lieutenant-governor  of  Ontario  and 
ol  Quebec  shall  from  time  to  time,  in  the  q 
name,  by  Instrument  under  the  great   BeaJ  of  the 
i  summon  and  call  together  the  legists 

tive  assembly  of  the  pn 

h:j.  Until    thi  of    i  tot  irio 

Qui  I-  c  -I  berw  Ise  pi  o\  Ides,  a  pers<  m  ai  .  epting  or 

in  i  intari -  In  Quebec  anj  i  Ffli  ■ 

oi  employment,  permanent  or  temporal  y, 

ai  thenoi i  oi   |  he  tfeutenani 

•wanes 
emolument,  or  profit  ol  any  kind  or  amounl 
ever  from  the  province  Is  attached,  shall  not  be 
eligible  as  a  member  ol    thi 
of  the  respective  province,  nor  shall  hesii  i 
as  such;  DUt   nothing  in   this  section   shall    m  ,: 
ineligible  any  pei  son  being  h  member  ol  thi  ■ 

ativec til  of  the  respective  province,  or  hold 

■■i  the  rollov  in.  offices,  that  Is  to  say,  the 
offlct  lot  attorney-general,  seen  pistrar 


"i  the  i  ■    irer  of  the  provinc* 

mlssioner  ot  crown  lands,  and  commissioner  of 
agj  iculture  and  public  works,  and  in  Quebec 
solicitoi  -  nail  disqualify  him  to  sir  or 

vote  in  the  house  foi  which  be  is  elected,  provided 
bi  i    elected  m  bile  holding  such  office. 
**  4.  Until    the    legislatures    of    Ontario   and 

Qui respectively  otherwise  provide,  all  laws 

winch  at  the  union  are  in  force  In  1 1 

rely,  relative  to  the  following  matter-,  or 

hem   namely,-  the  at  and  dis 

qualifications  of  persons  to  be  elected  or  to  -it  or 

I  nla.  the 
qualifications  or  disqualifications  of  voters,  the 
oaths  to  be  taken  by  voters,  the  returning  ■ 
their  powers  and  duties,  the  at  elec- 

tiona    ihe  periods  during  which  such  electii  i 
in   continued,  and  the  trial  of  controvert' 
tions  and  the  proceedings  incident  thereto,  the 
vacating  of  the  seats  of  members  and  thi 

■at ion  of  new  writs  in  case  ol 
otherwise  than  by  di-  pectivelj 

apply  to  elections  "i    memfa  e  in  the 

ii  spective  legislative  assemblies  of  Ontario  and 
Quebec 

Provided  that  until  the  legislature  of  Ontario 
otherwise  provides,  at  any  election  for  a  mem  her 
of  the  legislative  assembly  ol  i  the  dis- 

trict of  Algoma,  in  addition   I  qualified 

by  the  law   ol   the  prw  Ince  ol   Canada  1 
every  male  British  subject,  aged  twenty-one  years 
or  upwards,   being  a  householder,   shah    I 
\  ote. 

85.  Every  legislative  assembly  of  Ontario  and 
everj  legislative  assembly  of  Quebec  si.  i 
tinue  for  four  years  from  the  day  of  the  return  of 
the  w  t  it-  for  el sing  the  Bairn 

i  ither  the  legislative 
or  the  legislative  assembly  of  Quebec  being  sooner 
dissolved  by  the  lieutenaxuVgovei  no 
ince),  and  no  longer. 

86.  There  shall  be  a  session  of  the  legislature 
of  Ontario  and  of  that  of  Quebec  once  at  least 
in  every -year,  so  that   twelve  months  shall  noi 

tie  between  the  last  Bitting  of  the  legisla- 
ture in  each  province  in  one  session  and  ii 
sitting  in  the  next  session. 

87.  The   following   provisions   of    this   act    re- 

thi    houa  -I  i- mons  ol  Cai   i 

extend  and  apply  to  the  legislative  a 

Ontario  and  Quebec,  that  is  to  say,— the  provisions 

relating  to  the  election  of  a  speaker  originally 

and. m   vacancies,   the  duties  of   thi 

absence  of  the  speaker,  the  quorum, and  the  mode 

of   voting,    as    ii     thosi 

re-enacted  and  made  applicable  in  terms   to 

such  legislative  assembly. 

Nova  Scotia  and  nTen  Brunswick. 

88.  The  constitution  of  thi 

of  the  provinces  ol  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns- 
wick  shall,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  i1 
continue  as  ii   exists  at  the  union  until  n 
under  the  authority  of  this  act;  and 
assembly  cf  New  Brunswick  existing  at  tl 
ingof  this  act  shall,  unless  Boom 
tinue  for  thi  p<  riodfoi  n  hich  it  * 

Ontario.  Quebec  and  \nva  Scotia. 

89.  Each  of  the  lieutenant-governors  of  Onta- 
rio, Qui  bi  .  .  shall  cause  v.  ; 

be  i-  sued  foi  thi  first  •  lection  of  men 
legislative  assembly  thereof  in  such  form  and  by 
such  person  as  he  thinks  fit,  and  at  such  tin 
addressed  to  such   i  -  I  arning  offli  i 
ernor-general  directs,  and  so  thai  the  Bn 
it. m  of  iiieinh.  r  of   a  sfembly   foi    anj 
district  or  ani  subdivisi  m  thereof  shall  bt 

at  th.-   same    time  and  at   the   same    | 

rve  in   the  house   of 
commons  ol  Can  >ral  district 

The  Four  Provinces. 

90.  Tl.  provisions  Of  this  act 
respecting  the  parliament  of  Canada,  namely,— 

the  provisions  relating  to  appropriation    and    tax 

bills    t  be  » ecommendation  of  mon< 

lulls,  the  die  I  acts,   and    the 

signification  of  pleasure  on  bills  reserved,— shall 
extend  and  appla  to  the  legislatures  ol  the  several 
provinces  as  If  those   provisions  were   hei 

made   applicable    In   terms  to  the 
respective  pi  ovii  .  legislatures  th 

win,  the  substitution  of  the  lieutenant-governor 
of  the  province  i"r  the  governor-general,  of  the 
■ 

and  of 
the  province  t<>v  Canada. 

Powers  of  the  Canadian  Parliament 

91.  It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  queen,  by  and 

with    the    advtr  ,•..    ;tlld 

commons,  to  make  law s  foi 
order  and  good  government  ol  Can  ida,  in  relation 
to  all  matter-  nol  coming  within  th     cJ  .--■  -  of 


264 


THE    CONSTITUTIONAL    PROVISIONS    RELATING    TO    PROVINCIAL    LEGISLATURES. 


■-  tn  the 
i  he  i"  on  IncM .    and    foi 
certainty,  bul  restrict  the    gener- 

ality of  the  foregoing  term*  of  this  section,  II  i> 
i  thai  (notwithstanding  anything 
In  this  act]  theexclaslTe  legislative  authority  of 
to  -iii  matters 
vritbln  the  classes  •>(  subjects  next  herein- 
after enumerated .  thai  Is  to 

2.  The  regulation  •■(  trade  and  commerce, 

3.  The  raising  '>f  in-. ii.  \  by  an*  mode  oi 

4.  The  borrowing  of  money  on  the  public 
■ 

6.  I 

7.  Militia,    military    and  I  ■■.    and 
■ 

B   The  fixing  of  and  providing  for  the 

of  civil  and  other  officers  of  the 
- 

buoys,  lighthouses  and  Sable  Island. 
|i  i,  Nai  Ik  itlon  and  snipping 

1  |.   Q|]  I  I  Mi  -him  lit  ami  mum 

•t  marine  hospitals. 

heriee. 
a  i  pi  o\  Ince  1 1 
■  mi i  j  or  bel  w een  two  provlnc 
ii   i  in  i  enoj  and  coinage. 

15.  Banking,  incorporation  of  banks,  and  the 
Issue  of  ! 

16.  Sa  \  Ings  banks. 

17.  Weights  nnd  me  i 

18.  Bills  of  exchange  and  promlssoryrj 

19.  Int 

l*".  i,<  gal  tender, 

racy. 
22.  Patents  ol 
2a  Copyrights. 

24   In  n  Isr rved  for  the  Indians. 

25,  "•  ind  illens. 

■J7.  ti  -  iw,  except  the  constitution  of 

courts  "i  crln  •  ling  the 

procedure  in  crlmln  i 

;  I m    maintenance    i  n 

agemenl  of  penitent  I  i 
. 
i  In  the  enumeration  of  the 
jects  by  this  aci  assigned  exclusively  to  ( hi 
I  at  tires  "f  the  proi  Ii 
And   .>iiv    matter   coming   within    any  "f   the 
•  ■i    subjects    i  i  thl  i 

come  within  the  i 

prised  in 
the  enumeration  of  thi  ubjects  bj  this 

igned  >  cclusivel*  to  the  legislatures  of  ti><* 
provlni 

Exclusive  Powers  of  Provincial  Legtslatnresa 

93.  i ;  .  ince    I  he    leglslatm 

Ion    to    matters 

. 

I.  The  a] dment  I  Ime,  nol  n  Ith 

ng  anything  In  I 
of  the  i  '-  the  office  of 

lleuten  ■  i 

2  Direct  within  tin-  provi tin  order 

t.i  the  rs  evenue  for  provincial  pur 

I 

3.  Thi'  borrowing  of  money  on  thi 
the  province, 

4.  The  establishment  and 

■i. i  the  appointment  and  payment  of  pro- 

5.  Thf  management  an.l  sale  of  the  pub  ii 
belonging  to  the  province  and  ol  tl 

ii.  The 
in.  nt  of  i  itorj  prisons  in 

7.  The  establishment,  malni 
ment  ol 

synary  institutions  in  and  I  e,  other 

than  marine  bospll 

cipal  institutions  in  the  pi 

.    . 
proi  in  municipal  pui  p 

10.  Local  works  and  undertakings  other  than 

■ 

a.  Lil 

takin 

■ 

b.  Li'i  ■  een  the  province  and 

c.  Sue]  ougfa    wholl] 

within  the  provtm  i  ir  their 

ii  kge  nf 
Canada  or  for  thi 
of  tli.'  proi 
u.  Tin-  Incorporation  of  companies  with   pro- 

■ 

12.   l  he  sol<   ■ 
ince. 


13.  Pro)  ■■  il  rights  in  ti. 

n.  T)i.  ■    in  the  pros 

I 

...  mil-,  both  "i  civil 
miction,  and  Including  pro* 
■ 
IS   The  Imposition  of  punishment  bj  line,  pen. 
:. ii i  or  Impi Isi  ■ 

i  ion  t"  an]  mattei  coming 
i  ay  .if  the  classes  •■(  subjects  enun 
in  this  -■  i 

■ 
private  nature  In  the  province. 

What  Shall  be  Done  1W  Schools. 

93.  in  and  for  each  proi 

maj  exclusively  make  laws  In  relal 

ind  according  bo  the  following  pro 

v  islons : 

l    Nothing  in  any  such  law  shall  | 
affect    any   rlghl    or    prii  I  lege    with    reap* 

i j  schools  ^  in.  ii   a  ii  i  als  i  of  per 

i  w  in  the  province  al  the  union. 

2.  All  the  powers,  privileges  and  duties  al  the 

union  bj    law  i  >sed  In  Upper 

i  .mi.i. 1. 1  ..ii  the  separate  whoola  ind  school  1 1  ustees 

ol   the  queen's  Roman  Catholic  subjects  shall  be 

and  the  -. *  ai  e  bei  ebj  exti  nded  to  the  ■ 

tots  ol  i  be  qui  int  and  Ri  >man 

i  latbollc  subjects  In  Quebec  i 
3    \\ii, 

; !  lent  scl i-  exists  b]  Is  ■ 

or  is  thereafter  established  by  the  legislat 
i.  appeal  shall  ue  t  i  I 
.    i n  council  fn ■■■ 
provincial  aul  i  Ighl  or  prii  [■ 

lege  ol  the  Protestant  or  Roman  <  Catholic  minority 
of  the  >)iif.irs  subjects  In  relation  I 

i    in    case  an]    racfa    provincial    law   us  from 
time  to  tune  seems  •••  the  neral  In 

council  requisite  for  the  due  execution  ol  the  pro- 

i  this  section  Is  nol 
decision  i 'i   1 1. 
. 

.    ■  [n  that  behalf, 

■  i  in  every  such  case,  and 

i  he  ''ii  cumst  inces  i  ►!  e  ich  cs  m  i  sou 
in. 'nt  of  Canada  for  the 

as  of  tin-  seel  Ii 
governor-general  In  coun- 
cil under  this  w 

UnUbmlty  of  Laws  la  the  Provinces, 

94.  Notwithstanding  anything  In  this    i 

nr  ..!  «  ah  ;n  i.i  may  make  provision  for  the 
unlforralt]  of  all 

aVll  rights  In  0 
ana  New  Brunswick,  and  of  the  procedun 

I  the  courts  In  thi  «h   thn 

■  i  aftei    the  |  i 

■  er  ol  the  parllamenl  ol  Cans 
make  laws  In  relation  mattei  comprised  In 

anj  such  act  shall,  notwithstanding  anything  In 
.    tie  Mm  estricted  :  but  I  he  par- 

■ 

rormtty  nhall  nol  hair  effect  In  any  pi 

. .  i  urn  1 1  u  i    adopted  and  enacted  aa  law 
■ 

iBjicaUare  and  Immigration. 

9.V  In  each  province  the  legislature  may  make 

laws  In  relation  t<>  agriculture  In  the  province, 

.  nmigratton  into  thi  id  It   Is 

i  be  pai  (lament  ol  ■ 
in  time  to  time  make  laws  In  relation  to 
.  i  ..r  any  of  tJ 
immigration  Into  ail  or  anj  i  and 

any  law  of  thi 

ilture  "i  tn  Immigration  shall  hai 
For  the  province  as  long  and  as  far  only  as 
it  i-  not  repugnant  to  any  act  "f  the  parliament  of 

Appointment  of  Judges. 

OB.   i  tl  shall    appoint   the 

i  the  superior,  district  and  count] 
proi  Ince,  <  xcepi  those  "f  t  he 

■  and  New  Brunsn  Lck 
97.  Until    the  laws 
civil    rights   in  Ontario,  Nova    Scotia   an 
Brunswick,  and  the  procedu  iurta  In 

those  provinces,  are  made  uniform,  the  Ji 

those  proi  inc  i  by  the 

governor-gene)  ■  d     from    the 

■ 
08, 

.  ■  i  proi  ince 

99.  The  ill  hold 

i  emov- 
. ,  i ,  i .  ■  by  the 

■  ■  and  house  ol  '■ ni  ■ 

ion.  The  salaries    ■  md  pensions  of 

the  Judges  ol  the  superior,  dlsti  Ii 

In    Nova 


nd  New  Brunswick)  and  of  the  admiralty 
where  the  Judges  thereof  are  for 

n  salary,  shall   !.,■   ii . , 
i  by  Mi.'  pai  II 

loi .  The  parllami  may,  notwlth< 

standing  anything  In  this  act,  from  tune  to  dme 
provldi  .'inn  Ion,  malntenani 

com  f  ol   ap|  ■ 
ind  for  the  establishment 
■    ■ 
1    in  ail  a. 

Bereaaea,  Debts,  Useta,  Taxation. 

192.  all  duties  and  revenues  over  which  the 
i   .■  legialatan 
and  New  Brunswick  before  and  at  the  unit 
and    have   power  •■(  appropriation,  axoept  such 

i  in  the 
■  e   legialatui  i  ■■  Inoes .  or  are 

raised  bj   them  In  "« rdance  arlth  the 

nf  erred  on  them  bj  this  aci .    h 

one  consolidated  revenue  fund,  to  be 

for  i  he  public  sei  i  Ice  ol  I  ^anads   In  the  manner 

il  (eel  to  r  iif  ohai  ares  In  i  tils  act  proi  Idi  'i 

lo:t.  The  consolidated  rei  enue  fund  of  Canada 

mall    be  pel -ni  i  |    cha  i  aed    with    thi 

pen  ■■-  Incident  to  1 1 ollectlon, 

md   receipt  thei  eof,  and  thi 

i  m  the  drat  charge  ther subject  to  be 

i  adited  hi  snch  rnanm 
:  bj  the  governor>general  In  counel]  until 
the  parliament  otherwise  provides. 
H»  I .  Tin-  annual  Intei    rt  ol  thi  i 
sral  proi  Incea  of  C  inada,  Ho-> 

inswlck  at  the  un shall  form  tin-  second 

tolldated    revenue    fund   of 
Canada. 

Salary  of  the  GoTentor-Seneral, 

lo.l.  I  red    by   the    parllamenl   "f 

the  salary  of  thi  raJ  shall 

ad    pounds  sterling  money  "f  the 

United   k  ingd t  Ureal    Britain   a  nd   In  I  md 

nsolldated  revenue 
ii    mall  foi  mi  the  third  chai  ge 
then    ■ 
nu\.  Subject  t"  the  several  payments  bj  this 

rged  on  the  consolidated  revei fund  of 

the  same  shall    be  appropriated  bj   !(.'■ 

parllamenl  "i  Canada  for  the  public  service. 

1 97.  All  stocks,  .I  balances  and 

ng  to  each   province 

at  the  1 1 nit-  ..t  the  union,  except  as  m  i 

mentlom  Canada    md 

shall  i"-  taken  in  redm  i  n nt  "i  the 

respective  debts  of  the  proi  Inees  at  the  un 

19**.  The  pnb  ■  inert  j  of  •  ach 

proi  Ince,  enumerated  chedule  \<-  this 

act,  shall  be  the] 

199.    \i!  i  inds,  b,  mini  raU  and  royalties 

belonging  t"  the  several   provinces  ol   Canada, 

N..va  Si -..tin  ami  Wm  Brunswick  ut  (h..  iinmn.  ami 

ail  -inns   then   due   oi    payable  for  such   lands, 
-hail  belong  t.i  the 
several  proi  Im 
and  New  Brunswick,  In  which  tbe  wni    in 

■  bj  trusts  existing  in 

Ither  than  that  ..]  the 
I 
119.    til    ■  lets  connected  with  such  portions 
ich  province  i 

■  i  belong  t.i  that  pn ■■■ 
111.  Canada  shall  be  liable  for  the  debl 

liabilities  of  each  province  existing  al  the  union. 
i  i".'.  i  ilntlj  shall  be 

.    which 
•   proi  Ince  of  Cs  la  at  the 

txty-two    million   iivr  hundred  th 

i  with  interest  at  the 
rate  "f  Ave  per  centum  per  annum  thereon. 
1  i:t.  enumerated    In    the    foui th 

■  _■  at  the  union  to  thi 
provlni  ■  i    -hail    be   the   prop*  l 

*  intario  and  Q  otly. 

1  14. 

tin-  ju int     ii   any)  by  which    Its   pub 

b  urn. m  eight  million  aollai 
shall  be  charged  with  Interest  at  the  rate  of  Ave 
atom  per  annum  thereon. 
1  l."».  New  Brunswick  shall  be  liable  to  i 
foi  tbe  ■ 

tl   the  un nei  en   millloi 

shall  be  charged  with  Interest  at  the  rate  of  live 
i itum  pei    •:■.::  -in  then 

119.  In  case  the  public  debts  of  Nova  Bcotui 

and  Nes  Brunswick  do  not  at  the  d n  s ml 

t..  eight  million  and  si  ven  million  dollar: 

■  be]    shall    respectively  receive    bj    hall 
Ivs  nee  from  the  govi 

of  C la  Interest  at  Ave  pei  pei  annum 

on  the  difference  between  the  annul  amounts  «r 
thru-     respective     debts     and     such     stipulated 
.  nt- 


money  support  <>f  government. 


DEPORTS.       EXECUTIVE    OFFICERS. 


265 


117.  The  several  provinces  shall  retain  all 
their  respective  public  property  not  otherwise 
disposed  of  in  this  act,  subject  to  the  right  of 
Canada  to  assume  any  lands  «>r  public  property 
required  for  fortifications  or  for  the  deft 
the  country. 


Money  fur  the  Support  of  Government. 

118.  The  following  sums  shall  be  paid  yearlj 
by  Canada  to  the  several  provinces  for  the  rap- 
port  of   their    government  - 

Ontario,  eighty  thousand  dollars;  Quebec, seventy 
thousand;     Nova    Scotia,    sixty    thousand;     New 

wick,  fifty  thousand;    total,    two    hundred 
and  sixty  thousand  dollars;  and  an  annual  grant 
in  aid  of  each  province  shall  be  made,  equal   to 
eighty  cents  per  head  of  the  population    > 
talned  bythecensusof  onothousand eight 
and  sixty-one,  and  in  the  case  "f  Nova  Scotia  and 
New  Bi  onswick,  bj  each  subsequent  decennial  cen- 
sus until  the  population  of  each  of  those  two  prov- 
tnounts  to  four  hundred  thousand  souls,  at 
which  rate  such  grant    shall    thereafter  remain. 
Such    grants    shall    be    in  full  settlement   ol     ill 
future  demands  on    Canada,  and   shall   be  paid 
half-yearly  in  advance  to  each  province;  but  the 
government  of  Canada  shall  deduct  fron 
grants,  as  against  any  province,  all  sums  charge- 

■  interest  on  the  publicdebtofthat  pi 
in  excess  of  the  several  amounts  stipulated  in  this 
act. 

119.  Ne«'    Brunswick    shall    receive 

yearly  payments  in  advance  from  Canada  for  the 
I  of  ten  years  from  the  union  an  additional 
allowance  of  sixty-three  thousand  dollars  per  an- 
num; but  as  long  as  the  public  debt  of  that  province 
remains  under  seven  million  dollars,  a  ded 
equal  to  the  interest  at  five  per  centum  per  annum 
on  such  deficiency  shall  be  made  from  that  allow- 
ance of  sixty-three  thousand  dollars. 

ISO.  All  payments  to  be  made  under  this  act, 
or  in  discharge"  of  liabilities  created  under  any  act 
Of  the  provinces  of  Canada.  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick  respectively,  and  assumed  by  I 
shall,  until  the  parliament  of  Canada  otherwise 
j,  be  made  in  such  form  and  manner  as  may 
from  time  to  time  be  ordered  by  the  governor- 
general  in  council. 

131.  All  articles  of  the  growth,  produce  or 
manufacture  of  any  one  of  the  provinces  shall, 
from  and  afterthe~union.be  admitted  free  into 
each  of  the  other  provinces. 

133.  The    customs    and  excise    laws  of    each 
province  shall,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this 
ntinue  in  force  until  altered  by  the  parlia- 
ment of  Canada. 

Exports  and  Imports  Between  Provinces. 

1311.  Where  customs  duties  are.  at  the  union, 
leviable  on  any  goods,  wares  or  merchandises 
in  any  two  provinces,  those  goods,  wares  and  mer- 
chandises may.  from  and-afterthe  union,  be  im- 
ported from  one  of  those  provinces  into  the  Other 

of  them  on  proof  of  payment  of  the  cost -  duty 

It- viable  thereon  in  the   province  of  exi 

and  on  payment  of  such  further  amount  i  M 
customs  duty  as  is  leviable  thereon  in  the  province 
of  importation. 

13-4-  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  affect  the  right 
of  New  Brunswick  to  levy  the  lumber  dues  pro- 
u  chapter  fifteen  of  title  three  of  the 
revised  statute-  of  New  Brunswick,  or  in  any  act 
amending  that  act  before  or  after  the  urn 
not  increasing  the  amount  of  such  dues;  but  the 
lumber  of  any  of  the  provinces  other  than  New 
Brunswick  shall  not  be  subject  to  such  dues. 

135.  No  lands  or  property  belongi rig  to" 
or  any  province  shall  be  liable  to  tax 

136.  Such  portions  of  the  duties  and  revenues 
over  which  the  respective  legislatures  of  Canada, 
Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  had  before  the 
union   power  of  appropriation  as  ai 

reserved  to  the  respective  governne  nts 

turesof  the  provinces,  and  all  duties  and  revenues 

by   them  in  accordance   with   the 
powers  conferred  upon  them  by  this  act.  shall  in 
each    province    form    one    consolidated     revenue 
lie  appropriated  for  the  public  service  of 
the  province. 

137.  If  any  person,  being  at  the  passing  «>f  this 

act  a  member  of  the  legislative  council  of* 
Nova  Scotia  <>r  New  Brunswii-k.  to   whom 
In  the  senate   is  offered,  does  not    within  thirty 
days     thereafter,     by     writing    under    his     hand 

addressed  to  the  governor-gi  i  province 

of  Canada  or  to  the  lieutenant-governor 
Scotia  or  New  Brunswick    as  the  case  n 

nito.    he    shall    be    deemed     to     have 

declined  the  same;  and  any  person  who,  b 

tic  passing  ol  this  act  a  member  of  the  legislative 

councl  I  ol  '.  accepts 

a  place  in  the  senate  shall  thereby  %  i 
in  Mich  legislative  council. 


MtM  Take  the  Oath  of  Allegiance. 

1  3"*.  Every  member  of  the  senate  or  house  of 
commons  of  Canada  shall,  before  taking  his  seat 
therein,  take  and  subscribe  before  the  governor- 
general  or  some  person  authorized  by  him,  and 
every  member  of  a  legislative  council  or 
tive  assembly  of  any  province  shall,  before  tflfctng 
I  therein,  take  and  subscribe  before  the 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  province  or  some  per- 
son authorized  by  him,  the  oath  of  allegiance 
contained  in  the  "fifth  schedule  to  this  act;  and 
every  member  of  the  senate  of  Canada  and  every 
member  of  the  legislative  council  of  Quebec 

before    frftW"E    his    seat    therein,  take  and 
subscribe    before  the  governor-gen 
person    authorized    by    him,    the    declaration  of 
qualification  contained  in  the  same  schedule. 

1  39.  Except  as  otherwise  provided  by  this  act. 
all  laws  in  force  in  Canada.  Nova  Scotia  or  New 
Brunswick  at  the  union,  and  all  court >  of  civil  and 
criminal  jurisdiction,  and  all  legal  commis>ions, 
and  authorities,  all  officers,  judicial,  ad- 
ministrative and  ministerial,  existing  therein  at 
the  union,  shall  continue  in  Ontario.  Quebec, 
Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  respectively,  as  if 
the  union  had  not  been  made;  subject  neverthe- 
cept  with  respect  to  such  as  are  enacted  by 
'•r  exist  under  acts  of  the  parliament  of  Great 
Britain  or  of  the  parliament  of  the  United  King- 
dom of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  i.  to  be  repealed, 
abolished  or  altered  by  the  parliament  of  Canada, 
or  by  the  legislature  of  the  respective  pi 
according  to  the  authority  of  the  parliament  or 
of  that  legislature  under  this  act. 

130.  Until  the  parliament  of  Canada  other- 
vides,  all  officers  of  the  several  proi  bices 

having  duties  to  discharge  in  relation  to  matters 
other  than  those  coming  within  the  class)  -  i  I 
subjects  by  this  act  assigned  exclusively  to  the 
legislatures  of  the  provinces  shall  be  officers  of 
>.  and  shall  continue  to  discharge  the  duties 
of  their  respective  offices  under  the  same  liabili- 
ties, responsibilities  and  penalties  as  if  the  union 
had  not  been  made. 

131.  Until  the  parliament  of  Canada  otherwise 
provides,  the  governor- general  in  council  may 
from  time  to  time  appoint  such  officers  as  the 
governor-general  in  council  deems  necessary  or 
proper  for  the  effectual  execution  of  this  act. 

133.  The     parliament     and    government      of 
-hall  have  all  power-  proper 

for  performing  the  obligations  of  Cana>l  i 
any    province    thereof,    as    part    of    the    British 
empire,  toward  foreign  countries,  arising  under 
treaties   between   the  empire  and   such  foreign 
countries. 

English  and  French  in  Parliament. 

188,    Either  the   English  or    the  French    Ian- 
oay  be  used   by  any  person  in  the  debates 
of  the  houses  of  the  parliament  of  Canada  and  of 
the  houses  of  the  legislature  of  Quebec;  and  both 
those  languages  shall  be  used  in   the   respective 
and  journals  of  those  houses;  and  either 
languages  may  be  used  by  any  p> 
in  any  pleading  or  process  in  or  Issuing  from  any 
court  of  Canada  established  under  this  act.  and  in 
or  from  all  or  any  of  the  courts  of  Quebec. 
The  acts  of  the  parliament  of  Canada  or  of  the 
ture  of  Quebec  shall  be  printed  and  [pub- 
lished In  both  those  languages. 

134.  Until   the  legislature  of  Ontario  and  of 

otherwise     provides,     the     lieutenant- 
irs    of    Ontario    and    Quebec    may     each 
appoint  under  the  great  seal  of  the  province  the 
following  officers,  to  hold  office  during  pli 
that  is  to  say >—  the  attorney-gi  ■ 

and  registrar  of  the  province,  the  t: 

province,  the  of  crown  lands,  and 

the    commissioner    of    agricultural     and 
works,   and  in  the  case  of  Quebec  the  solicitor- 
general;    and  may.  by  order  of  the   lieutenant- 
governor  in  council,  from  time  to  time  prescribe 
the  duties  of  those  officers  and    of  the    several 
departments  over  which  they  shall  preside  or  t<> 
which  they  shall  belontr.  and  of  the  officers  and 
clerks  thereof;  and   may  also   appoint    .c 
additional  officers  to  hold  office  dul 
and  may  from  time  to  time  prescribe  the  d 
thOSe     officers,     and    of     the    several    departments 
over  which  they  shall  preside  or  to   which   they 
shall     belong,    and    of     the    officers     and    clerks 
thereof. 

Powers  and  Duties  of  Executive  Officers. 

135.  Until  the  legislature  of  Ontario  or 
otherwise   provides,    all    rights,    powers,    duties, 
function-,  responsibilities  or   authorities  at  the 

i  on  the 
attorney  -general,  soli  tary  and 

registrar  of  the  province  of  Canada,  minister  of 
finance,  wmmlssioner  of  crown  land-,  commis- 
sioner of  public  works  and  minister  of  agriculture 
and    receiver-general,    by    any   law,   stal 

ace  ol    upper  Canada,  Lower  Canada,  or 


|    Canada,  and  not  repugnant  to  this  art.  shall   be 
In  or  Imposed  on  any  officer  to  be  appointed 
by  the  Lieutenant-governor  for  the  disci 
the  same  or  any  of  them:  and  the  comm 
of  agriculture  and  public-  works  shall  perform  the 

duties  and  functions  of  the  office  of  mini 
agriculture  at  the  passing  of  this  act  Imp 

Of  the  province  Of  Canada,  as  well  as 
those  of  the  commissioner  of  public 

136.  Until  altered  by  the  lieutenants 
■ 

ihall  be  the  same,  or  ot  th< 
-  those  used  in  the  proving 
Canada  and   Lower  Canada    respectively    before 
their  union  as  the  province  of  Canada. 

137.  The  words  "and  from  thence  to  the  end  of 
the  then  next  ensuing  session  of  the  legislature," 
or  words  to  the  same  effect,  used  in  any  temporary 
act  of  the  province  of  Canada  not  expired  before 
the  union,  shall  be  construed  to  extend  and  apply 
to  the  next  session  of  the   parliament  of  Canada, 

subject  matter  of  the  act  is  within  the 
powers  Of  the  same,  as  defined  by  this  m  I 
the  next  sessions  of  the  legislatures  of  Ontario 
spectively,  if  the  subject  matter  of 
the  act  is  within  the  powers  of  the  same  as  defined 
by  this  act. 

139.  From  and  after  the  union  the  use  of  the 

Upper  Canada  "  instead  of  "Ontai 

"Lower  Canada"  Instead    of  "'Quebec,"  in    any 

deed,  writ,  process,  pleading,  document,  matter  or 

thing,  shall  not  invalidate  the  same. 

Concerning  Proclamations. 

139.  Any  proclamation  under  the  great  seal  of 
rnce  of  Canada  issued  before  the  union  to 

take  effect  at  a  time  which  is  subsequent    to  the 

ting  to  that  province,  or  to 

' '  inada,    or    to    Lower 

several    matters  and    things   therein    proclaimed 

and  continue  of  like  force  and  effect  as  if 

the  union  had  not  been  made. 

140.  .Any  proclamation  which  is  authorized  by 
any  act   of  the    leeislature    of    the    province    of 

to  be  issued  under  the  great  seal  of  the 
of  <  'anada.  whether  relating  to  that  prov- 
ince, or  to  Upper  Canada,  or  to  Lower  Canada,  and 
which    is    not    issued    before  the  union,    may   be 

•  the  lieutenant-governor  of  Ontario  or  of 
Quebec,  as  its  subject  matter  requires,  under  the 
great  seal  thereof  and  from  and  after  the  issue 
of  such  proclamation  the  same  and  the  several 
matters  and  things  therein  proclaimed  shall  be 
and  continue  of  the  like  force  and  effect  in  Ontario 
or  Quebec  as  if  the  union  had  not  been  made. 

141.  The  penitentiary  of  the  province  of 
Canada  shall,  until  the  parliament  of  Canada 
otherwiseprovides.be  and  continue  the  peniten- 
tiary of  Ontario  and  Quebec. 

14  3.  The  division  and  adjustment  of  the  debts. 

Upper 
Canada  and   Lower  Canada  shall  be  ref-- 
the  arbitrament  of  three  arbitrators,  one  chosen 
by  the  government  of  Ontario,  one  by  th-  _- 
ment  of  Quebec  and  one  by  the  government  of 
Canada:  and  the  selection  of  the  ai1 
not  be  made  until  the  parliament  of  Canada   and 
UOd  Quebec  have  met; 
and  the  arbitrator  chosen  by  the  governs 
Canada  shall  not  be  a  resident  either  in  Ontario 
or  in  Qui 

143.  The  governor-general  in  council  may  from 

i  such  and  so  many  of  the 
records,  books  and  documents  ol   Ehi 
Canada  as  be  think;  I  be  approprfal 

delivered  cither-  t o  i  "ntario  or  to  Quebec,  and  the 
same  shall  thenceforth  be  the  property 

•    there- 
from, du]  nicer  having  charge 

thereof,  shall  be  admitted 
denes. 

144.  The  lieutenant  governor  of  Quebec  may 
from  time  to  time,  by  proclamation  under  the 

il  of  the  province,  to  take   effect    from  a 

day  to  be  appointed  therein,  constitute  townships 

n  which 
townships  are  not  tic  ■  nstituted.  and 

fix  the  metes  and  bOUi 

14.1.   Inasmuch   as  the  provinces  of  Canada, 
Scotia    ind  New  Brunswick  have  join 
■ 
colonial 
of  the  tin  i  North  America,  and  to  the 

assent  f :  ■ 
and     h.-- 

should  be  mad<  "ion  by 

ininent  of  Canada:    The:. 

duty  of  the  government 

r   the  commencement,   witl 
months  after  the  union,  of  ■  railv 
the  river  St  Lawrence  with  city 

md  for  the  construction  thereof 
without  Intermission  and  the  completion  thereof 
with  all  pi 


lV.i; 


1M1-..K!  a.n  l     l   \«   r8    FOB    \'\\\.\     USE    RELATING    TO    THE    CANADIAN    DOMINION. 


Ldmlsslon  of  Other  (  oloalet. 

l  Hi.  ii  shall  I..'  Lawful  ror  the  q 
with  tii-  raorable 

,•1  the 
■  ■ 

■ 

.1  ad  and 
British    ■  I    thoec   coloi 

union,  'H'l  "ii 

address    from  the  bouses  ol    the  parliament   of 

md  the  North- 

i  territory,  or  ell  bi  r  of   <  bera,  Into  the 

and  condil  Ion    In  < 


.  queen 
th  i  nk>  m  to  approve,  subject  to  the  pi  o*  tsloiu  of 

i  In-,  act .  and  the  provisions  ol  anj  order  li un- 

oil  In  that  behalf  shall  have  effeol  as  II   they  had 
.   bj    the  parliament   ol   the   united 
.  md. 
117. 

.     i  P]  [nee  Edv  i  either  of  thera, 

.■  ich  mall  be  entitled         i  entatlon  in  the 

u   mi,,  i  i,  and  ,  aot«  Ith 

_•■  anj  iIiihl'   in    this  act     In   oo*     ol    the 

i, inn  talon  "i  Nevt  foundland  i  be  n a  i  number 

ball  md  their  maxi- 

mum   Dumber   shall   '"■  etghtg  two;    but   Prina 


,  i  Bland  ■  Inn  admitted  she  ■ . 

I     1  b<      Hun      ,l. 

■     nado  '     In  n  lation  to  the  i  ■ 

Hon  -I  the    ,  ti  .i,    dli  Idi  d  bj  thl  ■  act   and  accord 

iftei    the    .,,11111  -  ■ i     i 

■  bi  '  Iki  New  foundland  Is  admll  ted 

the  1-  i'ii   entatlon  ol  Noi  ■  Scot  la  and  New 

trick  in  the  ■■  n i    be 

reduced  I  to  ten  mi  mb<  i 

.  .   b  o  f  th  osi  i  ■ 

shall  ii"'   be  tnci eased    -i   anj   Um<    bi  |  ■  md  ten, 
.■..i.i  thi    i  ■  i  ■  ■  1 I  i  ■  ■  1 1    ol   thl    acl   foi    Mi, 

appolntmi  at  ol  thre*   or  six  additional    i 

undet  the  dii  action  ol  the  qui  ■  a. 


CANADIAN   TABLES   OF   REFERENCE. 

Relating  to  Population,  Came  Laws,  Nativity  of  Inhabitants,  Denominational  Strength  and  Tariff  Duties. 


Population  ol  Principal  Cities  ol  Canadian  Dominion  by  Census 
0M88I. 


■f  City. 


't,  it  In. 


Population.        I  , 
1871  I8M.I 


Montre 
Toronto 



lll.lif:,* 

Hamlll 

.  

in.. 

London 

Portlar, 

■n 

Cbarlottetown. 
Ooelpn 

:,  u  mi-. 
Rrftntf.'i.l 

ll.ll.Mll,. 

Tr..^  I: 

ford 

Wlnnlp, 

..ii 

BroelcTille 



•oko 

Hull 

i  ..iik'l, 
Windsor 
St  II.  i. 

L.  ..... . 


....Quebec 107,225 1*1.747 33,522 

....Ontario 56,092  B8.41  ■     ...30,323 

2  II'.     2.747 

28,582 36.1(10  . 

..     Ontario   26.716 35.961 9.245 

21..V!.'. 27,412 

...New  Brunswick -  26,127 • 

lo 15.826 19,746., 

\,  „  Brunswick  12    120  1  i  221  -  708 

12.4,17 14,081  1,681 

11,485 5,678 

6.K78 9  980  1,012 

.,,,..  7.«64 9,631 1.7,17 

8.107 8,616  1,509 

Ontario  7,805 

7..".7" 8.67,1 1,100 

....Ontario 2. 197 - 

....Ontarl 4,313 - 

241 7,985    7.711 

.  -T  :  7  -7  :         ...2,000 

...  Ontario i  IOS  7,609 

v 6,681 7      U 

4.432 7.227 2,795 

6*90 

....Ontario 4.611 6312         .2,201 

10    4,253 6        I 

6.415 

a  unswici efOB 8,21s 212 

mbla 3,270 5,925         ..2,655 


•  ti„  decreas,  of  tl  i  ol  the  city  ol  Bt.  John  Is  attributed  to  th, 

red  In  the}  ear  1877. 


Area,  Population  and  Capitals  of  Canadian  Provinces  in  1881. 


Ml 

Hon. 

Capital 

!''■ 

Csplial. 

Ontario .... 

Toronto 

.86,415 

120,764 

678  17  . 

Quebec 

• 

140  ,72 

220,034 

Halifax 

86,100 

New  Bruns- 

wick   

■ 

.321.233 

n. 111.. 

157,114 

(■ton... 

Inmbla  . 

Victoria 

..5,925 

Island.. 

. 

...54.72!, 

Dttetown 

1 1 ,485 

Manitoba.. 

• 

■ 

:  Winnipeg 

N.  W.  T.rn- 

Total  . . 

2  221  061  U7 

1  l 54  2,185,956 

;  ,  b.  i   to  Bept  1 
Prom  Mar.  i  to  Bept  1 


Fishery  and  Game  Laws  in  Ontario  and  Quebec. 
Seasons  in  which  Fish  must  not  be  caught. 

i  hsiarfo,  Quebec. 

Ft', in  Apr-  15  to  Mny  IS.. From  Apr   15  to  Kay  15 

Maskl ge Prom  Apr.  i">  t..  May  i.~>  .  Prom  \|",  15  to  Has  i"» 

Prom  May  IS  to  June  15.. From  Apr.  15  to  Maj  i  > 

with  nel       Prom  Aug,  I  to  Maj   i 

with  the  dj  I From  Bept  Lb 

Bpeokled  Trout,  Brook  or 

River  Troul -    From  Bepl    15  to Maj  i     From  Oct  1  to  1 

Trout    and    Lake 

Trout F i  Nov.  1  to  16 Pro I     I  i  to  Dec    I 

Whiteflsh Fi Not.  1  to  18  Prom  Noi    10  to  Dec   I 

Seasons  in  which  Game  must  not  be  killed. 

1 1   larto.  ■  t>rc. 

i  i  .in  Dec.  15  ' i.  i     Prom   Feb.  i   to  Bept  i 

mil  Bile Prom  Dee   15  to  Oct  1. 

i         :  Ige, Pheasant .  ■  ! 

WildTurl  I  

.1.  From  Jan.  i   to  Aug.  I.. From  Mar  l  to  Bept  i 

Snipe Prom  Jan.  I  *•>  Aug.  15.,  Prom  Mar.  l  to  Bept  i 

Duck From  Jan    1  to  Aug.  15.  .From  Hay  1   to  Sept  1 

Bwansand  PromMaj  i  t,>  Aug.  15. .From  Mayl  t<>  Bepl   i 

Hares From  Mur.  l   to  Bept  1.. From  Feb   i  to  Sept  I 

Wild  Cat,  Marten  and  Fisher.  Ft Has  i    to    Noi    I     inn.,  tpr   15  to  Not.  1 

Mink From  Apr.  1   to  Not.  1.. From  Apr.  15  to " 

Otter K].,in  M.i\     I    to  NOT.    1  ..From    May    I    i i     I 

BeaTer Prom  Maj  i    t<-  (Jot,    l..From  Apr.  '■**  to  Sept  t 

Huskrat From  May  1   to  Not.  1.. From  May  i   t..  Apr.  i 

Nel  ■■■  -■  wlthoul  Hoi  ■■  ited. 

nlghl   "in  ii   Honda}  moi  Ding  ol 
week. 
N eta  cannot 

I 
Bach  person  guilty  of  Violating  these  regulations  la  lial 
or  in  ii,  :  ubjectto  impi  Lsonment 

No  \-  i  i  big  inch  prohibit  d  tin 

on  anj  ol  the  klnda  ol  Rah  orgamementl  ... 


Birthplace    of    Inhabitants    of 
Canadian  Dominion  by  Cen- 
sus of  1881. 

Canadian  Dominion 

British  Isles.,  170,002 

United  States 77  753 

nj 

Other  British  Provinces  9,143 

i  Mli.'i  Countries    7,455 

8,834 

France 

Norwaj 

Italy 777 

»*» 

Spain  anil  Portugal 215 


Denominational     Strength     in 

Canadian  Dominion,  1881. 
Roman  Catholli 
Methodist*:  742  B61 

Presbyterians 876,165 

Church  of  England 574  316 

Baptists 

Lutherans 

Congnv 

Disciples 

Brethren 

2,898 

or  the  above  1.170,718  Roman 
Catholics  are  In  the  ProTlnee  >>r 
Quebec,  and  320,838  are  In  <  tntarlo. 


DUTY    CHARGED    BY    CUSTOMS    OFFICERS    BETWEEN"    CANADA    AND    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


TARIFF  DUTIES  UPON  GOODS. 


Collected  by  the  Canadian  and   American  Governments  on  Various  Articles  in    Common  Use,   According  to    the 
Tariff  Rates  in  Canada,  and  Adopted  by  the  United  States  CongTess.  March  3,  1883. 


Various  articles  upon  which  duty  is  paid  are  here  omitted,  for  want  of  room,  but  those  are  given  which,  by  general  use.  most  directly  concern  the  people. 


Goods  Subject  to  Duty 


■  ■ 
Duty. 


Agricultural  Implements,  not   otherwise   herein 

provided  for,  twenty-five  pei  cent 
Animals,  living,  of  all  Lands 

[■urjpi >-<.'-.  twenty  s  i  ■  

Artificial  Flowers  and  Feathers,  twenty-five  per 

cent  ad   valorem 

Bird   Caged  of   all   kinds,   thirty   per  cent    ad 

valorem 

Blacking,  shoe,  and  shoemakers' ink.   twenty-five 

percent  ad  valorem 

Books— 

Books,  printed,  periodical  and  pamphlet*,  not 
elsewhere    specified,     net     being     f< 
reprints  of   British  copyright    works,    nor 
blank    account-books,   nor    copy-fa 
books  to  be  written  or  drawn  upon,  nor  Bibles, 
prayer-books,  psalm  and  hymn-books,  fifteen 

percent,  ad  valorem 

British  copyright  works,  reprints  of,   fifteen    per 
cent  ad  valorem,  and  in  addition  thereto 

and  a  half  percent,  ad  valorem 

Bibles,  prayer-books,  psalm  and  hymn-books,  five 

per  cei  m 

Blank-books,  viz. :  Account-books,  copy-books,  or 
-  to  be  drawn  or  written  upon,  thirty  per 

Cent,  ad  valorem.. 

Printed,  lithographed,  or  copper,  or  st- 
bill-heads,   checks,    receipt-,   drafts,    posters, 
cards,  other  commercial  blank  forms,  labels  of 
every  description,  advertising  pictures  or  picto- 
■  how-cards  or  bills,  thirty  per  cent 

orem 

i,t  charts,  twenty  per  cent,  ad 

Plaving-cards,  thirty  per  cent,  ad  valorem 

Printed  music,  bound  or  in  sheets,  six  C 

pound 

BREADSTfFFS,   VIZ.: 

Barlev.  fifteen  cents  per  bushel 

Buckwheat,  ten  cents  per  bushel 

Indian  corn,  seven-and-a-half  cents  per  bushel. . 

ten  cents  per  bushel 

Rice,  one  cent  per  pound 

Rye,  ten  cents  per  bushel 

Wheat,  fifteen  cents  per  bushel 

Peas,  ten  cents  per  bushel 

Beans,  fifteen  cents  per  bushel 

Buckwheat  meal  or  flour,  one-fourth  of  one  cent, 

per  pound 

Commeal,  forty  cents  per  barrel 

Oatmeal,  one-half  cent,  per  pound 

Rye  flour,  fifty  cents  per  barrel 

Wheat  flour,  fifty  cents  per  barrel 

and  Sago  flour  two  cents  per  pound, 
Brick,  for  building,  twenty  per  cent.  ojI  valorem.. 

Butter.  lour  cents  per  pound 4  c.  per  tb 

Buttons    of    all    kinds,    twenty-five  per  cei 

*  ^>  per  cent 


American 

Duty. 


25  per  cent 
20  per  cent 
23  per  cent 
30  per  cent 
25  per  cent 


15  per  cent 


IS  pr.  Ct.  and 
12J£  pr.  ct. 


5  per  cent 


30  per  cent 


30  per  cent 

30  per  cent 

6  c.  per  lb 

15  c.  per  bsh. 
10  c.  per  bsh. 
7K  c  pr  bsh. 
10  c.  per  bsh. 
l  c.  per 


35  per  cent 

20  per  cent 
50  per  cent 

25  per  cent 


25  per  cent 

25  per  cent 
25  per  cent 

20  per  cent 


35  per  cent 
23  per  cent 
lOOprct  ppk 

25  per  cent 

10  c.  per  bsh. 

Hi  C.  per  bsh. 

10  ■-'.  p-.-r  bsh. 

I 


10  c.  per  bsh.  10  c.  per  bsh. 
IS  c.  per  bsh.  20  c  per  bsh. 
10  c.  per  bsh.  10  per  cent 
IS  <■■  per  bsh.     10  per  cent 


U  c.  per  ft- 
50  c.  per  brl 
50  c.  per  brl 

2  C.  per  ft. 
20  per  cent 


20  per  cent 
10  c.  per  bu. 
yt  c.  per  lb 
\y.  c.  per  ft 
20  per  cent 
20  per  cent 
20  p*-r  cent 
4  c.  per  tb 

25  percent 


valorem 

Carriages,  wagons,  railway-  urriages, 

wheelbarrows,  and  other  like  articles,    thirty 

per  rent,  ad  valorem 30  percent      35  per  cent 

Cement,  hydraulic,  or  water  lime,  ground,  includ- 
ing barrels,  forty  cents  per  b  40  c.  per  brl.    2<>  per  cent 
China     and     porcelain     ware,    thirty    per    cent. 

\lorem 30  per  cent      55  per  cent. 

.  nd  parts  thereof,  thirty-five  per  & 

35  per  cent      30  per  cent 

.:  uu  ..rite,    fifty    cents    per    ton    of    two 

und  pounds - 

Coal,   bituminous,   sixty   rents  per   ton   of  two 

i  housand  pounds 

Cocoa-nuts,  one  dollar  per  hundred 

Coffee,  green,  two  cent?  per  pound 

md  other  manufactures  of  cork  wood  or 

cork  bark,  twenty  |  Uorem 

Cotton,  manufactures 

Earthenware  and  stoneware,  brown  or  colored, 
and    Rockinghamware,   thirty    per    cent,    ad 

valorem 30  per  cent      25  per  cent 

via   ;     Of    apple,    pear,    pineapple,    ra*p 

berry,  strawberry,  and  other  fruits,  and  vanilla,  il.90pr  Imp  Some 50  pro; 
one  dollar  and  ninety  cents  per  imperial  gallon      gal.  and         some  52.50 

and  twenty  per  cent,  ad  valorem 20  per  cent       per  tt>. 

1  vulture,  undressed,  twenty 
and  dressed,  thirty  per  rent,  ad  valorem 20  >v 30  p  ct  25  to  50  pre. 


50  c.  per  ' 

to  1 1  75  C-  per  ton 
Rl   per  100        2  c.  per  lb 
2  c.  per  n  Free. 

20  per  cent      25  per  cent 
27H per cent|35 to 40  pre. 


Flax-seed,  ten  ci  nts  per  bu 

Fmit.  dried,  viz.:  Apples,  two  cents  pei  pound  — 

Km  IT.  «  tREEK,  viz. 

Apples,  fortj  cents  per  barrel 

Blackberries,  ispberries  and 
strawberries,  four  cents  per  pound 

Cherries  and  currants,  one  ■■<  nt  per  pound  .-  - . 

Cranberries,  plums  and  .minces,  thirty  rent-  pei 
bushel 

Grapes,  two  cents  per  pound 

Oranges  and  Lemons  twent  j 

Peaches,   one  cent    per  pound 


bsh.  20  C.  per  bsh. 

■"  c.  per  lb    |   iu  per  rent 


40  e.  per  brl, 

4  ctS.  pr.  B) 

1  c.  per  lb    , 

30  c.  per  bsh. 

2  .■  per  Db 

l  ct,  pr.  n> 


10  per  cent 

10  per  cent 
10  iH>r  cent 

■ 

■ 


Goods  Subject  to  Duty. 


■    l 
Duty. 


■ 
Duty. 


Fruits  in  alr-tigbl 

per  pound  if  sweetened  and  r  pound  3  c.  pr  lb  and 

if  not 2  c.  per  lb 

Fruits,  preserved  in  brand 

dollar  and  ninety  rents  per  imperial  gallon. .  .  .     91.90  pr  I.  g. 
Furs.  viz.  i 

Fur-skins,  dressed,  fifteen  per  cent,  ad  valorem       15  percent 

Caps,  hat-    muffs,  ti]  cloaks 

and  other  manufacture  of  fur,  twenty -fli 

cent,  nd  valorem 25  per  cent 

Furniture, house,  cabli  Bnished  <>r  in 

parts,  including  hair,   spring  and   other  mat- 
■  Miii-  of  any 

material,  tnirtj  -five  percent,  ad  valorem 35  per  cent 

Hair,  curled,  twenty  per  cent,  ad  valorem 20  percent 

Hat-,  eaps  and  bonnets,  not  elsewhere  specified, 

twenty-five  percent,  ad  valorem.  .       25  percent 

Honey,   bees',  in    the  comb  or  Otherwise,    three 

cents  per  pound 3e.  per  ft. 

x  cents  per  pound 6  c.  per  lb 

Ebon  and  Manufactures  of,  viz.: 

Pig.  two  dollars  per  ton 92  per  ton 

Old  and  scrap,  two  dollars  per  ton 32  per  ton 

Sewing-machines,  whole,  or  heads.  < >r  p 
head*  of  sewing-machines,  two  doll  ■  ■ 
and   in  addition  thereto  twenty  per  cenl 

valorem 

Ink,  for  writing,  twenty-five  per  cent.  <i'f  pal  -  >  percent 

Jewelry  and   mai  of    gold    and   • 

twenty  per  cent,  ad  valorem  20  per  cent 

Lard,  tried  or  rendered,  two  cents  per  pound......     2  c.  per  lb 

Lard,  untried,  one  and  a  half  cents  per  pound.....    IJj  c.  per  ft. 

Lead,  old  and  scrap,  and  in  pig  ska  and 

sheets,  ten  per  cent  1"  per  cent 

Leather,  sole,  tunned  but  rough  or  undressed,  ten 

per  cent,  ad  valorem ,    10  per  cent 

Sole  leather  and  beltine  leather,  tanned  but  not: 

waxed;  and  all  upper  leather,  and  French  kid. 

fifteen  per  cei 

Boots    and    shoes    and    other    manufactures  of 

leather,  including  gloves  and  mitts  and  leather 

belting,  tw<  i  cent,  ad  valorem 25  per  cent 

Malt,  fifteen  cents  per  bushel,  upon  enti  f  I   i 

house,  subject  to  excise  regulations 

Marble,  in  block*  from  the  Quarry,  In  the  i 
or  sawn  on  two  sides  onlj  pecially 

shapen, containing  fifteen  cubic  feet  or  over,  ten 

percent,  ad  valorem 10  percent 

Meats,  fresh   or  salted,  on  actual   weight 
ida.  except  shouldei  -.  ■ 

and  ham*,  one  cent  per  pound! 1  c.  per  tt> 

Xutsofall  kinds,  except  Bhelled  Almonds,  3  cts. 

per  pound.    Shelled  Almonds  five  cents  ts.  pr.  B 

Oil-cloth  for  floors,  stamped,  painted  <>r  printed: 
table   cover*     - 
painted  window  blinds,  thirty  per  cent,  a  I 

rem 30  per  cent 

cabinet,  viz. ;  On  reed  organ*  having  not 
more  than  tv  |»,a  specific  duty  o' 

ten  dollars  each:  having  over  two  and  not  over 
four  sel 

over  four  and  not  oi  Is,  twenty  910 

dollars;    having  over  six  Is,  thirty  $15 

dollars  each;    and    in  add 
per  centum  a-t  valorem  on  the  fair  market  value  830 

thereof and  15  pr.  ct. 

Painting!  I  prints,  twen 

ty  percent,  a  20  per  cent 

Paper-hangings  or  wall  paper,  thirty  per  cent,  ad 

valorem 30  iter  cent 

Envelopes  and  all  manufactures  of  pa] 
otherwise  speciiied,  twenty-five  per  cent   od 

valorem 25  ptr  cent 

Pencils,  lead,  in  wood  or  otherwise,  twenty-five 

nt  ad  valorem. 25  per  cent 

Pianofortes,  viz.:  All  squari  ;  aether] 

round-cornered  or  not,  not  over  -■ 
twenty  : 

pianofortes,  thirty  dollars  each;  on  upright 
pianofortes,  thirty  dollars  each;  "ti  concert, 
semi-concert  or  parlor  gi 

dollar*-    each:      and    m    addition    thereto    fifteen 

per  cent,  ad  valorem and  15  pr.  ct. 

Plants,  viz.:  Fruit,  shade,  lawn  and  ornamental 

tree*.   shrubs   and    plants,   twenty   per   cent,   ad 

valorem 20  per  cent 

I   on  wood,  a  r  --tiier 

metal,  twenty  per  cent,  ad  valorem 20  per  cent 

Printing  presses  of  all  kind*,  fifteen  per  cent,  od 

■  m IS  per  cent 

Putty,  twenty  8ve  pei  w  nt 

e,  sulphate  of ,  twenty  per  cent   ad  -    per  cenl 

Sails  for  boats  and  Bhi] 

twenty-iive  i  25  percent 

Salt  (except  -lit  Imported  from  the  Tinted  King- 
dom, or  any  BritJsn  possession,  qj  . 


35  per  c.  and 
25  pei 

35  per  cent 

:s"  per  cent 

30  per  rent 


■ 
25  per  cent 


20  per  cent 


8  c.  per  lb 


16  per  ton 
8*i  per  ton 


- 

2  c.  per  B 
2  c.  per  lb 

2@S  C  pr  ft 

15  percent 


15  per  cent    15  t    . 

30  per  cent 
20  c.  pr  bsh. 


■  81.10 
pr  cubic  ft. 


1  c.  per  ft- 

2  c.  j>er  ft. 


40  per  cent 


:■  25  per  c 


30  per  cent 

- 


25  per  cent 
30  pe  i 


20  per  cent 

4-">  per  cent 

■ 

Free. 


•_'i;n 


ARTICLES    BUBJEOT    TO    l'l   II      \M>    THOSE    THAT     \Ki      FREE    INI"    THE    I'MTKU    BTATE8. 


(Jooda  Subject  /<•  Duty. 


till'  Us.'   "I     I  III 

i„.  ,.  sent    per  one 

hundred  pounds; 

Beeds,  \  Is.    Flower  gai  den,  R<  Id   Mid  othi 

I   purposi    ,  v  ben  ii!  bulk  or  in 

large  parcels,  fifteen  per  cent   ad  valorem;  when 
■  II. mi  papei i  or  parcels,  t v. . 

per  oent  ad  valorem 

Shlng  les,  I  went  v-flve] w  

Sewing  silk  ana  silk  twist,  twenty-flv<   i n!    id 



silk  \ elvets  and  all  manufa*  ture  ol  ilk,  or  ol 
which  -UK  Is  the  componenl  pari  ol  chief  value, 
not  slsi 

"i 

■  ■  .  llow    I,,  .i    pei 

oni  cent  and  b  ha  II  pei  pound     

Steel,  an  i  Is-    ' >n  -i"'1  ■■ 

■    1,1,11.1  pj  .  i  382     tee!  In  Ini  ■ 
abei  '  ""'  |l*'' 

plates,  ten  pei  ceni  

■ 
forki  eeth;  c  Lrpenb  i      coop 

ere',  cs  binetmaki  rs'    ind    ill   other  mi  • 
tools,  Including  flies,  edge  tools  ol  everj  d 

t ,  axes,  scythe* 

per  cent,  ad  paiorem 

St.-i  &  ■'  '  !  uids  i  'I   i Ics 

ten  percent,  ad  valorem  

Grindstones,  two  dollars  per  ton 

Black  two  cents  per  pound  and  h  n  pi  i 

cen t   ,id  valorem 

i    i  three  cents  per  i ml  and 

ten  pei  cent,  ad  valorem . 

.   tllMl\ 
ffl     -  .  

Twines  of  all  kinds,  not  othi  ■  peclfled,  twen 

tv-ibi'  per  cent,  ad  ■  i  

...  r  cent,  ad  vali 

bit      ■■  Ii     pi  itatoes,  tencenl     i ishi 

:    matoes,  thli  tj  centi  pei  bushel  

T atoes,  In  cans,  two  cents  pei  pound 

Including  sweet  pota 

....,,  M  ..... 

i   .1    per  Imperial  gallon 
md    watch   cases,  I  wentj  Hi  i    i"  r  cent 



of,  h  nd    ■■■•■ lenw  are. 

viz.      Pal      tuh     chumi    bi  ooms,  brushes  and 

ewhere 
specified,  twenty-flve  per  cent,  ad  valorem 
Huns,  spokes  ntl  pari 


Canadian 
Duty. 


8c. pr  100  n>8 


i  .  pei  oenl 

2  i  pei  '  i hi 

■■  ■  i ■ 

25  per  cenl 


30  per  cent 
i      c.  perl 


ii  i  pei  cenl 


30  per  cenl 

in  pei  ci  "i 
$2.00  pei  ton 

2  c.  pr  ft  and 

3  c  pr  ft  :"ni 
10  pei  cenl 

80  p<  -  cenl 

2 .  per  cenl 
20  i"'i  cenl 
10c  pei  i'i' 
30  c.  per  bsh. 

2  -  .  i>ii   D) 

■■I  i  per  cenl 
12  c  pei  I  :■ 

25  per  cenl 


He.  pr  UN)  n.s 


I 
Duty. 


^  2  i ,.,  i  oenl 

:;  ,  ,      pel    U 

80  per  oenl 


50  per  cent 
80  i"  i  cenl 


•  i .  per  ton 


■ 

do*. 

25  pei  cenl 
- 1  75  per  ton 

Free, 


Ti  ee 


25  pei  oenl 


80  per  cent 

10  pel  !■!  m 
i  pi  i  cenl 
i  . .  per  bsh 
in  per  cenl 
O  pei  '■'  i" 
:  lOpei  ■■'  "i 
F  30  per  cenl 

7'..  .-.  p.  W.g, 

85  per  cent 


25  pei  cent 


■  to  Duty 


i  unadian 
Duty, 


he«  ii    or    sawn  oi  sen    pei    oenl     ad 

►rem  

Lumber  and   timber  nol    elsewhere   specified, 

tv i  per  cenl   ad  i  atorsm 

Wools  tiro  w  ooi  i  •■••■    i  ii 

M:i niii.M'i hi bs  com] i   '■'■  bollj    or  in  pari  "f 

wool,  woi  I'-ii  thi    i i  tl ■  "  >  goal .  "i 

other  like  an  una],  viz.  Bhawls,  blanket  ind 
flannels  of  every  description;  cloths,  doeskins, 
c  i  Imi  pi  twi  eds,  coatings,  overcoatings, 
felt  cloth  of  everj  description,  nol  elsewhere 
peclfled  hoi  •  collar  cloth ;  yarn,  knitting 
yarn,  fingering  yam,  worsted  yarn  under  num- 
ber thtrtj  .  knitted  g Is,  via.    Bhlrl     drawei 

i.  •  <,  ..I  .  verj  dest  rlption      even  and  a 
halt  <■  hi     i"  i   i thi   .hi.i  in  addition  thereto 

i  ■■-.  entytv [8    h«  ll    |»L'i   cent.  ■  •■!  rnlnrtiti. 

Clothing,  rra.iyini.il.  and  wearing  apparel  ol 
everj  d<    crlptlon.  Including  cloth  oapi    ■  om 

Ii  whollj  "i   in  pari  ol  wool,  worsted,  the 
i i  the  alpaca  goat,  or  other  like  animal 

made  up  or  manufactured  wholly  or  in  pari  bj 

i  in  tallo tress  oi  manufacturer  i  icepl 

knli   le Is,  U  ii  ci  in     per  i d,  and  Ii 

tlon  thereto  twent]  Ave  per  cent  ad  valorem., 

\n  manul  ictur.  -  c poai  d  wholh  oi  Id  part  "i 

n  ool,  n  orsted,  the  hair  <■!  the  alpaca  . 
other  like  animal     nol  hi  rein  othei  ^  Ise  pro 

I  for,  twentj  per  cent,  ad  valorem 

Treble  Ingrain,  three-plj  and  two-ply  carpetc 
composed  wholly  ol  wool,  ten  cent*  per  square 
I  i r .i      and    in   addition    thereto    <" Bnty   pei 

cenl   ad  vah ■<■  m 

i  ply  and  three-ply  ingrain  carpets,  of  which 
the  warp  Is  composed  w  bollj  ol  cotton  oi 
other  matei  lal  than  wool   ■■■■  oi   ted,  the  hair  of 

the  n  -i  -  '        il    ■■'    othei    like  i als,  Ave 

oenl  i  pei  md  In  addl!  ion  i  bei  eti  i 

i « enl j  i"  i  cent,  ad raloj    m        

Felt  for  i ts  and  shoes  and  Bkirts,  when  im 

poi -i .  .i  bj  the  manufacture!  -  foi   use  In  their 

i.iri lit percent   ad  valorem  

Fell  for  glove  linings,  and  endlesi  felt  toi  papei 
makei  ,  when  Imported  bj  the  manufactrers 
for  use  in  their  factories,  ten  per  cenl 

■  ■•    .  

Wool, class ii/     Leioi    tei   Cotswold, Lincoln- 
shire,   Southdown    i blng    wools,    or    wools 

known  as  lu id  othi       Ik"    combing 

wool i    ii'  ii  a    are  gi  ■■■■■  n nada    tin   i  cenl 

per  pound..,  

Whips,  thirt]  i  >■■■  


20) nl 

20  per  ■■-■ut 


|Oc  p  lb  anil 

25  per  oenl 


20  pei  cent 

10  c  i  ■    ■  i .  | '  i 

.i  nil 

20  pet  !•  ut 


.".  c.  i>  bo.  yd 

and 

20  per  oenl 


15  per  cenl 


10] 


. ,    ...  ,    ■ 

||  I    ;,.    ,     .-,    Ill 


85  i"'i  cent 


VARIOUS   ARTICLES  WHICH  MAY  BE  IMPORTED  FREE  OF  TARIFF  DUTY  INTO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Not  the  entire  free  list,  but  including:  those  which  most  generally  interest  the  people. 


Acids,  l«»ractc. 
Lclds,  cai  i. "in',  for  chemical 
or  manufacture  purposes, 
■ 

1 
pure, 

Adheal  heathing 

els. 

Fibre,    unmanufac- 
tured! tOl  I"  '1 

ured. 
albumi  " 

a i id  '"I 

Aim I     ■ 

Aloes, 

Amber  In  the  gum. 
American  artists,  works  of. 
mis .  ci  ude. 
■ 
■ 
Angora  Skins,  without 
Anlllne-olI,  i  i  u 
arbon. 

Animals,  specially   Imported 

for  i" 

I..-    ol    superior    bi 

Improvement  of  stock 
Anise-seed. 
Anise-oil. 
Annotts  or  Annotto,  and  all 

extracts  of,  and  seed 
Antlq  binete. 

Aquafortls. 
■ 

root. 


Baggage    of    In 

nlng  t>mi  i>i-,  in 

Bagging  Ws  ite,   nt   onlj    i  oi 
making  pa  pi  ■■ 

Bags,  gunny,  old    oi 
nt  orilj    to   bi    i '  manufac 

Balm  "i  ■ 

Balsj ■  opaiba. 

■  i   uiada. 

Peru   Ian 

K.i  ml tlcl         fOl 

umbrella  si  icl 
I  bark. 
Be  "i     ambei 
Bed  feathen  .  oi  downs. 
Beds,  cui  ledhofl    hall    foi 

I,,  I,,,     took    for 
in  ceding. 

Beel  '    ■ 

■  ■'  i, >  and  ■■ 

I   lI. 

Bergamot  "i ' 

for  dyeing. 

pei   ind  laurel. 
■  un*ed 
Bleaching  Powdi  rs. 
Bologna  Sausages. 

■ 
manul  i 

■ 
Bones,    crude,     burned,    not 
manufactured,  ground,  caJ 

■  Mini 

n  tii.-ii      have      b<  en 
peciall]   nri|M 


K> ••"!  faith  for  the  ui  i 
t he  order  i>f  any  college, 
or  seminary  <>r 
learning,  and  ""'  more 
than  two  copli  ol  anj  one 
i k  oi ■  "IV olee. 

Books,  professional, 

■■  In  ■  hi  1 1"   i  nlted 

■    ■■ 
Book  .  "■  household  effect    of 
Immigrant  -.     »  hen      i  hey 

have  been  "  ed  abi I  roi 

mon  i  ban  one  veai  and  are 
tot  Intended  foi    ah 

.  ..! 

Brazil  oi  cream  nuts. 

Brazil  wood. 

Bronze,  m  atuary  the*!oi 

creatlvi  I    :.  nterlcan 

artists. 
■ 
Bullion,  gold  ^ini  silver. 

pitch. 

■ 
■ 

i  \i  rdamora  seed. 

mi. nil  in,  used  only  In 

i  . in...]. i  and  i     B. 
Cattle,     specially     Imported 

■    :  . 

be    "i     wpei  li "    breed    for 

lllllll  n\  rill,  nl       ■: 
■ 
■ 

Cha 

■f   Con- 
gress,  Dntted  i 


i  !lnnamon,  "ii  of. 
Clothing,    In    ai 

pei  on      an  IvJng     In     tli*' 

United  stat«s. 
i  loal  ant  hracite. 

'  ■     "I    v, 

nol  unladen, 

i ' ns.  silk. 

■  offee,  m  the  natural  b 

i  'uiri-.  cabinets  of. 

i  oriandei  seed. 

Cork,  bark    or    wood  ninnu- 

ractun  'i 
Cotton,  i  ■ 
Cotton    Waste,    for   making 

papi  ' 

its. 

i  iroton  b 

Cm n 

<  futth  n-  ii  bone. 
Deer  skins,  raw. 
■ 

1 1|  mini     i  ough  or  uncut. 
Dried  Flo    ■ 
Dried    31 

[fled. 
hi  ii  ■    ci  'I'l'    used  m  dyeing 
nnlng. 

th. 
mpa  ne-root, 

i  .  no  posl     '  ■  la  i .  round  and 

mufacl  ured. 
Fennel    i  i  d 

Fire-v i 

Fish,  all    kiinis.  the   pi 


of    the     fisheries     of     the 

Dominion  ol  •  !anada   P ■■■ 

Edward'e  Island,  New  found 

land,  "i   i  'in  adoi    i  but  not 

Columbia 

.   thi    inland  la  kes,  or 

ol    i  in    ii^  'i  -   falling  iiitn 

t  in  m.  .i  nd  i  ccepl  flan    pn 

ill. 

Fish,  simply  packed  In  Ice  for 
preservation  while  In  tran- 
sit (<i  iii^i  i  ki  f  and  Intended 
fur  Immedls  te  consump- 
tion. 

h<    i Im  i   "i    the 

in  in  ■     .-i     Canada 

i ' Ed  ward  1   I  and.  New- 

■   i  nd    and     Labradoi 
bul  n"i  British  <  !olumbie  i. 
Flax  Waste  for  paper    toi  i 
Flint,  flints  ami   ground  Hint 

stones. 
i  low  ers,   natural,  dried   and 

pri  i'  ired. 
I       i . 

Fow  I-.  land  or  water,  living. 
Fruit-plants,     tropical      and 
seml-ti  oplcs  i'"i    pri 
tion  or  cultival  ion 
Fur-skln  I  In  any 

manner. 

■     ■         ■  t. 

...  n,  fresh    or 
dried. 

Glass,  nt  only  '••  be  i i 

factured- 

■  . ,. 

.,  .. 
skins. 
Gold  Bullion. 


ARTICLES    WHICH    ARE    ADMITTED    EKEE    OF    DUTY. 


269 


Gold  Coin. 

Gold  Medals. 

Gold,  old  and  unfit  for  use 
without  re  manufacture 

Gold  Size. 

Gold  Sweepings. 

Grasses  and  Pulp  of,  for 
making  paper. 

Grease,  for  use  as  soap-stock 
onlv,  not  otherwise  speci- 
fied. 

Guitar  Strings,  gut. 

Gums,  all  not  otherwise  spe- 
cified. 

Qutj  cat  or  whip,  unmanufac- 
tured. 

Gut  and  Worm-gut,  for  whip 
and  other  cord,  manufac- 
tured or  not. 

Gut-cord  or  cat-gut  strings. 

Gut-rope  or  whip-gut  strings. 

Cuts,  salted. 

Gutta  -  percha,  unmanufac- 
tured or  crude. 

Gypsum,  unground. 

Hair,  hogs',  curled,  for  beds 
and  mattresses,  not  fit  for 
bristles. 

Hair,  horse  and  cattle, 
cleaned  oruncleaned.drawn 
or  undrawn,  but  unmanu- 
factured. 

Hair,  sheep-skins,  sheared. 

Harp-strings,  gut. 

Hemp,  Indian. 

Hide-rope. 

Hides,  raw,  hair  removed  by 
liming. 

Hoofs. 

Hoop-timber,  round,  in  Its 
natural  condition,  with  the 
bark  on. 

Hop-roots,  for  cultivation. 

Horn,  in  strips. 

Horn,  tips. 

Horses,  of  superior  breed  for 
the  improvement  of  stock. 

Ice. 

Iceland  HOSB. 
Indian-hemp,  crude. 
India-rubber,  crude. 
India-rubber,  crude,  in  rough 

sheets. 
Isinglass. 
Ivory,    and  vegetable  ivory, 

unmanufactured. 
Ivory  Nuts,  unmanufactured. 
J  a  pan- wax. 


not     preserved, 
■    otherwise  pre- 


Juniper  Berries. 
Junk,  old. 

Jute,  rags  for  making  paper. 
,Iini\   t  bread   waste,   fit   only 
for  making  paper. 

Lamb-skins,    not   dressed    in 

any  manner. 
Laurel-berries. 
Lava,  unmanufactured. 
Lavender,  essence  or  oil  of. 

Leather,  old  scrap  leather. 

Leaves,    all     not    otherwise 

specified. 
Leaves,  palm-leaves,  unmanu- 
factured. 
Leeches. 
Lemon-peel, 

candied    c 

pared. 
Leopard-skins,  raw. 
Licorice-root. 
Life-boats,  for  the  saving  of 

human  life. 
Lime,  phosphate  of,  crude,  for 

fertilizing  purposes. 
Linen     Rags,     for      making 

paper. 
Linseed-cake. 

Lithographic  Stones,  not  en- 
graved. 
Loadstones. 
Logs,    unmanufactured,    not 

otherwise  specified. 
Machinery,  models  of. 
Madder,  ground  or  prepared. 
Madder,  extracts  of, 
Madder-root. 
Magnets. 
Mahogany. 
Medals,  cabinets  of 
Mercury. 
Metal,  bell. 
Mineral  or  Medicinal  Waters, 

natural  waters. 
Mineral      Waters,       natural. 

artificially    charged      with 

gas. 
Models     of    Inventions    and 

other  Improvements  in   the 

Arts. 
Models,    for    instruction    or 

illustration  in  schools. 
Mother  of  Pearl. 
Musk,  crude,  in  natural  pod. 
Mustard-seed, 
Myrrh-gum. 
Necklaces,        amber       beads 

strung  on  threads. 


Newspapers,  imported  by  the 

mails,    not    exeeeding    1 ,' "  " 

grammes  (2  lbs.  :i  ozs). 

Newspapers,  to  be  recon- 
vei  t •  -i i  into  paper. 

Nutgalls. 

Oak-bark. 

Oakum. 

Oilcake,  of  linseed. 

Oil-stone. 

Oils,  almonds. 

Oils,  bergamot. 

Oils,  lavender. 

Oils,  ottar  or  otto,  of  roses. 

Oils,  poppies. 

>  tils,  rosemary. 

Oils,  vale]  Ian. 

oils,  vitriol  or  sulphuric  acid. 

Oils,  whale,  American  fish- 
eries. 

Orange-flowers  or  buds. 

Orange-peel,  not  preserved. 

Ores,  gold  and  silver. 

Paintings  l.y  Amei  lean  ar- 
tists. 

Paintings  for  municipal  cor- 
porations. 

Palm-leaf,  unmanufactured. 

Paper-stock,  crude,  of  every 
description. 

Pearl,  mother  of. 

Pebbles,  for  spectacles.  Bra- 
zil or  other,  rough. 

Pelts,  raw,  not  otherwise 
specified. 

Pewter,  old,  fit  only  to  be 
remanufactured. 

Photographs,  specially  im- 
ported for  exhibition,  not 
for  sale. 

Piling,  rough  logs  with  bark 
on. 

Pitch,  Burgundy. 

Plants,  crude,  used  exclu- 
sively fordyeingor  making 
dyes. 

Plants,    for     use     of    United 

States. 

Plants,  medicinal,  crude. 

Plants,  tropical  and  semi- 
tropical  for  propagation  or 
cultivation. 

Plaster  of  Paris,  unground. 

Plates,  plain. 

Polishing  stones,  natural. 

Poppy-heads,  crude  drug. 

Posts,  round,  unmanufac- 
tured wood. 


Poppj  jeed  ■  >ii. 

Pulp,     grass,     for      making 

paper. 
Qua      a  wood. 
Quinine,  salts  and  sulphates 

of. 

Rags,  for  making  paper. 
Rail  road -cars,  for  business  be- 

tween  Canada    and    United 

States. 
Railroad-ties,  wood. 
Rattans,  unmanufactured. 
Regalia,   specially    imported 

for  I  In'  ii  -■•  '  il  .i  n  \  si  n'iH  ', 
incorporated  or  established 
for  philosophical,  literary, 

or  religious  purposes,  or  for 

the  encouragement  of    the 

fine  arts. 
Rennets,  raw  or  prepared. 
Rhubarb. 
Rope,  of  raw  hides,  cut  into 

sti  lps. 
Rose-leaves. 

Saffron,  and  safflower,  and 
extract  of. 

Samples,  small  strips  of  silk, 
cotton  or  other  fabrics, 
small  quantities  of  raw 
material,     ;itii|     artielt-s    of 

any     description      having 

little  or  no  intrinsic  value 
as  merchandise. 

Sandal-wood. 

Sarsaparilla. 

Sassafras  Bark  and  Root. 

Scrap-leather,  old. 

Seal-skins,  raw  or  undressed. 

Seeds,  for  use  of  United 
States. 

Seeds,  garden,  not  otherwise 
specified. 

Seeds,  hemlock. 

Seeds,  medicinal,  crude,  not 
otherwise  specified. 

Shrimps. 

Silk,  all  raw.  or  as  reeled 
from  the  cocoon,  not  being 
doubled,  twisted,  "i  ad- 
vanced in  manufacture  any 
way. 

Silk,  waste. 

Silk  Bolting-cloth. 

Silkworm  Eggs. 

Silver,  bullion. 

Silver,  coins. 

Silver,   medals. 
Silver,    old,    fit  only   for    re- 
manufacture. 


Silver,  sweepings 
Singing-birds. 

Size,  gold. 

Skeletons,  and  other  prepara- 
tions of  anatomy. 

Skins,  fur,  all  not  otherwise 
-I"  I'ified. 

Skins,  wool  of  no  commercial 
value. 

Skins,  mats  and  robes. 

skm-.  shark. 

Spanish-flies. 

Si lithographic,  not  en 

graved. 

Straw,  unmanufactured. 

Tanning,  ai  tides  En  a   er  ide 
ised  m  tanning,  not 
otherwise  specified. 
Tapioca. 
Tea. 
Tea-plants. 

Teasels. 

Telegraph-poles,  wood. 

Theati  ical     Wardrobe 
tended  in  good  faith  for  the 
p<  i  tonal  N  ■■■  of  the  actor  or 
actress  bringing  them,  and 
of  a  reasonable  amount. 

Timber,  all  round  unmanu- 
factured. 

Tin,  bars,  blocks  or  pigs. 

Tortoise  -  shell,  unmanufac- 
tured. 

Trees,  for  use  In  the  United 
States. 

Types,  old,  fit  only  to  be 
remanufactured. 

Vaccine-virus. 

Vanilla  Beans  and  Plants. 

Vegetable  substances  for 
beds. 

Veneers     of     cabinet-v< 1-. 

unmanufactured. 

Violin-strings,  gut. 

Walking-sticks,  cut  into  suit 
able  lengths. 

Whetstones. 

White  Chalk. 

Wood. 

Wood.     All    logs  and    round, 
unmanufactured        I 
not  others  Lbc  specified. 

Wood.     All  ship  timber. 
Wood.    All     cabinet- v Is, 

unmanufactured. 
Wood.     All      dye-woods      m 

sticks, 
v/eael  cakes. 


VARIOUS  ARTICLES  WHICH  MAY  BE  IMPORTED  FREE  OF  TARIFF  DUTY  INTO  CANADA, 


Including  those  in  Most  General  Use  Among  the  People. 


Articles  for  the  use  of  the 
governor-general. 

Articles  for  the  use  of  foreign 
consu  1  s-genera  1 . 

Articles  Imported  by  and  for 
the  use  of  the  Dominion 
government,  or  any  of  the 
departments  thereof,  or  for 
the  senate  or  house  of  com- 
mons. 

Army  and  navy  and  Canadian 
militia,  for  the  use  of,  viz: 
Arms,  clothing,  nm-ii-.il  in- 
struments for  bands,  null 
tary  stores  and  munitions  of 
war. 

Bells  for  churches. 

Berries  for  dyeing  or  used  for 
composing  ilyos. 

Bones,  crude  and  not  manu- 
factured, burned,  calcined, 
ground  or  steamed. 

Bone-dust   and    bone-ash    for 


manufacture  of  phosphates 

and  fertilizers. 
Botany,  specimens  of. 
Bristles. 

Brimstone,  crude  or  in  roll  or 
Hour. 

Bi  oom-corn. 

Buchu  le&i  ea 

Bullion,  gold  and  silver. 

Burgundy  pitch. 

Burr-stones  in  blocks,  rough 
or  unmanufactured,  and  not 
bound  up  into  millstones. 

Carriages  of  travelers  and 
carriages  laden  with  mer- 
iii.i  ndise,  and  not  to  Include 

circus  troupes  nor  haw  kers, 
under  regulations  to  lie  pre 
scribed  by  the  minister  of 
customs. 
Cabinets  of  coins,  medals  and 
other  collections  of  antiqui- 


Uasts.  as  models  for  schools  of 

design. 

i  ;in\  .i-  for  manufacture  of 
door  oil-cloth,  not  less  than 
forty-five  inches  wide  and 
no)  pressed  or  calendered. 

Cat-gut  strings  or  gut  cord 
for  musical  instruments. 

Chalk  and  cliff   stone,  uumau- 

ufai  mi ed. 
Chamomile  Ho*  i  ra. 

Citron  and  rinds  of,  in  brine 
fori  andying. 

Clothing,    donations     of      for 

charitable  purposes. 
Cochineal 

Cocoa,  bean,  shell  or  nibs. 
Coins,  gjold  and  Silver,  |  ■■,.-.  pi 

United  states  silver  coin. 

Communion  plate  and  plated 
ware  for  use  in  churches. 

I  lopper  I-- 

Diamond-,  nn-et.  including 
black  diamonds  for  borers. 


Dyeing  "i  tanning  articles  Ln 
a  crude  state,  used  in  dyeing 

or  tanning,    not    elsewhere 
specified 

Eggs. 

Embossed  books  for  the  blind. 
Entomology,  specimens  of. 
Extract  of  logwood. 

Fish  bait. 

Fish-oil,  and  fish  of  all  kinds, 
the  produce  of  the  fisheries 
oi  the  United  states   i        pi 

fish  of   the  inland    lake-  and 

of   the    rivers   falling   Into 
them,  and  iish  preserved  in 

oil  i. 
Fish  hooks,  nets  and  seines, 
and  lines  and  twines,  for  the 
USi  "'  the  fisheries,  but  not 
to  include  spin  ting  fishing- 
tackle  or  bonk-  with  file-  or 
trawling  BpOOns. 


Pur-skins  of  all  kinds,  nor 
dressed  in  any  mann-  r, 

Flint,  flints  and  ground  flint- 
stones. 

Fossils. 

Gas  coke, 

Qrease  and  grease  scrap,  the 

refuse  of  animal  fat. 

Quano, and  other  animal  and 
vegetable  manure 

Hair,     angola,     buffalo     and 

!.        . 

uid    human, 

or  uneieaiied.  but  not  curled 
<>r  otherwise  manufactured, 

Hemlock  bark. 

Hemp,  undressed. 

Hides,  whether   dry,  salted    Or 

pickled. 

i  swine, 

for    the    iiiipmv  m  . 

stock,  undo   i  ■ 

I*-     made    by  the   treasury 

board  and  approved  by  the 


170 


TARIFF     DUTIES    OF    GREA1     BRITAIN.        POST-<»FFIC]      SAVINGS-BAXKS    OF    (ANAPA. 


. 
Booth,  bora  ami  bora 
Iron-hoop,  iron  and  >teclscrap 
Ice. 

India  rabber,  manufactured. 
■  root 

in  brine, 
fur  candying. 

aid  round  nrnwM^o 
tared  timber,  nol  elsewhere 
li  .j  for. 
Lumber  and  Umber,  plank  and 
■ 
■ ,  nut,    chestnut, 
mahog 

WOod.  Bp  '  I.  :  ■  !i 

■ 

*  bitewood,  net   >ii  iped   i  >i 
otherwise  manufacl  ured. 

■  'i.l  railway  pas- 
baggage  and  freight 
cars,  bem*'  the  property  of 
-  in  tlie 
United  States,  running  upon 
any  lint-  of  road  cros.Mntr  the 
fronts 

and    cars    are 
admitted  free  under  similar 


i  by  thi>  minis. 

ol  gold  and  silver, 
gj .  specimens  of 

Miimt.iI  water  nut  bottled. 

»  Inventions  and  "Out 
Improrements  In  '  i 
but   no  articles 

shall  i"   d(  s ii"  odel  <>i 

.■  a  hlch  can  be 
fitted  foi 

■ 
ea,   and   hoi  i 
under  regnla  I  ■ 
by  the  mlnlnst)  i  ol  i 

month!]  and  semi-raonthlj 
magazines,  unbound. 

<  >ak-bark. 

I  HI  caki  '■     «-.ik.-. 

palm  nut  cake  and  meal. 

i  i  tanut  ami    palm,  in 
thtir  natural 

In  brine, 
for  candying. 


i  ires  ..f  metals  of  nil  kinds. 

Painting 

in  oil  or  watei  colon 
Paintings  In  oil  oi  a 
ors,  bj  well-know  n  i 

U  |  inn). 

Pearl,  mother  of,  not  manu- 
factured. 

miration     of  In- 
sects,  etc.,  when    In 
by  ami    foi     the    a  <    ol    O0l 

■i-    Illlln 

I  societies. 
Pelts. 

Pitch  uol  le  -  -  than  15  gallons 
Precious  iton<  -.  all  kinds,  un 
bed 

amice  stone. 
Rattans  and   reeds,  unmanu- 

factuj  ■ 
Rhubarb  root. 

Bait,  Imported  from  the  United 

Kingdom  or  anj  British  pos- 

>n  or  Imported  for  1 1» •• 

us.-  of  the  sea  or  gulf  fish- 
eries. 


Band. 

Silk,  ran  i  ram  the 

doubled, 
t« i-t-  i  |  in  man- 

ufacture   In    any   v. 

COCOulis  ami  -ilk  m  I 

skin-,  undressed,  dried,  salted 

or  pickled. 

effects,  *■  Is. 1  Weai  Ing 
appai  i  I,     household    furni- 
I 

■ 
oi    emplo]  in. Hi 
which  the  settler  has  had  in 
actual  ii-.'  for  at   I 

moral   to 

r...'        to 

machinery,  *»r  livestock,  or 
articles  Imported  for  use  In 
any   manufacturing 

Ushment,  or  for  sale:  pro- 
rlded  thai  any  dutiable 
article  entered  as  settlers' 
effects  shall  nol  be  sold  or 
otherwise  disposed  of  with- 
out payment  of  duty,  until 

after  two  years'  actual  use 


that  under  regulation  to  be 

mode    by   tin-    nun. 
■ 
silver  in  sheets. 
Shellac,  white. 
Steel  for  skates,  shi.v.  | 

dli  fur  all  but  street 
rail" 

dark. 

Teasels. 

Tortoise  and  other  shells,  un- 

manufai  I 
Turpentine,  raw  or  crude. 

Turtles. 

black  and  bright  for 

use. 

\  -ii.  .  rs  i  id    iv.iry, 

Ban  n  oi 

Whalebone,  unmanufactured. 

Whale-oil.  in  casks  from  on 
shipboard,  and  In  the  condi- 
tion   in   which    it    was    first 

Willow  for  basket-ma  l.. 

Wool,  unmanul 
«if     tin-    alpaca    goat    and 
other  like  animals. 


THE  CUSTOMS  TARIFF  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 


N.i  protective  duties  are  now  levied  on  (roods  Imported— customs  dutii  ike  of  revenue.     Formerly  the  articles  subject 

to  duty  numbered  nearly  a  thousand;  now  they  are  only  twenty-two  -the  chief  being  tobacco,  spirits,  tea  and  wine.  The  following  Is  a  complete  list; 


I      Duty. 

■  irtea. I  £  s.  d. 

ale  or  I                     gravity  not  era                     per  bbl 0  8  0 

Alt*  or  beer,  specific  gravity  not  ex©                                 ...0  il  0 

an*  ..r  beer,  specific  gravity  exceeding  1000*,perbbl '»  16  0 

i  am,  per  bbl 1  1  O 

rpeclflc  gravity  not  exceeding  1190*,  per  bbl I  1  0 

pel  bbl 1  4  0 

packs 0  n  :t 

Chicory  (raw  or  kUn  dried),  per  cwt 0  13  3 

bed  or  ground  ,  per  lb , o  0  2 

chloral  hydrate,  per  lb <>  i  3 

Chloroform,  per  lb "  3  0 

per  lb 0  0  l 

;  asks  and  shells,  per  cwt o  2  0 

Cocoa  paste  and  chocolate,  per  rc.. 0  0  2 

raw,  per  cwt 0  14  0 

Coffee,  kiln  dried,  roasted  or  ground.  r*-r  TT> 0  0  2 

m,  per  gallon 0  l  4 



r  gallon «'  13  <> 

gallon 0  1  5 

0  7  *» 

per  quarter I  *  0 


I       Duty. 
Articles. |  £  s.  d. 

purified,  per  gallon -.0  10  5 

Pickles,  mi  \  Inegai 0  0  1 

0  17  0 

ince ii  l  6 

Spirits,  brandy,  Geneva  nun.  etc.,  per  gallon o  10  5 

itish  colonies,  |>er  gallon 0  10  9 

Cologne  water o  16  6 

lb 0  0  6 

Tobacco.                         nired.  per  lb u  3  l\ 

Tobacco,  containing  less  than  10  per  cent,  of  moisture,  per  lb 0  8  8 

Tobacco,  cavendish  or  negro-head,  pet  lb o  4  8 

Tobacco,  other  manufactured,  per  lb 0  4  o 

Snuff  containing  more  than  13  per  cent,  of  i                per  lb ,.0  3  B 

Snuff  i i  a  in  i  in:  less  than  IS  per  cent.  of  moisture,  per  lb 0  4  8 

Tobacco,  cigars,  per  lb it  5  0 

Varnish  containing  alcohol,  per  gallon 0  ]j  0 

Vinegar,  per  gallon  0  0  8 

Wine  containing  leas  than  28                    of  spirit,  per  gallon 0  l  0 

mtaining  more  than  28  degree!  and  lees  than  42  d<  . 

lion 0  2  *'• 

I  -1 1 .  ngi  ii  bej  ond  12  I 

a  0  0 


THE  POST-OFFICE  SAVINGS-BANK,  CANADA. 


Office  savings-banks  in  Ontario  and  Quebec  are  open    daily  for  the 
md  repayment  of  deposits,  during  the  ordinary  houi 
business. 
Tin-  direct  security  of  the  Dominion  i>  given  by  the  statute  for  all  deposits 

An>  person  may  have  ade]  and  may  deposit  yearly  any  num- 

;   Mars,  from  §1  up  to  $300,  or  more  with  the  permission  of  tl 

lade  by  married  women,  and  depos)  ir  made 

by  women  ■  fa  ird  marry,  win  be  repaid  to  any  such  woman. 

Deposits  for  children  under  ten  years  ol  age  ma]  be  no 

My.  By  a  parent  or  friend  as  trustee  for  the  child,  in  which  cs 
I  ■  can  be  withdrawn  by  the  trustee  until  the  child  shall 
of  ten  years,  after  which  time  repayment   will  be  made  only  on  the  joint 
receipts  Of  both  trustee  and  child. 

■  Uy.  In  the  child's  own  name— and  I  will  not 

until  the  child  shall  attain  the  nf 
a  depositor  In   any  of   the   savings-bank  po 

deposit!  ch offices,  withi  ias-1 k. 

and  can  withdraw  money  at  that 
renlent  V 
Each  I  tpplled  with  a  pass-1 k.  "  hlch  Is  to  be  produced  to  the 


f'-rpays  In  or  withdraws  money,  ami  the 
sums  paid  in  or  withdrawn  are  entered  therein  by  the   ; 
or  paying  the  same. 

■    count  is  kept    in    the    postmaster  trem-raTs   of. 
n  to  the  postmaster's  receipt  in  the  pess-J 
ii  tiio  postmaster-general  for  each  sum  paid  In  i 
the  depositor.    If  this  acknowledgment  does  not  reach  the  depositor  within 
late  ••'■   In-  deposit,  he    must    apply  immediately  to  the 
-.-!  general,  by  letter,  being  careful  to  give  his  address,  and,  if  neces- 
sary,  write  again,  because  thi  entry  in  the  pass-book 

i-  not  sufficient  without  the  further  receipt  for  the  money  from  Ottawa* 
Every  depositor  must  send  bis  book  once  a  year.  viz..  on  the  anniversary  of 
pmparison  with  the  books  of  the  department,  and  for 
rhe  book  will  be  returned  to  him  by  first  mail,    at  no 
other  nine  should  a  depositor  suffer  bis  book  to  be  out  of  his  own  pos- 
session 
Whenadepo  to  withdraw  money,  he  can  do  bo  bj 

.i.  who  will  semi  him  by  return  m  lor  the 

amount  ivings-bank  post-office  tor  may 

have  n  ■■  i  pplio  fcion. 

lutei.  nt.  per  annum  is  allowed  on  deposit*,  and 

i  mcipal  on  the  30th  of  June  in  each  year. 


FORMS    FOR    THE    TRANSACTION    OF    LEGAL    BUSINESS. 


271 


v  I 


' 


•sr>  .■. 


":- 


:-  <    ■   CANADIAN  LEGAL  FORMS. 


.   .,.      . ".  -  ~^~ 


I 


. . 


:■- 


In  General  Use  in  the  Transaction  of  Various  Kinds  of  Business. 


:S  WILL  be  seen  by  examination,  the  forms 
for  the  writing  of  legal  documents  in  Can- 
~  ~  ada  are  essentially  the  same,  with  slight 
alterations,  as  are  used  in  the  United  Stat.-.  Sev- 
eral of  the  forms,   in  most  frequent  use  in  the 


AGREEMENT.  — Formal  Parts  of  an  Agreement. 

Memorandum  of  agreement  made  this day  of ,  A.  D.  188  , 

between of  the  first  part,  and of  the  second  part: 

Witnesseth,  that  the  said  parties  hereto  do  hereby  agree,  each  with 
the  other,  in  manner  following: 

1.   That,  etc.    {Here  add  the  terms  of  the  particular  agreement.  \ 

In  witness  whereof,  the  parties  have  hereunto  set  their  hands  and 
seals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 
Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  j  jTTj 

in  the  presence  of  J-  '    .-— — . 

3S.    )  iL-s-\ 


Witnes 


ASSIGNMENTS.—Assignment  by  Endorsement. 

Know   all  Mex  by  These   Presents,  that   I,   the  within-named 

A.  B. ,  in  consideration  of  S to  me  paid  by  C.  D. ,  have  assiimed 

to  the  said  C.  D. ,  and  his  assigns,  all  my  interest  in  the  within- 
written  instrument,  and  every  clause,  article,  or  thing  therein 
contained:  and  I  do  hereby  constitute  the  said  C.  D.  my  attorney,  in 
my  name,  but  to  his  own  use,  to  take  all  legal  measures  which  may 
be  proper  for  the  complete  recovery  and  enjoyment  of  the  assigned 
premises,  with  power  of  substitution. 

In  witness,  etc. 

Assignment  of  an  Entire  Interest  in  a  Patent. 

In  consideration  of  S tome  paid  by of ,1  do 

hereby  sell   and   assign   to  the  said    all   my  rk'lu,   title   and 

Interest  in  and  to  the  patent  of  Canada,  No for  an  improve- 
ment in grauted  to  me ,  the  same  to  be  held  by  and 

enjoyed  by  the  Bain" to  the  full  end  of  the  term  for  which 

said  patent  is  granted,  as  fully  and  entirely  as  the  same  could  be 
held  and  enjoyed  by  me  if* this  assignment  and  sale  had  not  been 
made. 

Witness  my  hand  and  sea]  this   day  of  one  thousand 

eight  hundred  and ,  at 


BILL  OF  SALE.  — Bill  of  Sale  of  Chattels. 


etc 


betWt 


oor.  and 


This    Indenture, 
bargainee: 

Whereas  the  said is  possessed  of  the hereinafter  set 

forth,  described  and  enumerated,  and   hath  contracted   and  agreed 

with ,  for  the  absolute  -ale  to  ....  of  tin*  same,  for  the  sum  of 

S Now   this    indenture    witnesseth,    that    in    pursuance   of  the 

said  agreement,  and  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  $ of  lawful 

money  of  Canada,  paid  by  the    to  the   said ,  at  or 


Dominion,  for  which  credit  is  duo  "  O'Sullivan's 
Practical  Conveyancer,"  are  herewith  given. 
These,  with  others  elsewhere  presented,  give  the 
reader  a  very  extended  list  of  legal  forms  for 
reference  and  use. 


before  the  sealing  and  delivery  of  these  presents  (the  receipt  whereof 

is  hereby  acknowledged) the  said ha. .  bargained,  sold, 

assigned,  transferred  and  set  over,  and  by  thes 
sell,  assiiTi!,  transfer  and  set  over  unto^the  said ,  ex- 
administrators  and  assigns all  those,  the  said and  all  the 

right,  title,  interest,  property,  claim  and  demand  whatsoever,  both  at 

law  and  at  equity,  or  otherwise  howsoever,  of the  said 

of,  in,  to,  and  out  of  the  same,  and   every  part  thereof:  to  have  and 

to  hold  the  said  hereinbefore  assigned and  every  of  th 

every  part  thereof,  with  the  appurtenances,  and  all  the  right,  title  and 

al  of  the  said thereto  and  therein,  as  aforesaid,  unto 

and  to  the  use  of  the  said ,  executors,  administrators  and 

-.    to  and  for sole  and  only  use  forever:  and  tin     - 

do.,  hereby,  for heirs,  executors  and  adminis- 

covenant,  promise  and  agree  with  the  said executors  and 

administrators,  in  manner  following,  that  is  to  say  :    That the  said 

now  rightfully  and  absolute!;.        --   —     I  of  and  entitled   to 

the  said  hereby  assigned .  and  every  of  them,  and  every  part  there- 
of: and  that  the  said now  ha. .  in. .  good  right  to  assign  th 

unto  the  said ,  executors,  administrators  and  assigns,  in  manner 

aforesaid,  and  according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  thes. 

ents:  and  that  the  said ,  executors,  administrators  and 

shall  and  may,  from  time  to  time,  and  at  all  times  hereafter  peaceably 
and  quietly  have,   hold,   possess  and  enjoy  the  said  hereby  a-- 

and  every  of  them,  and   every  part    thereof,  to  and  for  .... 

own  use  and  benefit,  without  any  manner  of  hindrance,  interruption, 

it  ion,  claim  or  demand  whatsoever,  of,  from  or  by 

the   said ,  or  any  person  or  persons   whomsoever:  And  that 

free  and  clear,  and  freely  and  absolutely  released  and  discharged,  or 

otherwie  cost  of  the  said   effectually  indemnified 

from  and  against  all  former  and  other  bargains,  sales.  Lifts.  _ 
titles,  charges  and  encumbrances   whatsoever:    And  moreover,  that 

the  said ,  and  all  persons  rightfully  claiming  or  toclaim 

any  estate,  right,  title  or  interest  of,  in  or  to  the  said  her 

and  every  of  them,  and  every  part   thereof,  shall  and  will  from 

time   to   time,    and   at   all    times   hereafter   upon    every    reasonable 

request  of  th.'  said executors,  administrators  or  assigns,  but 

at  the  cost  and  charges  of  the  said make,  do  and  execute  or 

cause    or   procure   to  be  made,  done  and  executed,   all   such   further 
acts,  deeds  and    assurances   for   the    more    effectually   ass 

assuring  the  said  hereby  assigned Qui 

iministrators  and  a:^si:ms,  in  manner  aforesaid.  U 
to  the  true  intent  and   meaning  of  these  presents,    as   by  t: 

executors,  administrators  or  assigns,  or  his counsel  shall 

be  reasonably  advised  or  required. 

In  witness,  etc. 
Signed,  sealed,  etc. 


FORMS    FOB    GIFT,    [INCORPORATION     \M>    LEASE. 


OF I 

To  wit:  J  1, (Hi-  I  in  the 

>lng   bill  of   -  and   say:   Thai   th< 

therein  made  la  real,  and  for  good  consideration,  namely:   and 

n, ,1  foi  the  pi  ponent,  to  hold 

the    goodi  be    creditors   of    the    said 
inor. 

hi  before  at in  the  connty  of tfate  .... 

A.  DM  18..  sioner. 


Gift  ol  Personal  Properly. 

This  Ixdchtcbjs,  made between  A. ,  of ,  of  the  one 

part,  and  V>. ,  of of  the  other  part 

Wherea-.  !  I  it  y  of  the  (jiff). 

Indenture  witnessetb,  that   In    pursuance   of   his 
deafre,  and  In  consideration  of  his  natural  loTe  and  affection  for  the 
said   B.,    he,  the    said    A.,  doth    hereby    give    and    assign    unto   the 
said  B. , 

All  and  every  the  poods,  chattels  and  effects  in  the  schedule  here- 
unto annexed,  marked  A., 

therwith  full  power  and  authority  for  the  said  B.,  and  bis 
•    tu  enter  into  and    upon  any  dwelling- house,  lands  and  here- 
ditaments, for  the  time  being,  belonging  to  or  occupied  by  the  -aid 
A.,  in  or  upon  which  any  property  comprised  in  <>r  assigned  by  this 
indenture  shall   be,  or   be    supposed  to  be,  and   stay  therein  or   upon, 

and  return  therefrom  to  in-pert  ami  take  an  inventory  or  inventories 
of  the  properties  and  effects  hereby  assigned,   and  to  remove  the 
same  at  his  or  theii  pleas 
And  ihe  ?aid  A.,  doth  hereby,  for  himself  and  hie  heirs,  cc 

with  the  BSid  B   ,   that    be,  tin-    said  A.,  bath    full    )  Sign  and 

give  the  said  g Is  and  chattels  hereby  assigned  in  manner  aforesaid, 

And  that  it  Bhall  be  lawful  for  the  said  B. .  and  h 
hold  and  enjoy  the  same,  free  from   any  disturbance  or  hindrance 
whatever,  and  that  free  from  any  encumbrance. 

In  wil 


INCORPORATION.— Declaration  of  Incorporation. 

We  {setting  out  thi  names  oj  \ded  corpora- 

do  solemnly  declare  that  it  is  our  intention  to  become  incor- 
l  under  the  I  ctlng  Benevolent,  Provident  and  other 

tea  of  Ontario,  chaptered  167. 

1.  That  the  Intended  corporate  name  of  our  soi  tUvtton\ 
etc. ,  as  the  case  may  be)  i  s 

2.  That  the  objects  of  the  Bald  society  are  as  foil 

3.  That  the  manner  in  which  our  first  trustees  or  managing  officers 
are  to  be  appointed  is  as  follows: 

In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  bands  at ,  in 

the  county  of ,  this day  of 1&8. .. 

sred  befon   i  A    i: 

<     i) 
Witi  K    F 

o  a! 

I.  J. 

CERTIFICATE    ON    THE    FOBSGODtG     FOB    Till!    .11   lii.F    TO    -n.\ 

The  within  declaration  bai  Ing  oted  to  me  after  execution 
by  the  parties  thereto,  as  appears  by  the  affidavit  of there- 
unto attached,  I  certify  that  the  said  declaration  appears  to  me  to  be 
in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  the  A>  g  Benevolent, 
Provident  and  •           -        ties,  R.  S.  0    chap 

Justice  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice, Division; 

or 
Judge  of  the  County  Court  of  the  County  of 


LEASE.— General  Form  of  Lease. 

Tnts  Indenture,  made  the  ....  day  of In  the  yearof  our  Lord 

one  thousand  eight  hundred  and in  pursuance  of  the  act  * 

ing  short   foi  ,  of  the  first  part, 

and ,  of  the  second  pari : 


WmrsssETR,  thai  In  consideration  of  the  rents,  covenant 
agreements  hereinafter  reserved  and  contained  on  the  pari  of  thi 
parry  of  the  w  cond  pan.  bis  executors 

be  paid — observed  and  performed— the  said  party  of  the  first  part 
ha.,  dei  ■ .  and   by   these   presents  do.,   demise  and 

lease  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  

administrators  and  assigns,  all  thai   messuage  or   tenemenl    ■ 

To  have  and  to  hold  the  Bald  demised  pi 

for  and  during  the  term  of  t  to  be  computed  from  the  

day  of one  thousand  efghl  hundred  and and  from  thence- 
forth next  ensuing  and  full}  to  be  complete  and  ended. 

Fielding  and  paying  therefor,  yearly,  and  every  year  dnring  the 
-aid  term  hereby  granted  unto  the  the  said  party  of  the  Aral  part, 

....   heir-,  executors,  administrators  or  assigns,  the  sum  of 

to  be  payable  on  the  following  days  and  times,  thai  Is  to  say,  on, 
etc  ;  the  first  of  such  payments  to  become  due  and  to  be  made  on  the 
day  of next 

And  the   said   party  of   the   second   part   covenants   with    the    said 
party  of  the  first  part  to  pay  rent;  and  to  pay  taxes;  and  to  repair; 

and  tO  keep  up  fences,  and  not  to  cut  down  timber:    and  thai  tfl 

part]  of  the  tir-t  part  may  enter  and  view  Btate  of  repair;  and  thai 
d  party  of  the  second  part  will  repair  according  to  notice;  and 

will  not  assign  or  sub-let  without  leave ;  and  that will  leave 

the  premises  in  good  repair. 

Clause  as  to  renewal  may  bt  tu  foil  \ 

And  also,  that  immediately  after  the  expiration  of  the  said  term  of 
....  years,  he,  tie-  said  party  of  the  first  part,  his  heirs  and  as 
Bhall  and  will  gran)  anothi  r  lease  of  tin-  said  hereby  demised  prem- 
ises, with  tli«'  appurtenances,  containing  the  like  covenants,  condi- 
tion-, provisos  and  agreements  as  are  In  thi-  lease  contained  and 
expressed,  and  at  and  under  a  yearly  rent,  payable  in  quarterly  pay- 
iii- nt-.  the  amount  to  be  ascertained  In  maimer  following,  thai  Is  to 
say:  To  1»-  fixed  on,  and  determined  upon,  and  declared  by  two 
appraisers,   to   be  named   and   appointed,  one  of  them  by  tie 

party  of   the    first    part,   hi-    heir-    and    assigns,  the   other    by  Itu 

party   of    the    second    part executor-,   administrators    and 

assigns,  with  power  to  them,  the  said  appraisers,  to  name  and  call  in 
a  third  if  they  cannot  agree;  such  appraisement  to  be  made  within 
fourteen  day-  after  the  end  of  the  term  hereby  granted;  such  rent  to 
be  payable  in  quarterly  payments  as  aforesaid,  and  to  commence  from 
and  immediately  after  the  termination  of  the  first  term. 


Notice  to  Quit  by  Landlord. 

To  a    B. .  or  whom  else  it  may  concern: 

[hen  ail  and  deliver  up  to  me,  on  or  before 

the day  of ,  18. .,  the  peaceable  and  quiet  po>-- 

of  the  premises  you  now  bold  of  me,  with  the  appurtenances,  Bitnate 
at in  the of 

1  this day  of A.  D.   1ft... 

Witness.  Yours,  etc. , 

,  Lessor. 


Notice  to  Quit  by  Tenant. 

B  .  Esq.  : 
I  hereby  give  you  notice  thai  it  Is  my  intention  to  determine  the 

ad  to  quit  and  deliver  up,  on  or  before  the day 

of ,  1ft. .,  the  possession  of  the  premises  now  held  by  me, 

with  the  appurtenances,  Bitnate  at ,  in  the  township  of 

,  in  the  county  of 

■  I  Una day  of A.  D.  18.. 

,  Win  Yours,  etc., 

,  Lessee. 


Notice  to  Claim  Double  Rent. 

To  A.  B.  : 

I  give  you  notice  that  if  you  do  not  deliver  up  possession  of  the 
house  and  premises  situate  No in street,  in  the 


Forms    USEFUL    FOR    LANDLORD    AND    TENANT. 


of ,  on  the day  of ,  according  to 

my  notice  to  quit,  dated  the    day  of ,  I  shall  claim 

from  you  double  the  yearly  value  of  the  premises  fur  so  long  as  you 
shall  keep  possession  of  them  after  the  expiration  of  the  said  notice, 
according  to  the  statute  in  such  case  made  and  provided. 


Distress  Warrant  Upon  Goods  When  Tenant  Does  Not  Pay  Rent. 
To  A.  B.,  my  bailiff, greeting: 

Distrain  the  goods  and  chattels  of ,  the  tenant  in  the 

house  he   now  dwells  in  or  upon  the  premises  in  his  possession, 

situated  ,  for  the  sum  of    ,  being   the   amount   of 

rent  due  to  me  on  the  same,  on  the day  of , 

18. .,  and  for  your  so  doing,  this  shall  be  your  sufficient  warrant  and 
authority. 

Dated  the day  of ,  A.  D.  18.. 


Oath  of  Appraisers  of  Goods  Attached. 

Ton,  and  each  of  you,  shall  well  and  truly  appraise  the  goods  and 
chattels  mentioned  in  this  inventory,  according  to  the  best  of  your 
judgment.      So  help  you  God. 


Inventory  of  Goods  Attached. 

An  inventory  of  the  several  goods  and  chattels  distrained  by  me 
,  the day  of ,  in  the  year  18. .,  in  the  house,  out- 
houses and  lands  of ,  situate ,  by  authority  and  on 

behalf  of your  landlord,  for  the  sum  of , 

being rent  due  to  the  said on  the 

day  of ,  18... 

In  the  dwelling-house: 

On  the  premises: 

Mr :  Take  notice,  that  as  the  bailiff  to 

your  landlord,  I  have  this  day  distrained  on  the  premises  above-men- 
tioned, the  several  goods  and  chattels  specified  in  the  above  inventory 

for  the  sum  of ,  being rent  due  to  the  said 

the day  of ,  18. .,  for  the  said'premises; 

and  that  unless  you  pay  the  said  rent,  with  the  charges  of  distraining 
for  the  same,  or  replevy  within  five  days  from  the  date  hereof,  the 
said  goods  and  chattels  will  be  appraised  and  sold  according  to  law. 

Given  under  my  band,  the day  of ,  A.  D.  18.. 

,  Witness. 


Appraisement  of  Goods  Attached. 

•Memorandum:  That  on  the day  of in  the  year  of 

our  Lord  18. ., ,  of ,  sworn  appraisers,  were  sworn 

upon  the  Holy  Evangelists,  by  me, ,  of ,  well  and 

truly  to  appraise  the  goods  and  chattels  mentioned  in  the  inventory, 
according  to  the  best  of  their  judgment. 
Present  at  the  swearing  of  1 

the  said and  >  Constable. 

witness  thereto.  \ 


Memorandum  to  be  Endorsed  on  the  Inventory. 

Memorandum:  That  on  the day  of ,  in  the  year  of 

OUT  Lord  18. ., ,  of ,  and  ,  of 

,  were  sworn  on  the  Holy  Evangelists  by  me, 

of ,  constable,  truly  to  appraise  the  goods  and  chattels 

mentioned  in  this  inventory,  according  to  tbe  best  of  their  judgment. 
As  witness  my  hand. 

[Signatures,  etc.,  as  above.] 


Bailiff's  Sale  of  Goods  Attached. 

Notice  is  hereby  given,  that  the  cattle,   goods  and   chattels,   dis- 
trained for  rent  on  the day  of ,  18. .,  by  me, 

n<  bailiff  to ,  the  landlord  of  the  precises  of 

the  tenant,  will  be  sold  by  public  auction,  on  the day  of , 


18..,  at o'clock,  which  cattle,  goods  and  chattels  are  as  follows, 

that  ie  to  say: 

[Describe  the  property.  ] 
day  of ,18.. 


Surrender  of  Lease. 
Where  a  surrender  of  lease  is  required  to  be  in  writing,  it  must  be 
by  deed,  and  may  be  conveniently  written  on  the  back  of  the  lease 
intended  to  be  surrendered.  No  particular  form  of  words  is  neces- 
sary, if  the  intention  can  be  gathered  that  the  lessee  intends  to  sur- 
render and  yield  up  to  the  lessor  the  lease  in  question  for  the 
unexpired  portion  of  the  term.  A  covenant  may  be  added  that  the 
lessee  has,  in  himself,  good  right,  full  power,  and  lawful  and  absolute 
authority  to  surrender  and  yield  up  the  premises  to  the  lessor. 


MORTGAGE.— Mortgage  of  Land. 

This  Indenture,  made  (in  duplicate)  the day  of 

A.  D.  18..,  in  pursuance  of  the  Act  Respecting  Short  Forms  of 
Mortgages,  between 

WrrxEssETH,  that  in  consideration  of of  lawful  money 

of  Canada,  now  paid  by  the  said  mortgagee. .  to  the  said  mortgagor. . 
(the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged),  the  said  mortgagor.. 

do. .  grant  and  mortgage  unto  the  said  mortgagee. ., heirs 

and  assigns  forever: 

All  and  singular,  th. .  certain  parcel  or  tract  of  land  and  premises 


Provided  this  mortgage  to  be  void  on  payment  of of 

lawful  money  of  Canada,  with  interest   at per  cent,  per 

annum,  as  follows: and  taxes  and  performance  of  statute 

labor. 

The  said  mortgager.,  covenant.,  with  the  said  mortgagee.,  that 
the  mortgagor  will  pay  the  mortgage-money  and  interest,  and  observe 
the  above  proviso: 

That  the  mortgagor.,  ha.,  a  good  title  in  fee  simple  to  the  said 
lands;  and  that  .  .he. .  ha. .  the  right  to  convey  the  said  lands  to  the 
said  mortgagee..,  and  that  on  default  the  mortgagee.,  shall  have 
quiet  possession  of  the  said  lands,  free  from  all  encumbrances.  And 
that  the  said  mortgagor. .  will  execute  such  further  assurance  of  the 
said  lands  as  may  be  requisite. 

And  also,  that  the  said  mortgagor.,  will  produce  the  title-deeds 
enumerated  hereunder,  and  allow  copies  to  be  made  at  the  expense 
of  the  mortgagee. 

And  that  the  said  mortgagor. .  ha. .  done  no  art  to  encumber  the 
said  lands;  and  that  the  said  mortgagor. .  will  insure  tbe  building  on 

the  said  lands  to  the  amount  of  not  less  than enrrencj 

the  said  mortgagor. .  do. .  release  to  the  said  mortgagee. .  all ... 

claims  upon  the  said  lands,  subject  to  the  said  proviso: 

Provided  that  the  said  mortgagee.  -.  on  default  of  payment  for 

month,  may enter  on.  and  lease  <>r  sell  tbe  said  lands : 

Provided  that  the  mortgagee.,  may  distrain  for  arrears  of  it: 
provided  that  in  default  of  the  payment  of  the  interest  hereby  secured, 
the  principal  hereby  secured  shall   become  payable:    provided   that 
until  default  of  payment  the  mortgagor.,  shall  have  qui' 
of  the  said  lands. 

And  the  said  A.  P.,  wife  of  the  said  mortgagor,  hereby  bars  her 
dower  in  the  said  lands. 

Ix  Witness  Whereof,  the  said  parties  hereto  have  hereunto  set 
their  hands  and  seals. 


Mortgage  on  Chattels. 

Tins  Inpextuke.  made  the day  of IS.  .,  between 

A.  B.  .  !  C.  P..  of.  etc.  : 

Witnesseth,  that  the  said  ,  for  and  in  consideration 

of  the  sum  of  S of  lawful  money  of  Canada,  to  him  in  hand 

well  and  truly  paid  by  the  said ,  at  or  before  the  - 


18 


FORMS    RELATING    TO    MOK  rQAGES. 


and   delivery  of   these  presents,  the    receipt    whereof    Is    b 

acknowledged,  doth  1  el]  and  assign  unto  the  said , 

his  executors,  administrators  and  assigns,  all  and  every  the  goods, 
chattels,  furniture  and  effects  in  and  about  the  dwell  i 
store)  of  the  -aid  A.  is.,  situate  at,  etc  .  and  hereinafter  particularly 
mentioned,  that  Is   to  saj  :  i  Hi  "  """' 

refer  to  "'  ''■'    " " '■"■  '  "'"'•'!/ 

vritttn.") 

To  have,  recei  i     ind   I  ik<    thi    said  goods  and  i  battels  hen  bj 

o  be,  ante  the  said Ins 

,  as  his  and  their  own  proper 

goods 

Provided  always,  that  if  the  said   ,  his  i 

administrators,  shall  pa]  unto  the  said hie  executors, 

administrators                    the  full  sum  oft with  Interest  there- 
on at  the  rate  >>f  . . .  ■  per  cent ,  on  the day  of next, 

then  these  p  dl  be  void. 

And  the  said loth  hereby,  for  himself,  his  executors 

and  administrators,  covenant,  pr ise  oandwlth  the  said 

,  his  executors,  administrators  and  assigns,  thai  be 

the   said hi-  executors  or  administrators,  or  eon ■ 

one  of  them,  shall   and   will.   Well   and  truly  pay,  or  ran-,'    to  be  paid, 

unto  the  said his  executors,  administrators  and  at 

the  said  sum  of  money  in  the  above  provls intioned,  with  interest 

same  as  aforesaid,  on  the  days  and  time,  and  in  the  manner 
above  limited  for  the  payment  thereof. 

\u,l,  also,  that  in  i  ill  -hall  be  made  In  the  payment  of  the 

said    sum    "f  money  in   the   said    proviso  meiiti d,  or  the   interest 

in,  or  any  part  thereof,  or  in  case  the   said shall 

attempt  to  sell  or  dispose  of,  or  in  anj  waj  part  with  the  possession 

i,  I  ,  h  iitels.  or  any  of  them,  or  to  remove  the  si 

or  any  part  thereof  out  of  the win the  consent  of 

toe  said his  executors,  administrators   and  assigns,  to 

-:,!,   sale,  removal  or  disposal  thereof,  first   had  and  obtained  in 

writing;  then  and  in  Buch  case,  it  shall  1  may  be  lawful  for  the 

said bis  executors,  administrators  and  assigns, 

ably  and  quietly  to  receive  and  take  unto  his  or  their  absolute 
ssion,  and  thenceforward  to  hold  ami  enjoy  all  and  every  or  any 
of  the  goods,  chattels  and  premises  hereby  assigned  or  intended  so  to 
be,  and  with  his  or  their  servant  or  servants,  and  with  such  other 
assistant  or  assist  tnts  as  he  may  require,  at  any  time  during  the  day 
to  enter  into  and  upon  any  laud-,  tenements,  houses  and  premises 

belonging  to  and  In  the  occupation  of  the where  the 

said   goods  and   chattels,  or  any  part    thereof,   may  he,  and    to    break 

and  fore,'  open  any  door,  lock,  bolt,  fastening,   bit  ,  fence, 

building,   enclosure   and   place,    for   the   purpose  of  taking 

possess! f  and  removing  the  Bald  g [sand  chattels;  and  to  sell 

ids  and  t  battels,  or  any  of  them,  or  any  part  thereof,  at 

i -  private  sale,  as  to  them,  or  any  of  them,  m 

meet:  and  from  and  out  of  th"   proceeds  "i    such  Bale,  in 

place,  to  pay  and  reimburse  himself  or  thet  inms  of 

money  as  may  then  be  due,  i".  i  irtt f  these  presents,  and  all  such 

expenses    as    may  have    been    incurred   by   the   said his 

execntors,  administrators  and   i  of  the  default, 

neglect  or  failure  of hie  exei  unistrators  and 

assigns,  in  payment  of  the  said  sunt  of  money,  with  Interest  thereon, 
as  above  mentioned,  or  in  consequence  or  such  sale  oi   ren 

above  mentioned:  and.  In  the  next  place,  to  pay  unto  the  BOid 

,  his  executors,  administrators  and  assigns,  all  such  surplus 

remain  after  such  sale  and  after  payment  of  all  BUCD  sum  or 

of   money,  and    interest    thereon,  as    may    he    due    by  Virtue  Of 

;  ts  at  the  time  "f   Blich   -ei/iire,  and  after  payment  of  the 

charges  and  expenses  incurred  by  Buch  seizure  and  Bale  as 
afore - 

And  the  said doth  hereby  further  covenant,  pi 

and  agree  to  and.  with  the  said his  executors,  adminis 

tratore  us,  that  in  case   the  sum  of  money  realized  under 

such-  .    mentioned. -hall  not  h,- sufficient  to  pay  Hi 

amount  due  at  the  time  of  such  sale,  then  he.  tin-  said 

his  executors  or  administrators,  "ill  forthwith  pay  any  deficiency  to 


th,-  -aid hi-  executors, admlnlstratort  ami  assigns, 

In  witness  whereof,  the  parti,-  to  these  presents  have  hereunto 

Bel  their  hands  ,■,,,.!  -eal-  the  day  and  year  first  above  written, 

SI  ai,  ,i,  -,  ,!,',!  md  iieiiv-  i 
ered  in  presence  of       V 


Atfidavit  of  Mortgagee. 


, 


(In  i  who, 

of ["""''  I,  C.  D.,  of  the of 

In  the  county  of  the  mortgagee  in  the 

within  bill  of  sale,  by  way  of  mortgage  named,  make  oath  and  say, 

that   A.    It.,  the  mortgagor  ill  the  within  hill  of    salr,   lo    was   ,.!    in, ,11 

gage  named,  i-  ju-tly  and  truly  Indebted  to  me,  this  de] ml  C.  1 1  . 

the   mortgagee   therein    named,  in   the  sum  of  $ mentioned 

therein.  'That  the  -aid  hill  of  sale,  by  way  of  mortgage,  was  executed 
In  good  faith,  ami  for  the  express  pnrpo-e  of  securing  ttte  payment 
of  the  mone]  so  justly  due.  as  aforesaid,  ami  not  fur  the  purpose  of 
protei  ting  the  goods  and  chattels  mentioned  in  the  -aid  lull  ot  sale, 
of  mortgage,  againsl  the  creditors  of  the  -aid  \  r.  .  the 
,ir  therein  named,  or  preventing  the  creditors  of  such  mort- 
gagor  from  obtaining  payment  of  any  claim  against  him. 

C.  D. 

i'  .   at    the if ill  the  count]    of 

,  this day  of 18. .. 

K.  K. .  a  '  'ommissioner. 


Notice  of  Sale  Where  Mortgagee  Does  Not  Pay. 


To : 

In  the   matter  of  the  sale  of lot under  "  An   Act  to 

t.i\,   to  MoiIl'i  ,  ,  -  certain  Powers,  now  Commonly  Inserted  in  Mort- 

I hereby  require  yon,  on  or  before  the day  of 

,  18..,  to  pay  oil  the  principal  money  and  interest  Becured 

by  a  certain  Indenture  of  mortgage,  dated  the day  of , 

is  .,  and  expressed  to  he  made  between on  all  th 

which   said   mortgage  was    registered  in  the   registry  office  for  the 

on  the day  of ,  is. .,  under  the  number , 

and  ha-  since  hecome  the  property  of  the  undersigned. 

And  I   hereby  give  you  notice  that  the  amount  d mi  the  said 

mortgage  for  principal,  interest  and  co-is  respectively,  is  as  follows: 

And   unless   i  io    -oi  principal  money  and  Interest  and  costs  are 

paid  on  or  befon    the    aid   day  of ,  18. .,  I  shall  sell 

id  properly,  comprised  in  the  said  indenture  (and  above 
described),  under  th,-  authority  of  the  act  entitled  "  An  Act  to  Givi 
.,,  Mortgagee  Certain  Powers,  now  commonly  Inserted  in  Mort- 
gages,"  at  

haled  at  the day  of ,  18.. 

\V  1 1 


Discharge  of  Chattel  Mortgage. 

Dominion  of  Canada,  I 

l'no  ince  of  Ontario,   j  To  the  clerk  of  the  count of 

I do  certify,  that ha. .  satisfied  all 

money  due  on  or  to  grow  due  on  a  certain  chattel  mortgage  made  by 

to which  mortgage  hears  date  the day  of 

A.  D.   IS. .,  and registered in  the  ofllce  of 

rk  of  the  county  court  of  the count...  or mi 

the day  of A.  I).  IS a-  No that  such 

chattel  mortgage  has    ...  been  assigned ,  and  that  I  am  the 

ntttli  d  bj  1  iw  to  receive  tie-  money,  and  that,  such  mortgage 
i-  then  urged. 

Witness  my  hand  this day  of ,  A.  D.  18.. 

Witness.  Residence ,  Occupation 

I  xecution  lo  be  added.  ] 


TIMBER    MARKS.        "WILL.        rnPYKIGHT. 


THE    ROYAL    FAMILY. 


TIMBER  MARKS. 
An  application  for  the*  registration  of  a  timber  mark  or  marks  shall 
be  made  in  duplicate  after  the  following  form: 

To  the  Minister  of  Agriculture,  {Trade-Mark  and  Copyright  Branch,) 

i  >ttawa: 

I  {name  of  person  or  firm) ,  of  i  re.<i't<  »<;■  i,  engaged  in  the  business 
of  lumbering  (or  getting  oaf  timh>  r  <n><i  jt<»i'n"j  <>r  rafting  the  same), 
within  the  provinces  of  Ontario  and  Quebec,  hereby  request  the 
registration  of  the  accompanying  timber  mark  {or  marks)  which  I 
{nam*  of  pt  rson  or  firm  i,  declare  was  not  in  use,  to  my  knowledge, 
l\  iii>  other  person  than  myself  at  the  time  of  my  adoption  thereof, 
and  of  which  the  following  are  a  description  and  drawing  (or  imprt  - 
sion)  in  duplicate. 

I  herewith  forward  the  fee  of  $U  required  by  the  "  Act  Respecting 
the  Marking  of  Timber.  " 

In  testimony  thereof  I  have  signed  this  application  in  the  presence 
of  the  two  undersigned  witnesses,  at  the  place  and  date  hereunder 
mentioned. 

(  /',',/.-  find  ■fate.  )  i  Signature  of  the  proprietor.) 

{Signature  of  two  witnesses.) 


WILL.—Form  of  Will. 

This  is  the  last  will  and  testament  of  me,  A.  B.,  of,  etc.,  made  this 

day  of ,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight 

hundred  and 

I,  A.  B. ,  of ,  in  the  county  of ,  gentle- 
man, being  of  sound  and  disposing  mind  and  memory,  do  make  and 
publish  this  my  last  will  and  testament,  hereby  revoking  all  former 
wills  by  me  at  any  time  heretofore  made. 

First.  I  hereby  constitute  and  appoint  my  wife,  E.  B. ,  to  be  sole 
executrix  of  this  my  last  will,  directing  my  said  executrix  to  pay  all 
my  just  debts  and  funeral  expenses,  and  the  legacies  hereinafter 
given,  out  of  my  estate. 

Second.    After  the  payment  of  my  said  debts  and  funeral  expenses, 

I  give  to  each  of  my  children  the  sum  of Dollars,  to  be  paid 

to  each  of  them  as  soon  after  my  decease  (but  within  one  year),  as 
conveniently  may  be  done. 

Third.  And  for  the  payment  of  the  legacies  aforesaid,  I  give  and 
devise  to  my  said  executrix,  all  the  personal   estate  owned  by  me  at 


my  decease  (except  my  household  furniture  and  wearing-apparel),  and 
so  much  of  my  real  estate  as  will  be  sufficient,  in  addition  to  the 
said  persona]  estate  herein  given,  to  pay  the  -aid  legacies. 

Fourth.    I  give   to  my  said  executrix  all   my  household  furniture 
and  wearing-apparel  for  her  sole  use. 

Fifth.    I  devise  to  my  said  executrix  all  the  rest  and  residue  of  my 
h     -hall   remain   unmarried   and  my  widow, 
with   remainder   thereof,  on    her   decease   or   marriage,  to   m 
children  and  their  h  uvely,  share  and  share  alike. 

In  witness  whi  reof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  to  this  my  last 
will  and  testament. 


Signed  by  the  testator,  as  and  - 
for  his  last  will  and  testa- 
ment, in  the  presence  of  us, 
who,  in  bis  presence  and  at 
his  request,  and  in  the  pres- 
ence of  each  other,  have 
hereunti-  subscribed  our 
names  as  witn< 

C.  D.,  Merchant. 
E.  P., Clerk. 


A.  B, 

Testator. 


day 


Codicil  to  a  Will. 

This  is  a  codicil  to  the   last  will   and  testament  of  me,  A.  B. ,  of, 

etc. ,  bearing  date  the day  of ,  A.  I).  18. .,  {thedate 

of  the  '■ 

I  do  hereby  revoke  the  bequest  to  my  son  John,  and  do  gi 
bequeath  the  same  to  my  daughter  Jane,  to  and  for  her  own  abf 
use  and  benefit  forever. 

In  all  other  respects  I  do  confirm  my  said  will. 

In  witness  whereof,  1  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  this 

of A.  D.  18.. 

Signed,  published  and  declared 

by  the  said  A.  B.,the  testator,  ^  j$. 

as  and  for  the  codicil   to 

last  will  and  testament,  in  the 

presence  of  us.  who.  at  bis  n 

quest,  and  in  the  pi- 
each    other,    have    hereunto 

subscribed  our  nam 
to  the  dm-   >■-. 

hereof. 

R.  S.,  Merchant. 
X.  z..  Clerk. 


Who  May  Copyright.— Copyrights  may  be 

secured  by  any  person  domiciled  in  Canada,  or 
any  part  of  the  British  )". dona,  oi  I ■  i  cit- 
izen of  any  country  having  an  international 
copyright  treaty  with  the  United  Kingdom,  who  is 

tin   author  of  any  book,  map.  chart,  musical  C 

position,  or  of  any  original  painting,  drawing, 
!■  rign   i  n      upon  the  following  conditions      The 

i lea,  maps,  etc.,  must  he  published  in  Canada; 

and  in  tli-1  cast  of  a.  work  of  .'irt.it  must  be  pro. 
duced  in  Canada,  either  prior  to  or  simultaneous  Ij 
with  its  production   elsewhere.      Two  copies  of 


COPYRIGHT  IN  CANADA. 

books,  maps,  etc.,  musl  be  sent  to  the  mini 
agriculture;  and  in  the  case  of  paintings,  statuary, 
etc.,  a  written  description  of  the  same  m 
furnished. 

Fee  for  Copyright.— The  fee  for  registering 
a  copyright  is  mi.-  dollar,  and  it  runs  for   I 

rears.    It  may  also  be  renewed  for  a  further 
term  ol  fourteen  rears  upon  the  same  conditions. 

Period    of  Copyright.— An  interim   copy- 
right maj   be  obtained,  pending  the  pub 
of    any    literary,   scientific    or  artistic  work,  by 
ttg  in  the  office  of  the  minister  of  agricul- 


ture a  copy  of  the  title,  or  a  description  of  sucfa 
work,    'l  i  opyright  runs  for  one  month, 

and  the  fee  is  fifty  cents.     The  work,  hi 
musl  be  published  inside  the  time  specified,  or  the 
incurs  a  penalty  not  exceeding  one  hun- 
dred  do 

Penalty  for  Infringement.— The  penalty 

for  intni  iture  of 

.  he  work  to  thi  be  copy- 

SS   than 

:     evt-ry 

eopj  found  hi  possession. 


THE  QUEEN  AND  THE  ROYAL  FAMILY.  Jan.  1.  1883. 


THR  QUEEN— VICTORIA,  of  the  Cnited  Kingdom  ol  (in  it  liri  tain  and  Ireland, 
Queen,  Empress  of  India,  Defender  of  the  Faith.  Her  majesty  was  born  at 
Kensington  Palace,  May  24,  1819  succeeded  to  the  throne  June  20,  I 
the  death  of  her  uncle,  Kimr  wjiii. i  in  iv  ;  was  crowned  June  28,  1838;  and 
married  February  10,  1840,  t<>  his  Royal  Highness  Prince  Ubert.  Her 
majesty  is  the  only  child  of  hi-  late  Royal  Highni ■■--  Edward,  Duke  of  Kent, 
son  of  King  George  in.    The  children  ol  her  majesty    in 

Her  Royal  Highness  VICTORIA  ADRLAIDB  RAM  LOl  l>*.  PRINCBSS  Royal  OF 
England  and  Prussia,  born  Noreniber  -1,1840,  and  married  to  his  Royal 
Highness  William,  the  Crown  Print  1858,  and  has 

had  issue  four  sons  and  Com 

Hi--  Royal  Highness  ALBERT  EDWARD,  PRIKCR  OF  Walks,  horn  Roti 
1841;  married  March  10, 1863,  Alexandra  of  Denmark  [Princess  of  Wales), 
bom  December  1,  1844,  and  has  had  Issue,  Prince  Albert  Victor,  born  January 
"-    i-i;  George  Frederick  Ernest  Albert,  born  June  3,  i  i    Victoria 

Alexandra  Dagmar,  born  February  20,  1867;  Viotoria  Alexandra  Olga  Mary, 
born    fnl\  6,  1868;   and  Maude  Charlotte  M.in    \ 
1869. 


Her  Royal  Highness  ALICE  BAUD  MARY,  born  April  25,  1843;  married  to  Hi-s 
Royal  Highness  Prince  Frederick  Louis  of  Hesse,  July  1,1862,  and  baa 
0ve  daughters  and  one  son:  second  son  kilted  by  accident  Maj 
December  14.  1878. 

His  Royal  Highness  ALFRED  RRHR8T  LLfiERT,  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  born  Aug. 
•  :   1844;  married  Her  Imperial  Highness  the  Grand  Duchess  Mai 
January  23,  1874,  and  has  Issue  oni 

Her  Royal  Highness   HELBRA  kGGCSTA  VICTORIA,  i    ra  Has    25,   1846;  mar- 
ried to  His  Royal  Highness  Prince  Frederick  Christian  Charl; 

rig  Holsfc  In  Sonderburg  lugustenburg,  July  5,  1866,  and  baa  Issue  two 
tera. 

Her  Royal    Highness   LOUISA   CAROUKi    LLRERTA,  March   18,    1848; 

married  to  the  Lrgyle,  March, 

1871. 

His  Royal  Highness  ARTHUR  ffTLUAM  PATRICK   ULBRRT,  Don 

His  Royal  Bighm    -    LKOrmD  r.KOUi.'E  IM  m  i\    ILIIKRT.  born  April    7 
married  April  27,  1882  Helen  of  Wa]  M  :"-h  RB,  1884. 

Her  Royal  Hlghni       BEATRICE  MART  VICTORIA  FEODORB,  born  April  I  I 


276 


ABSTRACT    OF    STATE    LAWS    RELATING    TO    EXEMPTION    KIIOM    F<  tIM'EI)    SALE. 


Exemptions  i  Forced  Sale. 


ABSTRACT  OF  STATE  LAWS. 
Showing  Property  Exempt  from  Attachment,  or  Levy  and  Sale  on  Execution. 


ALABAMA.-//'^    worth  12,000,  and  /*«*• 

■onaJ  Prop*  rty  91.000.— The  exempted  hon | 

or  a   bouse  and   lol    In  ai n I 

town,  village  or  city,  or  of  180  acres  ol  land,  with 
buildings,  In  the  country,  either  not  exceeding 
$2,000  in  value.    The  exempted  personal  propi  i  I  ■ 

oomprl  -<         i  il •]     srvice,  $25  per 

montli,  burial-places,  pews  Ln  churches,  household 
furniture,    all  ':"i     i"  "i"'1    weal  lng- 

apparel   for  thi 
books  used  In  the  family,  etc.,  worth  not  more 

ooo. 

AKI/0\A.     Borne    worth    I&0O0,  and    Per 
■onal  /'  'i  maj  Include 

aouantitS  ol  land  and  a  dwelllng-hi  use  and  Its 
appurtenances,  with  water-right  -urn  lenl  to  Irri 
gate  the  land .  In   use  In  dw 

church  pews,  burial  places  of  families,  all  arms 
and   accoutrements    kepi    for   use,  all 

apparel  i  all  library  and     cl l-books 

■  - 1  '■•  t,  fam  lly  p 
ii.  .i  by  a  householder,  with  theii   fleeces, 
and  the  yarn  or  cloth  made  from  them;  two  cows, 
five  swine,  and  enough  for  the  house- 

hold to  last  six  months;    nil    household    goods, 

ire  and  utensils  not    exceeding    In    I  Am 
$600;  the  i". .is.  Implements,  materials,  animals, 
etc,  necessary  to  carry  on  any   ti<  . 
<ir   i  mi -nil--,   not   ei  ceding  in  value  1800;     no 
sewing-machine  and  one  mu  Ic  J  In  tnurn  at,  with 

rain  and  other  food  for  exempted  animals 
'  i &    months. 

ARK  \\s\s  ■  and   I  ■ 

*    -The   homestead    ln   towns   and 
cities   may  comprise  one   acre  of  land;    in  tho 

count!  v,  i res;  but  if  the  h istead   bi    no 

■  ountry,  or  one- 
.  i  town  or  city,  il 
iiiiiiriiit.,i.    The  pei  sonal     i  operty  of  an 

n  in  exempted  from  e»  •  utfon,  besides  his 
i    must  ii"t  <■  ■■■      I   In 

value  K  1500,  to  fa  i  ■  ■     I  bj 

<'Al.irUK\IA.     Hornet     - 
r ■/.— An    unmarried    person 
consisting  of  an  indefinite  quantity 
dwelling  limited  to  81,000;    a 

married  person's  to  $5j000  in  value.  The  other 
exemptions  are  chairs,  tables,  desks  and  books,  t«> 

ie  of  1200;  necessary  household,  ts 
kitchen  furniture.  Including  one  ■ewing-raachine, 
stores,  stove  p  furniture; 

apparel,  beds,  bedding  and    bedsteads,  hanging 

paintings  and  drawings,  di  i 
painted  by  a  member  »>f  the  family;  fam 
traits  in  their  frames;   provision 
three  months;  farming  utensils  oi  Implements  o1 
husbandry :  ■>  I  ir  t  wo  horse* 

mules,  and  their  harness,  one  cart  "r  wagon,  ami 

food  for  sncl  tc.,  for  one  i 

seed,  grain  or  vegetables,  actually  prov] 

planting  orsowingwithln  the  ens g six  months, 

not  exceeding  $200  In  value;    seventy-live  bee- 


blve     ■  horse  and  vehicle  of  a  maimed  and 

crippled  person  when  necessary  ln  bis  business; 

-i   mechi ■  or  art!  an  n<  cei   ary  to  hi 

tradi  .  notarial  seal,  records  and  office  furniture 
ol  a  notary  ,  Lnsl  i  uments  and  chest  ol  a  bui  geon 

physician,  Burveyor,  dentist,   oe axj  to  their 

i  ion,  with  their  scientific  "i    pi  ofessional 

llbrarh    and  office  furniture;  the  law  professional 

libra]  i.        ami    otlire    i  iirml  n t     nttOl  nt   ■ 

judges,  and  Libraries  of  ministers  of  the  gospel; 

bin  "i  dwelling  "i  a   miner  nol  exceeding 

$500  Ln  value;  also  his  iluici  i,  pipes,  hose,  wind- 

i  t  irk-.  (Mis,  | •  ■  1 1 ■  ■  i - 1,  I ■  Implements,  and 

appliance*  necessary  for  mining  operations,  not 
exceeding  9500  In  valui  ;  a  miner  claim  worked  bj 
him,  n.  »t  exceeding  $1 ,000 in  value,  and  two  horses, 

oi >  mules  andharni       mdl lof  horsei  etc., 

.  month.  "  hen  ncoessai  |  to  be  u  ed  In  anj 
windla  i,  derrick   cai   pump  or  hoisting  gear   two 
oxen,  boi  es    oi    muli  ■    *  1th  hai  nes     and   hack, 
t,etc.f  by  v  bich  a  earl  man  draj  man, 
I  ..,i,i.  etc  .  eai  ni  hit    Hi  Ing  and  the 

|  i  bide,  and    harnesi  oi   a    pha  dclan   or 

i  tei  ol  th<  go  ipel,  «  Ith  I I  foi  one  monl  h 

three  cows  with  their  sucking  calves,  and  foul 
th  their  i  ui  king  pigs;  poultry  .  nol  exceed- 
ing $25  ln  value;  earning]   of  debtoi  ervici 
ered  within  thirty  days  i->  ton  l<  vj    m    ■ 

foi   1 he  useol    bii    1 1)    ■<    Iding  In  the  State, 

supported   bj   hti    laboi       hi o  hi  m 

corpi     ition  aol  exceeding  *i.<«>"  In  i  alui    b  hi  n 

the  holdi  i  do*    nol  ow  n  b  ho end    all! 

ol    in,  in  in  ince  whose  annual  pn  mlum    do  nol 

exceed  1500;  fin  engim  i,  etc    oi  fln   i  ompi ■  i 

;,, ,,, .  and  accouti  i  mi  nts  required  to  be  kept  by 
law;  court  hou  e      [alls,  and  buildings,  and  lots, 
id  certain  other  public  propi 

COLORADO.- B i  worth  Kt/JOO.and  Pet 

Pi  opt  rty     1  here  >■-  i  xempted  a  l ■'■  ad 

v...i  th  nol  to  exo  •  d  12,000,  and  to  the  hi  ad  ol    i 

owning  and  occupying  thi    iam<      ■ 

exempt  rial  pi    perty.as 

:  irni ture  $100    provisions  foi 

the  familj  bIx  mi 

._■.  h  ,     libi  ai  j    and   Implement 
prof,     lona]  1300    working  animals  worth  ?J<". 

,n w  and  call    ti  n   ihi  i  p    cattle  feed    foi     bi 

v  agon,  cai  i  or  draj  .  plow  .  hai  row, 
)0  worth  ol  other  fai  ming  Implements. 

COTOTEOTICTPT.  -No  Horn*  i  tempted.  Per 
smut!  Property  of  the  following  val 

« ml  heddin^.  ;iinl  In  niacin  tl<|  I'm  nit  in  i- 
■  ■-  foi  mpportlng  life;  militia  arms,  unl- 
•  ouipmeni  -    and     m  ami  ai 

Implements  of  the  debtoi  -  trade    library  worth 
-  00;   one  cow  and   ten    sheep  i  the   la1 
exceeding  In  i    liberal   *  ai  lety  and 

;.  iid  ;ti -.VI  ions,  fuel, 
i       e,  saddle,  bridle,  bugjg3  and  1 
-•t  value  not   more  than  $200,  belonging  to  onj 
[ng    Burgeon   or   phj    Id  is .    one    sewing' 
machine  ui  use    one  church  i>'«   m  use,  and  one 

boal   used  In   Ashing,  with   I -     ars  tackle, 

■  ..i  moi  -  .  in  .'ill,  than 
1200,  and  the  famllv  burlsJ-nlaoe. 


DAKOTA.- Home  of  1B0  acre*,  with  build- 
ings, or,  in  a  villafu  or  city  a  house  and  one  acre 
of  uind,  with  Personal  Property.  The  house 
holdei  ■  home  tead  -  ibovedl  crfbed.l  without 
limit  in  value.    Besidea  thu  follow  Ing  famllv  pos- 

mu    .  ill.-  lnniM-hiildi/1    in. i  v     'I.  fl  ■  :  ...i  "i  worth 

ol  -.i  in  i  pei  sonal  propei  ty,  which  1    a]so  exi  mpl 
The  family  pictures,  a  church  pi  w,  a  buriaj  lot,  a 

i i\  Bible,  whool-books  and  other  books  worth 

1100,  all  necessan  wearing  apparel  "i  the  family, 
and  i  (reai  s  supply  ui  prov]  ioni  and  fuel. 

IlF.liAWARK.-- No  Home  exempted.  Per- 
sonal Propi  rty  worth  1200.-  -There is nonomi  i-  ..-i 
exemption  in  tin--  State.  Local  laws  regulate 
exemption  ol  personal  property  in  various  por- 
tions  of   the   state,   covering  the  fi Ij   Bible, 

library,    bcI 1-bookB,     pictures,     church     pew, 

burial-ground,  clothing,  and  Implements  of  trade 
(ranging  In  value  from  $5<  >  to  975),  and  from  $150 
to  $200  worth  of  other  property  Bn  ei  county 
....  thi  tdditlonal  i"  i  Bona!  propi  rtg 
exemption. 

DISTRICT     OF     COLOMBIA.  -  -Vo 

ii exempted  Personal  Property  of  th*  follow- 
ing oalut  'i  I--  follow  mu-  propertj  ol  a  house 
ii, .ni.  r  is  i  ci  mpl   from  dlsti ainl .  attaohment,  or 

sale  on  execution,  except! rvanl  'orlal 

wages  dm-:  Wearing  apparel,  household  furnll 

t  - .  in mi  , .  i    1800    provi  i  - .  1 1  ■    i  1 1 1  -  i    roi 

three  months;  mechanics'  tools  or  Lmplen I 

him  i  radi  ,  to  the  value  ol  1200,  with  stock  to  the 
same  amount;    il"-  libraryand  Implements  <•!   a 

profi     Ions  L  man  or  artist,  to  the  vaJ i  $800;  a 

fai -  im  and  other  utensils,  to  thi 

$100;    faiiilU    [ili-t  ui  ■■-  .-.  ml    liln-iiry,  in    viilue   94i«>; 

ng  1100  per  month,  and  one 

...  m-  and  rt 

FLORIDA.-fVinn,  or  Houss  and  Lof,  and 

10 '■ 

:  im]  roi  -  ni'  nts,  If  In  Uie  oounti  | 
.     ,,,*  one-hall  acre  of  ground,  n  In  a  \  Ulage 
together  with  8i.'-*X'  worth  ol   | 
propertj      An  additional  sum  of  $1,000  worth  of 

i, rtj  i    exempt  from  all  debts  Incurn  d 

to  M.'.  I-.  1865. 

OF.ORGIA.- BeoJ  or  Personal  Prom  rtp,  or 
both,  worth  a.eoo.— The  constitution  >.'f  i>w*7  and 
statutes   "i    1878   absolutely  exempt   from  levy, 
except    for   purchase-money,  taxes,  or  Hi 
laboi  or  materials,  •  he  onal  property, 

or  both,  to  the  value  of  $1,600,  the  debtor  choos- 
ing whatever  lie  d.  -m-  shall  !•<■  exempted. 

IDAHO.  —  }J»me  worth   9500.    and    Personal 

fir.— The  head  of  a  family,  being  a   I 
.  tthi  r  husband  or  wife,] 

Btead  not  i-xcL-edintr  in    v.ilm-   S.V.khi      Kxcrnptioii 

i..  chairs,  tables,  books  and  desk 
1200;  necessarj  household,  table  and  kitchi  d  fui 
:         ...  ...  [ng  machine,  stovt  ■      tov<  pipi    and 

stove  furniture,  clothing,  beds  and  bedding, 
Lunik  paintings  and  pictures  and  their  frames, 

provisions    for  tin.*   family  fur    thire    muiillis.   fwu 


ABSTRACT    OF    STATE    LAWS    RELATING    TO    EXEMPTION    FROM    FORCED    SALE. 


cows  and  calves,  and  two  sows  and  pigs;  farming 
implements,  teams,  seed-grain  and  vegetables, 
etc..  worth  $200;  mechanics'  tools,  etc.,  worth 
?500;  instruments  of  medical  practitioners;  libra- 
ries of  professional  men,  and  office  furniture  of 
lawyers  and  judges:  miners' cabins  to  the  value 
of  S500,  and  their  mining  tools  and  implements 
8200;  earnings  of  laborers,  etc. 

ILLINOIS.  —  Home  worth  91.000,  and  Per- 
sonal Property. — Lot  of  ground  and  buildings 
thereon,  occupied  as  a  residence  by  the  debtor, 
being  a  householder  and  having  a  family,  to  the 
value  of  $1,000.  Exemption  continues  after  the 
death  of  the  householder  for  the  benefit  of  widow 
and  family,  some  one  of  them  occupying  the 
homestead  until  the  youngest  child  shall  become 
twenty-one  years  uf  age,  and  until  death  of  widow. 
Insurance  money  received  or  due  upon  burned 
buildings  of  the  homestead  is  also  exempt.  There 
i>  no  exemption  Hum  sale  for  taxes,  assessments, 
debt  or  liability  incurred  for  the  purchase  or 
improvement  of  such  homestead.  No  release  or 
waiver  ot  exemption  is  valid,  unless  in  writing, 
and  subscribed  by  such  householder  and  wife,  if  he 
have  one.  and  acknowledged  as  conveyances  of 
real  estate  are  required  to  be  acknowledged.  The 
following  articles  of  personal  property  owned  by 
the  debtor  are  exempt  from  execution,  writ  of 
attachment,  and  distress  for  rent:  First—  Neces- 
sary wearing-apparel,  Bibles,  school-books,  and 
family  pictures  of  every  person.  Second— Other 
property  worth  $100  to  be  selected  by  the  debtor. 
When  the  debtor  is  the  head  of  a  family,  and 
resides  with  the  same,  in  addition,  other  property 
worth  S3' m  ina\  !"■  -•■!.■. -i  ■  •■! .  though  such  exemp- 
tion shall  not  be  allowed  from  any  money  due 
such  debtor.  A  debtor  taking  the  benefit  of  this 
act  shall  make  a  schedule,  subscribed  and  sworn 
to.  of  all  his  or  her  personal  property,  including 
all  moneys  on  hand  and  due  the  debtor;  and  any 
property  owned  by  the  debtor  and  not  included  in 
said  schedule,  shall  not  be  exempt  as  aforesaid. 
And  thereupon  the  officer  having  an  execution 
against  the  same,  shall  summon  three  household- 
ers who,  upon  oath,  will  appraise  and  fix  a  fair 
value  upon  each  article  in  said  schedule,  and  the 
debtor  shall  then  select  from  such  schedule  such 
articles  as  he  or  she  may  desire  to  retain,  the 
aggregate  value  of  which  shall  not  exceed  the 
amount  exempted,  to  which  he  or  she  may  be  en- 
titled, and  deliver  t lie  remainder  to  the  officer 
having  the  writ.  The  officer  having  the  writ  is 
authorized  to  administer  the  oath  to  the  debtor 
and  appraisers.  To  head  of  family  the  sum  of  $50 
is  exempt  from  garnishment  for  wages. 

IHUIAJff A.  — Personal  property  to  the  value 
of  9600- — There  is  no  specific  homestead  exemption 
in  this  State.  On  contracts  made  since  May  31, 
1879,  a  householder  may  claim,  as  exempt,  real 
estate  or  personal  property  to  the  value  of  $600. 
Exempt  goods  may  be  removed  from  one  part  of 
the  State  to  another  without  molestation.  In 
case  of  debts  founded  upon  contracts  made  previ- 
ous to  May  31,  1*79,  the  exemption  is  only  *:nx». 
A  debtor's  property  must  be  scheduled  and  sworn 
to  by  the  debtor,  appraised  under  direction  of  the 
law  officer.  Exemptions  do  not  affect  liens  for 
labor,  purchase-money  or  taxes. 

IOWA.- Farm  of  40  acres,  or  House  and  Lot 
in  City,  and  Personal  Property. — The  homestead 
must  embrace  the  house  used  as  a  home  by  the 
owner  thereof,  and  if  he  has  two  or  more  houses 
thus  used  bj  him,  at  different  tunes  and  places,  he 
may  select  which  tie  will  retain  as  a  homestead. 
If  within  a  town  p] Lit.  it  must  not  exceed  one  half 
acre  in  extent,  and  it'  not  in  a  town  plat  it  must 
not  embrace  in  the  aggregate  more  than  forty 
acres;  in  each  case  comprising  all  the  building* 
and  impto\  i-irn-ni  -  then -on.  w  ii  limit  limitation  of 
value.  All  wearing  apparel  kept  for  actual  use, 
and  suitable  to  the  condition  of  the  party, and 
trunks  to  contain  the  same,  one  shot-gun.  or  rifle, 

the  propei-  tools,   instruments  or  t ks   of   any 

farmer,  mechanic,  surveyor,  clergyman,  lawyer. 
physician,  teacher  or  professor;  the  horse  or  team, 
consisting  of  not  more  than  two  horses  or  mules, 
or  two  yoke  of  cattle  and  wagon  with  harness,  by 
Use  of  which  any  physician,  i  mi  l.l  I,'  i  .Hirer,  la  riiii-1  . 
teamster,  or  other   laborer,   habitually  earns    his 

living.  All  private  libraries,  family  Bibles,  por- 
traits, pictures,  musical  Instruments  ami  paintings 

not    kept    for  sa!<".      If   the    debtor  l>  the  head  ot  a 

family  there  are  Further  exempt,  two  cows,  one 

calf,  one  horse,  fifty  sheep,  their  wool  and  g is 

manufactured  therefrom,  six  stands  of  bees,  five 
hogs  and  all  pigs  under  six  months;  theneci      i 

r l  for  all  animals  exempt  foi  -i\  months;  ail 

flax  raised  by  the  defendant  on  not  exceeding  one 
acre;  one  bedstead  and  necessary  bedding  for 
everytwo  in  the  family;  all  cloth  manufai 
by  tiie  defendant,  not  exceeding  100  yards  In 
quantity;  household  and  kitchen  furniture  not 
exceeding  (200  In  value;  all  spinning  wheels,  one 
sewing-machine.  Looms,  and  other  Instruments  of 
domestic  labor  kept  for  actual  use;  thenecessarj 
pi  -n\  i-ions  and  fuel  for  tie  uv.>  of  the  family  for 
six  month-;  a  pew  in  church,  and  a  lot  In  burying- 
ground  not  exceeding  one  acre.    The  printer  has 


exempted  the  necessary  type,  presses,  etc.,  for  his 
office  to  the  value  of  81.*200.  The  earnings  of  a 
debtor  for  personal  services,  or  those  of  his 
family,  at  any  time  within  ninety  days  next  pre- 
ceding the  levy  are  also  exempt  from  attachment 
and  execution.  None  of  the  foregoing  exemptions 
are  for  the  benefit  of  a  single  man  not  the  head  of 
a  family,  nor  of  non-residents,  nor  of  those  who 
have  started  to  leave  the  State,  but  their  property 
is  liable  to  execution,  with  the  exception  of  ordin- 
ary wearing-apparel  and  trunks  to  contain  the 
same;  and,  in  the  latter  case,  of  such  wearing  ap- 
parel and  such  property  as  the  defendant  may 
select,  not  to  exceed  $7-"),  to  be  selected  by  the 
debtor  and  appraised.  But  no  exemptions  shall 
extend  to  property  against  an  execution  issued 
for  the  purchase-money  thereof. 

KAXSAS.- Home  of  160  acres  of  Farm,  or 
House  and  One  Acre  in  a  Village  or  ( 'it-/.  ■!,,•)  Per 
sonal  Property.— A  homestead  to  the  extent  of  100 
acres  of  farming  land,  or  of  one  acre  within  the 
limits  of  an  incorporated  town  or  city,  occupied  as 
a  residence  by  the  family  of  the  own-!,  together 
with  all  the  improvements  on  the  same,  shall  be 
exempt  from  forced  sale  under  any  process  of  law. 
and  shall  not  be  alienated  except  by  joint  consent 
of  husband  and  wife,  when  that  relation  exists. 
No  money  value  is  limited  in  the  homestead.  Ex- 
emptions do  not  affect  indebtedness  for  taxes,  pur- 
chase-money or  improvement  in  homesteads.  The 
law  exempts,  to  heads  of  families,  family  books 
and  musical  instruments,  a  church  pew,  a  burial 
lot,  clothing,  bedsteads,  bedding,  stoves  and  cook- 
ing utensila  used  by  the  household,  one  sewing- 
tnachine,  all  working  tools,  $500  worth  of  other 
household  furniture,  two  cows,  ten  hogs,  one  yi  ike 
of  oxen,  and  one  horse  or  mule,  or  in  lieu  of  one 
yoke  of  oxen  and  one  horse  or  mule,  a  span  of 
horses  or  mules,  and  twenty  sheep  and  their  wool ; 
necessary  food  for  the  support  of  the  stock  for 
one  year;  one  wagon,  two  plows,  drag,  and  other 
farming  utensils  not  exceeding  $300;  fuel  and 
provisions  for  the  family  one  year;  the  tools  and 
implements  of  any  mechanic,  miner,  or  other  per- 
son, kept  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  his 
business,  and  in  addition  thereto  stock  in  trade 
not  exceeding  9400  In  value;  library,  Implements, 
and  office  furniture  of  any  professional  man. 
Single  persons  may  hold,  exempt,  their  clothing, 
church  pew.  burial  lot,  necessary  tools  and  imple- 
ments used  in  business,  and  stoek  in  trade  to  the 
value  ot  $4m.  n  professional,  their  libraries, 
office  furniture,  etc.,  are  exempt. 

KEWTTTCXY.— Homestead  worth  ti.000  and 
Personal  Property.— A  dwelling  house,  land  and 
appurtenances  for  homestead,  worth  81,000.   Two 

work  beasts,  or  one  and  one  yoke  of  oxen;  two 
cows  and  calves;  plows  and  agricultural  Imple- 
ments: growing  crops;  household  furniture;  books 
worth  850:  ten  head  of  sheep,  worth  825;  provi- 
sions for  family  one  year,  and  for  stoek  to  value 
of  $7'  I;  washing  apparatus  wi  irth  $.'■' ' .  profession- 
al libraries  and  Instruments  worth  9500;  mechan- 
ics' tools  worth  8100;   wages  not  exceeding  350. 

LOUISIANA.—  The  Home  and  $2,000  in  Per- 
sonal Property. — The  homestead  lands  and  tene- 
ments of  a  debtor,  whether  in  city  or  country,  and 
without  specified  money  valuation,  are  exempt,  if 

Sroperly  declared  as  such  and  recorded  in  the 
ook  of  mortgages  of  the  parish  where  the  land 
is  located.  Heads  oi  families  also  bold,  exempt 
from  execution,  one  work-horse  and  one  wagon, 
or  cart,  one  yoke  ot  oxen,  two  cows  and  calves, 
twenty-five  hogs  (or  1,000  it>s  <>r  bacon  or  pork 
and  "ii  a  farm  sufficient  feed  for  tin- 
year  and  farming  Implements  worth  82,000,  to 
gether  with  clothing  and  necessary  Iioum-IioM 
furniture,  bedding,  etc. 

MAINE.    -Home    worth    8500,  and    Per 
Property.— There  Is  exempted  b  lot  of  land,  dwell- 
ing-house, etc.,  not   exceeding   85< «'    In 
necessary  apparel;  a  bed, bedstead  and  bedding 
for  even  two  members  of  a  family;  one  cooking' 

Stove,  all  atoves  used  for  warming  buildings,  and 
other  necessary  furniture  to  the  value  of  8S 1;  one 
sewing-machine  toi  use,  not  exceeding  8100  in 
value;  all  tools  necessary  for  the  debtoi  -  occupa- 
tion .    ail   Bibles  a  nd  school-books  for  the  use  of 

the  family,  one  copj  o  ii  he  State, 

and  a  library   nol   exceeding  8150  in  vain 
heifer,  t^<>  swine,  ten  sheep, and  the  wool   and 

iamb-  1 1 them;  one  yoke  of  working  cattle,  or 

Instead  U  pair  of  mules,  or  two  horses, 

nol  exceeding  8300  In  value;  all  produci  oi  farms 
until  harvested;  corn  and  grain  for  use  of  debtor 
and  i.iiiniv     nol    exceeding   thirty  bush*    ■ 
potatoes  raised  or  purchased  f<  i   use  In  famirj  ; 
"H"  b  ii  rel  of  Hour;  a  sufficient  quantity  of  hay  to 
w  Inter  s  n  exempted  stock  i  all  Ha  x  i  aised  forusi 
on  one-half  acre  of  land;  lumber  to  the  amount  of 
-  10  twelve  cords  of  ftre-wood,  five  tons  of  anthra 
cite  eoal,  flftj  bu  ihels  of  bituminous  coal    ■ 
charcoal  for  use  En  the  family,  one  pew  in  church ; 
domestic  fow  Is  to  va  Ini         -  tied  or 

ox-sled,  820  In  value;  one  harness 
each  horse  oi  muli     one  cart  ■  i  trues  «  •  ~  in,  one 
harrow,  one  plow,  one  yoke,  two  chain*,  and  one 


mowing-machine;  for  fishermen,  one  boat  not 
exceeding  two  tons  burthen. 

MA  RYLAXU.     Wo   //■  tnption, 

but  Personal  Property.  -Noin.ru.-  i-  secure  from 
execution;  but  the  law  exempts  to  bondholders 
wearing    appai  tnd    mechanics'    tools 

(except  books  and  tooU   ta  pi  r  unless 

pon   judgment  for   seduction 

or  breach   of    pr i  ■■<        r  , 

with      8100     worth     of     other     property,     to     be 

itor;    or,   in   case"  no    such 
division     of     the     property     can     be 
upon,  then  the  debtor  receives  the  equivs  i 

in-  exemption   in   i ley.  after  his  goods  have 

1,1 Id.  Equitable  interests  in  personal  prop- 
erty cannot  be  levied  upon, 

M. &.SSACHTT SETTS.—  Home    xrorth  8500, 
and  Personal  Pr*  ery  householder,  hav- 

Lmily,  is  entitled  to  a  I     ■  iluedat 

8800,  in  farm,  or  lot  of  land,  an. I  buildings  • 

if  he  records  his  design  to  hold  it  as  such 
Bary clothing,  one  bedstead,  bed,  and  i 

bedding  for   everytwo   of   the  family,   on- 
iim'.I  for  the  dwelling,  and  fuel  not  exeeedlngthe 
ralue  of  §20.  for  the   use   of  the    I  uni 
sewing-machine,  of  a  value  not  exceeding  - 
actual  usebj  such  debtor,  or  family;  other  house- 
hold furniture  necessary  for  him  and  In- family, 

not  exceeding  $300  in  value;    Bibles,  school-books, 
and  library  used  by  him  or  his  family,  nol 
Ing  850 in  value;  one  cow,  six  sheep,  one  swine, 
and  two  tons  of  bay,  the  tools,  implements  and 

fixtures  necessary  for  carrying  on  his  trade  or 
business,  not  exeeediuu'    Si'"'    in    value;    rim 

and  stock  necessary  for  carrying  on  hi.- trade- or 
i"i  -in"--,  and  intended    to  i»-  used  thei  i  u 

.-vee.iling  $100  in  value;   provision?  necessary  for 

the  family  not  exceeding  950  in  value;  the  boat, 
fishing   tackle,   and   nets    of   fishermen,   actually 
used  by  them  in  the  prosecution  of  their  d 
to  the  value  Of  8100;   the  uniform  of  an  ofl 
soldier  in  the  militia,  and  the  arms  and  at 
Hi-ills  required  by  law  to  be  kept  by  him;  one  pew 
En  church,  unless  required  to  be  sold  beca 

s ■  tax  legally  laid  thereon,  and 

operative  associations,  not  exceeding  820  in  the 
aggregate;  also  rights  of  burial,  and  tombs  while 
In  use  as  repositories  for  the  dead. 

MICHIOAX.-Wmif  worth  %t^W,and  Per- 
si  moi  Property. — Any  quantity  of  land,  not* 
Ing  forty  acres,  and  the  dwelling! 
with  its  appurtenances,  and  not  included  in  any 
recorded  town  plat,  city  or   village,  or,  instead 
thereof,  at  the  option  oi  the-  intityof 

land    not    exceeding   In  amount    one   i-1 
within  a  recorded  town  plat,  or  city,  oi  i 
and  the  dwelling-house  thereon,  and  its  appurten- 
ances, o«  ned  an  i  occupied  bj  airj  resident  of  the 
State,  not  exceeding  in  value  81  500.    Household 
furniture  to  amount  of   8250;    stock-in  trade,  a 
l      mi  ■  ■  other  things  which  may  in 
carry  on  the  pursuit  of  particular  buslnt 

8250;     library    and    scl I  i ks    nol    •  ■■■ 

8150;  to  a  householder,  ten  sheep,  two  cows,  five 
swine,  and  their  food  for  mx  months. 

MINKESOTA.- Home   of  Eighty     i 
F'li-in  Lands,  or  House  and  Lot  in  Village  ■■ 
and  Personal    Property.  -Eight;  acres   oi 
selected  as  a  homi  -t,  ad,  or  a  lot  and  dm  i 
house  thereon  in  any  Incorporated  town  plat,  city, 
i-".  being  a  homestead;  the  familj 

family    pictures,   school  I ks,    or    libra] 

musical  instruments;  all  wearing  apparel  of  the 
debtoi-  and   ins  family,  all  beds,  b 

the  debtor  and   his 
L appendages]    I     ■ 
for  the  use  of  the  <  I  his  family;  s 

in-run  n$ils,and  all  other  household  furnil  ■ 

h  ■ numerated,  not  exceeding  8500  In  value; 

iws,  i<  ii  bw  ine,  one  ^  ok.'  nl 
■  in  lieu  ol  oni  n  and  a  horse, 

a  span  oi  horses  or  mules,  twenty  sheep  and  the 

■ii  the  same,  either  In  the  raw  mat 
manufactured  into  cloth  or  yarn;  the  Di 

' t  for  ail  the  stock  mentioned  in  tin-  - 

foi  om  j  eai  *s  suppoi  ■  ■  Idedor  growing, 

as  the  debtor  ma  | 

ail,  or  dra\ 

di  ag,  and  other  farming  ofa  -  ■  tig  tackle 

IS,  not  ex il.'   [    -" 

and   I  "-.tables;    the  p] 

■ 

provided  or  growing,  or  both,  and  fuel  n< 

■  a  year;  the  too  iments  of  any 

lie,  miner  or  other  1   kept 

on  bis  trade 
a. M it  ion  thereto,  Btock-in-trade  note: 

also  I  he  library  and  Impli  im  nts  of  any 
ional  man;  one 
minor  children    and    labor! 

■ 
nal  property  are  exempt  from  e* 
ot-  attachment  for  the  purchase-money  tin 

MISSISSIPPI.- flOBM    trnrth     83.009,    and 
Pro; 
louseholder,  with  a  family,  not  exc 


ABSTRACT    OF    BTATK    LAWS    RELATING    TO    EXEMPTION    FROM    FORCKD    BALE. 


nor  worth  more  than  12,000. 

<  >r  person  »i   pi  '  *  mecha 

i  fai i .  Implements 

tudent, 
.    . . 

000;  two 
1     i 

ed  ■■  ■     ■ 

.     i ice,  200  pounds  "'  meat,  ■  i 

..  Ing  machine,  household  i  a 
worth  -!  !"  tow**.   wl- 

personal 
property  Id  allowed  to  ■    value 

KI8801TKI.     Home 

U  .i   li  d  nv  ■    in 

a  i i  ind  to  the  i 

[n  citu  a  ol    K>,000  li     tb  tani     o 
■  .,,,  |ud<   more  than  i  I 
square  rods  ol  ground,  nor  exceed  In  vnlui 
In  cities  of  less  size,  h  i  U  i",T  Include 

OTer  ,!,  ceed  11,300  In 

value     Persona]  propel  tj  to  the  value" 
than  1300  to  the  h<  ■  ,  '"    14       pin 

ning  whi  in,  yarn,  thn  .■:    md  i  otn 

fl  pounds  each  of  hemp, 
wool  an  '   ' 

four  bedfl  and  beddlni 
tut'.',  woi  Hi  doI  more  i  ban  1100 

MnNTAXA       Ho  and  Per- 

adlng  In 

. 

qua  rtero ■  Mi1  "■  ''  '  tceeJlng  160 

choice  and  -■  lect  ing 

.■  Ith  all  Improi nl    I  hereon  Included  In 

:  ■  ■    :    1 1  ■  ■  i     up  ch  mlc  I '  ei .  ■  n 

mortgagi 

i  mptlon.    in  addition  to  I  he 
i"  i>per1  j    to    'in 
.  |,.,    Lccordtng  to  i  alue  ol  ai  tlclee  enu- 
■  i  to  the  householder 
occup)  Ing  the  same. 

%  IKK  \sK  A.        Hoi* 

.  home  tead  m  i  I 

ting  "'    the  dwelllng- 

■    .  :  lesai 

tenanccs   and  the  land  on  which  the  same  Issitu- 

it  exceeding  160  acre     to  bt    ■■■  li  cted  bj 

the  owner  thereof,  nol  In  inj  citj  oi  Incoi  porated 

end  then  the  option  ol  the 

ci  i  ding  two  Iota 

owned  md  eccupled  by 

i  j       ill  head     i 

■  t<.w  ii  Iota  or  houses,  have  exempt 
,r,,Mi  forced  sale  the  aum  ol  1300  In  personal 
property.    Other  pei  I    ■  cempted, 

which  i-  enum< 

\  i  \   \  l>  \  "  ,",,/  ''•  rsonol 

head  <•! 

i  t-'  .i  I lestead  nol 

Ing  mi  i alue  $5,' " ■".  ■,l"1    ■    "' 

1 1  0m  .it  i  i  ihirn  I  i  operty  not  e  •■■■  i  Lin 

I  ,i  in, 

m  \\   HAMFSHIBE,     Home  worth  $500, 

and  /■  ■'  ■>     " «t«*d  t..  1 1. 

.    .     ,  ppa  rel    and    bedding   and 
.    old  furniture  to  the  value  "-r  9100;  Bibles 

andscl l-booka  In  use  In  the  family;  llbran  to 

the  value  ol  $200; w,  one  hog  and  one  pig1, 

uml    pork   of    name   when    ilaughfc  red;    I 

.  ion  to  the  value  of  tl  — p  on  I 

.    .       one  cooking  itoi  e  a  nd  its  fu 

.  i  fuel  i"  the  \ aim  ol  -  >0,  ind  one 
sewing  in  ■■  him     be  i  I     of  1  he  plov  ,  not  i      eed 

Ing  on<  ,;-  ''"'.v  anna 

mi. i  equlpmi 

Nl'W  JERSEY.     Home  worth  W1J000.  and 
.  bolder  with  a 
family  mas  own,exempt,a  house  and  lot  worth 
11,000,  with  all  wearing  ap] 

.  i  |2I  *  >. 

NEW  MEXICO.     Home  worth  tljOOO,  Pro- 

—  Real 

clothlni 
. 

■  aally  provided  and  in 

1  ■    l  mi  -. 

and  school  ks,  used  by  the  farailj  .  and  i.uuiI.n 

pictures;   pn  ill;   pro- 

.  mi     of    $25,    and     kitchen 
furniture   to    the   amount    <>f    HO,    both    to    be 
i    i,\    the  debl  ■■ ,;-   ,ll"l    Inatru 

men  to  belonging  to  the  debtor  thai  may  be  nece* 
.     .  .,n  in-,  trade 
bether  agricultural  il,  to  be 

i   by  him,  and   not  I 
i  ite.  when  M>ld,  must  be  flrs1  appi 

i  t  bring 
two-thirds  of 

\1   \\      \ORK.       Home    worth    If, ft 

.  i/  Property.— The  homestead,  consisting  of 


n  bouse  and  lot,  1st  tempt  to  the  value  of  11,000, 

if   propei  Ij    i  ich.     Tin*  ex ptlon 

omi  n,  w  Idows  and   minor 

i 
furniture  "f  the  household,  working   I      i     and 

teams,    |.i  ofi      i I    in- <<■  ah     in ■ 

worth  not   mon    tfa 

I i   i.. i    ti  am,    i nd  di  btoi      i  ■ a    I    i 

ippoi I  I  be  family. 

NORTH     CAICOI.IN  V.        Home     worth 

%lj000,  PI  pi  ''"  -  00.     Everj  hon 

and  dwellings  and   building 

exceeding  in  value  11.000,  to  be  selected  b;   the 

-■i ,  in  lieu  i  hi  reol .  a)  1 I pi  [on  of 

■  ■ Inge,  with 

th<    'i  ■■■■  i  llingi   used  thi  i  eon,  ow  ned    i  nd  ill  d 

i.v  urn  n    laent  ol   thi    Stal ol ting 

ie  of  11,000      Pi  6y  to  the 

i 1500  ted  bj  the  debtor. 

OHIO.  leorln    11,000,    and    P  ■ 

rhere  Is  exi  mpu  a  bj  law  the  family 
li utead,  not  exceeding  In   value  sljOOO;    the 

ppa       .i      ..i.i..  in,:-.,  ,  beds,  i"  'i  itead 

i .  i  ■.  i  ■  ■  *  thi  '  i  e  ol   the  family ;  two 

ind  fuel  aryfoi    ixty daj    .    '■  

..  Mini   .1         M..I    I       ■  ... 

of  |65,  or.  Instead,  household  furniture  i  I  i 
.,,..,  .       .  hold  fui  iiimii  . 

ISO      i  ly    I'l'uv  Isions    i"   the    value 

mechanical   or   agricultural    tools    worth    Si'"'. 

I    not  the 
owner  of   a  homestead,  be   Is  entitled  to  hold, 

■ ■■  |  and    o  i.  .  i"  rsonal  pi  i  ipei  r  \  not 

exceeding  $50 Idltlon  tothechal  tel  pi  opi 

as  afoi  e   ild 

ONTARIO.  CANADA.— Grants  that  an 

that  are  in  the  vo 

I  he   Ug i  and  Nlppii   ing 

Districts,  and  certain  lands  between  the  river 
■  Mi.  v..,  and  Oeoi  glan  Baj .  are  exempt  from 
-,  izure,  while  In  personal  propi  rtj  bi  di  bedding, 
and  wi  arlng  appareJ  ol  the  debtor  and  his  family. 
nlture,  proi  Isions,  farm  stoi  i.  tool 
and  implemi  nts,  to  the  value  ol  $*'■>>.  are  exempt 
from    eixun 

ORE1JOX.- Personal   Property     Books,  pic- 
tures, and   urn  leal   Instruments  to  the  valued 
.  pparel  to  the  \  alue  "i"  8100.  and,  II 
.,  I,. ... ..  holdi  i .  <■•  the  valueol  150  '■"  i  ich  mem 

ber  ol  the  fi ly;  I .  imple U    ap] 

team,  vehicle,  harness,  oi  library,  when  at    ■ 
in  the  occupation  or  profession  of  ;i  judgmenl 
to  the  amount  ol   $400;  if  the  Judgmenl 
debl .  ir  be  i  hi  mseholdi  ep  ■■-■  Ith  i  mi  j  eai  - 

fleece,  two  cow   ,  Ave  aw  Ine.  bi  luseni  >ld  g<  ■ 
ind   in-  n  Us,  to  the  value  of  I 
article   ol    pi  opertj    la    exempt    from    •    i 

■  i i  judgmenl  for  the  purche  ■  pi  let 

ri:\\sYI,V\M\.       Real  or    / 
$300.-  Property,  either  real  or  personal,  to  the 
wearing  apparel,  Bibli     ind 

■    ■■  id     . ■ tempi 

QUEBEC,  C  \\  VO\.     Personal  Pi 

enumeral  ■  ...       nptfrom  forci 

itoi      Bed,  bed- 

ding,  and  bedstea  I;  ni  ipparel  foi    him 

:  .i  iniiy  :  -.-i  ol   ■  tove  furniture; 

ind  weavers'  looms  In  use  In 

the  family;  ■  ax,  one  gun,  one  saw,  six   ti  ip 

'.  t,  M.  i     in    common    use,   and    ten    volume     ■  I 

in.  i  and  t i  ii'i  thirtj  days,  worth  $20; 

i ..  .i     lieep    two   bos      'ith   neci 
food  for  thirty  da]      tool     and  uisi  mmente  used 
In  in>  tra  ilue  of  930;  title*  a  hi 

.  ;n  |<  -  not  yet  dui  .  b<    idi  ■ 
certain  other  propei  ties  grant*  d  bj  iin- 1  oui '  -■ 

RHODE    ISI.AXH.     Mo    Horn*    exempted, 

I     ■  .     .  .  ■     I  :  .  |  .  ■  I    I    .  .  ,  I  I 

-  ...    "ii  execution  the  ho  i  i  hold   furniture,  and 

in on    ■  i   ihousel provided  thi    i ■ 

■  ■  t\   ni\  the  neci      1 1  ■ 
wearing  ippa  a  debtor  and  liis  faml 

...... 

■  ilir  value  Of  ;-'  O.     Hi'  i  ■■  i 
no  homi    U  ad  e  terai 

SOI    I'll      CAROLINA.  -  Home     worth 

tlfiOO,  /'  ■  "   i    exempt 

I  mm  -.i  '■  ad 

eedlne  In  va  lue  SI, 000,  ind  pei  tonal  prop- 
erty, in  the  i lehold  ol   o  ft ly,     ■  rth  1500 

The  products  of  the  •  i  er,  not 

The  homestead  cannot  bi     old        cepl 

for  i  he  i 

■ 

TJBNN  ENKEF..  -Am  worth  %lfiOOto 
tonal   Prop*  rty. — The    bomestead,  consisting   ol 
.  ■  nd  appur- 
ten  int,  to  I  he  value  of  11,000;   also  a  . 

■  nee  ol  i sehol  I      tod     ind  ul 

working    tool  [cultural     Implements, 

amounting  to  v  veral  hundred  do    u 

TEXAS,     ii .,  th   I  ■'-■■'.  and   1 


■ 
. 

i ii  i he  count i  - 

tow  ii  or  city ,  used  a     l  I ie  lead    not  to 

exceed  $5,000  in  value  at  the  time  ol 

nation  a      i   hoi I      ubsequeni    Increase  m 

.    ,.    i.-    impro     meni  .■■..,,.    ,i.  ,      ,,  .■ 
i  ..ii  tehold  mill  i,  n-  i  .  i. 
i  en  nol  the  head  of 
.<  family,  one  horse,  saddle  and  bridle;  all  wear- 
ing apparel .  a  nd  tx  i  >i-,  t k  ratus  ol 

i     To  i)m-  famll)  .  .ul  house 

bold  and  kitchen  furnii     ■     i  I i.  , 

family  portraits  and   pictures,   Bve    milch 
twenty  hogs,  working  animals,  twentj  iheepand 
rami!]  pro\  unons. 

I  T  *  II ■       H worth  %1j000,  oi 

i"Hy  9'MO.—To 

.i  ol    a   Limn  '.    i  ■     ni..-'..  .i     i    h id 

i  ding  in  \ .i in,    11,000    to  i"     -  li  cted   bj 
the  debt  i  ■  i     property  to  the  i 

1700  or  more,  according  to  the  value  ol   at 
exempt  bj   statute;    ■•  ilde  1 1  ora  I  be    hom<    u  id, 

■  ich  nbei  ol  the  family  la  allow  ed  13  ■■ 

propertj    h  ill  bi  exempt  from    ■ idgment 

■    ■     ed  :■  i   ii     i n  a  mechanic  -  lien,  or  a 

mortgage  t  ii n. 

VERMONT.— Ho 

sonal  Property.— Hpmestead  to  the  value  ■  I 

and  i lucts;   suitable  apparel,  bedding    tools, 

and  bj  in']--  of  furnii  ure  as  i  orj  for 

upholding  life;  one  sewing-machine  kepi  f< 
one  cow,  the  best  swine,  or  the  meat  of  ont    iwlne; 
ten     beep    om    year1    product  ol    said  Bhi  ep  hi 

wool,  j  i ■  cloth  :  i ge  Huhlclenl  roi  ki 

ten    in  '  |i  hi. i  one  cow    through  one  winter;  ten 
cords  "i   firewood,  or  Bve  tons  of  coal;   twenty 

i     .  •  1 1 1 1 

accoutrements  as  the  debtoi  i    h)  law  required  to 
thi  nlsh;  all  grow  Lng  ci  ops,  ten  bushi  I    -  I 
one  ban  el  ol   flour,  three     » ai  ma  ol    be< 

■  igether  with  thi  li  pi  idm  e  In  bonej  i  200 

i"  ■ i   -I    lib i  all  lettered  gravi    tones;  the 

Bibl.    ..n.i    .ii  other  books  used  m  a  famlh  ,  ■ 

pew    in  church      live    poultry  not    exceed 

t  oluc  110;  i  in-  profec  tonal  I i.    and  In  ti 

profess iii  i k -  i il   clei  gj  men 

ana  attorneys,  to  the  value  ol  9200;  one  yoke  of 
oxen  "i  -[•■•■I  B,or  twoh i  woi  h  at  the 

■  ii  btoi   maj  -•  lect,  In  lieu  of  oxen  oi 

■  eduig  hi  value  I  h<  urn  ol  ■-■  ■  i  a  II  b  *ufl\- 
cient  forage  for  the  keeping  ol  thi  sam<  through 
the   winter;    also    one    two-horse    wagon    with 

w  blffletn  es  and  neckyok can   a     i  he 

debtor  in.-'.v  choosi  .  led  oi  one  set  of  travel  i 

led     'if  hei  for  oxen  oi   horsi      i    tl bl iaj 

elect;  I  two   halters,  t\\.i  chains, 

one  plow  and  one  ox-yoke,  which,  with  the  oxen, 
■■I  (tea  w  Llch  I  he  debl ■ 

for  team-work  shall  nol  i  xceed  In  valui  -.  0 

VIRGINIA.     Home  and  Pera il  Property 

i  ven  hous<  hold head  ol    a   family 

■  h  .  ii  be  entitled  to  hold  exempt  1  om   evy  hia  real 

and  pei  onal  property,  or  either.  Including  n i 

or  debts  due  bin  not  exceeding  $2,000 

i  lected  by  him.  The  personal  propi  rtj 
exempted  Is  defined  bj  the    tatuteof  thi  State. 

W  VSIIIXOTOX      TERRITORY.  - 

Horn*    worth   HMO,  and  P*  <■■■  nal   P)  op*  .■ .,      i .. 
.  i.  i.  h. mseholdei*,  being  i he  head  of  a  fan 
homi    lead  worth  91,000,  w  bile  oi  cupled  bj    m  b 
i  iiniu      Ail  wearing  apparel,  prl^  ate   llbrarle  . 

i. :     pictures  and   keepsakes;    to  each   hon  i 

one  bed  and  bedding,  and  one  additional 
:  bedding  for  every  two  additional  mem- 

■    ■   i nehold  g i-  ol 

t  he  coin  i  alue  ol  $9  O;  tw n  ■  and  theli  i 

Isof  be*    (twent  j 
a  nd  i  uel  for  sla  monl  b       ro 
or  two 
\ .,k.    of   oxen,   and   one    wagon,    with    farming 

utensils  nol  exci  -  ding  I oln  value.    X 

ni  j      phj   icl  hi  ■   and  di  i  -.■•■  men,   theli    llbrarle 

n  nlture 
and  i  ui  i     sin  ill  boal    and  firearms  kept  I 
nol  exceed  i  oln  *  alui     pai  i  lei  engaged 

in  Ifghtei  lng,   two    llghtei  -    and     i 
valued  at   1250;  the  team  ol   a  dn  rman     To  a 
■  1. 1  Implements  ol  hia  trade 
and  material!  0     Tn  a 

person  engaged  in  logging,  three  yoki         cattli 
and  yokes,  chains,  and  tools  to  the  value  of  $800. 

WEST  VIRGINIA.     H 

and  /'• .  i fa  mily,  or 

i  be  nit  ml  i  hlldn  d  ol  deci  a  ed  i its   maj  pi 

mpt  from  execution,  a  homei  u  id  valued 

,t  -i"«'.  ii  ii  i-  properly  recorded  In  tu<-  public 

land  records,  before  debt  I    contracted  and  ma] 

.  |<  ct    persona  I    propei  ty,    "  bleb    shall    be 

exempt,  worth  9200.    Working  tools  to  the  value 

'■:  longing  to  in.  chanli       irtJ  i i   laboi 

.  i  ■    ..I.    klso  exempt. 

WlsioNslN.      Farm   ••/   Forty    Acres,   or 

II., a ->■  and    Lot  h     I  Fffaoi    o\    Citu    a  •<  i   P 
Properfft      \   homestead,  ol   land  not  ei 


ABSTRACT   OF   STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   EXEMPTIONS   FROM   FORCED   SALE. 


forty  acres,  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  and 
the  dwelling-house  thereon  and  its  appurtenances, 
and  not  included  in  any  town,  city  or  vlllag     or 

instead  thereof,  land  not  exceeding  in  i nl 

one-fourth  of  an  acre  within  an  organized  town, 
city  or  village,  and  the  dwelling-lnnis.-  <  lirn-i.n, 
and  Its  appurtenances,  owned  and  occupied  by 
any  resident  of  the  State,  is  not  subject  to  1'uivcd 
sale  on  execution  or  any  other  final  process  From 
a  court.  All  private  property  is  exempt  from 
execution  against  any  county,  town,  city, 
village  or  school  district  in  the  State.  This 
is  according  to  the  National  Constitution.  Other 
exemptions  are  as  follows:  Family  pictures, 
Bibles,  school-books,  library  books,  and  other 
household  furniture  valued  at  S2(XI;  two  C0¥  i,ten 
swine  one  voke  of  oxen  and  one  horse,  or  a  span 


of  horses  or  mules;  ten  sheep  and  the  wool  from 

tlther  raw  or  manufactured;  theneOi    jarj 

food  for  above  stock  for  a  year's  support;  one 
wagon,  cart  or  dray,  one  sleigh,  one  plow,  one 
drag  and  ..Hut  fanning  utensils,  Including  tackle 
for  teams,  not  exceeding  $5U  in  value;  proi  Lsion 
and  fuel  for  one  year;  tools  and  Implements  or 
Btock  In  trade  of  a  mechanic  or  miner,  or  other 
person,  not  exceeding  8200  in  value;  library  or 
implements  of  any  professional  man,  nol  I  ceed 
Ing  8200 In  value;  all  moneys  from  insurance  of 
exempt  property;  earnings  of  all  person  for 
sixty  days  next  preceding  the  issue  of  any  process; 
nil  sewing-machines  kept  for  use;  any  Swords, 
plate,  books,  or  other  articles,  presented  i>\  Con- 
gress or  th"  members  thereof. 

WTOMIXO.-Woiiif   worth    $l..-*Hf.mut   I\r- 


tonal   Property,     \    homestead    consisting  of  a 

,|"11  ■   and  )<-t  in  a  village  or  city,  or  land  nol  ex- 
ceeding one  hundred   and   ■ 
n"i  in  i  ii  t»ei  i  ■■  -<■  i  ■■■■  eedlngsl  ■"><  0  is  a  ilowed  to  a 
householder  occupying  the  sanu        Uso  the  fol- 
lowing propei  tj  ol  a  housi  holder,  being  1 1 
oi  a  familj .  i-  exempt :    Wearln&app  irel 

Bibles,  i'i.i iiiv-.  bc] l-books,  cemi  I 

ding,  furniture,  provisions,  and  suci  ■ 
B     the  debtor  maysel.-rt,  n<ii   .■:.«■-,  -.in.  _-  m    ...im- 
8S00    Tools   team  of  stock  In  trade  ol  a  m<  i  banic 
minor,  oi   other  person,    kept  and  used  for  the 
purpo  e  ol  carrying  on  his  business  or  trs 

exceeding  8300,  are  exempt.    Library,  instr nti 

and   Implemi  m  ■  ol   any  pi  is  i  man,  w  orth 

not  more  than  8300.    The  person  claiming  exempt 
Hon  must  be  a  resident  of  the  territory. 


Suggestions  Relating  to  Collection  of  Debt. 

Facts  Concerning-  Judgments  and  Circumstances  Under  "Which  Debtors  May  be  Imprisoned. 


Imprisonment  for  debt  nas  been  abolished  In  every  State  and 
Territory.  It  was  considered  of  so  much  importance  that  in  some 
States  it  is  prohibited  in  their  constitutions.  At  the  same  time 
there  are  some  fraudulent  acts  committed  when  incurring  the  debt, 
or  in  refusing  to  pay  it,  for  which  there  is  imprisonment  to  a  certain 
extent. 

The  first  limitation  is,  that  the  creditor  must  advance  the  board- 
bill  to  the  jailor.  Another  is,  the  writ  of  arrest  cannot  be  issued 
unless  indorsed  (by  some  judicial  officer)  with  the  amount  for  which 
the  debtor  is  required  to  enter  into  bonds  not  to  leave  the  jail  limits, 
which  usually  embraces  the  county.  On  giving  bond  in  such  sum  the 
debtor  may  live  anywhere  within  the  limits.  Another  is,  that  the 
writ  cannot  issue  until  proof  by  affidavits  of  the  requisite  facts  is 
furnished  to  the  judicial  officer  who  is  authorized  to  allow  the  writ. 
Finally,  the  debtor  may  make,  under  the  insolvent  law,  a  genuine 
assignment  of  all  his  property  exempt  from  execution,  and  then  he  is 
discharged.  He  may  have  a  trial  of  the  truth  of  the  charges,  and  if 
they  are  found  untrue  he  will  be  discharged. 


Imprisonment  after  judgment  is  usually  a  satisfaction  <>f  it.  An 
action  of  trespass  lies  against  the  plaintiff  if  the  writ  issues  without 

authority,  and  an  action  <m  the  case  when  the  charges  are  falsi-  and 
the  arrest  malicious.  For  the  above  reasons  creditors  rarely  imprison 
fraudulent  debtors. 

The  cases  in  which  there  can  be  an  arrest  may  be  classified. 
Thus:  The  debtor  may  be  arrested  at  the  commencement  of  the  suit 
or  after  the  judgment  There  are  few  States  in  which  he  may  be 
arrested  before  judgment,  in  cases  resting  on  contract.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  defendant  may  be  arrested  at  the  commencement  of 
the  suit  in  all  States  for  wrong-doing.  In  addition  to  the  affidavit 
stating  the  grounds  for  Tin'  arrest,  and  the  allowance  of  the  writ  by 
the  officer,  the  plaintiff  is  generally  required  to  give  a  bond  to  the 
defendant,  conditioned  to  pay  all  damages. 

There  are  few  cases  connected  with  a  debt  where  it  is  safe  to 
arrest;  many  where  it  is  dangerous,  and  very  many  where  it  is 
useless. 


METRIC  SYSTEM   OF  WEIGHTS   AND   MEASURES. 


The  following  system  of  Measures  and  Weights,  owing  to  its  com- 
plete decimal  character,  and  the  consequent  freedom  from  labor  it 
affords 


alculatlon,  by  convert!] 

has  been  adopted  by  most  European  nations. 


enomlnatlon  into  another, 


Its  use  has  alsobee'n  legalized  in  the  United  States,  and  Its  ultimate 
adoption,  as  a  uniform  system  of  measurement  and  weight,  by  all  the 
civilized  countries,  it  is  believed,  will  be  onlj  a  matter  of  time. 


MEASURES   OF  CAPACITY. 


Centilitre. 
Decilitre.. 
Litre 


Dekalitre. 
Hectolitre 


of  a  litre 


Unit  nf  capac- 
ity  


10  litres 

ino  litres 


[)rn  Meaa'el     Liquid    Measure, 


Peck   Bus.  Gills.  Pints  Qrts  Gals 


1.13 


■!  s:; 


.211 
2.11 


0.26 
2.64 

26. I 1 


MEASURES    OF    LENCTH. 


WEICHTS. 


Milligramme... 
Centigramme.. 
Decigramme... 

Gramme 

Dekagramme. . 
Hectogramme.. 
Kilogramme. .. 
Myrfagramme.. 
"ulntal 


(JUT 

an 


llier  or  Ton- 
neau 


rsui  of  a  gramme. 
j-j^  of  a  gramme. 

~Ytj-  of  a  gramme. 

Unit  of  weight 

in  grammes. 

loo  grammes. 

1,000  grammes..! 

10,000  grammes.. 

100,000  grammes.. 


Weight  or    quantity 
of  h  ater  ;it  maxi- 
mum density. 


1  millimetre 

10  millimetre 

—  cubic  centimetre. 

l  cubic  decimel  i  e. 

10  cubic  decimetre. 

Ion  decimetre 

1  litre 

10  litre 

1  hectolitre 


1.000.000  gram m cs..      1  cubic  metre. 


Equin.  i'i  BnaUah  H 


< ;  in i us 


.0154 

.1543 

1.543 
15.43 


\  \  hi  i  il 
0 


.3527 
S.587 


Pound 


2  2046 
22  046 

2204.6 


Millimetre. 

Centimetre. 

Decimetre.. 

Metre 

Dekametre. 
Hectometre 
Kilometre.. 
Myrlametre 


rjrjj   of  a  metre 

Y^j-    of  a  metre 

—j-jp    of  a  metre 

Unit  of  measure 

10  metres.. 

100    metres. 

1.000  metres.. 

10,000  metres.. 


Eq  inr.ilents  in  English  Standard  Measures. 


inches. 


0.0397 
0.3937 

3.937 

39.37 
393.7 


3.28 
32.80 
328. 
3280. 


1.09 
10.94 

109  ;:ii 
1093  i.:: 


Rods. 


19'. 
19.9 
199. 


Far- 
longs 


.497 


.62 

ti.21 


MEASURES    OF    SURFACE. 


Square  Centimetre... . 
Square  Decimetre  .... 
Square  Metre 


Sqr.     Dekametre.     or 
Are 


Equivalent  in  English  Standard  Measures. 


inches 


Square 

Feet. 


.155 
16.50 

1,550.06 


.107 

10.76 


Square 

Yards. 


119.60 
11.960.  S3 


Square  t?,,,-,,, 
Poles.  Roo,ls 


3.95 
395.38 


.099 


Ac- 
res. 


0.247 

2.47 


GENERAL    SUGGESTIONS   ON    THE    COLLECTION   OK    DEBTS. 


1 


ow  to  Collect  a  Debt. 


wwr   WHAT  TO   DO   WHEN    NECESSARY  TO   SETTLE  AN   ACCOUNT 
BY   LEGAL  PROCESS.     OUTLINE  OF  PROCEEDINGS. 


J 


"  rHOUGH  an  earnest  effort  be  made  to  do 

upon ; I3  ■  1  ii  ba 5is(  debts 

will  be  incurred  which  dishonest,  care- 
less, improvident  and  unfortunate  people 
will  ncg-lect  to  pay.    To  understand  the 

1  v  steps  to  be  taken  in  the  collec- 
tion of  such  debts  is  a  matter  which, 

while  it  concerns  all,   is  nevei 

•  ' „   understood  only  by  the  few;  and,  thus 
.  .  lacking  acquaintance  with  the  course 

1  '      which  should  be  pui  isl    num- 

bers  of  people  are   defrauded  of  their   hard   earnings 
and    honest   dues,  and   themselves    frequently  thrown 
into  bankruptcy,  when  prompt  and  dei  i 
pursued   in   the  collection  of  debts   would   have  saved 

fortune  and  independence. 

Indebtedness  having-  occurred,  and  the  party  owing 
neglecting  to  pay,  what  shall  be  the  fij 
taken  in  its  collection?  Naturally  that  will  very  mate- 
rially depend  upon  the  nature  of  the  indebtedness  and 
the  circumstant  es  under  which  the  debt  was  made. 
To  illustrate,  the  following  are  among  the  various 
means  by  which  debts  are  incurred  : 


How    Debts  are   Made. 

By  buying  goods  to  be  paid  for  '.'.hen  convenient. 

By  buying  goods  on  credit,  settlement  being  made  at  certain  liim 

By  en  iid  for  at  certain  stated  periods. 

By  obtaining  the  use  of  lands,  houses  and  other  property,  and  con- 
to  pay  for  the  same  as  per  agreement. 

By  purchasing  houses,  lands  and  other  property,  giving  a  moi 
on  the  same  as  security  for  balance  unpaid. 

By  borrowing  money;  usually  secured  by  note  and  mortgage,  or 
responsible  indorsement,  as  the  case  may  he. 

General  Suggestions. 

To  avoid  any  of  these  various  classes  of  indebtedness,  the  following 
safeguards  can  be  1 

First,  do  a  inei         Mark  goods  in  the  beginning  as 

low  as  you  intend  they  shall  be  sold,  and  then  part  with  them  only  for 
cash  in  hand,  unless  in  cases  of  emergency.  This  is  the  best  way  to 
obviate  all    n<  i  nllecting,  and   is  by  far   the   best  course   to 

pursue  alike  for  the  buyer  and  the  seller. 


By  adopting  the  cash  system  as  the  method  of  dealing,  the  price  would 
rule  much  lower,  and  vet  the  merchant  would  suffer  no  loss,  while  the 
customer  would  thus  he  enabled  to  buy  much  cheaper,  and  paying  for 
everything  at  time  of  purchase,  would  buy  more  sparingly,  more 
economically,  and    hence  would  save  and  lay  up  money. 

Precautionary  Measures. 

Send  goods  abroad  only  to  be  paid  for  when  taken. 

If  goods  are  bought  on  account,  to  be  paid  for  at  suited  periods,  let 
such  period  be  as  short  as  possible,  and  collect  promptly  at  the  time 
specified. 

If  engaged  in  the  service  of  others,  secure  payment  if  possible  once 
a  week,  unless  engaged  in  working  for  a  strictly  responsible  firm  who 
make  it  a  rule  to  pay  monthly. 

If  furnishing  boarding-house  or  hotel  accommodations,  make  it  a 
positive  rule  to  collect  all  bills  at  periods  not  exceeding  a  week  apart. 

To  do  otherwise  is  almost  certainly  to  meet  with  loss,  though  there  are- 
exceptional  cases  with  strictly  responsible  parties  who  may  arrange  to 

pay  monthly. 

1  nting  houses,  lands  or  other  property,  always  have  leases  made 

in  duplicate,  one  of  which  should  be  kept  by  the  landlord,  and  the 
Other  by  the  tenant;  the  wording  of  the  lease  being  specific  as  to  the 
conditions  of  payment,  and  forfeiture,  (see  "  Landlord  and  Tenant? 
ehrzuhere)  if  payment  be  nol  made  promptly.  In  cities  it  is  <  ustomary 
to  have  rent  paid  weekly  or  monthly,  in  advance.  The  payments  should 
be  made  at  the  landlord's  residence  or  place  of  business.  Ac- 
knowledgment of  the  payment  should  be  made  on  the  back  of  the 
lease  when  rent  is  paid. 

Loaning  Money. 

If  loaning  money,  always  require  a  promissory  note  of  the  borrower. 

(See  "Promissory  Notes?  elsewhere).    Some  exceptions  may  be  made, 

of  course,  where  the  amount  is  quite  small,  among  very  intimate  friends. 
Ordinarily,  however,  always  take  a  note:  and  if  the  amount  is  1 
erable,  or  the  responsibility  of  the  borrower  in  the  least  doubtful,  have 
the  payment  of  the  note  secured  by  a  mortgage  on  property  worth  sev- 
eral times  the  amount  loaned.  {See  "Mortgages?  elsewhere).  When 
difficulty  is  experienced  in  collecting  an  account,  get  the  same,  if  pos- 
sible, converted  into  a  note,  as  it  is  mm  handle  and  collect. 

Be  very  certain,  when  loaning  money  on  real  estate,  that  the  amount 
of  security  is  not  only  sufficient  to  pay  the  note,  but  that  it  is  free 
from  encumbrance.  If  a  loan  is  made  taking  personal  property  as 
security,  covered  by  chattel  mortgage,  see  that  no  other  mortgage  has 
been  placed  on  the  same  property  before. 


FIRST    LEGAL    STEPS    IN    COLLECTING    THE    DEBT. 


281 


If  the  loan  is  secured  by  mortgage  on  re;il  estate,  which  is  much  the 
safest,  an  Abstract  of  Title  should  be  required  of  the  borrower,  signed 
by  the  county  clerk  or  other  responsible  person,  showing  that  the  prop- 
erty mortgaged  is  entirely  free  from  encumbrance.  Or,  if  there  be 
encumbrance  already  upon  the  same,  ascertain  what  its  amount  may  be. 
See  also  that  your  mortgage,  taken  as  security,  is  recorded  immediately. 

We  have  thus  enumerated  some  of  the  means  with  which  loss  by 
credit  may  be  avoided;  but  should  credits  be  given,  and  the  par- 
ties owing  neglect  or  refuse  to  pay,  the  following  suggestions,  it  is 
hoped,  may  aid  in  the  collection  of  the  debt. 

Preliminary  Proceedings. 

Of  course  the  first  steps  to  be  taken  in  the  collection  of  a  debt  will 
depend  upon  circumstances.  The  party  owing  may  have  met  with  a 
sudden  reverse  of  fortune  —  maybe  willing,  but  unable,  without  great 
sacrifice,  to  pay  at  present;  and  thus  a  variety  of  circumstances  will 
tend  to  determine  the  action  to  be  pursued  in  the  commencement  — 
whether  it  be  sharp,  positive  and  energetic,  or  mild  and  lenient. 

We  will  suppose,  however,  that  the  debtor  neglects  or  refuses  to  pav 
a  just  debt.  It  becomes  necessary,  therefore,  to  proceed  to  its  collection 
by  the  various  discreet  and  legal  steps  at  command.     These  are: 

First,  To  write  a  letter  calling  attention  to  the  account  unpaid,  stat- 
ing the  time  when  the  obligation  was  due,  and  accompanying  the  same 
with  a  bill  of  goods  bought,  when,  etc. 

Second,  Another  letter,  a  little  more  pointed  than  the  first,  urging 
the  necessity  of  immediate  settlement. 

Third,  To  sue  for  the  same  before  a  competent  legal  officer. 

First  Efforts  at  Collection. 

The  necessary  forms  will  be  very  similar  to  the  following: 
DUNNING    LETTER    NO.    I. 

Mr.  A.  B.  Cushman,  Elyria,  O.,  Feb.  10,  1S77. 

Oberlin,  O. 
Dear  Sir  ;    Please  find  enclosed  a  statement  of  your  account  to  Jan- 
uary first,  at  which  time  we  had  hoped  to  have  settled  with  all  our  cus- 
tomers.    Early  attention  to  this  will  greatly  oblige. 

Yours  Respectfully, 

BROWN,*  MEYER  &  CO. 

DINNING    LETTER    NO.    2. 

Mr.  A.  B.  Cushman,  Elyrla,    O.,  Feb.  20,  1S77. 

Oberlin,  O. 
Dear  Sir:  We  are  compelled  to  place  some  of  our  accounts  in  the 
hands  of  collectors  for  settlement;  but  our  relations  with  you  have 
always  been  so  pleasant,  we  wish  to  avoid  doing  so  in  your  case.  As 
all  uncollected  bills  go  into  the  hands  of  the  collector  next  Monday, 
you  will  please  call  upon  us  before  then,  and  oblige, 
Yours  Respectfully, 

BROWN,'  MEYER  Jfc  CO. 

Borrowed   Money. 

In  case  the  indebtedness  is  for  borrowed  money,  possibly  a  small 
amount,  for  which  no  promissory  note  was  given,  the  easiest  method, 
probably,  of  disposing  of  the  matter,  when  it  is  discovered  that  the 
individual  does  not  intend  to  pay,  is  to  erase  the  transaction  from  the 
memorandum  and  forget  the  affair  entirely,  if  possible;  considering 
yourself  fortunate  in  discovering,  before  loaning  a  larger  amount, 
that  the  borrower  was  a  dead  beat.  It  may  he  best  that  you  continue 
on  friendly  terms,  and  you  cannot  afford  to  break  pleasant  relations 
tor  a  small  amount  of  monev,  though  bv  this  neglect  the  borrower  has 
forever  forfeited  your  confidence,  unless  the  matter  is  satisfactorily 
explained.  Should  you  propose,  however,  to  press  collection,  a  letter 
similar  to  the  following  may  be  written: 

REMINDER    NO.    I. 

Galesbcrg,  III.,  Aug.  15,  1^77. 
Mr.  Wehster  : 

The  ten  dollars  borrowed  by  you  <>n  the  Fourth  of  Julv  was  to  h  ive 
been  paid,  according  to  agreement,  on  last  Monday.  Thinking  that, 
possibly,  the  matter  had  escaped  your  recollection,  I  take  this  means  of 
reminding  you  of  the  fact. 

Respectfully  Yours, 

t   UAs.    R.   WEEKS. 


No  attention  being  paid  to  this  letter,  it  maybe  well  enough  to  write 
one  letter  more,  as  follows: 

REMINDER    NO.    2. 

Galesblrg,  III.,  Aug.  24,   1-77 
Mr.  Webster: 

I  mailed  a  note  to  your  address  some  days  since,  in  relation  to  money 
borrowed  of  me  on  the  Fourth.  I  fear  you  must  have  failed  to  receive 
it,  otherwise  you  surely  would  have  given  it  your  attention.  As  I  put 
all  unsettled  accounts  into  the  hands  of  a  justice  for  collection  next 
week  on  Wednesday,  I  should  like  to  see  vou  before  that  time. 
Respectfully 'Yours, 

'    CHAS.  B.  WEEKS. 

Legal   Proceedings. 

You  have  exhausted  the  usual  moral  means  of  collecting  your  due, 
and  the  debt  is  not  yet  paid.  It  is  proposed  now  to  collect  it,  if  possi- 
ble, by  legal  process. 

In  the  first  place,  can  it  be  collected  ?  Is  the  debtor  worth  enough  to 
be  compelled  to  pay  it,  aside  from  the  property  which  the  law  exempts? 
What  does  the  law  exempt?  (See  "Exemptions  from  Forced  Safe," 
etsev.<here)y  which  applies  to  heads  of  families;  also,  (u Limitations** 
elsewhere. 

Being  satisfied  that  the  debt  is  collectible,  you  now  place  the  account 
in  the  hands  of  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  unless  the  amount  to  be  collected 
is  so  large  as  to  be  out  of  the  justice's  jurisdiction.  The  amount  which 
can  be  collected  through  a  justice  varies  in  different  States. 

Limit  of  Jurisdiction  with  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

The  following  shows  the  largest  amount  in  the  different  States  and 
Territories  which  the  justice  of  the  peace,  through  his  official  position, 
can  have  jurisdiction  over: 


Alabama $100 

Arizona.. 900 

Arkansas :'' H I 

California :««i 

Colorado 300 

Connecticut. loo 

Dakota  Ter ]i"i 

Delaware I<mi 

Florida H«> 

Georgia liwi 

Mull-  Ter 800 

Illinois  200 

Indiana 200 

]■■•■■  i         ion* 

Kansas 3m 

Kentucky 50 

*  By  consent  of  parties, 


Louisiana 5100 

m  ilni      20 

Maryland i'*' 

m.i  ■•  ichusetts,  .   .    300 

Michigan 

Minnesota I"" 

Mississippi 150 

Missouri 250 

Montana 

Nebraska '-^"i 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire.,      100 
N^w  Jefsi  \  2"  1 1 

New  Mexico  Ter.        i'  0 

New  York HKt 

North  Carolina 200 

1800. 


Ohio S:«" 

Oregon 250 

Pennsylvania :«*> 

Rhode  Island  .,  ..  i"«> 
South  Carolina..        100 

Tennessee 1,000 

'-'"' 

Utah  Ter 

Vermont 

Virginia 100 

Washington  T ■  ■■ 

West  Virginia •<n" 

Wisconsin 1'"" 

Wyoming  Ter 100 


First  Legal  Steps. 

The  amount  to  be  collected  being  within  the  iurisdiction  of  the 
justice,  he  will  i-sue  a  Summons,  which  will  be  taken  by  a  constable 
to  the  debtor,  if  he  can  be  found,  and  read  to  him,  which  is  termed 
"serving  a  summons  "  upon  the  person  owing  the  debt. 

Form  of  Summons. 

The  wording  of  this  summons  will  be  somewhat  as  follows: 

STATE  OF  * 

County,      |  " 

The  People  of  the  State  of to  any  Constable  of  said  County— 

Greeting  : 
Vou  are  hereby  commanded  to  summon  A.  B.  to  appear  before  me 

at on  the  — '■ day  of ,  at o'clock M..  to  B 

the  complaint  of  C.  D.  for  a  failure  to  pay  him  a  certain  demand  not 

exceeding  ;  and  hereof  make  due  return  as  the  law  directs.     Given 

under  inv  hand  this day  of iS — . 

JOHN  DOE,  J.  P. 

It  may  be  remarked  that  the  law  varies  in  different  States  as  to  where 
a  debtor  maybe  sued.  In  some  States  he  cannot  be  sued  out  of  the  town 
where  he  resides.  In  others  more  latitude  is  given,  the  facts  concerning 
which  the  Justice  will  explain,  upon  application,  as  t't  his  own  State. 

Upon  the  issuance  of  a  summons,  the  constable  will  proceed  to 
serve  the  same  immediately.  But  it"  the  defendant  cannot  be  found, 
or  shall  evade  the  service  of  process  by  refusing  to  listen,  or  by 
secreting  himself,  the  constable  in  iv  leave  a  copy  of  the  summons 
with  some  member  of  his  family  of  the  age  of  ten  years  or  upward; 


and  afterward  report  to  the  justice  when  and  how  his  gumma 
served,  and  the  circumstances  attending  the  same. 

In  the  summons  the  justice  will  specify  a  certain  place,  day  and 
hour  for  the  trial,  not  less,  usually,  than  five,  nor  more  than  fifteen  days 
from  the  date  of  Slich    summons,  at  which   place  and  time  defendant  is 

notified  to  appear.     A  summons  is  usually  served  at  least  three  days 
before  the  trial  is  to  take  place. 

The  Justice  In  :>>    es  on  the  summons  the  amount  demai   I    ' 
plaintitT,  with  the  costs  due  on  the  same,  and  upon  the  serving  of  the 
summons  the  debtor  may  pay  to  the  constable  the  demand  and      sts, 
taking  his  receipt  for  the  same,  which  will  satisfy  the  debt  and  pre 
vent  all  further  costs. 

The  Costs. 

The  average  costs  accruing  up  to  this  point  are:  justice  for  issuing 
summons,  25  cents;  constable  for  serving,  35  cents ;  the  entire  cosl  d< 
pending,  somewhat,  upon  how  far  the  constable  has  to  travel,  he  being 
entitled,  ordinarily,  to  five  cents  per  mile  each  way  for  mileage. 

In  many  cases,  when  served  with  a  summons,  the  debtor  will  imme- 
diately settle  the  claim  rather  than  allow  a  greater  accumulation  of  costs  ; 
but  should  he  refuse  to  make  settlement,  the  constable  will  return  the 
summons  indorsed  somewhat  as  follows: 

"Served  by  reading  the  within  to  the  defendant  on  the  Cth  day  of 
July,  1S76.  JOHN  SMITH,  Consl 

In  suing  an  Incorporated  company,  a  copy  of  the  summons  must  be 
left  with  the  president.  If  he  is  absent,  then  with  the  secretary, 
ral  agent,  cashier,  or  principal  clerk,  if  either  cm  be  found  in  the  county 
In  which  suit  is  brought  If  neither  can  be  found  in  the  county,  then 
try  leaving  a  copy  of  the  summons  with  any  clerk,  engineer,  director, 
station  agent,  conductor,  or  any  such  agent  found  in  the  county. 

At  the  time  appointed  for  the  trial,  both  the  plaintiff  and  defendant, 
or  their  representatives,  are  required  t^be  promptly  in  attendance,  the 
plaintiff  being  present  tor  the  purpose  of  proving  his  claim,  and  the 
defendant  for  the  purpose  of  Stating  his  defense,  or  the  reasons  why  the 
claim  should  not  be  paid.  Should  either  party  fail  to  appear,  he  must 
suffer  the  penalty  hereafter  explained. 

Trial  by  Justice  and  Jury. 

When  the  parties  appear,  the  justice  will  proceed  to  try  the  ease,  and 
titer  hearing  the  allegations  and  proofs,  will,  it  the  claii  1 
give  judgment  against  the  defendant,  including  costs  and  such  interest 
as  the  law  allows.     If  no  claim  is  proved,  the  judgment  will  be  a 
the  plaintitT,  who  will  be  held  responsible  for  costs. 

Should  either  party  demand  a  jury,  he  can  have  the  same  in  oil  1 
of  trial  before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  upon  making  a  deposit  with  the 
justice  of  the  jury  fees.     The  jury  shall  comprise  any  number  from  six 
to  twelve,  as  tile  parties  may  agree,  though  the  number  usually  provided 
by  law  Is  six  or  twelve. 

Upon  determining  to  have  the  case  tried  by  jury,  the  justice  w  II  put 
Into  the  handsof  the  constable,  or  other  authorized  officer,  the  following 

FORM    OP    WRIT    FOR    SUMMONING  JL'RORS. 

STATE  OF 1 

Count*,    S 

The  People  of  the  State  of to  any  Constable  of  said  County— 

Grebtinq: 

We  command  vou  to  summon lawful  men  of  your  county  to 

appear  before  me'at  — —  o'clock M.,  who  are  not  related  to  — '■ 

plaintih,  or  to ■  defendant,  to  make  a  jury  between  said  parties  in 

a  certain  cause  pending  before  me;  and  have  then  and  there  the  names 
of  this  jury  and  this  writ. 

Witness  my  hand  this day  of  ,  iS— . 

JOHN*  DOE,  7. />. 

In  the  case  of  jury  trial,  the  justice  will  enter  judgment  according  to 
the  verdict  of  the  jury. 

Who  are  Competent  as  Juror*. 

Zn  moat  States  the  following  requisites  are  necessary  to  make  the 
Individual  competent  to  serve  on  a  jurv 


1.     lie  should   be  a  resident  of  the  county*  and   not  exempt  from 
serving  on  jury. 

.'.    Twenty-one  years  old  and  under  sixty. 

3.    Of  fair  characterj  in  the  possession  of  natural  faculties,  free  from 

.his,  of  sound  judgment,  well  informed,  and   who  under- 
stands the  English  language, 

Who  are  Exempt  from  Serving  on  Juries. 

In  general,  the  following  persons,  according  to  the  St  ilulcS  of  many 

States,  are  exempt  from  serving  on  juries,  namely:  the  governor,  lieu- 
tenant governor,  secretary  of  state,  auditor  of  public  a<  1  ounl  .  treasurer, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  attorney  general,  members  of  the 
general  assembly  during  their  term  of  office,  1  courts,  clerks  of 

courts,  sheriffs,  coroners,  postmaster-,  mail  carriers,   practii  ing  attor- 
neys, all  offii  ers  of  the  United  States,  officiating  ministers  of  the  gospel, 
school  leathers  during  their  terms ol  school,  practicing  physicians, con 
stant  ferrymen,  mayors  of  cities,  policemen,  and  active  members  of  the 
lire  department. 

The  Result  of  Failing  to  Appear. 

Should  the  plaintiff  fail  to  appear  within  the  hour  appointed,  the 

jury,  or  the  justice,  alone,  being  in  readiness  to  hear  the  trial,  and  no 
good  reason  being  given  for  his  non-attendance,  the  suit  is  dismissed, 
unless    the  defendant  should  desire  to  have  the  case  tried    then    or   at 

another  time. 

Should  the  defendant  fail  to  appear,  the  justice  will   hear  the  ease, 

and  if  the  claim  is  proved,  he  will  enter  Judgment  against  the  defend- 
ant for  the  amount  which  is  due  the  plaintiff,  and  will  issue  an  Execution 
for  Its  collection. 

A  "Judgment"  is  simply  the  decision  of   the  court  that  a  certain 
demand  or  claim  shall    be  paid,  and    no  particular    form   is    required  in 

rendering  it 

The  Execution. 

\:i  execution  is  a  writ  which  authorizes  an  officer,  to  whom  it  is 
directed,  to  carry  into  effect  the  decision  of  the  court.     In  some  States 
the  law  permits  the  imprisonment  of  a  debtor  if  he  refn  1      to 
claim  against  him,  and  an  executi  sued  directing  the  proper 

officer  to  imprison  the  delinquent  until  the  claim  is  satisfied.  It  is  more 
common,  however,  to  issue  an  execution  authorizing  an  officer  to  levy 
upon  personal  property  of  the  debtor,  and  a  judgment  being  rendered 
by  the  justice  against  a  parry,  the  next  step  us  is  to  issue  an 

execution  for  the  collet  tion  of  the  amount  due. 

If  the  plaintiff  is  satisfied  that  the  debt  will  be  lost  unless  execution 

issue  immediately,  lie  may  take  oath   to  that  effect,  and   the  justice  will 

1  eecution  authorizing  an  officer  to  make  levy  upon  goods  at 
once,  but  sale  of  the  same  usually  will  nol  take  place  under  twenty  da  vs. 

[f  no  fear  of  losing  1  icpressed,  execution  will   issue,  g 

rally,  in  about  twenty  days  from  the  time  judgment  was  rendered,  and 
the  officer  usually  has  about  seventy  days  to  make  a  levy  and  sell  the 
property  to  satisfy  said  execution. 

FORM  OF  EXECUTION  AGAINST  GOODS  AM)  CHATTELS. 

SI    \  li;  OF ( 

County,      ( s^' 

The  People  of  the  State  of to  any  Constable  of  said  County — 

Gri  ectcng: 

We  command   you,  that  of  the  goods  and   chattels  of  A.  B.  in   your 

county,  you  make  the  sum  of dollars  and cenl   .  judgment, 

and  — dollars  and cents,  costs,  which  C.  I>   latel)  recovered 

before  me  In  a  certain  plea  against  the  said  A,  B.,  and  hereof  make  re- 
turn to  me  within  seventy  d  tys  from  this  date. 

Given  under  my  hand  this day  of ,  iS — . 

joiin  doe,  y.  p. 

When  the  Writ  of  Execution  against  personal  properly  is  placed  in 
his  hands,   it    is  the  dutv  of    the   constable  to    make   a    lew   upon  and 
sell  such  personal   property  as  he  can  find  sufficient  to  Satisfy  lh( 
which    is    not  exempted    from   sale  by  law,  giving  ten   days'    previous 

notice  ot  such  sale  i>y  advertisement  in  writing  to  be  posted  up  at  three 
of  the  most  public  places  in  the  vicinity  where  the  sail  to  b<  made, 
and  or  the  day  appointed   for  the  sale,  the  constable  sells  to  the  highest 


WHO    CANNOT    BE    ARRESTED. 


bidder  the  property  levied  upon,  or  as   much  of  the  same  as  may  be 
necessary  to  pay  the  judgment,  interest  and  costs. 

Of  course  discretion  must  be  used  by  the  constable  in  selecting  prop- 
erty not  exempted  from  sale,  and  not  already  attached  or  covered  by 
chattel  mortgage;  and  when  covered  by  the  latter,  whether  it  will  sell 
for  enough  to  pay  both  claims. 

Attachment  of  Goods. 

If  a  creditor,  his  agent  or  attorney,  has  good  reason  to  believe  that 
there  is  danger  of  losing  his  claim,  because  the  debtor  is  a  non  resident 
of  the  State,  or  conceals  himself,  in  defiance  of  an  officer,  so  that  process 
cannot  be  served  upon  him,  or  has  departed  from  the  State  with  the  in- 
tention of  removing  his  goods  from  the  State,  or  has  fraudulently  con- 
veyed or  assigned  his  effects  so  as  to  hinder  or  delay  his  creditors,  or  is 
about  to  do  so,  he  can  go  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  and  make  affidavit 
setting  forth  the  nature  and  amount  of  the  indebtedness,  after  allowing 
all  just  credits  and  set-offs,  for  any  one  or  more  of  the  causes  mentioned. 
He  will  also  state  the  place  of  residence  of  defendant,  if  known,  and  file  a 
bond  with  said  justice  in  double  the  amount  sworn  to  be  due,  with  suf- 
ficient security,  payable  to  defendant,  against  whom  the  writ  is  issued, 
conditioned  for  satisfying  all  costs  and  damages  awarded  to  such  defend- 
ant, for  wrongfully  suing  out  said  attachment. 

That  being  done,  the  justice  will  issue  a  Writ  of  Attachment,  which 
authorizes  the  constable  in  whose  hands  it  is  placed  to  proceed  at  once 
to  the  residence  or  place  of  business  of  the  debtor,  or  elsewhere  where 
he  may  have  goods  and  effects  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  and 
immediately  take  possession  of  a  sufficient  amount  of  personal  prop- 
erty with  which  to  pay  the  claim  and  all  costs;  provided,  however,  if 
at  the  residence  of  the  debtor  he  is  allowed  to  enter.  Should  the 
debtor  be  present  when  the  constable  has  got  possession,  he  will  read 
the  writ  to  him,  the  time  being  specified  in  the  same  when  his  trial 
will  take  place.  In  the  meantime  the  constable  or  officer  will  take 
possession  of  the  goods  by  removing  them  or  putting  them  in  charge 
of  some  person  until  the  day  of  the  trial.  If  the  goods  are  being  re- 
moved to  another  county,  he  can,  in  most  States,  follow  and  take  them 
there. 

The  Trial. 

At  the  trial,  if  it  is  proven  that  the  debtor  had  no  intention  of  leaving 
or  refusing  to  pay  his  just  due,  and  any  damage  has  been  done  by  the 
seizure  of  the  property,  the  creditor  will  be  held  responsible  for  such 
damage.  If  the  defendant  or  his  representative  does  not  put  in  an 
appearance,  after  having  been  notified,  the  justice,  at  the  day  appointed, 
which  is  usually  within  a  month  from  the  time  the  attachment  was 
issued,  will  hear  the  case,  and  if  the  claim  be  proved,  will  render  judg- 
ment accordingly,  and  order  a  sale  of  the  necessary  amount  of  goods  to 
pay  the  debt  and  all  costs. 

Attaching  the   Body. 

"Where  an  attachment  has  been  issued  against  a  defendant  and  the 
con>table  returns  no  property  found,  and  yet  the  plaintiff"  is  satisfied 
that  the  defendant  has  property  concealed,  removed  or  assigned  with 
intent  to  defraud  his  creditors,  and  that  there  is  danger  of  losing  his 
claim  unless  the  debtor  is  held  to  bail,  it  is  common  in  several  Suites  for 
the  justice  to  issue  a  Capias  for  the  arrest  of  the  debtor,  the  form  of 
which  is  as  follows: 


FORM    OF    CAPIAS. 


STATE  OF 


The  People  of  the  State  of  - 
Greeting  : 
You  are  hereby  commanded  to  take  the  body  ot  - 


■  to  any  Constable  of  said  Cottnty- 


■  and  bring  him 


forthwith  before  ine,  unless  special  bail  be  entered;  and  if  sue!)    I 

entered,  you  will   then  command  him  to  appear  before  me  at ,  on 

the day  of ,  at o'clock  — M.,  to  answer  to  the  com- 
plaint of  A.  B.  for  failure  to  pay  him  a  certain  demand   not  exceeding 

dollars;  and  hereof  make  due  return  as  the  law  din 

(>iven  under  rnv  hand,  this day  of ,  iS — . 

JOHN   DOE,   J.  P. 

Before  issuing  a  capias,  the  justice  will  take  from  the  plaintiff",  or  his 
representative,  a  bond  with  approved  surety,  which  is  substantially  in 
the  following  form: 


FORM    OF    BOND    FOR    CAPIAS. 


A B ,  ) 

c — -7'd .  \ 

STATE  OF   

County, 


Before  - 


,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 


r 


We  hereby  bind  ourselves  to  pay  all  damages  and  costs,  if  any, 
which  may  be  wrongfully  occasioned  by  a  capias  in  this  i 

Dated  this day  of ,  iS— .  [seal.] 

[seal.] 

Ordinarily  the  capias  is  issued  only  as  a  last  resort,  and  when  it  is 
evident  that  the  claim  can  only  be  collected  by  arresting  the  defendant 
and  depriving  him  of  his  liberty,  unless  he  give  satisfactory  bail. 

Being  provided  with  a  warrant  for  the  apprehension  of  the  debtor, 
the  defendant  is  arrested,  if  found,  and  brought  forthwith  before  the 
justice,  unless  some  friend  or  other  person  will  guarantee  that  the 
debtor  will  promptly  appear  at  the  hour  and  p*'ace  appointed  for  trial. 
This  guarantee,  termed  "giving  bail,"  is  in  the  following  form,  written 
on  the  back  of  the  capias: 

FORM    OF    SPECIAL    BAIL. 

I.  A.  B.,  acknowledge  myself  special  bail  for  the  within  named  C.  D. 

Witness  my  hand,  this —  day  of ,  iS — . 

A.  B. 

This  indorsement  must  be  signed  by  one  or  more  responsible  persons 
whom  the  constable  is  willing  to  take  as  security,  the  condition  being 
that  the  defendant,  if  judgment  is  rendered  against  him,  at  the  time  of 
trial  will  pay  the  same,  with  costs,  or  surrender  himself,  according  to 
the  terms  of  the  capias.  And  in  case  he  fails  to  pay,  or  surrender,  the 
persons  who  signed  the  bail  are  held  for  the  payment  of  the  claim. 

Who  Cannot  be  Arrested. 

By  constitutional  right,  the  following  persons  are  privileged  from 
arrest:  Members  of  congress,  except  for  treason,  felony,  and  breach 
of  the  peace,  are  not  liable  to  arrest  during  their  attendance  upon 
the  session  of  their  respective  houses,  nor  while  going  to  or  returning 
from  the  same.  Electors  are  also  privileged  from  arrest,  except  for  trea- 
son, felony  or  breach  of  the  peace,  while  in  attendance  upon  elections, 
or  while  going  to  or  returning  from  the  same.  In  many  States,  also,  the 
militia,  except  in  the  above  cases,  are  exempt  during  their  attendance  at 
musters,  or  while  going  or  returning.  Attorneys  and  counselors  at 
law,  judges,  clerks,  sheriff's,  and  all  other  officers  of  the  several  courts 
are  likewise  free  from  arrest  while  attending  court,  and  while  going  to 
and  returning  from  the  same,  as  are  also  witnesses  and  other  persons 
necessarily  attending  any  courts  of  record  on  business. 

Suing  the  Garnishee. 

Another  means  left  open  for  the  collection  of  a  claim  in  various 
States  of  the  Union,  is  that  Ol  securing  the  debt  by  suing  a  third  person 
who  may  be  owing  the  defendant  In  such  case  the  plaintiff*  can  pro- 
ceed against  this  third  person,  who  is  called  the  garnishee,  in  the  same 
manner  as  against  the  debtor,  though  a  certain  amount  of  the  money 
owing  is,  in  some  States,  exempt,  and  cannot  be  garnisheed. 

Levying  upon  Real  Estate. 

When  no  personal  property  can  be  found  with  which  to  pay  the 
debt,  and  the  debtor  is  known  to  possess  real  estate  in  sufficient  amount 
to  pav  the  claim,  then  it  is  allowable,  in  certain  States,  for  the 
to  certify  to  the  clerk  of  the  circuit  court,  in  the  county  where  judgment 
was  rendered,  a  transcript  o(  the  judgment,  which  shall  Ik-  filed  by  the 
clerk;  and  thereupon  the  same  will  become  a  lien  upon  the  real  estate 
of  the  debtor,  and  execution  may  issue  from  that  court,  and  proceedings 
be  had  for  the  sale  of  the  land  and  payment  of  the  debt  and  costs  from 
the  proceeds  of  the  sale. 

Appealing  to  Higher  Courts. 

Where  an  action  his  been  brought  before  a  justice  to  secure  a  claim, 
a  summons  has  been  issued,  the  day  has  been  set  for  a  hearing,  ;fnd  judg- 
ment has  been  rendered  by  a  justice  or  a  jury,  and  the  decision  is  that 


284 


EXPENSE    OF    A    LAWSUIT. 


the  debtor  must  pay  the  claim  with  costs,  the  debtor  can  then  appeal  to 
the  next  higher  legal  tribunal,  being  the  circuit,  district  court,  i  out  t  ol 
n  pleas,  or  other  courts*  which  an- known  by  different  noi  u      li 
different  States. 

Before  the  defendant  can  Appeal,  however,  he  is  required  to  give  ;i 

Iwmd,  which    must    be  Signed    by  one   or   more    responsible    persons,  by 

which  he  guarantees,  in  a  sum  twice  the  amount  of  the  claim,  to  pay 
the  debt  and  all  costs  it'  he  is  beaten  in  the  higher  court. 

The  case  is  then  entered  upon  the  docket  of  the  clerk  of  the  higher 
court  for  trial,  and  if  lime  permits  will  be  tried  at  the  next  term  ol  th.it 
court. 

Upon  trial  in  this  court,  if  the  defendant  is  beaten  again,  he  can,  by 
n  i  ,  in  double   the   amount  of  the  debt    and  costs  then 
isc  for  trial  Up  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State, 
where  the  matter  generally  ends. 

How  Soon  the   Debt  may  be  Collected. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  where,  in  each  trial,  tlie  defendant  prompt Iv  de- 
fends his  case  and  appeals  to  the   higher  courts  whin  he  finds  himself 

beaten,  he  can  escape  the  payment  of  the  original  debt  for  one,  two  or 

more  years.  As  each  appeal  is  attended  with  heavy  costs,  however,  few 
men  care  to  punish  themselves  so  much  for  the  sake  of  wreaking  re- 
venge upon  anybody  else.     In  most  cases  the  debtor  will  pay  the  debt  in 

the  earlier  part  of  the  prosecution,  unless  he  thinks  he  has  good  reason 
for  not  doing  so. 

What  does  Law  Cost? 
What  will  it  cost  to  collect  the  debt?    That  question  naturally  arises, 

and  is,  very  properly,  one   that   should  be  considered.     Of  course    it   is 

iible  tn  determine,  definitely,  what  the  costs  will  be.      If  a  lawyer 

be  employed  for  an  ordinary  justice  suit,  occupying  the  time  but  an  hour 

or  so,  his  fee  will  be  five  dollars.    Should  the  claim  be  of  considerable 

amount,  and  the  time  of  the  attorney  be  employed  a  day  or  two,  the  law- 
'.ill  be  from  ten  to  twenty  dollars.  Should  the  plaintiff 
come  oil  victorious,  and  obtain  judgment  against  the  debtor,  the  other 
costs  will  be  mainly  borne  by  the  debtor.  Should  it  be  shown  that  the 
plaintiff  has  no  just  claim,  the  justice,  or  jury,  if  there  be  a  jury,  will 
decide   that    there  was    no  cause  of  action,  and  will  assess  the  costs  of 

suit  to  the  plaintiff; 

The  costs  of  an  ordinary  justice  suit  in  most  Suites,  will  average 
about  as  follows: 

Docketing  the  suit,  25  cents;  issuing  summons,  25  cents;  constable 
for  serving  summons,  35  cents;  each  mile  traveled  in  serving  summons 
by  constable,  5  cents;  justice  fee  lor  entering  up  Judgment,  _*^  cents;   for 

11  L,re  of  docket,  35  cents;  fee  ol   Justice  for  hearing  statemenl  of 

each  party  and  giving  decision,  $2. 

The  above  are  the  inevitable  costs  which  will  be  incurred  if  the 
plaintiff  and  defendant  have  a  trial  without  witnesses,  lawyers  or  jury, 
and  then  settle  according  to  the  decision  of  the  justice. 

If  witnesses  ire  called,  the  expense  is  50  cents  per  day  for  each  wit- 
ness, to  be  claimed  at  time  ol  trial.  Fee  of  justice  for  issuing  each  Bub- 
puna  for  witness,  25  cents;   constable   for   serving  each    subpoena,    25 


cents;  tor  mileage  each  way  in  serving  a  subpirna,  5  cents;  for  admin- 
istering oath  lo  each  witness,  c;  eents. 

Should  the  suit  be  tried  by  a  jurv,  each  jurvman  is  entitled,  before  a 
justice,  to  jo  cents  for  hearing  the  case,  should  the  jury  agree  ;  for  en- 
tering verdict  of  the  jury,  15  cents;  lee  of  .oust  able  for  waiting  on  jury, 
50  cents;  for  entering  satisfaction  of  judgment,  10  cents. 

Should  judgment  be  obtained  against  the  debtor,  and  he  refuse  to 
settle,  the  justice  will  LsBUC  an  execution  to  lew  upon  and  sell  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  debtor's  goods  to  pav  the  debt  ami  all  costs.  1-  (  ,  [bl  <  \e.  u  - 
tion,  50  cents;    fee  of  1  oust  able  lor  serving  and   returning  execution,  50 

cents;    for  advertising   property   for    sale,    50  cents;    commissions  on 

sales,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars,  10  per  cent.;  for  all  in  excess  of  that 
amount,  5  per  cent.;  except,  when  through  settlement  or  other  cause 
the  property  is  not  sold,  in  that  case  the  commissions  will  be  one  half 
tin-  above  amount. 

The  defendant,  thinking  that  equity  mav  not  be  had  before  a  certain 
justice,  may  have  the  case  tried  before  the  nearest  justice;  this  procedure 
is  termed  a  "  Change  of  Venue."  Fee  of  juslice  for  transcript  in  change 
of  venue,  50  cents. 

Should  either  party  desire  to  appeal  to  a  higher  court,  the  expenses 
of  appeal  before  the  justice  will  be:  For  bond,  35  cents;  for  tail-  mml; 
appeal,  25  cents;  for  transcript  of  judgment  ami  proceedings  in  casi  <>i 
appi  at,  50  eents. 

In  the  higher  court  the  cost  of  trial  will  usually  average  from  twenty 
to  fifty  dollars. 

Collecting  Large  Amounts. 

When  the  amount  to  be  collected  exceeds  the  jurisdiction  of  the  jus- 
tice, the  plaintiff  will  apply  to  the  clerk  of  such  higher  court  as  has 
jurisdiction  in  the  case.  This  is  the  circuit  court,  district  court,  court  of 
common  pleas,  or  other  court  of  similar  character.  The  clerk  of  this 
court,  upon  application,  will  issue  a  summons,  which  is  placed  in  the 
hands  of  a  sheriff  or  his  deputy,  is  served  upon  the  debtor  as  before, 
and  the  case  is  tried  usually  before  a  jury  of  twelve  persons  at  the  next 
term  of  that  court. 

The  proceedings  in  this  court  are  usually  so  intricate  as  to  make  it 
ad\  isable  for  the  person  unaccustomed  to  legal  technicalities  to  employ 
in  attorney  to  conduct  the  case,  as  is  also  generally  most  convenient 
even  in  the  lower  courts. 

The  Law  of  Different  States. 

We  have  given  thus,  in  outline,  the  principal  methods  resorted  to  in 
the  different  States  for  the  collection  of  debt.  The  forms  here  shown, 
while  not  conforming  fully  to  the  exact  methods  pursued  in  different 
States,  are  vet  sufficiently  accurate  to  enable  the  reader  to  possess  a 
general  understanding  of  the  methods  of  procedure. 

The  Special  law  of  the  State  where  the  creditor  mav  reside,  as  it 
relates  to  the  collection  of  debt,  can  be  learned  by  application  to  the 
justice  of  the  peace  in  that  State,  who,  upon  the  plaintiff"  stating  the 
circumstances,  will  usually  give  the  necessary  information  with  which 
legal  proceedings  may  be  commenced. 


POWER    OF    ATTORNEY    TO    COLLECT    DEBTS. 


'-'  -.    .■  -.    - 


•Si&i 


iscellaneous  fForms.; 


'if?- 


GENERAL   FORMS   OF   POWER   OF   ATTORNEY. 


r  J 


IPfUSINESS  firms  and  individuals  having  a 
(S  large  trade,  where  indebtedness  is  una- 
voidably incurred  for  a  long  or  short 
time,  frequently  find  it  necessary  to  em- 
ploy collectors  whose  special  and  entire 
dutv  it  is  to  promptly  collect  such  indebt- 
edness or  see  that  the  same  is  paid  when 
due.  Oftentimes  their  work  of  collec- 
tion will  be  in  portions  of  the  countr) 
hundreds  or  thousands  of  miles  from 
place  of  business  or  residence  of  the 
™    /  f  G"        creditor.      It   is    usual   under   these  "circum- 

I  rT^  stances  to  invest  such  an  agent,  thus  doing  business, 
with  what  is  termed  "Power  of  Attorney,"  which 
is  done  by  a  written  instrument  usually  under  seal. 
The  person  or  persons  so  authorized  are  called  attor- 
neys, and  the  person  or  persons  so  appointing  are  termed 
constituents. 

If  a  power  of  attorney  is  to  be  recorded,  it  should  be 
acknowledged.  Where  .mv  act  of  the  attorney  is  to  be 
by  deed,  the  authority  to  execute  it  must  also  be  by  deed. 
A  document  authorizing  the  attorney  to  execute  a  sealed 
instrument,  must  of  itself  be  under  seal,  and  a  power  to 
convey  lands  requires  the  same  regulations  in  its  acknowledgment  by 
both  husband  and  wife,  in  many  States,  as  a  deed  by  them  would 
require.  The  following  illustrates  the  general  form  and  wording  of 
such  a  document,  together  with  other  papers  related  thereto: 

GENERAL    FORM    OF    POWER    OF    ATTORNEY. 

Know  all  men  by  these  presents,  that  I,  Henry  G.  Holden,  of 
Londonderry,  in  the  County  of  Windham,  and  State  of  Vermont,  have 
made,  constituted  and  appointed,  and  by  these  presents  do  make,  con- 
stitute and  appoint  James  H.  Hill,  of  Downer's  Grove,  County  of  Du* 
page,  and  Slate  of  Illinois,  a  true  and  lawful  attorney  for  me,  and  in  my 
name,  place  and  stead,  and  in  my  behalf,  to  [here  insert  the  things  --.'Inch 
the  attorney  is  to  do\,  hereby  yi\  ing  and  granting  unto  mv  said  attorney 
full  power  and  authority  in  the  premises  to  use  all  lawful  means  in  my 
name  and  for  my  sole  benefit,  for  the  purposes  aforesaid.  And  generally 
to  do  and  perform  all  such  acts,  mailers  and  things  as  my  said  attorney 
shall  deem  necessary  and  expedient  for  the  completion  of  the  authority 
hereby  given,  as  fully  as  I  might  and  could  do  were  I  personally  present. 
In  witness  whereof,  I,  the  said  Henry  G.  Holden,  have  hereunto  set 
my  hand  and  seal,  \his first  day  of  December,  in  the  yearot  our  Lord  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-six. 

Signed  and  sealed  in  presence  of  \_  HENRY  G.  HOLDEN.  [seal.] 


Letter  of  Substitution  Appended  to  Power  of  Attorney. 

It  is  customary  to  authorize  the  attorney  to  employ  another  to  assist 
him  when  necessary,  which  person  so  appointed  is  termed  a  substitute. 
The  power  co  appoint  such  sub-agent  generally  accompanies  the  docu- 
ment giving  power  of  attorney,  and  is  worded  as  follows: 

Know  all  men- by  these  presents,  that  I,  Jas.  H.  Hill,  of  Downer's 
Grove,  in  the  County  of  Dupage  and  State  of  Illinois,  named  in  the  let- 
ter of  attorney  above  mentioned,  have  made,  appointed  and  substituted, 
and  by  these  presents  do  make,  appoint  and  substitute  John  Holland,  of 
said  Downer's  Grove,  to  be  the  true  and  lawful  attorney  of  the  said 
Henry  G.  Holden  in  the  above  letter  of  attorney  named,  to  do  and  per- 
form all  such  acts,  matters  and  things  as  he  may  deem  necessary  or 
expedient  for  the  complete  execution  of  the  authority  therein  given,  as 
fully  in  all  respects,  and  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  I  myself  might 
and  could  do  by  virtue  of  the  power  and  authority  therein  delegated,  if  I 
were  personally  present. 

In  witness  whereof,  I,  the  said  Jas.  H.  Hill,  have  hereunto  set  my 
hand  and  seal,  the  fifth  dav  of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-six. 

Signed  and  sealed  in  presence  ot  *  JAS.   H.   HILL,      [seal.] 
)" 

GENERAL    POWER    OF    ATTORNEY    TO   COLLECT    DEBTS. 

Know  all  men  by  THESE  presents,  that  I.  Henry  G.  Holden,  in 
the  town  of  Londonderry,  County  of  Windham,  and  State  of  Vermont, 
have  made,  constituted  and  appointed,  and  by  these  presents  do  make, 
constitute  and  appoint  Jas.  H.  Hill  my  true  arid  lawful  attorney,  for  me 
and  in  my  name,  to  ask,  demand,  sue  for,  recover  and  receive  of  John 
Holland,  and  of  all  and  every  person  and  persons  whomsoever  indebted 
to  me  by  note,  account,  or  otherwise,  all  such  sums  of  money,  debt,  and 
demands  whatsoever,  as  now  are  or  may  !*-•  dm:  and  owing  to  me  trom 
them  or  either  of  them.  And  in  default  of  payment  of  the  same  by 
them  or  either  of  them,  to  take  all  lawful  means,  in  my  name  or  other- 
wise, for  the  recovery  thereof,  by  attachment,  arrest  or  otherwis 

to  arrange  and  agree  for  the  same;  and  on  receipt  thereof  to  discharge 

the  same,  and  seal   and  deliver  in   a   lawful   manner,  and  do  all   lawful 
acts  concerning  the  premises  as  I  would  do  mysell  were  I  personally 
present;    and    make  and  revoke   such    attorneys  under   him  as   in 
necessary  for  the  purposes  afore  - 

Hereby  confirming  all  my  said  attorney  shall  in  my  name  la 
do,  or  cause  to  be  done,  in  or  about  the 

In  witness  whereof,  I.  the  said  Henry  G.  Holden,  have  hereto  set  un- 
hand and  seal,  this  ninth  dav  of  December,  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  seventy-six. 

Signed  and  sealed  in  presence  of  i    HENRY  G.  HOLDEX.  [seal,  j 


LETTER    OF    REVOCATION. 

Whereas  I,  Henry  G.  Holden.  of  Londonderry.  County  of  Windham, 
and  Stale  of  Vermont,  did  on  the  tirst  day  of  December,  in  eighteen 
hundred  and  seventy  six,  by  a  Certain  instrument  in  writing  or  letter  of 


2S0 


VBRDICT   OF    A   CORONERS  JURY    AND    REPORTS   OF   COMMITTEES. 


attorney,  make  and  appoint  Jas.  H.  I  nil,  of  Downer's  Grovef  County  of 
'  •       _.  ,  State  of  DHnois,  to  be  my  lawful  attorney  in  m\  name  nnd  tot 
my  use,  to  [here  set  forth  what  the  attorney  was  authorized  to  do,  f>re~ 
cisefy  in  the  language  of  the  original  fewer),  as  by  the  same 
referenci  Now  know  all  nun  by 

these  presents,  that  I,  Die  said  Henry  G.  rtolden,  for  a  |ust  cause,  have 
revoked,  recalled  and  made  void  the  said  letter  of  attorney,  and  all 
or  authorities  therein  granted,  and  .ill  acta  which  shall  or  may 
.   bj  virtue  then  i  if. 
[If  another  attorney  is  to  be  appointed  continue  thus:)     And   further 
know  ye,  that  I,  the  said  Henry  (».  Holden,  do  by  these  presents  name, 
itc  and  appoint  John  N.  Hurd,  of  Aurora,  County  of  Kane,  and 
1  i  be  my  lawful  attorney. 

Signed  and  sealed  in  presence  of  I  HENRY  G.  HOLDEN.  [seal.] 


DUTIES   OF   CORONERS. 

The  office  of  coroner  is  one  which   the   people  of  every  community 
must  provide  for.     Sudden  deaths,  which  Like  place  through  violence, 
ide,  and  accident,  demand  investigation  by  persons  compe- 
tent to  determine  the  cause  of  such  death;  hence  in  every  State  there 
tting  the  manner  of  holding  the  coroner's  inquest 
The  duty  of  the  coroner,  upon  being  notified  of  a  person  being  found 
supposed  to  have  come  to  his  or  her  death  through  violence  or 
unnatut  i  [a   to    summon   n.  jury   of    six    nun,    usuallj        Upon 

their  assembling  he  will  appoint  one  of  the  number  a  foreman,  who, 
upon  their  being  sworn  to  do  their  duty,  will  carefully  proceed  to 

■  he  death,  witnesses  being  sworn  by  the  coroner,  and 
all  other  measures  taken  calculated  to  arrive  at  the  true  facts  of  t  !:■ 

As  soon  as  the  inquest  is  held  and  the  verdict  of  the  jury  is  rendered, 

if  the  deceased    is  unknown  and    is   unclaimed    by  friends,    immediate 

measures  are  taken  to  bury  the  body,  which  is  done  at  theexpt 
the  deceased  person's  estate  if  such  there  be.     If  not,  then  at  the  ex- 
generally,  of  the  county.     All  goods  found,  after  ten  days'  notice, 
according  to  the  law  of  various  Si  Id,  and  the  proceeds,  along 

with  the  moneys,  papers  or  other  valuable  thing  or  things,  deposited 
with  the  county  treasurer,  the  coroner  taking  a  receipt  therefor.  In  the 
hands  of  the  county  treasurer  they  are  to  remain  five  years,  subject  to 
the  order  of  the  legal  representatives  of  the  deceased.  If  in  that  time 
they  are  not  called  for,  then  the  property  vests  in  the  county. 

It  is  made  the  duty  of  the  coroner  to  keep  a  book  of  record  in  which 
is  fully  detailed  all  the  circumstances  attending  every  inquest,  the  testi- 
mony of  witnesses,  etc.,  and  where  any  person  or  persons  are  implicated 
in  the  death,  to  arrange  to  have  such  witness  or  witnesses  knowing  the 
fact  appear  at  the  next  term  of  court. 

It  is  made  the  duty  of  the  foreman  to  bring  in  the  verdict,  which  will 
vary  according  to  circumstances,  as  follows: 

VERDICT    IN'    CASE   OF    Ml'RDER. 


;SS. 


MAIL   OF  

County,     \ 

At  an  inquest  held  at  the  house  of  A.  B.  in  the  town  of ,  county 

of ,  on  the day  of ,  iS — ,  bet.:     <      I  >      i coroner  or  jusl 

.   i  person  unknown], 

there  lying  dead,  the  following  jurymen  being  sworn  to  inquire  into  all 
the  circumstances  attending  the  death  of  the  said  E.  1*'.  \or,n  person 

unknown],  decide   that  one  G.  II.,  of  [or,  late  of]  the  town  of ,  in 

the  county  of ,  aforesaid,  [or  as  the  case  may  be]  on  the day 

of ,  in  the  year  iS — ,  at o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  thai 

made  an  assault  upon  the  body  of  the  deceased  with  a  rod  of  iron  [or  as 
the  case  maybe],  from  which  assault  wounds  were  inflicted  on   his  left 

breast,  causing    the  death  of  the  deceased  on  the day  of , 

iS— . 

[If  others  zvere  implicated  in  the  murder,  state  the  fact,  and  who.] 
In  witness  whereof,  the  jurors  have  to  this  verdict  set  their  hands  on 
the  day  of  the  inquest. 

[  To  be  signed  by  the  jurors.] 

The  justice  or  coroner  should  indorse  on  the  verdict  of  the  jury  his 
acceptance  thereof,  which  may  be  as  follows: 

The  within  verdict  was  made,  signed  and  delivered  to  me  this  — 

day  of ,  iS— .  A.  B.,  Coroner  or  "Justice  of  the  Peace. 

VERDICT    IV   <  ASE   OF   SlICIDE. 

At  an  inquest  held  [proceed as  in  case  of  verdict  for  murder],  decide 

that  the  said  O.  I*,  [or,  person  unknown]  did  on  the davof , 

iS — ,  at   the  town  ot  ,  in  said  countv  of ,  voluntarily  and  with 

his  own  hand  [here  state  the  nature  of  his  death],  from  which  art  he 
instantly  died  [or  as  the  case  may  be]. 

In  witness  whereof,  etc.  [as  hi  case  of  verdict  for  murder]. 


VERDICT    WHERE    DROWNED    HV     OCCIDENT. 

SI  \l  i.  "I 

County,      j 

At  an  inquest  held  [proceed  as  in  case  of  verdict  for  murder1, 

i  tru- 


th.it  the  said  K.  H..OH  t 


-  day  ol 


-,  in  the  countv  aforesaid,  went   into  

,  to  bathe,  and  was  accidentally  drowned. 

In  witness,  etc.  [as  in  ease  of  verdict  for  murder]. 


o'.lni  k    -.    M.. 

river  in  the  town  of 


VERDICT  IN*  CASE  OP  NATURAL  DEM  II. 

STATE  OF ) 

County,     fss' 

At  an  inqu<    t  hi  Id   [proceed  as  in  ease  of  verdict  for  murder] . 
that  the  said   E,  B  on  the day  of ,  at in  the  tow  n  of 

,  in  the  countv  aforesaid,  being  found  lying  on  the  highway  in  the 

town  of  [or  as  the  case  maybe),    with   00   marks   ol  pon    his 

uiie  to  his  death  from  natural  C3 
In  witness  whereof,  etc.  [as  in  case  of  verdict  for  murder.] 


REPORTS   OF   COMMITTEES. 

It  is  common  with  societies  and  assemblies  of  various  kinds  t«  entrust 

ial  work  of  such  society  or  assembly,  requiring  considerable  in- 

\  estigation,  to  a  committee  usually  consisting  of  three,  five  or  more,  who 

are  expected  to  examine  the  subject  which  they  are  appointed  to  investi- 
gate, and  at  a  certain  specified  time,  or  at  their  earliest  convei 

bring  in  a  written  report  of  their  conclusions. 

It  is  customary  to  have  such  committa   ol    in  odd  number,  as  three, 
.,  so  that  in  case  of  the  committee  failing  to  agree  there  can  be  a 

majority  vote,  and  a  majority  as  well  as  a  minority  repoi 

The  following-  may  serve  as  specimens  of  various  kinds  of  reports: 

MAJORITY    REPORT. 

To  the  Afayor  and  Aldermen  of  the  City  of  Aurora,  in  Common  Council 
assembled! 
Your  committee,  to  whom  was  referred  the  proposition  of  John  Jones 

to  the  city  a  gravel  bed,  comprising-  a  piece  of  land  of  four  rods 

bv  ten  in  size,  I  n  in  the  original  plat  of  the  i  nv 

of  Aurora,  having  had  the  same  under  advisement,  ask  leave  to  report 

■  I  ■■■  s,  to  wit ; 

The  gravel  in  this  bed,  though    not  of  the  uniform  quality  that    may 

be  desired,  is  yet  Sufficiently  good  to  answer  the  purpose  of  grading  the 

streets.    Thequantitv  in  this  lot,  according  to  estimate,  wilt  W  sufficient 

for  the  city's  use  in  the  east  division  of  the  city  for  the  next  live  years, 

and,  considering  it--  accessibility,  the  city  is  recommended  to  buy  the 

sly,  ti\  i  ' 


lot  at  the  price  offered,  namely,  five  hundred  dollars. 


I..  O.  IIII. I., 
II.   II.   EVANS. 


MINORITY    REPORT. 


To  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  the  City  of  Aurora,  in  Common  Council 
iKt.mbfed  : 

The  undersigned,  the  minority  of  a  committee  to  whom  was  referred 
the  proposition  of  fohn  Jones  to  sell  to  the  citj  ■'.  comprising 

a  piece  ot"  land  four  rods  bv  ten  in  si/e,  being  lot  four  in  block  ten  in  the 
Original  pint  of  the  city  of  Aurora,  having  had   the   same  under  advise- 

;  iks  leave  to  report  as  follows,  to  wit : 
The  gravel  m  this  ned  is  not  such  as  the  city  should  purchase  as  a 
being  in   certain    veins  too  fine,  and    in 

f daces  altogether  to<>  i  i   1 1  ft  9  there  are  other  points  in  the  city  where 

I  containing  gravel  which  is  much  better  adapted 
iveling  street^,  jusl  asai  cessible  and  quite  as  i 
the  undersigned  therefore  recommends  that  the  city  do  not  purchase  the 
lot  at  the  price  offered,  namely,  five  hundred  dollars. 

S.  B.  HAWLEY. 

REPORT   OF    T1IF   TREASURER    OF    AX    ASSOCIATION*. 

The  undersigned,  treasurer  of  the  New  York  Mutual  Benefit  A 

tion,  herewith  submits  his  annual  report: 

The  balance  in  the  trei  Is  at  the  commencement  of  the 

ear,  was  forty- four  (44)  dollars.      During  the  vear,  as  shown  by 
the  accompanying  exhibit  A.  which  is  hereto  appended,  there  have  been 
!  into  the  trei  11  sources, five  hundred  and  ninety  one 

(59l)  dollars  and  eighty  (our  (84)  cents.  During  the  same  time  the  ex- 
penditures have  been  two  hundred  and  f)  i: id  ten 
(10)  cents,  leaving  a  balance  in  the  treasury,  and  subject  to  the  order  of 
of  three  hundred  and  thirty-four  (334)  dollars  and 
seventy-four  (74)  cents. 

All  of  which  is  respectfullv  submitted. 

A.    VAN'   OSDKL,    Treasurer,  AT.  T.  Af.  B.  A. 


COPYRIGHT    LAW. 


Dr. 


New  York  Mutual  Benefit  Association-, 

To  A.  Van  Osdel,  Treas., 


1877. 

Dec.  31.  To  cash  paid  to  as- 
irarious  mem- 
bers   %  1 10.00 

TO  rent  paid  S.  B.,      70.00 

""  1  arpet 41.00 

"  stationery 5.10 

"   advertising 31.00 


I  r. 


$257.10 
Balance  on  hand..     ,;i  ;i 


$391.8+ 


Jan.     1.  By  balance  on  hand 
from    last    year's 

account §  +4.00 

Dec.  31.  By  due* 482.00 

"    initiation  fees  ..      64.00 
"   fines i.S+ 


$591.^4 


The  undersigned,  a  committee  appointed  for  the  purpose,  have  com- 
pared the  foregoing-  account  with  the  vouchers,  and  find  it  to  be  correct. 

ARTHUR  II.  KING, 
L.  A.  BRADLEY. 

REPORT    OF    A    SPECIAL    COMMITTEE    OX    CITY    HALL. 

The  Committee  on  City  Hall  beg  leave  to  submit  the  following  report: 
The  present  state  of  the  building  requires  the  early  attention  of  the 
city,  both  in  reference  to  needed  changes  in  the  arrangement  of  some  of 
the  rooms  and  in  general  repairs. 

The  roof  is  in  need  of  immediate  repair,  the  paint  being  so  worn 
away  as  to  leave  much  of  the  tin  exposed  to  the  weather,  which  is,  con- 
sequently, badly  rusted.  The  ceiling,  walls  and  seats  of  the  upper  hall 
also  require  calcimining  and  painting,  and  many  lights  of  glass  need 
resetting.  They  recommend  that  this  room  be  generally  repainted, 
which,  by  the  painter's  estimate,  annexed  and  marked  A,  can  be  done 
for  ninetv-one  (91)  dollars. 

In  connection  with  this  improvement,  they  recommend  the  remodel- 
ing of  the  office  of  city  clerk,  by  constructing  a  platform  eight  inches  in 
height  and  seven  feet  in  width  on  the  south  and  west  sides  of  the  room, 


with  a  low  railing  on  the  outer  side  of  the  same.  This  change  can  be 
cheaply  made  from  the  present  hi^h  railing  in  the  room,  which  should 
be  taken  down.  The  outer  doors  should  also  be  changed  to  swing  out, 
instead  of  in  as  they  now  do.  The  cost  of  these  changes  will  be  hut 
eighty-nine  (So)  dollars.  The  entire  sum  required  for  the  above  pur- 
poses' will  amount  to  one  hundred  and  eighty  (1S0J  dollars. 
All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

A.  B.  CUMMINGS,  ) 

NT.  E.  CUSHMAN,    -  Committee  on  City  Ma//. 

A.  W.  HAKTMAX.  ) 

A. 

ESTIMATE  FOR    PAINTING    ROOF    AND   INTERIOR    OF    L'PPER    HALL. 

For  painting  roof  two  coats,  mineral  paint. $26.00 

For  calcimining  ceiling  of  upper  hall. 14.00 

For  setting  seventeen  panes  of  large  glass. 9.00 

For  painting  walls  two  coats J $.00 

For  painting  and  graining  seats 18.00 

$91.00 
BARNARD  &  STONE,  Painters. 

REPORT    OF    COMMITTEE    AT    AX    AGRICULTURAL    FAIR. 

To  the  President  and  Superintendent  of  the  Washington  County  Pair: 

Gentlemen  —  Your  committee  to  whom  was  assigned  the  duty  of 
deciding  concerning  the  relative  merit  of  swine  on  exhibition  at  this 
show,  make  the  following  report: 

The  exhibit  of  different  breeds  is  good,  there  being  nine  distinct 
classes  in  the  exhibition.     Of  these,  for  size,  clean! i:  enerally 

superior  condition,  the  first  premium  is  awarded  to  four  animals  of  the 
Poland  China  breed,  in  pen  C,  division  four.     The  second  premium  is 
given  to  pen  D,  division  three,  containing  three  animals,  Suffolks,  which 
are  to  be  commended  for  their  great  weight,  considering  their  age. 
Very  Respectfully       '  ARTHl'R  MOXROE, 

WILBUR  HANCHETT, 
DEXTER  D.  BROWN. 


DIRECTIONS   FOR  SECURING  COPYRIGHTS. 


1.  A  printed  copy  of  the  title  of  the  book,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or 
musical  composition,  engraving,  cut,  print,  photograph,  or  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  Btatue,  statuary,  or  model  or 
design  for  a  work  >>f  the  tine  arts,  for  which  copyright  is  desired, 
must  be  sent  by  mail,  or  otherwise,  prepaid,  addressed 

LIBRARIAN  OF  CONGRESS, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
This  must  be  done  before  publication  of  the  book  or  other  article. 

2.  Copyright  Fees— A  fee  of  50  cents,  for  recording  the  title  of 
each  book  or  other  article,  must  be  enclosed  with  the  title  as  above, 
and  50  cents  in  addition  (or  $1  in  all)  for  each  certificate  or  copyright, 
under  seal  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  which  will  be  transmitted  by 
an  early  mail. 

3.  To  Perfect  Copyright — Within  ten  days  after  publication  of 
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issued  must  be  forwarded  by  mail,  under  free  labels  sent  by  the 
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LIBRARIAN  OF  CONGRESS, 

Washington,   D.  c. 
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by  the  senders.     Without  the  deposit  of  copies  above  required,  the 
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4.  Notice  of  Copyright— No  copyright  hereafter  issued  Is 
unless  notice  i-  given  by  inserting  in  every  copy  published,  on  the 
title-page,  or  the  page  following,  if  it  be  a  book;  or.  if  a  map,  chart, 
musical  composition,  print,  cut,  engraving,  photograph,  painting, 
drawing,  chromo,  statue,  statuary,  or  model  or  design  intended  to  be 
perfected  as  a  work  of  the  fine  arts,  by  inscribing  upon  some  portion 
of  the  face  or  front  thereof,  or  on  the  race  ol  the  substance  on  which 
the  same  is  mounted,  the  following  words,  viz.  :  Sintered  according 
to  act  of  Congress,  year — ,  by ,  in  //■< 

Libraria      ■    <  Washington.     Or  thus:     Copyright,  IS — , 

by  A.  n 

The  law  imposes  a  penalty  of  $100  upon  an  j  person  who  hae  not 
obtained  copyright  who  shall  insert  notice  "  Entered  according  to  act 
press"  etc.,  or  l* copyright"  or  words  of  the  same  import,  iu 
or  upon  anj  i k  or  other  article. 

5  Translations, Etc. —Any  author  may  reserve  the  right  to  trans- 
late or  to  dramatize  his  own  work.  In  this  case,  notice  should  be 
given  by  printing  the  words.  Sight  of  translation    reserved,  oi   All 


rights  reserved,  below  the  notice  of  copyright  entry,  and  notifying  the 
Librarian  of  Congress  of  such  reservation,  to  be  entered  upon  the 
record. 

6.  Duration  of  Copyright— Each  copyright  secures  the  exclusive 
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twenty-eight  years.  Sis  months  befo  d  of  that  time,  the 
author  or  designer,  or  his  widow  or  children,  may  secure  a  renewal 
for  the  further  term  of  fourteen  years,  making  forty-two  y< 

all.  Applications  for  renewal  must  be  accompanied  bv  explicit  state- 
ment of  ownership,  in  the  case  of  the  author,  or  of  relationship,  in 
the  case  of  in  d  must  state  definitely  the  date  and   p 

entry  of  the  original  copyright. 

7.  Time  of  Publication— The  time  within  which    any  work  copy- 
righted   may    be    issued  from  the  press  is    not   limited  by  any    law   "or 
regulation,  but  depends  apon   the  discretion   of  the  proprietoi 
copyright  may  be  secured  for  a  projected  work  as  well  as  for  a  com- 
pleted one. 

8.  Assignment — Any  copyright  is  assignable  in  law  by  any  instru- 
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fee  for  this  record  and  certificate  is  one  dollar. 

9.  Copies,  or  Duplicate  Certificates— A  copy  of  the  record  (or 
duplicate  e)  of  any  copyright  entry  will  be  furnished  under 
seal,  al  the  rate  of  fifty  cents  each. 

10.  To  Be  Copyrighted  Separately— in  the  i    -  cs  pub- 
lished in  more  than  one  volume,  if  issued  or  sold  separs 
periodicals  published  In  numbers,  or  of  engravings,  photographs,  or 
other  articles  published  with  variation-,  a  copyright  is  to  be  taken  out 
of  each  volume  of  a  book,  or  number  of  a  periodical,  or  variety 

size  or  inscription,  of  any  Other  article. 

11.  Copyrights  for  Works  of  Art— To  secure  a  copyright  for  a 
painting,  statue,  model  or  design  intended  to  d  as  a  work 
of  the  fine  art>,  so  a>  to  prevent  infringement  bj  copying,  eng 

or  vending  such  design,  a  definite  description  musi  accompany  the 
application  for  copyright,   u  ograph  of  the  same,  at   U 

-  "  cabinet    size,"  must  be  mailed  to  the  Librarian  of  Ci 
within  ten  day-  from  the  completion  of  the  work. 

12.  Full  Name  of  Proprietor  Required—  K\<-ry  applicant  for  a 
copyright  must  state  distinctly  the  name  and  residence  of  the  claim- 
ant, and  whether  tl  claimed  as  author,  designer,  or  pro- 
prietor.    No  affidavit  or  formal  application  is  required. 


288 


-I- 


Important  Facts  and  Tables  for  Reference 

Compiled,  Condensed,  Tabulated  and  Arranged  Expressly  for  This  Work. 

Presidents  of  the  United  States.  Where  They  Lived.  Where  They  Died,  and  Where  Buried. 


11.. m 

InaUU'd 
laio 

■ 

that 
time. 

Term  i.t  I  Iffloe 


•  m   \<  hat  Died. 


Whs 


When  i 


.....  Washington., 
John  a.i 

Tin.-.  Jeffei  -■■n    . 
James  '■' 

John  Q    I  

Andrew  Jackson. 

U.  \  .in  Bnren 

Win.  H.  Harrison. 
John  Tyler 
James  K   Polk.... 

.  i  lllmore. 
Franklin  Pleroe. . 
,i  .  r  r  i .     Buchanan 

•At.ril'ln 

Aii.li.w  Johnson. 
Dlysset 

Uas.  A. ' 
C.   \    \i  tin a 

i.  \ .  I. in. I 


.Va.... 
.Mass  . 

.Va.... 
.Va.... 
.T.'iui. 

.Va.... 
.Tenn, 
.La.... 
N  Y 

\  ii 

.IVllli. 

.III.... 
.Tenn. 
111.... 

.Ohio 

V  V 

N.  V.. 


1732 

17-13 
IT. I 
1758. 
I7't7. 
1787. 
17- J 

177:i 
1790. 
1795.. 

I7SI 

Is,., 

ISM 

17' 1 1 

1809. 

1808 

1822 

1822. 

1MS1. 

I-  17 


17--. 
17:.T. 
1801. 
1809. 
1HI7. 
1825. 

I-  :7 
1841. 

1K4I. 

I- 1 . 
1849 
1850. 
1853 

I-  .7 
1881 
1865 
1889 

1-77 
1^1 

1885 


,8j(  its Dec.    14,  179 

Julj      I    1826     'I 

.»  vi-nr. .lull        I     I--1'       s.i 

lune  28.  IH 

m    lulv      I.  1831.  .72. 

.     Feb.    28,  1848,  ,80. 

lune    8,  1845  .78. 

i  Julv   24,  1862. .80. 

.1  in. .nth April    4,  1841    ,68. 

.3  v.  ll  mot  Ian.    17.  1881. .78 

.4  roan June  15,  1849    "it 

.1  j.  4  in.  5  il lulv     !'.  1850 

J  v   7  in.  26 d... March  B,  I874..74. 

i  r,  ir   I  Kit      S   is'. 

,  June    1. 1868    77 

l\l  mi.  in  il... April  15,  1- 
.:i  v.  l0m.20d...Jolj  Ml.  1H7.-...H7. 

.8 years Into  L':t.  lk- 

..... 

,iii,i.  i  .  ■  pi    19   I8B1     50 

,3y.5m.  I5d     .  Hoy.    18,  If 


i  >r\ n^-iii     Mmiihi  Vernon. 
.'  'I. I  Age Qulncy,  :1 

.Old  Ak'.- M. ml  I.. -11.,.  Vi, 


Old  Age tfontpeller,  Va 

.Old  Age New  York 

r.ii1'    i   Washington  1 1  I 

Drop  i  ii.  i  nut  ige.  Tenn.. . 

i  H.l  Age Kin. I.  rh. ...k.  N    Y 

.Political  Orern  It    W  .  Iilngton,  D.  i '. . 

.Apoplexy Richmond,  Vn 

Nashville,  Tenn.      . 

Biliou    Dlsoi  del      Washington,  D.  C.. 

Paralysis Buffalo,  N.  x 

Concord    N.  ll 

ii.  hi,.  Pneumonia.  Wheatland,  Pa 

.Bullet  Wound.       Washing! D.  <'.. 

.Paralysis QreenvlTle,  Tenn... 

i   mot  i Mr  McGregor,  N.  Y. 


Mount  Vernon,  Vn 

Ii.  n.   .th  I  n i t.i i  i  hi  .  Ii    .it    i ,.i i in.  \ .  Moss. 

Near  Montlcello,  Vn 

Center  of  a  large  Held  al  Montpelier,  Va. 

Solly* 1 1  lemeters  .  Rli  hmond,  Va 

th  Unitarian  Cn.  at  ', a    m 

ll  in  1 1  it  hi.'.'  ii  in-  tri.in  Nashvuie,  Tenn, 

Kinder! k,  N.  V  

North  Bend,  Ohio,  15  mil,--  wi    toft  m 

Bollywood  Cemetery . Kiel ml   tie 

Qardenol  homestead  al  NashTtue.Tenn. 

Frankfort,  Ky 

Forest  Lawn  Cemetery,  Buffalo,  N.  Y 

i  il.l  Oemeterj   I  Uncord,  Nil 

Woodward  liin  i  smi  '■  i  j   Lane  i  ber.Pa. 

(ink  Ridge  Cemetery,  Springfield,  111 

Qreent  lue  Tenn 

Rlvi  i  it    Park,  N.  Y 


Bullet  Wound i.< .us'  Branch,  N.  .1. .  Lake  View  Cemetery,  Cleveland,  0  . 

.Apoplexy New  v.uk Albany,  N.  Y 


•    Abrahnni  Lincoln  died  friuii  tin-  effects  of  a  plstol'Shot,  fired  by  John  wilk,-*  Booth,  at  Ford's  Theatre,  Washington,  ontl venlng  -.f  April  it.  1865. 

Helived  ind  died  the  next  morning, 

,    president  rlesJ  Qultean,  at  Washington,  July  2, 1881.  and  died  at  Long  Branch,  N.  J.,  Sept.  Is,  1881.    Bor  this  crime,  On 

gton   D.C.,  in"  SO,  is.sj. 

Governors.  State  Senators  and  Representatives— When  Elected,  and  Terms  of  Office. 


■ 
Territories. 


When  election  for  State 
■  ifflcei  -  i-  held. 


office  i>f 
Gottnmrf. 


Term  of       Tfrm  of 
office  of       i 

•tins 


Whrii  ].ik»islat:ir<-  unit-. 


]-t  Hondas  in  AugUBt ?:*.<« m > 

1st  Tuesday  In  Noi 

i-t  Hondas  In  Sepl        ....       '*  >' 

. .    i  n    ..it    i   i  Hon    in  v  ■ 

in  ;.u    I  t  Hon  ni  Nov — 3,000. 

Tu.  aft  1st  Uon  hi  Nnv — 2,000. 

Dakota Isl  Tuesday  In  Mo* 2,600. 

Delaware Tu.  aft    I  -->  •> " »- 

To  afl    i  -i  Mon   In  Noi        3 

.   IstWi  dnesdaj  In  i  id 4.<h«.. 

i.;  ,i,..  1st  Tuesday  In  Noi       'J.''-""' 

Tu    .mi    i    i  Hon    mi  Noi ,.   .6.000. 

Tu.  lift.  1st  Hon.  in  Mot. .. .6.000 

Tu.  afi.  1>(  Hon.  in  Noi  - 

Tu.  uft.  i -i  Hon.  m  Not 3,000. 

Kentucky 1st  Monday  In  Aug.., 

nn Tu.  ait.  3d  Hon.  In  Apr 4,000. 

2nd  Hondas  In  Sepl  1,500. 

,.t    Tu    alt     l-I   Uon.   in  NOI  I     *  •  I 

i  :   .        I      1      M I    NOI 

Michigan   Tu.  aft.  1  t  Mon.  In  Kov.... 1,000. 

,    Tu.  aft.  1st  Mon.  In  No  v. . .  .3,000. 

-.I  ;.,  i.  aft.  1  hi  Hon    ni  Noi    ...4,000 

Hissourl Tu.  afl    i   t  Mon    In  '•■■'■        5.000 

1st  Tuesday  In  Noi    2.600 

, Tu.  nft.  i-t  Hon   ni  Noi 

Tu.  aft  i-t  Hon   in  Noi     .  t.'-.i 

.       Ml     NmV.   ...1,000 

New  Mexico 1st  Tuesday  In  Noi  1,600 

-,.i.,..  in    mi    i  i  Hon    mi  ■-. .1  .    ,  S,i » »i 

.    in    i  Hon.  in  Not   ..10,000. 

1 1  olina Tu  ait.  i-t  Hon.  mi  Noi 

2nd  i  uesdaj  mi  <  tctobei   ..   1.000 

Oregon     1st  Monday  in  June.  I      ■ 

in  Nov.. .10,000. 

i-t  Wednesda]  In   Ipril.     .1  000 

St.uiii  Carolina Tu.  aft.  i-t  Mon.  In  Noi        I     » 

.     l-t  TImii   day  In  ,..4,000. 

,.     ,  Tu    -      I  1,000 

..  i-t  Honda]  In  Luga  I  2,600 

Ver nt l-t  Tuesdaj  In  Sen,  I 

Virginia  Tu.  aft.  Isl  Mon.  In  Noi 

Bfton i-t  Tuesdaj  In  Noi 

Erginia Tu 

Wisconsin Tu.  aft.  1st  Hon.  in  Hot        »,00 

Wyoming. l-i  Tuesdaj  In  Sepl 

*  From  5  cents  t>>  4"  cents  p*  i  mile  I 


I     i  ■ 


- 1  I-  i  day i  yean 

..4  per  day  j 

6  per  flay 4 ,. 

■ h  per  day  4.  ..■•. . 

»  !■■  i  daj        . .  ..4...".., 

300 pel    i  --i"n  . .  ..!'...■'.. . 

' 4  per  'lay 2. ..". ., 

..•■ 9 pei  daj 4. ,.*■  —  2 

..•• 6pei  day ...4. ,."  —  2 

..'• 4  per  day i 

..•• i  per  day -. .." 2 

..■■ 5  per  day 4.  ..■■ 2 

1 ■  i"  ■    i  or. ...... .4..." 

nn 4. 

R    lii-r   .  1  f i  V 


..4... 

..4... 

•> 

'.A.'.'. 

i 

'.'a'." 

..4... 
..4... 

1 
..2... 
.4... 

..8... 

..:t... 

..4... 

^i 

.'.'4.'.".' 
..4... 
..1... 
..2... 
..Ii... 

..4... 

..4,.. 

.4... 

...4... 

..2... 

...4... 


..•J.  .• 
..4.    ."' 

..4../' 
., 

'.'.2.'.'." 
.  *.  ." 
..2. 

..2. 


-i  per  day 4. .. 

■ 5  per  day   4.  ■"•-- 

4  per  day 4...". . . 

• isV»  i>cr  session  , 

■ 5  per  day 4.  ..•■.. . 

«;.">'>  p  i        i"n   .. ,i ...'•.. . 

■ :i  per  day 2..."... 

■ ."■  i"  i  daj 

' 90 

' 5  per  das 

' i  i"i  'i  i  \ 

• :i  pei  d 

■ '■'•  per  ds 

I  per  daj        ....2..."... 

...      -00  per  a     Ion  .  . .  M. ..".., 

■ 1,500 pei  Ion., . .-. ..". . . 

' 4  per  day 2..."... 

* 5  per  day 2. .."... 

■ 3  per  das  -  .4. ..". . 

1,000  i"  '  lecslon  ,...4..."., 

' 1  per  day  i..".. 

* 5  per  day 4...". . 

• 4  per  day  — 

* ... .4...". . 

' 4  in   r    ili  v        .  .      .       2 

■ 2..."... 

' .'i4"  per  session 4..."... 

' 4  jut  day 2 

" 4  per  das     *•  ■-"* 

:i-"r<i  per 

i  per  «t;i\ 


n....'J.. 
..2. 


Biennially. 
.2.. ."....Biennially.. 

.2. .  .'• Blennl  illy.. 

i  Blennl 

.2......     Blennlalls   , 

.1. .." Vmiuallv  .. . 

.2. -."...    Bl 

.2..." Bienn 

2...". 

2...".   .   .      I'll    IMM.lllV.   . 

.2. .."... .Biennially.. 

unially. . 

2,  .  ."  .  .       I'.i .ill--     . 

.2  ..•'..,  Blennlalls 
,2...*'  . .  Biennl  dlj 
.2.  ."....Biennially. 
Bit  nnlally.. 

.2.  ..■• Biennially. . 

.2...". 

.1 .  ..■■ Annually  ... 

.2.  ..■• Biennially. . 

i.  ."  .  .Biennially.. 
.2.. ."....Bienn 

.2.  ..■• Blennl  ills 

.2...- . . .  Blennl 
,2..."..,  Biennially  . 
.•J...", 

.2. .."... .Biennially... 

.I..." Annually  .. . 

,  1  .  .." \  11111191  ll  v  .. . 

2,  ,."  ..  Bli  oniall]  . 
.2. ..-. -  Biennially. 
.2..." 

.2. . .■• Bl<  unially  . 

I  \nu>i.i  11]    ... 

.2.  .." Umuallv  .. . 

.2...", 

.2...-  .     Bit  n | 

2...'-.   .   Blei | 

2.. ."....Biennially.. 
.Biennially.. 
■    ■ 
2. ...  Bli  unially. . 

l..." Biennially.. 

2...- Biennially. . 


.Tu.  aft.  2nd  Hon.  in  Nov 

i  i  Uond  is  in  January 

,2nd  Hondas  In  January 

i   i  u<  "1.1.1  j  after  Jo  □  no  i  j   I 

i  t  \\  ednesda  f  In  Janoai  j 

it  v\  ed    tit    i  '  m i  mi 

.2nd  Tueada  j  In  Ji 

.  1st  Tuesday  in  January    

.Tu.  after  i>t  Hon    In  Jon 
,  i  i  Wedne  idaj  In  November, 

2nd  m la  |  In  i b*  i 

1st  wed    'I'    it  Hi  i. 

Tim.  after  lei  Hon.  In  J  in 

■ 
.2nd  Tuesdas  In    Foi 

.Last  day  in  December 

■i  May  .  .. 

i  -t  u  ednesdaT  In  January. .. 
.  i  -t  Wednesda  j  In 
.  [gt  Wedn     ■  !■'  ■■  In  Jan 
.i-t  Wednesda  r  In  Jan 

Tu.  after  1st  Hon.  In  Jan 
.Tu.  after  i  si  Hon   In  Jan 

i-t  Wednesda]  aft  Jan.  l 

.2nd  Monday  In  January 

1st  Tueada]  In  January 

i-t  Honda]  in  .I.- 

.1st  Wednesda]  In  Juni 

i   i  Monday  In  Janus  i  ■ 
.2nd  Tuesday  In  Janus  i 

.1st  Tuesday  In  i  u 

.i-t  Wed.  aft  i-t  Hon  in  J  in 

i  t  Honday  m  January 

m  Hondas  '"  Januai  y 

.  Ji ry 

.Last  Tu-  aday  In  Ha] 

.4th  Tui  ■  nber .... 

.l-t  Honday  In  January 

In  Januai 

.2nd  Honday  In  January 

.  i-t  Wedm   daj  .tober  . .. 

,  l -t  Wednesdas  In  December. 

.  i  st  Honday  Li tober 

.2nd  Wetfnesd  ty  in  January. . 
.2nd  Wednesday  In  January., 
.2nd  Tuesday  in  Januai 


. .  .r»'i  days 
.  60  da] 

.  .60  days 
..40  days 
. .  None . - 

■ 
. .  None  . , 

.  las  - 

..40  days 

■     ■    ■ 

Vim 

00  da] 
■ 
i 
..60  days 

■ 
.  .None  . . 

■ 
.  None . . 
.  .None . . 
60days 
■  ■ 
.  7"  days 
.  60days 

.  None . . 

None  . . 

■ 

.  N'nnt.- . . 
..40  'lays 

■ 
.150  days 
,.150  days 
■ 

la 

.   Nunc  . . 

BO  da; 
.  60  days 

.  .4.".  flays 

.  .None  . . 
,..60  days 


allowed  RepreeentAtfTes,  In  some  Stat'--.  In  going  t<.  and  from  the  seat  <•(  gorernment 


TABLES  OF  WEIGHTS,  MEASURES,  AND   VARIATION  OF  TIME. 


289 


WEIGHTS. 


Troy. 

21  grains  (gr/t  1  pennyw'ht,— dwt. 

20  uwts 1  ounce,—  oz. 

3.2  grains,  1  carat,  diamond  wt, 

By  this  weight  gold,  silver,  and 

jewels    only  are   weighed.      The 

ounce  and  pound  in  this,  are  the 

same  as  in  apothecaries1  weight. 

Apothecaries'. 

20  grains 1  scrapie. 

3  scruples 1  drachm. 

8  drs 1  ounce. 

12  ozs 1  pound. 

Avoirdupois. 

16  drams  (drs.}  1  ounce,— oz. 

16  ozs 1  pound,— lb.     " 

25  lbs l  Quarter, — qr.* 

4  quarters 100  weight,— ewt. 

20  cwts 1  ton. 

*  Formerly  28  lbs.  were  allowed 
to  the  quarter,  hut  the  practice  Is 
now  nearly  out  of  use  excepting 
in  thecoal  mines  in  Pennsylvania, 
the  Eastern  fish  markets,  and  the 
U.  S.  Custom  House. 

Grains  are  the  same  in  each  of 
the  above  weights. 
5,760  grains,  apothecaries*  or  troy 

weight 1  lb. 

7,000    grains,   avoirdupois 
weight 1  lb. 

Therefore,  144  lbs.  avoir,  equal 
175  lbs.  apoth.  or  troy. 

Of  Liquids. 

1  gallon  oil  weighs  9.32  lbs.  avoir. 
1  gallon  distilled  water,  8.35  lbs. 
1  gallon  sea  water,  10.3-2  lbs. 
1  gallou  proof  spirits,  9.0a  lbs. 

Miscellaneous. 

IliOX,  LEAD,  ETC. 

14  lbs 1  stone. 

21  %  stones 1  nig. 

8  pigs 1  fother. 

BBSP,   FOUK,  ETC. 

200  lbs 1  barrel. 

196  lbs.  i  flour) 1  barrel. 

100  lbs.  (fish  i 1  quintal. 


MEASURES. 


Dry. 

2  pints 1  quart,— nt. 

8  quarts 1  peck,—  pk. 

4  necks  1  bushel,—  hu. 

36  bushels 1  chaldron. 

1  United   States  standard  i  Win- 

chester]  bushel — 18k  Inches 
in  diameter,  and  8  inches 
deep— contains  2150.42  cubic 
inches. 

Liquid  or  Wine. 

4  gills 1  pint— pt. 

2  pints 1  quart— qt. 

4  quarts 1  gallon— gal. 

31 '/2  gallons 1  barrel— bbl. 

rels 1  hogshead— hhd. 

U.  S.   standard 

gallon 231  cubic  Inches. 

Beer  gallon  ..  .231        "  " 

31   •'  "    ..-.1  bbl. 

Time. 

60  seconds       ...1  minute. 

60  minutes 1  hour. 

24  hours l  day. 

7  days 1  v.  eek. 

4  weeks 1  lunar  month. 

"Vl^iays  °r  5 1  calendar  month. 
30  days...' 1  month, (in com- 
puting interest  i. 
52  weeks  and  1  day....  >- 
12  calendar  months...  \  A  *»*■ 
365  days,  5  hours,  48  minutes,  and 
49  seconds 1  solar  year. 

Circular. 

60  seconds 1  minute, 

60  minutes 1  degree. 

30  degrees 1  sign. 

90  degrees 1  quadrant. 

4 quadrants »  ,  Hrr]p 

360  degrees J  1  circie- 

A  convenient  method  of  finding 
the  difference  in  time  between 
two  places,  is  to  notice  their  dis- 
tance apart  In  degrees  of  longi- 
tude, and  allow  4  minutes  to  each 
degree,  based  on  the  following 
calculation: 

1440  minutes 1  day, 

or  revolution  of  the  earth. 
1   revolution  of  the  earth  is 
;piii  di'u'iiTs;  ihei  efoie. 

1  degree 4  minutes. 


MEASURES. 


Long. 

DISTANCE. 

3     barleycorns..  1  inch.— in. 
12     ins 1  foot,— ft 

3     ft 1  yard.—  yd. 

5M  yds 1  rod.—  rd. 

40     rds 1  furlong,— fur. 

8      fur lmile. 

CLOTH. 

2  tf  Inches 1  nail. 

4     n, nN 1  quarter. 

4     quarters 1  yard. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

3  inches 1  palm. 

4  inches 1  hand. 

6     inches 1  span. 

is     inches l  cubit. 

21.8  inches 1  Bible  cubit. 

2H  feet l  military  pace. 

3     feet 1  common  pace. 

Square. 

144  sq.  ins 1  sq.  foot 

9  sq.  f t 1  sq.  j  ■!  ■  '. 

30&  sq.  yds 1  sq.  roa. 

40  sq.  rods l  rood. 

4  roods 1  acre. 

Surveyors*. 

7-92  inches 1  link. 

25  links 1  rod. 

4rods 1  chain. 

10  square  chains,  t  -,  „„,.„ 
160  square  rods...  j  '  '"  "  ■ 
640  acres 1  square  mile 

Cubic. 

1728  cubic  inches.    ..1  cubic  foot. 

•27  ni.  ic  feet 1      '■    yard. 

128  cubic  feet 1  cord  |  wood,  i 

40  cubicfeet...l  ton  I  shipping,  i 

2150.42  cubic  in...l  standard  in. 

268-8         ■*     "  ...1         "        gal. 

lcuhic  ft.,  four-fifths  ol  a  bushel. 

To  find  the  number  of  bushels 
in  a  bin  of  any  dimensions,  find 
the  number  of  "cubic  feel  bv  mul- 
tiplying the  three  dimensions  ol 

the  bin  in  feet;  deduct  one-fifth, 
and  the  result  Is  the  number  of 
bushels. 


PAPER. 

The  Sizes  in  Inches. 


Flat  Writing-Papers. 

Flat  Letter 10  x  16 

Flat  Cap 14  i  17 

Double  Flat  Letter.  .     ...   :■ 

Flat  Foolscap ...13x16 

Crown 15  X  19 

Folio  Post 17  \  22 

Demv lti  x  21 

Medium ) 

Check  Folio 17  \  24 

Hank  Folio 19  x  24 

Double  Cap 17x28 

Royal  : 

Super  Roval  

Imperial ' 23x31 

Of  the  different  sizes  there  are 
also  several   different  weic 

e,  ;<s  Demy  20,  22  24  26 
and  28  lbs.  per  ream. 

Stationers  usually  rule,  cut  and 
fold  the  sizes  required  to  make 
the  various  styles  of  letter  and 
note  papers  — a  flat  sheet  making 
one,  two  or  four  sheets  of  letter 
or  note  paper. 

Ledger  Papers. 

Flat  Cap 14  x  17 

Crown    15  x  19 

Folio l  ;  v  22 

Demy....    16  \  -„'i 

Medium 18  x  23 

Roval 19x24 

Super  Roval 20x28 

Imperial 23  x  31 

Elephant 23  x  2S 

Book  Papers. 

The  usual  sizes  of  these,  from 
the  different  American  and  Eng- 
lish manufacturers,  differ  but 
little  from  the  above,  except  to 
fill  special  orders. 

Paper  Counts. 

24  sheets 1  quire. 

10K  <"iires l  token. 

20  quires 1  ream. 

2  reams 1  bundle. 

5  bundles 1  bale 

Units  of  Anything. 

12  pieces 1  »b 

12  dozen l  gross. 

12  gross 1  great  gross. 

20  units 1  score. 


Railway  Signals. 


One  pull  of  bell-cord  signifies  "stop." 
Two  pulls  mean  "go  ahead." 
Three  pulls  signify  "back  up." 
One  whistle  signifies  "down  brakes." 
Two  whistles  mean  "  off  brakes.** 
Three  whistles  signify  "  back  up." 
Continued  whistles  indicate  "danger." 
Rapid  short  whistles,  "a  cattle  alarm." 
A  sweeping  parting  of  the  hands,  on  a  level 
with  the  eyes,  signifies  **  go  ahead  " 

A  slowly  sweeping  meeting  of  the  hands, 
overthe  head,  means  "back: Slowly  " 

Downward  motion  of  the  hands,  with  ex- 
tended arms,  signifies  "stop." 

Reckoning  motion  of  one  hand.  Indicates 
"back." 

A  red  flag  waved  up  the  track.  Signifies 
"danger." 

A  red  flag  standing  by  the  roadside,  means 
"danger  ahead." 

A  re. j  flag  carried  on  a  locomotive,  signifies 
"an  engine  following." 

A  red  flag  raised  at  a  station,  is  a  signal  to 
stop." 

A  lantern  at  night  raise. I  and  lowered  ver- 
tically, is  a  signal  to  "start." 

A  lantern  swung  at  right  angles  across  the 
track,  means  "stop." 

A  lantern  swuug  in  a  circle,  signifies  "back 

the  train." 


Difference  of  Time  between  Washington 
and  other  Cities  of  the  World. 

12.00  o'clock  (noon)  at Washington. 

12.12  ..  " P.M New  York. 

12.24  ..  " "  ...  Boston. 

12.27  ..  " " Portland. 

1.87  -.  " " St.  John  (N.  F). 

3.19  ..  " " Angra(Azores). 

4.31   ..  "  " Lisbon. 

4.4/J  ..    " " Dublin. 

4.55  ..  " " Edinburgh. 

5.07  -•  " " London. 

5.17  ..  " " Paris. 

5.58  ..  " " Rome. 

6.02  -.  "  " Berlin. 

ti.14  ..  " " Vienna. 

6.39  ■■  " "  CapeTown. 

7.04  ..  " " Constantinople. 

11.03    -■   '* " Calcutta. 

12.54  ..  " v.M Pekin. 

2.48  ..  " " Melbourne. 

4.53  ..  " " Lackland, 

8.58  ..  " "  San  Francisco. 

9.40  ..  " " Salt  Lake. 

11.08  ..  " " New  Orleans. 

11.18  ..  " " Chicago. 

11.52  ..  " "  Buffalo. 

12.00  ..  "  ....(noon) Lima  (Peru). 


United  States  Land  Measure.  + 


TOWNSHIP. 


6 

5    |    4    ,    3       2    |    1 

7   |   8   1   9   I  10  |  11      IS 

!8      IT      16      IS     M      IS 

19     20     2]      22     ■»     24 

30  1  29  |  2S     27     26     25 

31      32  |  S3  |  34  | 

H.  \v. 

X.   T.. 

s.  w. 

S.  E. 

Each   section    lias 
fourquartei  - 

tlons,  designated 

as     aboi  i 
containing     1  00 

t  la  Sctcnl  SUUa. 

The  township  is  six  miles  square,  divided  into 
36  square  miles  or  sections,  numbered  asabore, 
each  containing  H40  acres. 

SM  IXLSB  LAND  DIVISION'S. 

The  following  table  will  assist  In  making  an 
estimate  of  the  amount  of  land  In  field?  and  lots. 

{lOrods     x    16  rods 1      acre. 

irds  \  968  yards l 

et     r  198  feet 1 

25  feel      i  125  feet 0717  " 

!.  ft.,  .in  acre.    10890 sq.  rt.,  .25 
81780      "       .50     "        82670      "      .75 
S  Or  any  two  numbers  whose  product  is  160. 
f  Or  anj  two  numbers  wbose  product  is  4,840. 
;  Or  any  two  numbers  \\  hose  product  Is  43,560. 


ly 


290 


TABLES  OF  WEIGHTS,  MEASURES.  WOODS,  HEAT,  COLD.  WAGES,  Etc. 


Weights  of  a   Cubic  Foot. 


Metals. 


WHIGS 


Platlna    1.818  IS 

I" 1,808  in 

i  \   848  1  .' 

Lead    .  709  | 

Pure  Silver, 685  18 

steel 4s?  18 

Tin  i:.,-  n 

I  ron I 

i  517  i 

Brass  648  18 

188  18 

■The  value  of  ■  ton  of  pure 
(told  i-  t608,  798  81 

lint-  nf  a  Con  of  slh it 

'$1,000.0011  gold  coin  welch 

ivordnpols. 
l$1.000.000sllvei  coin  weigh 
9  lbs.  avordupols. 


Earth,  Stone,  Ac. 


Substance. 


Italian  Marhlr.... 169  4 

Vermont  Marble. 165  9 
Window  Glass.  ...166 

Common  Stone. ..157  8 

Molsl  Sand 188 

('las    1 

ISri.'k   lis  18 

M.. liar 109  6 

Mud mi  1 1 

Loose  Earth 93  18 

56  I 

Lackawanna,  li  n  is<  ,48  10 


Liquids. 


Substance. 


Lbs.    Oz. 


Honey 90  10 

\  Inegax 67  8 

Bl 1 65  11 

64  10 

.Miik i;i  a 

Cider       63  10 

Tar 63  7 

Rain  Water 62  8 

Linseed  Oil 58  18 

llran.lv 57  18 

lee 57  8 

Alcohol  49  10 


Croceries. 


or. 

Subtita 

Lb: 

0 

Sugar 

.100 

,,ii 
9 

58 
58 

5 

6 

8 

14 

56 

15 

Miscellaneous. 

Substance. 

/.;.. 

Oz. 

i  ndla  Kubber... 
Pressed  Baj   ... 
Pressed  Cotton.. 

...56 

25 

...85 

7 

Woods. 

Sttbstani  ' . 

Lbs. 

Oz. 

iv 66 

White   Oak                  53 

Ash 58 

Bed  Hickory 52 

Apple 49 

Maple 46 

Cherrv 44 

Shellhark  Hlckory.48 

Pitch  Pine  41 

Chestnut 38 

Birch 85 

5 

5 

2 

7 

12 

13 

6 

9 

14 

11 

4 
2 

7 

Yellow  Pine 

33 

.31 
...28 
...88 

...15 

1 
4 
13 
8 

Difference  In  Weight  of  W i. 

Green  and  Dry. 

GRKEN. 

Substance. 

Lb: 

Oz. 

Kin,' 

Ash     

American  Pine. 

...71 
60 

...58 

1 1 

10 

3 
12 

DRY. 

English  Oak 

Ash 

...43 

8 
4 
6 

American  I'm.- 30    11 


Woods  for  Fuel. 

Taking  shellbark  hlckorv  as 
the  highest  standard  of  our 
mi  esl  trees,  ami  calling  thai 
hundred,  other  trees  will 

wiiii  ii  in  real  value, 

t"i    fuel,  a-  fotlOWS' 

Shellbark  Hlckon loll 

1  Ignul    III.  km  \ ii:, 

»  bite  oak ' si 

\\  I. ile    \-li 77 

l>"s'« 1  75 

Scrub-Oak 73 

il.,   i  1 72 

Apple  Tree 70 

w  hlte  Beech 69 

Black  Blrcb 65 

Hani   Maple ,r, 

Black  Walnut 68 

Yellow  dak i.ii 

w  bite  Elm 58 

l;.,l  oak 56 

Red  Cellar 56 

-  berry 55 

Pine 54 

Chestnut 58 

Yellow  Poplar 51 

Butternut   18 

w  hlte  Birch 43 

W  bite  Pine SO 


Quantity  Per  Acre. 

Tile   1.1 

at  irrasses 
and  i ,-.:,  tabli     pel   tens, 

Article.  Amount. 

,,,,,,,  deli 

Buckwheat ....'.'.".  bushels 

i  ,  , ,,     bush 90  bushels 

......  io  tow 

,  -.   n  uli., ut 
>t;,ik> in  ton  J 

l',,lll 

Millet  B i      , 

Meadow  hay. 

<nit~ <n  bushels 

i  20 

10  tons 
M  bushels 

Rice 

■ 

--us In  t.,ns 

Turnips 10  tons 

Wheal u'u  bushels 


Heat  and  Cold. 

nu  'f. 

Si«/.>r,iio  i-.  /i,. i 

91  roughl  Iron 

i  .1  i  Iron 8.479 

Platinum 8,080 

Gold 2,590 

Copper   8,6  :a 

Steel 8,600 

8,371 

Brass l.9i  in 

Silver i  !  10 

A  rltll I 951 

74(1 

Lead 

Tin 181 

Arsenic 

Sulphur 226 

Beeswax 151 

'luita  Percha 1 1". 

Tallow 97 

Lard 

Pitch 91 

Ice    38 

Degree.*  0)  Cold  above  zero  at 
tubetaneee  freeze. 

Olive  Oil 86 

Water 32 

Milk 3I> 

Si  a  Water 

Vinegar 

,'M 

Spirits  "I  Turpentine. ..14 

:,  ro  at  wliicli 

the  following  freeze: 

Brandy 7 

l'io of  .spirit 7 

Mercury 40 

Cold  experienced  by 
Arctic  Navigators 70 

Greatest  ArUflc'l  Cold  880 

l>.  gri  ■  i  of  heal  above  zero  at 
u  i,o  i,  eubetana  i  boil. 

Ether 98 

Mi  OhOl 173 

Water 818 

Petroleum 3116 

Linseed  oil 6411 

Bl 1  Heat 98 

Eggs  Hatch 104 


AGES  OF  ANIMALS. 

Anim.b      A#-  <-  -•>"*     I*MI  -< 

<h»,  Ii...  \-m  ..a  t~.W» 

inl     100   "    mo 

Camel,...  !<«' 1-  " 

Swan. .,      100 IX  " 

Raven..     n«> V  " 

1  1  ..  in" V  " 

Parrot     ,.n>i \Vi  " 

'    1  " 

Lion  to  .... 

Hone 80 11  " 

Cow 20 '.'  " 

...20  1  " 

D    6  " 

1   ...20 I 

...20 H  " 

....15 2  " 

Fox 15 2  " 

...14 '-'  " 

i 

..in X     " 

—  Ill w    " 

Rabbit 7 \     " 

Rates  of  Speed 

.4t  tcnkh  Birds  Flu. 


run  inn  it. 


Bird*. 


Miles. 


Hawks 150 

Sparrows 98 

I ks 91) 

I'l'oti 75 

Crows 25 

Fair  winds  make  their 
flight  much  more  rapid. 


Interest. 
Money  Doubles  at  Com- 
pound Interest  as  follows: 

At  3  per  cent.  In  88 

..    4    ..        ..  1T        .. 

"    5    "        "  14 

„    g    ..        ..  ,2        .. 

"    7    "        "  10        " 

..    g    ..        ..  9        .. 

..    9    ..        ..  g        » 

"10    "        "  7 


Days . 


TABLE    OF    WAGES; 

COMPUTED  ON  A  BASIS  OF  TEN  HOURS  LABOR  PER  DAY. 


Hours  ... 

..  191.00  91.50  92.00  92.50  93.00  93.50  9-t.oo  94.50  $5.00  9.-,. -,0190.00,90.50  97.00  97.50 

98.00  99.O0 

9lO     911    1 

912 

a 

1     .1       1     .IX   1     .1%  1     .2              .24!      8      |     .84        .3',        .4'0   i     .44  1       .5     1     .54   |     .«       I     .0% 

.0%  |      .74 

.84          .9 

.10 

1 

AS  1     .24  I     .34       A'f,  |      .5    |     .6      ,     .64  I     .74  \     .84  1     .»'b  1     .10    1  .11       I  .11«  i  .124 

.134  1     .15    I 

-l'|»,      .1841 

.20 

2 

•34  i    .5      I    .6%  I    .84  |    .10    1  .114  |  .134  I  .15      1  .16*  |  .184  I    .80    I  .214  1  -884  1  -25 

.86*  1     -30    | 

36«  | 

.40 

3 

1    .5      I     .74      .10      1  .12*4  |.l                        20      |  .82^  1  -85      I  .274  1    -30    |  .884                    874 

.40      |    .45    | 

.50    I     .55    | 

.60 

4 

.10         .13!         1               1                                 .80         .834        »   ,         !!l'i      -50 

.534  1     .00     1 

.66 », 

.80 

5 

.16X1.81      |    .85       ,89         .-:!'.;  I  .874  |  .41J,  |  .46      1    .50    I  .51  ..      .584      .624 

.75 

1.00 

.10 


.15 


.20 


.35 


■45      [  .50      I  .55      I     .60    I  .65      |  .70 


.75 


.80 


.90        1. Ill 


1.20 


.11 H       174      .884      M  35        .41 


.80       .WH     ..T-.i;        in 

.15         .221;      ..'ill 


■46»j 


I  .524  I  -584  I  -644  I    .70    |  .76      I  .81 »;     .874     ."3V,     1.05    '  1.16M11.88K  I  1.40 
■60      I  .664  1  -T34  I     -80    I  .864  I  .984  U-OO      H-06X  I  1-80       1.834. 1.46" 


.674     re 


.90 


974     lir,        1.124     1.20  1.35        1.50      1.65       |   1.8 


■  I 


I 


I 


I 


I 


I 


I 


I 


r 


1 


■16» 

.33'  i 


.75 


■884 
1.00 


.41  H_ 

1.25 


.50 
1.00 
1.60 


1.75 


.664  ,  .75     1  .8.34     .nis     1.00    1.084   lies   1.25 


1.50 
8.00       8.25 


1.6B4 

!2.50 


2.00     2.1114    2.334    8-50 


1.834 
8.664 


1.50        I.664    1.834    8.00 


3.00       3.334    8.66*     LOO 


2.75 


I.O0      8.88        8.50        3.75        4.00  4.50        5.00     15.50        6.IM1 


.Wi    1.00       1.384    1  m>j  :  2.00     2 ::  1.00      8.884 


I  25       1.66*i    2.084      2.50 


1.00       1.60       8.00       8.50 


3.00 


1.16S     4.5sUj 


4.00 
5.00 


4.1M4    L66K    BM       5.834     6.00 6.66»f 

5.41»,  MX      7.5(1 


4.00       4.50        5.1X1        5.50         6.00      6.50 


r.oo 


ft.llj.j  llt,H0" 


7.50      !8.00      I  9.00    110.00     11.00      18,00 


EXPLANATION. 


The  laree  Bgures  at  the  top  of  the  columns  show  the  rate  per  week. 
while  tile  smaller  figures  Indicate  the  amount  per  hour  or  per  day.  Thus 
If  It  is  desired  to  Ami  the  amount  per  hour  when  working  for  98.0O  per 
week,  we  commence  with  the  Bgure  1,  In  the  left  hand  column  under  tin- 
head  of  "hours."  and  trace  towards  the  right  till  we  reach  the  column 


beaded  t>v  9s. OO,  where  we  find  13HT  cents,  the  equivalent  of  one  hour's 
labor  at  ss  on  per  ireek.  In  like  manner  we  find  the  price  of  several  hours, 
mi.-  tlav,  or  several  davs. 

To  find   wages   at   *13.  914,  915,  916,  or  more,  per  week,  find  the 
amount  at  90.50,  9«,  9"-50,  9*.  etc,  and  multiply  by  2. 


POPULATION  AND  GROWTH  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


291 


States 
Territories. 


area 

1.V  ^l  ARE 

uh.es. 


Ho.  OB  Inhabitants.      Xo.  Inhab.  i  tfsR.R.io 
to  8q.  Mile  '  each  State 
I  Jan.  1. 1^-7. 


l-~.. 


1885. 


.  .J4... 
.  .44... 
.  ..5... 
.  ..1... 
.l-'4... 


..3,292 


.25. 

.    -   I  ■    n 

A    .-'. 243,910.. 

:  0 

08 71 

288.493  (42,617 4 

180 i. 3,274 

Illinois .77-71    .VI 

Indiana 36.350  1,978.30!      7,4 

Iowa 8,025 1,624.61  -       7 

Kami' 32,080....  .2 12.   . 

Kentucky 40,400 1,648,690  40.     .   .  . 

na 4-  721  lit  l  H-.'-.i 

Maine 33,040 -  19    '  '        1.147 

Maryland 122210....  76  .  "        .1.2:14 

Massachusetts 8.315.,    ..1,783.083        1,941,465  214  .  2     18 

.58.915 1.636.937... .1.8  -  27 

780.773      .1,117.798 '•      

.    16310.   .. .1.1312587 24  

...69,415 2,168.380 31 

ebraska 76355 452.402 740,645 .">      3.703 

Nevada 110.700 62,266  • 

New  Hampshire..  .92305 <4>;:<H      .-J7 

New  Jersey 7315 1. 131. 116 12278,133 144...  1,955 

fork 49,170  32371 l":t.  .  .7,466 

North  Carolina... 5222!  :  26.  .  .2,187 

Ohio 41                             ),062 77  .              .7.403 

Oregon    96X139 174, 7'. » 191,150 2.  ,        ...12225 

Pennsylvania 452215 t  !*4 

Khoda Island    ...    i..Lju           i'ii    SI          J04  7S4          .121  ..210 


Alabama 52  - 

Arkansas 53350. . . 

California 158360. . . . 

do      "•''     125 

I  ''.nrieeticut 439  ' 

Delaware 2,050. 

Florida 

.5  '  4.7. 


Michigan. 
Minnesota. 

ppi 

Missouri. 


States 

ANO 

Territories.  I 


AREA 
IN   SQCARE 

.MILKS. 


No.  OF  Inhabitants.     No.  Inhab. 

|  to  Sq.  Mile 

1880.     |     1885.        I      in 


M'-  K. 
Jan.  1 


R.  in 


South  Carolina  I    ,77 

•- 42, "To 1,542 

Texas 

Vermont 92365 

Virginia 42,450 1  ,."■  i  _ 

IVeJ  Virginia. . .  .24.711  > >  I  - 

Wisconsin 56,040 1 315,407 


a 


37,... 

-• 
23. 


.2  1-4 
..1.143 


Territories. 


Alaska -.      

Arizona 1 13,020 40.440 

Dakota 14n.  100 130.135 41523   I  1 

Dist.  or  Colnmbi  7  ...  2337 

Idaho -4M..1 32,610  

Indian  Territory  .64.690 75.000 1... 

Montana 

New  Mexico 122580 119.585 131,985 

Ctah -i    SO  143363  1... 

Washington...  -  25.116 1. 


Wyomi! 

Other  Lands. . 


74o. 


122 

...    1   21'.. 


.20.789 


.783 


•  In  several  States  there  is  nearly  one  person  more  to  the  square  mile  than 
is  here  mentioned. 


Principal  Countries  of  the  World;  Population,  Area,  Religion  and  Government, 


■ 


Population. 


\  Date  of  \       Area  of       \  Inhabitants   I 

I  Census.  \  Square  Mites  |    to  8q.  Mile.   (* 


Capital.  Population.         Prei-aiUny  Religion. 


Ffrni  of 

■ 


China  i  E^t  i,  including  Corea.  .388.i;31.975 1882 4,503,788. 86.3 Peking 1,648.890 Buddhic 

India  253,906,449 I  I  504 184 Calcutta 871,504 Hindoo 

Russia  (Estimate-it 102.682,124 1*84 -    120,637    12 St.  Peter-burg 929,093 Greek  Church . . 

United  States,  and  Territories..  50,497,057     ...    1885  ■_ !,990 14.5 Washington 187,928 Protestant 

German  Empire 45,234,06] 1885 212,028 213 Berlin 1.315.297. Protestant 

Austria-Hungary 37,786346 1880 210,942 157 Vienna 1,103,857, Catholic , 

Fran.,.    37,672,048.       ..188]  Paris 2,269,023 Catholic 

Japan 36,700,118 1882.    ..        148,456         247  3 Tokio 94,283 Buddhic 

Britain  and  Ireland 35,026,108 1881 130,832 290 London 4,764.312 Protestant 

Italy 28,459,451 1881 114,926 24;t Rome 300,467 Catholic 

Turkish  Empire  (Estimated) 42,209,359 1883 2,406,492 17". Constantinople B73365 Mohammedan.. 

Spain  (Estimated! 16,061,859 1-77 182,752 85 Madrid 397,690 I 

British  America 4,324.810 1881 3.470,392 1.2 Ottawa   27.412 Protestant.... 

9,448,233.    .      .1885 3,275,326 3 Rio  Janeiro 3o7.332 Catholic 

Mexico  i  Estimated  I 10,006,882 1882 743,948 13.5 Mexico  City 300,000  C*     olic 

Belgium 5,655.197 1882.... 11.373 497 Brussels 389,782 Catholic 

5.284.778  .1885 29.375....   Hi Munich '-''  :     3  Catholic 

Sweden    4.603,595  1885 170  179  27 Stockholm 215,638 Protestant 

I  .  Estimated) 7,653.600  ..   ..1881 610,000 12.5 Teheran 200,000 Mohammedan.. 

gal 4,160,315 1878  36,510    ...114    Lisbon 246343  Catholic 

Holland-Netherlands 4,225,065 1885 12,648 334  S The  Hague 138,696 Protestant 

Columbia. 4,000,000 1^1 504,773 7.9 Bogota .100,000 Catholic 

Switzerland. 2,846,102 1880 15392 178 Berne 44,087 Protestant 

Peru 3.049,945 181  "  ....6 Lima 101,488 I 

Australasia 3,091,897. :  75,135 1 ■ .Protestant 

I  climated) 2377349 1884 256399 9.3 Santiago 200.000 Catholic 

Bolivia 2300,000 1880 Unknown La  Paz 76,372 Catholic 

Denmark  (Estimated! 2,018,432 1882 13,784 146.4 Copenhagen 273323  Pr>  U  itant 

Wurttemberg 1,971,118 1885 ~  - Stuttgart 125306 Protestant 

1,925,000 1885 122  S69  15. Christiania. 130.027 Protestant 

la 2,121388 1883 632,695 3.3 .Caracas 73309 Catholl 

Argentine  Republic 3,026,000 1888 1,125,086.. 2.7 Buenos  Ayres 398,498 CatboU 

1379305 1881  25.041 79 Athens 84303 Greek  Church. 

Baden 1,570.254 1880 5351         271  - Karlsruhe 49398 Cath   II. 

Guatemala 1378311....-  1884 41  •    New  Guatemala 55,728 Catholic 

Ecuador  (Estimated) 1,066,137 1875 251    22 4.3 Quito 80,000 Catholic 

Hi  sse   947,224 IS82 2366 3303 Darmstadt 48,153 Prote 

Liberia 1368,000 1*-*' 14300 74  7 Monrovia 13,000 Protestant 

Hayti    Estimate  i    800,000 i860 10,204 7*2 Port  an  Prince 35300 Catholl* 

1 700,000 1884 73338  ..     ...9  4 Montevideo 104.472 Catholl 

irador 554,785 1883 7325 77 San  Salvador 18300 Catholic 

igua 275315  .1884  19  Managua 12300 Catholic 

Honduras 458300 1884 39,600 10.6 .12.000 Catholic 

San  Domingo 35  1,000  !  ■--  : 18345 22  San  Domingo 10,000 I 

Pai  iguay  476,048  .....1879  91,970  5 Asuncion 16,000  Catholic 

Rica  180.000 181  . -7 San  Jose 2,000. Catholic 

.73300 1883 6,677  103  Honolulu 7,000 


Empire 

Empire 

Empire 

Ri  : 

Moi 

Moi 

Rej 

Empire 

M01 

Monarchy 

Mi 

..... .Monarchy 

M 

Moi 

Re] 

Monarchy 

Mi 

n  urehy 

Monarchy 

Kepuhlic 

■ 
Republic 

.Kepuhlic 

Republlo 

Monarchy 

Monarchy 

Moi 

Republic 

l; 

Mi 

.  .Grand  Duchy 
......  Republic 

Republic 

!  Duchy 

Kepuhlic 

Ri 

R. 

R 

R 

Republic 

Republic 

Republic 

oarchy 


tralasia  has  seven  organist  th  Wales,  Victoria,  Q  ttralla.  Western  Australia.  New  Zealand  anil  Tasmania, 

Lpitals,  with  the  population  of  each  city,  are  as  follows  54).  250300:  Mi 

laid     1881     38,479    Perth    1881      i.044;  Auckland    1881),  39,966;  Hobart  (1881),  21,118.    There  1-  no  genera]  seat  of  government  in  Australasia,  the  whole 
being  controlled  by  the  home  government  In  England. 


GEOGRAPHICAL,  HISTORICAL,  AND  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


Area  and  Population  of  the  Earth. 


■  "mini  > 


i 

100     SB.fi 

i|,(IOO  V 

..•JHK»j<i3;2uo r 


All  the    I  mjj-ijiiL'rs. 

innum  i-  33,3  ■ 
per  bou  ■■■■.  "i*  i  per  second.     [I  h  estimated  thai  the  popu- 

.  d  ;ii  the  rate  of 
nually. 

■ 

■    ■ 
■ 

.  .[  [eth, 

Ajiol  SOl 


-.   i.  00,000 
4,000,000 

.  .201  .ooo.onn 

Jews,  7.000,000 

All  In) 
The  ■  iwa 

■  tin-.  i .uits.  Bast  and  On  ek  church. 

« i.oOO.  Bl.tJOO.WJO. 


Ill- 600,000.(1(10 


Oceans,  Seas,  Bays  and  Lakes. 


So,  M 

- IIHIO 

Atlantic,    "      4o. ,000 

Indian,       "     20,000,1 

Southern,  "      lo.ono  imn 

Arctic,       •'     5  i' 

Kotb.    The   seat)    beys,  | 
conneclcJ  »nhc»oh  ocean,  arc  included 
In  tbc  f 

rh,  however,  that  tho 

c'ctn*  is  n»t  known  with  certainty,  nor 

■ 

1     I 

"  ... 

Cblna  "  1.700 

'*  1,400 

Japan 

Black "  ... 

in "  .... 

"  ..- 

Okhotsk 

"  ... 

"  .... 


Bays. 

Hudson's,  about 

Baffin's "    

Chesapeake  "  

Lakes.  ' 

Snperlor 

Baikal  

Michigan 

llnnm 

leg 840.. 

Erie 

■:i.         ..   800.. 
:      n- 150. 

125. . 

Cbamplaln 128. . 

N  [carafrua 120.. 

1..  of  til.  \v I 

G  50.. 

Constance 45.. 

Cayuga :)«... 

Gi'orge 36.. 


1.200 
....600 

MO 

Width. 

M,l,  . 

ISO 

35 

t.d 

45 

90 

in 

50 

..'il 

40 

BO 

JO 

75 

12 

10 

35 

10 

10 

4 

3 


Capacity  of  Large  Rooms. 

Estlm  .'  ipy  an 


CHURCHES. 


■n 

.     |,  24.000 

Si.  Johi 

21.000 

Cached!  hi.  Pisa  13,000 

ll   100 

11.000 

St.  Mark's,  Venta  7       ■ 


How  Savings  Accumulate. 

The   i  wa  the  result 

so 

8  .lit     it    is  tl .ii  how 

Life  Insurance 

laiv<-  wealth: 


Saved  Dally 

1     Am  tttU 
1           <• 

1 

»950 

lo  cents 



20     " 



:«>    •• 



50     •• 



SO     ■• 





so    ■■ 

: 

DO    ■■ 



Capacity  of  a  Freight  Car.* 

A  load  nominally  i-  20,000  pounds. 
The  following  number  can  be 

'  led. 

Whisky 60  barrels 

:■ 

7<i 

■ 

ISOto  160 

200 

.    

Cattle i-  to 

0  to  60      '* 
90  to  100      ■* 

:i'«i  bush. 

Wheal  .i"     •• 

.  .,     ■■ 

Apples :*7"  ■ 

.   1"-  *■ 

130  •• 

#380  « 

1.000  " 

Battel 

1 

»Ur.-.tci|i*-.'jluir  I- .  I.  miJrof  Ule- 


The  Longest  Rivers  of  the  World. 


Klwrs. 


Locality. 


Rl 


1 1 


Mli.  M 


Missouri 

'•i       sippi.  . . 

on 

Hoang-Ho 

Mm  ray 

Obi 

Nile 

.    <  -ki.i. . 





st.  Lawrence  . . 

Volga 

Mayklang 

[nous 

nzle 

Brahma 

ibfa  

ido 

Susquehanna.. 

James 

Potomac 

Ilu.lsou 


N.  a  merlca. . 
N.  Am.  i  lea.. 

Brazil , 

China 

Australasia. . 


t,  Num. i 

China 

Siberia 

Soudan 

il  i 

Russia 

Slain    

Mil  ... 

■  -|\ 

V  \  in. 

Thibet.... 

v  America.. 
n.  Ami  ■ 
N.  America. . 
v  \  merlca.. 

N .  A 1 1 1    ■ 

V  \  merlca. . 


I  luntalns 

Lake  itaska , 

a  ndea   

i  Mountains 

Ian    lips 

I  ■  ■ 

Blue  Nil.',  Abyssinia..  . 

i 

Heights  of  Irkutsk 

Ba  i  ol  Mi.  Loma. ,  ,  , 

Rh  .■)■  si.  Louis 

Lake  in  \  i>iii.»nsk\ ...... 

". 

Little  Thibet . 

Black  Fores! 

Rh  er  Ai  habasca 

II  nnala\  a 

Rocky  Mountains 



Lake  Otsego 

Alleghenj  Mountains.  . 

Gr.  Black  Bone  Mount'n 

ks    Mt.  M  irci 


• 

klexlco  . 
A  tlantlc  « roean. . 

v .-ii.. u  Sea 

Encounter  Bay, . 

'i anean. . 

<  Ulna  Sea.  ... 

Arctic  Or*'. hi  ,.., 

Gull  "i  Guinea. . 
U  [St  Lav  reuce 
Caspian  Sea 

<  <  inif 

A  rablan  Sea 

Black  Sea 

... 
Bay  "i  Bengal... 
c 
Gulf ofCailfor  . 

Chesapeake  Bay. 
Chesapeake  Bay. 

Bay  i>r  N   ^ 


-1  194 

2,   fill 

8.000 

l 
2  800 

2,500 

l  Q60 
1,900 
1,700 
1,700 

l  I   10 

1  ! 

]  000 

1,11, m 

400 
500 

lllll 


Historical  Facts  Relating  to  the  United  States, 


S*iUr<I 


States. 


Where  settled,  i 


By  Whom. 


Capitals. 


1  565 
1607 
1 G 1 4 

1624 
1625 
1627 

16  ;:; 
16  14 

■ 

!        .'I 

1682 
1H85 
1690 
1690 
1699 
1711 
1716 
1720 
1  725 
1  733 
1  757 
17H4 
1769 
1775 

17-n 

1M1 
1 S33 
1846 
i 
1661 

1854 
1858 


Florida 

Virginia  * 

ik* 

luseth  • 
v  Hampshire  . 
New .'.  i 



Delaware* 

i  leut  *. .. 
Mai  s  la   ■ 
!  ■ 

■ 

Wisconsin 

i  in 

South!   i 
Pennsylvania.  * 
Arkansas 



In. liana 

Louisiana 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Vermont 

Georgia* 

■• 

Missouri 

Callforn   I 

ky 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Iowa 

Minnesota 

Kansas 

Net  ada 

West  Virginia.. 

Nebraska 

Colorado 


istlne. . . 
Jamestown  — . 

Manhattan 

l'i\  mouth 

Dover 

Bergen 

Bristol 

Cape  Henelopeo 
Windsor , 

i1!  <-\  id< 

A  Ibemarle 

Green  Hay 

i  ii  

al 

Philadelphia.... 
Arkansas  Posi . . 

s.in  .\  ntonla  .  . 
Vlncennesj      .  . 

■ 

Natchez 

: 

mmer. .. 

Savannah , 

I  "i  r  I    .ii.l.in 

s , 

Boonesboro 

M  ta 

Astoria 

Burlington 

i      ;    

■  aworth 

(See  Virginia).., 

i^*  nver 


Spaniards 

English 

Dutch 

ii  Puritans.. 

English 

I  mi.  h  and  i  lanes. 

E  ngll   b 

Swedes  and  Finns. 

U 
I 

English 

I  -H 

French 

i        '  ii 

ii 

English 

i    ench 

Spaniards 

i  i    nch 

French. 

i        i  ii 

1 

French 

ttassachu'ts 

li 

1  i-rni  N.  Carolina. 

i 

Span  lards 

1  rom  \  t  rein  la 

S .  i  tag]  and. 
■ 

gland. 
From  N.  England. 

■  ;ii  Ifornia., . 

Formed  fr.  Va 

Fr.N.E.*W.  States. 

Fr.  Western  States 


1845  Tallahassee. 
1  788    Richmond. 

any. 

17881  Concord. 

■    lit. Ml. 

1820  Lugusta. 
17871  Dover. 

1  iftfl     Hartford. 

1188     -innapolls. 
17901  Prov.S  N'port 
i  r8fl    Raleigh. 
1848    M. 
1887    Lansing. 
17881  Columbia. 
1 .-;  |  Hal  i  isburg. 
18.16    Little  Rock. 

1846  Austin. 

1816  Indianapolis. 
1812    Baton  I' 

lsi  t  Hontgomei  \. 

1817  Jackson. 

1818  Springfield. 
1791  Hontpeller. 

.mta. 

1796  Nashville. 

1821  Jefferson  City. 
i  B50  Bacramento. 
17',*^  Frankfort, 
1808  Columbus. 
1859  Salem. 

I  tea  Moines. 

st.  Paul, 
►eka. 
1864    «   ii  m>d  City. 
1862   Charleston. 
1867   Lii 
1H7»;    Denver. 


1846 
1661 


'  The  thirteen  original  States,     t  Date  of  adoption  <-r  Constitution. 


Principal  Exports  of  Various  Countries. 

Arabia— Coffee,  aloes,  myrrh,  frankincense,  cum  arable. 

ns.  Laces,  various  manufactures. 


.  iiin- 


tlamonds,  w  heal   ■ 
wick-  I'  i. .in,  furs,  lumber,  Bah. 


Quantity  of  Seed  to  Plant. 

■ 
bed  ■ 

■  f  r..w. 
mt-  150  feel 

plants. 
7.000  plants. 
i-i  os.  for  150  bills. 
I 
I  os,  fur  120  hills. 
'  talon—  Knur  pounds  t-.  i  < 
Radlsti 

Spinach— 1  ox.  to  290  feel  of  row. 
i  os.  to  75  hills. 
I   ■>/.   gives  -. 500  plants. 
Tunii|>—  l>-j  pounds  !••  the  acre. 


Belgium— Grain,  Sax,  hops, 

Brazil— Cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco, 

I'ANAi'A.  Nova  Scotia  and  N  bw  Bri  n 

Cafb  i  ■  andy,  wine,  ostrich  feathei  u  hides,  tallow. 

Logwood,  mahogany.  Indigo,  cocoa. 
chili  —Silver,  gold,  copper,  wheat,  hemp,  nidi  i  otton,  fruits. 

China    Tea,  silks,  nankeens,  porcelain,  opium,  articles  of  ivory  and  peari, 
Dbnuakb  —Grain,  horses,  cattle,  beef.  pork,  butter,  and  i  hi 
Eastebx,  Western  and  So  i  hih;n   Iprii  i—  Gold,  Ivory,  ostrirh  feathers. 
Egypt— Rice,  grain,  linseed,  fru  .>ugar. 

Grbrada — Coffee,  cotton,  linii^o.fnrita.  sugar,  cocoa, 
i  ottons.  wine,  brandv,  porcelain,  toys. 

German  v  — Linen,  grain,  various  manuiactur r  silver,  coppei 

i;i:kati-!i:itain- -woolens. cottons,  in.  us,  hardware,  porcelain,  etr. 

(illKKM.AMi  —  Whale  oil,  whale  bout  •.->.  ;i  I  skin-. 

mimi"  a,  sugar,  coffee,  opium.  Indigo. 

Ho i.i.am*—  i 'in.*  linens,  woolens,  butter,  cheese)  various  manufactures, 

Italy  — silks,  wines,  grain,  oil,  fruits, 

Ireland—  Linens,  beef,  butter,  tallow,  hides,  potatoes,  barley,  etc. 

Japan  —Silk  and  cotton  p Is,  .la  p. in  war.-,  pon  elaln. 

Mexico— Gold,  silver,  logwood,  < hlneal,  fruits, 

Persia  ■  Bilk,  cotton,  rice,  rhubarb,  puns,  swords,  etc. 

Peru— Silver,  gold,  Peruvian  bark,  mercury,  Bugar,  cotton,  fruits. 
Russia  —  Hemp,  iron,  linen,  grain,  timber,  fiirs,  tallow,  platlna. 
ind  Portugal— Silks,  wooL  wine,  oil,  fruits,  salt,  etc, 
.  and  Norway— Iron,  BteeC  copper,  timber,  fish. 
Swttzbrjlawd— Watches,  Jewelry,  paper, laces, linen,  cotton  and  si ik  poods,  etc. 
Turkey—  Grain,  fruits,  cotton,  oil.  wines  carpets,  muslin,  bw ords. 

UbtttedStai  Lumber,  1 f,  pork,  fish,  eottons,  woolens,  etc. 

Ici  —  Flour,  w  beat;  salt,  coal,  cottons,  woolen-,  etc. 

r  i,  lumber,  pitch,  fruits. 

Western  StaU*  —  Corn,  wheat,  lead,  coal,  iron,  salt,  lime,  beef.  pork. 
VmTBZUEXA  —Sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  cotton.  Indigo,  fruits. 
Wes  r  Indies  — Sugar,  rum,  molasses,  ■  ,  cotton.  Indigo,  fruits. 


GOLD  AND  SILVER  PRODUCTION  AND  AMOUNT  OF  MONEY  IN  CIRCULATION. 

From  reports  by  the  Director  of  the  United  States  mint.        Corrected  to  the  latest  date. 


Precious  Metals  in  the  United  States. 

Statistics  showing  where  our  gold  and  silver  come  from. 


Where  Gold  Comes  From. 

Deposit  of  domestic  produc- 
tion- ol  gold  at  the  D.  S.  Hints 

1, 793  to  June  30,  1886. 

State.  Amount. 

■  1 .  4.  17  1 7 

Slonl  .....    57,942.047.01 

lo 50  i  - 

Idaho     28,242.403.89 

Dakota 

Nevada 23  i 

18.747,932.24 

North  Carolina 

8,4 15,475.79 

,  005.061  '•:< 
NV«  Mexico 2,4. 1  112  -t 

i  arolina 1,5 

l.'tah 783.343.95 

Wyoming 7 

Washington  Ter...  : 

Alabama 226.974  58 

Te — e  ....... 

V'er nt - 

,-i 

New  Hampshire n  020  55 

Maine  5.638  20 

ad  4.848.57 

2,147.40 

...ma 

v.  braska 651  S3 

40.13 

Other  sources,  or 
n..t  reported..  37,1 
■  Refined  hnll!on.28a  1 


WhereSilwerComesFrom. 

Deposits  of  domestic  produc- 
tions of  silver  at  the  1"  s- 
Uints  from  1793  to  Jun 

State.  Amount. 

Nevada   092,818.836.47 

Colorado  2M  91     H46.24 

Utah    18,973     --     7 

Montana 13  588  __7   - 

1 3,7. 1  ,  (70.65 

. , ! I M  p.  1  <> 
California... 

Michigan  3   £29.325.39 

Idaho 

Dakota 

- 

North  Carolina I 

Wyoming 12,126.16 

Georgia 3,461.54 

Texas 2  73  1.03 

Pennsylvania -    ■  --  '7 

•Alaska 2,195  01 

Washington  Ter 1  772 

irolina 1.244.70 

■ 

Alabama 64.02 

Vermont 4»  94 

Maine  

Tennessee  10.15 

Nebraska 6  18 

Maryland 3.24 

Add  refined  bul- 
lion... -i.l 
Other  sources,  or 

ported      41.793,414.43 


Amount  of  Specie 

In  the  United  States  July  I, 

•  rdinjr.  to  the  n  * 

the  Director  of  the  Mint,  waj 

Gold 8548.320,031 

Silver 6,784,223 


Total 8857,104/254 


Amount  of  Paper  Money 

In  circulation  in  the  United 
ily  1,  I88ta'f  was  as  fol- 
lows: 

Paper  money 8912,543,922 

Amount  of  paper  in  - 

specie  in  the  U.  S.  819,516,619 


The  Total  Production 

Of  pr--  ■  'in  snjr- 

i  mines  -if  t] 

from  the  earliest  period  to  the 

close  of   1879,  is  estimated  to 

illOWS; 

Gold •14j06S,375,000 

Silver 11.31.5.000,000 

Total 825,383.375.000 


Estimate  of  the  Total  Production  of  Gold  and  Silver. 


Gold  From  All  Countries. 

Estimated  total  yield  of  gold 
in  all  countries,  rrom  1493  to 
1875. 

United  States 995.128.015 

Austria 889.9C3.S0I> 

New  Granada 596,501,673 

Brazil 509.347.107 

507.749.653 

Africa 359.325.340 

Austria-Hungary 221 

Bolivia 144398.100 

Mexico 130. 174 .396 

Chili l 

Various  countries. . .     . 

Peru 1(0.327,582 


Total. 


4.61 


Silver  From  All  Countries. 

Estimated  total  yield  of  sil- 
ver, in  all  countries,  from  1493 
to  1875. 

Mexico 82,600.280.659 

Bolivia 1.286.999,947 

Peru 1,065357.084 

Au-n n-Hungary..  ..261.961.603 
Other   European 

countries 251.888.604 


United  States 179.874.123 

Chili 89. 0-24.298 

Russia   

Various  countries 68.244.000 

Germany 269.731339 

Total 6.1597211.948 


Total  Gold  and  Silver  from 
1493  to  1875. 

Mexico •:.  7^0.455.055 

Bolivia 

United  States 1.175.000.138 

Peru 1.145.6*4.666 

Austria 889.963.800 

inula 5'.'. 

Russia 590.629.944 

Brazil 508 

Austria  Hungary.   ,.491 

Africa 359,325.340 

Germany 269.731.339 

Other    European 

countries 251,888.604 

Chili •.".• 

Various  countries. .  .142.702.340 

Total I10.SO2.329.343 


AMOUNT  OF  MONEY  IN  CIRCULATION  FOR  EACH  PERSON  IN  DIFFERENT  COUNTRIES. 


Estimated  amount  of  gold  and  silver  ant 

paper  money  in  circulation 

in  twenty-four  countries 

from  the  report  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint 

Countries. 

|  Y*»r. !    Paper. 
1            1 

Specie. 

|  person. 

Countries. 

1          1 

1  Year.  |     Paper. 

Specie. 

Monej 

I.  -- 

Coun  tries. 

Year. 

Piper.      1  Specie. 

Money 
pereach 

Belgium 

1>SS3....$8.34... 

1882 9.03... 

...     1883 11.38... 

1882 24... 

83.31.. 
25.01.. 

23.93. . 

..3.07. 

..1.50. 
..8.74. 

811.65 

..34.' >4 
..35.31 

....4.31 
..14.40 
...2.13 
..18.36 



1883 15.16.... 

.4.7,!..... 
.5.77.... 
12.00.... 

1883 21... 

J9.41.. 
12.31. 
9.31.. 

.7.73.. 

.5  23.. 
18.34.. 

.54.57 
.10.90 

5  11 
.37.20 

Norway-Sweden 18 

Peru is 

gal 18 

SI 5.19 2.77.. 

1 

79 1.10...     -  " 

1.21.. 
83 414.. 

..7.96 

.-4  91 

.16  17 

Canada 

1883 11.33... 

379 63... 

land Is.<! 0  42....  11. 14.. 

Turkey 1S.-.J 21. 

.17  5.1 
.3  21 

17.63. . . 

.34.51 

LUMBER    MEASURE. 

To  find  the  number  of  feet  in  a  board  1  inch  thick  from  3  to  W  inches  wide,  and  from  4  to  2i  feet  long,  see  the  following  table.     Explanation,—  The   fibres 
at  the  to]  ;rnns  indicate  the  number  of  feet  in  length;  those  at  the  extreme  left  the  width  of  the  board  in  inches.     To  ascertain  the  number 

multiply  the  number  of  feet  in  length  bv  the  number  <■!  inches  m  width  and  divide  the  product  by  12,  the  result  "  ii;  i»  the  number  m  fe^t  and  ii 
multiply  9  inches  wide  by  13  feet  long,  and  the  result  will  be  117.     Divide  this  by  12  and  we  have  the  product  y  feet  and  'J  inches.     See  the  table. 

LEN'GTH    IN    FEET. 


inches 
inches 
inches 

Inches 
Inches 
Inches 
inches 
inches 

iii<-he> 

Inched 

inches 

inches 
inches 

inches 

inches 
Inches 

■ 

inches 
inches 


wide. 

n  ide. 

Wide. 

n  nl/ 

wide. 

wide. 

wnl  e 
wide- 
wide. 
wide 
wide, 
wide, 
wide. 
wide, 
wide. 

wnl.>. 
wide, 
wide, 
wide, 
"ide. 
wide. 

wide. 

wide, 
wide, 
wide. 

wide 

wide. 


feet  7    feet  S   feet  9    feet  10  feet  11  feet  12  feet  13  feet  14  feet  15  feet  16  feet   17  feet  1*  feet  19  feel  Jit  feet  21  feet  22  feel  23  feet  21  feet 


!ft.   in    ft.   in.  ft. 


,,.    ■■ 


.2 

, 

■■ 

ikl 

-' 

(11 

■1 

11 

2 

US 

:: 

ill 

:: 

no 

3 

:: 

el 

.4. 

in 

.3 

i 

ii. 

1 

00 

.> 

i 

4 

ol 

5, 

it. 

4. 

1, 

10 

.Ii. 

II". 

5. 

01 

8. 

H 

• 

OH 

.7. 

in 

•1 

00 

-7 

01 

.6... OK  . 
0 

.7     "I 
.7.    i'< 

,    .1 

8     hi 

I      ii. 

.9... 08  . 
10... 00  . 


11   9. 

HI    Hi 

.09  io. 
08  11- 
.01  u 
im  12. 
ii.  12 
.10  13. 

.08  II 

ill  14 
.Of.  15. 


.1. 

.00  .2. 

.Of.  .4. 

.15      5 

.00  .8. 

mi    Ii 

.00  10. 

06  il 

.00  11. 

...  I 
00  ii 

5. 

....  16. 

.00  17. 


in.  ft. 

.09  .2. 

I 
.11     :: 

.,,,    i 
..1     l 

..03  .6.. 
.1.1    >•... 



09  io 

.ii  10 

.11  11. 

..    ii 
.in  u. 

! 

.  ..:  It.. 

n  19 


3 
1 

.04  .6 
.00  .6. 

04  j 

00  5 

.08  .9. 

"I  Hi 

HI  1  . 
.00  13. 
08  11 

.00  15 

.04  17. 

..»  19 

05  '1 
.04  21. 
.HO  22. 


In   ft 

.09    4 
08    5 
.03  .5.. 
.00  .«.. 

■    9 
.00  10.. 
.09  10.. 
08  11 

.00  13.. 

00  It.. 

.09  17.. 

Ill,   Is 
.03  19. 

0 

00  23 
.09  24. 


In.  ft. 

OS    l 
.10 


08 

m 

.011  11. 

.10  u. 
us  IS. 

.11   14 

00  16. 

.1.1  17. 

Of,  19. 

.00  22. 


in.  ft. 

,0S  .1 

05    7 

.02  10. 
.01  11 
..m  IS. 
.11  13. 
.10  11 

.06  IS 

.03  21. 

.01  21. 
.0.124. 

.M  2f. 
.06  30. 


in    ft.  in 

.00    4     .n 

,00  .8.  -IW 
..00    7...07 

0 

00  l'.  iv. 
.  00  15  ..OS 
.  no  17. ..04 

.  .i"  84.. .11 


.3. .061 

1      I- 

.9. .04 

ii      08 


ft.   in. 

5      00 
.6.. .03 
.06  . 


ft.   in. 
.5... 04 


.10 


1 1     I.I 

IS.  us 
19.  .10 
81  .  •►' 
22...02 

26.     in 


8... 00 

13... 01 
II     .08 


n      03 


80.   .00 


37...  04 
40... 00 


ft.  in.  i 

i     i 

.9..  .11  ! 
II..  .04  1 

21  ..01 

;l       ... 
■ 


in.  ft. 
.06  .4. 
.00  .6 

.00  .9. 

.06   11. 

.06  14 

.06  23. 

00  25, 

.00  2S. 
.06  30. 

.00  31 
.00  il 


in    ft 

II  s. 

III  11 
in  IS  . 

i«i  in 
or  ii 

u  is 


In.  ft.    in.  ft. 


..04  14.. 

..no  15.. 


.00  14. 
09  16. 


OS  17.    He.   IS. 

■ 

.00  31. ..06  33. 
.08  33... 03  34. 

.00  36... 09  38. 
.00  12... 00  11 

I 

■ 


in    ft. 

00  11. 

.10  13. 

.0)  19.. 
.00  21.. 
.00  23.. 

01  SO 

.00  34.. 
.10  36.. 

.04  53. 
.00  57.. 


in.  ft.  in. 
.09  .6... 00 

07  10      00 

.03  II  ihi 
.03  IS     .00 

...  :t  ... 
11  26.     00 

.09  30.  .00 
.08  32... 00 

.06  36..  00 

.04  40... 00 
03  IJ...00 
.03  44.   00 

- 


294 


IMPORTANT  FACTS  FOR  REFERENCE. 


United  Stales  Soldiers  in  the  Late  Civil  War. 

Unmber  of  men  tarnished  from  April  10. 1861,  to  1 

111  ■     w.J 


Ni«  York 

■ 

Ohio 



.i 

lusetts, 
■ 

Wisconsin 

Michigan 

New  Ji  i 

Kentucky. 

Maine 

itlcut 


4<:7,.'*7 

.152,048 
.109,111 


72,1  14 


ind    

New  Hampshire 

nt... 
Wesl  Virginia.., 

■ 

i  land, . 



nia....         i 

i 

B 

NewMext       rei 

.  ,  i 


i 

4 


Nations, 
North  i    ■ 

...3,157 

n   

Florida 

i  B|  i 

..    1  ,_•:•" 

■ 
■ 

Tola  1 

208 

Religious  Denominations  in  the  United  States. 


■ 

: 


Xo,  of 

I 


dherents  and  church 
memben  claimed. 

Baptists  

Methodisl  Rptacop 

Lutheran 


381  R»7  I 

338,333 3.000...  i 

I 

748 

368 :«;:{ 


1.734   I 

BfiO  -    -  ■■■ 

■     ■ 

Christian  (Disciples  of  Christ) ,  lio 



ml  Episcopal 

United  Brethren  In  Christ 

trch  in  the  in: 



Presbyterian  Church  (South) 

(I  mi  Methodist j:t:>.<MKi , 

Cumberland  Presbyterians 1 1 1  ^::i  2  -4.-,7  "  i 

110,377  /.'.3,fi06 

Evangelical  Association 117,027  i 

Dunkarda    The  Brethren 100.000.. 

I  Presbyterians B4.573 

Befon l  Church  in  America BO,  167  509      545 

tpttsts 78.012.  I  i  218 

Methodisl  Episcopal  (Colored  112.938... 

Friends  200 

Second  tdventlsts  70.000  800  600 

Antl-MJ  40,000 900        4ik> 

tfnlversaliats 27.429 :*:><;  7-"t 

^  Inebr  iMt.tmi I 

itional 17,980  335       :i<«4 

Wesley  an  Methodists 17,087  .  41  ■■ 

ma a  |9] 

15,570  640  "     144 

„.'  202 

Free  nethodlsta 12,318  .  260 

Adventlsta 11,100     ' '  :»i        107 

Reformi . ;  -        _!,,, 

-         -  '  '.84 "1  in 

17.-_'7-'i 1<>7.. .    '    ,*!.143 

lenborglan.  .  1  h-i 

■   •..  Uethodlsta  3.369  52 

^<».-*«i 

American  Communities  2.838  14 

Shakers ..18".*.".". .".68 

Independent^'  2.100...   .......13 

'J,'"*) 20 12 


Total 


.  100.020 


Foreigners  in  the  United  States. 

ACCORIMNi;   T.i   CBHftUS   Off    1880. 

Horn.  Number.        H  Mimoer- 

I      6.742,  West  Indli  - 

Portugal  


1 

British    i 
England 

Sw.'ilrn 

'■ 

I  i 

I 


;  -  .4 

..    717  084 

194  ■  (7 
...181,729 
...170,136 


I  ..... 

Switzerland 

Bohemia 

Wales 

Mexico. 

Denmark 

Holland 

Poland 

ItsJy. 



i  

Belgium 


[stands 7.51L 

Cuba 



4,908 

Bouth  Imei  les  ....  ,.4.566 

: 

Africa,  not  specified 

■ 

1 .484 

1,205 

Band vi  Ich  Islands 1.147 

■ 



778 

Central  I  □  71  7 

Japan |oi 

Malta 


'rS--                                          l^^f       i'it.r.Jt -r  1:7 

Hungary 11,526     Greenland 


Strength  of  Ice. 

Thickness.  Strength.  Thicknea*.  Strength. 

Xwo  i.n,-,.,H*     J  a  man.       EIkIU  lnche«-Wii|  support  a  bat- 

Wit  ll        I 


Four  Inches— Will 

seback. 

Five     Inches  — Will    support    an 
eighty- pounder  cannon. 


-  illery, 
and  bones  attached 
Ten  Inches   Will  support  1 
an  innumerable  multitude. 


Education  of  Presidents. 

Washing!  in..  Fair  1 
■  atio 

Adams Harvard, 

11 William  and  Mary 

Adams,  J.  t^  .  Harvard. 

I        ited  education 
I  iren  —  Academic  1 
Hani  on  Hampden*  'ollege. 

Willfa 

Polk Unii  ei  sitj 

Slight  rudl 1 

....     Limited  eUm 
doin 

Lincoln Ed  in  atlon  limited. 

Johnson  

Grant Weal  I 

Hayes Kenyon  -  to] 

l Willi 

Arthur Union  College. 

1  Academic  course. 

e  and  Harrison  did  m       rad 

■     left   college  ' 

1 

embarrassmenl  prevented  Harrison 

from  pui  Ruing  a  Full  course      Polk 

17     The 

major!)  it  20. 


Political  Representation. 

Nun. 1.  presi  lentift]  Elect- 

ors,    Unitei    Stat*      Si     1  ors  and 
Re  pre  j 

each  Stal  by  1 

lm<  ssiona!  apporUonmi  nt  '■■< 
1883  and  1893, 


Rep- 

States. 

Elect- 
ors. 

Sen- 
ators. 

re- 
sen- 

la- 
thes. 

.  1 a 


...  4 


Alabama 

Arkansas, ?--•-■ 

California 

Colorado 3 

Connecticut 3 2. 

i  re 3 2. 

Florida 4 2 z 

in 1  £ 2 : 10 

22 £ 20 

Indiana 15 _■ 1  ^ 

low. 1 13 a i] 

Kansas 9 .• 7 

Kentucky 13 2 n 

1  ma 5 2 6 

I 2 4 

id S 2 6 

husetts..t4 2 12 

Mil  higan 13 2 11 

Minnesota 7 2 <j 

Mississippi  ...    .  9 ..  ... 2 7 

2 14 

ka > 2 3 

Nevada 3 .* 1 

X.    Mini]  ihire.    >,      —  2 2 

New  Jersey 9 2 7 

New    York 3© .* 34 

North  C.iroiin;t.  1  1 .* 9 

Ohio 23 2 21 

3 2 1 

Pennsylvania... 30 2 »S 

Rhode  bland.. .   j  ..        .; 2 

South  Carolina.  9 2 7 

1  tsee i£ 2 10 

Texas 13 2 11 

Vermont 4 2 2 

Virginia 12 2 10 

West  Virginia..  6 2 4 

Wisconsin 11 -; 9 


Totals 401 


7 


3*S 


The  Territories  of  Arizona,  Da- 
kota, Idaho,  Montana,  New  Mex- 
ico, Utah,  Washington  and  Wyo- 
ming, have  each  one  delegate* 


The  Time  ol  Fast  Trotters. 

Horses  that  have  trotted  s 

lime,  during  the  following  j  1 
1  1  and  Including  the    1 

. 

2  OH  I 1886 

-   1 "  1 

Bt,  Jullen 2  ll  '«.-■  i-*ni 



1 

2  13  £....1884 

Clingstone 2  1  I 

IthMaid 2:14  1874 



Lulu 

-'   1 4  \ J  hTH 

Bmuggler ! 

■ 

Qolddusl 2  li ■-.         i~77 

Edwin  Thorne | 



HlnnleR 2  16)4..,   1884 

American  Girl 2:16J4\.,   1-74 

Darin      .   _■  16)    ....  1879 

Maud  Messenger 

Phil.  Thompson 2  16  1884 

Jerome  Eddy 

Cleora 

Dick  Bwlreler 2   i-  '  . ...    I  —  t 

Ford 2  16 1880 



aioster 2:17....     i-7i 

2:17 

Harry  Wilkes .2  17 1884 

Penny  Witherspoon...2  17. 

Clemmls  t; 2  17. 

2:17.... 

.    -J   17... 

■    OUd 2  17','.,.   1682 

Dexter 2 

Piedmont 2  17>(...   1^-1 

Bo-80 2  17V.. ..1681 

us 2:17j2....1881 

foOregor -*  17^...   IH83 

Hannla  2  179?.. ..1882 

Duquesne 2  175., 

1 2:18 1-71 

Lady  Thorne  (2) 2  18. 

2  18....     !-7» 

ollerton 2  18. 

stern 2  18..., 

Edwin  Forrest 

2  18., 

2:18  1881 

Kate  Sprague -'  1-  1^1 

CatchflT     2:16 J-^4 

Lady  Thorn  (1) 2 

Lucy 2  1-...  .   1872 

Lads  Haud 2  1- ■, ..     187  i 

Siidnight -'  185        1878 

!f - 

Rosa  Wilkes -'  i^1...     1882 

-'  Id)?...  .1877 

Col    Uwls 2  1-  1876 

(    .' 

ins 2  ]-■    ....1882 

.  li 

I  ■  2:184/.   ..1880 

Cosette 2  19 1-.'; 

■  le 2:19     ,...1878 

Edward 2  19 1878 

2  19  .         1879 

ter 2  19    ....1879 

Alexander 2   19   ....    1881 

le -   19     ...    I860 

2  19     ...   1882 

Kittie  Bates 2  19  1882 

Wedgwood 

•uld 2  19     .       1882 

V     M«u!  >  •   -2.   1--*. 

trotted  on*  trilo   in   -  '  "-■  -  I;  »  ■  (.   »i    lj-nntton. 

It,  *h«    tn.i  »<l  od«  tniU   Id 

£»l-4. 

9m  u-'.iw.l  on*  mila,  st  Prorklaoot, 

r.]..  A«c«*«  t.lM^.'o  2:10. 


Seven  Wonders  of  the  World. 

Pyramids  of  Egypt 
Tower,  Walla  and  Terrace  Hanging 
1  t>j  Ion. 

ter   '  'ivmpus.  on  the 
line  Hill,  at  Rome. 
Temple  of  Diana,  ut  Bphesus. 

OT    watch-tower,    at   Alex- 
Egypt 
Cola  1  statue  106  feet 

high,    overthrown     by  an    earth- 
quake ■«*  B.C. 

im     at      Haticarnaasus,     a 
9reclan- Persian  city  in  Asia  Minor. 


Agricultural.   Mechanical,   Statistical   and   Other   Reference  Tables. 


Value  of  Indian  Meal. 

food,  lOO  pounds 
of  Indian  meal  Isequal  to 
the  following: 

Sun.  of  Amount  ia 

Article.  Pounds. 

White  Turnip-  1  200 

;«>.> 

Cabbage 700 

Carrots 700 

Bye  Straw 666 

Ruta  Bagas 

Wheat  Straw 500 

Oat  Straw 400 

Cornstalks 333 

Timothy  Hay 200 

Barley Ill 

Rye 

Oats 

Wheat 76 

Beans 60 

Oil  Cake 40 


Weight  ol  Lumber. 

Different  kinds;  of  sea- 
soned lumber  contain  the 
following  number  of 
pounds  in  1,000  feet. 

Kind  of  Lumber.  Pound,. 

Pitch  Pine ..4,150 

Maple 4,000 

Beech 1,000 

Hickory 

Locust 

Dogwood 

Cherry 

Walnut 3.690 

Oak 3.675 

Ash 3,550 

Cypress 3,350 

Elm 3,220 

Chestnut 3,170 

RedPine 

Poplar 

Birch - 

Cedar -     - 

Yellow  Pine 

White  Pine 

Willow 2,78 

Norway  Spruce 2,67 

Hemlock 2.3,0 

Butternut... 1.960 


Decay  ol  Stumps. 
Snap, 

Pine 200 

Cedar 9  to  18 

Hemlock 9  to  15 

7  1"  14 

Hickory 6  to  10 

Maple 

Oak 5  to8 

Ash 5  to  9 


Lumber  Required 


To  build  a  mile 

fence,  ordinary  width  of 

board: 

1  board  high. 

2  boards 

..2,640  feet 

3 

4                  -     . 

10,560     • 

5        "       "    . 

13,200    " 

Pounds  Per  Acre. 

The  following  U  about 
the  number  nf  pounds  of 
each  which  may  be  grown 
on  an  acre: 

*m*'  .        P«    Am. 

Mangel  Wurzel 22.100 

Parsnips 11,100 

Cabbage 10.800 

Turnips 8,500 

Apples 

Potatoes 7.000 

Carrots 6.900 

Pears 

Hay 4   •■■ 

Onions 

Cherries - 

Plums 2,100 

Beans 2,200 

1.900 

Oats :  300 

Barley 1.650 

Wheat :  -  C 

Hops tOO 


Average  Shr.nkagt*. 

Considering  dryage  and 

rot.  the  following 
average  shrinkage  (or  six 
month-  from  time  ■-•.  har- 
vesting: 

Sinjf  of 
Article. 

Wheat 6  pr.  et 

Com 20       ■ 

Potatoes 33 


Strength  ol  Rope. 

Good    hemp    rope    will 
bear        the        following 

w.-iyhts,      according     to 

■ 

1     inch 200 

\%    "    312 

\        -     450 

1  .     "     612 

2  -  -  0 

-  .  •  1.012 

2  1.250 

2%  ■  .1.512 


Nutrition  in  Wheat  Flour. 

Kin  wheat 

flour  ••BousMiiguult 
•  if  nutritive  equiva 
shows  how  many  parts  of 

other     foods     it    take-     to 
e-.ual  the  same.     Thus: 


or  Part*. 

Turnips 1.335 

Whit.   I  ...810 

■  ta 777 

C8 313 

177 

130 

Barley 130 

Barley  Meal 119 

117 

Bye Ill 

Buckwheat 108 

107 

Wheat   Flour 100 

67 

Beans 44 


Age  Attained  by  Birds. 

Nam.  Ap 

Eli  ia  Imo, 

Heron 80 

Peliean 50 

Sparrow   Hawk 40 

Skylark 30 

Crane 24 

Linnet 23 

Nightingale 

Lark 18 

Blackcap 15 

Goldfinch 15 

Partridge 15 

Pheasant 15 

Robin 12 

Blackbird 12 

Thrush 1" 

Wren 3 


Constituents  of  Milk. 

Of  1,000  parts  of 
milk  there  are  various 
constituent  substances  as 
follows . 

Constituents.        Xumber. 

Water 840 

Milk-Sugar 45 

Butter 4" 

Caseine 4" 

Phosphate  of  Lime 17 

Chloride  Potassium 9 

hate  Magnesia 4 

Free  Soda    3 

Common  Salt 3 


Time  of  Germination. 

An  experiment  w:thcorn 
planted  at  various  depths 
resulted  in  the  young 
plant  appearing 
ground  in  the  following 
number  of  days: 

D*nb  !>*■»  -a 

1     8K 

9K 

2     10 



3     13 

4       


Per  Cent,  ol  Sweet. 

Name  of 

Arrirlr-. of-'wt 

1- 

fleet 10 

nn 

Corn  in  Tassel 


Cordwood  Weights. 

-!-   per  eord, 
on  the   ai  erage,   as   fol- 

Kind  of  W.-t.  fft  prCoTT 

Hickory *,468 

Ash 

•  k 

3.234 

Hani  Staple 2  -    t 

Yellow  Oak 

Birch 

Pitch  Pine 

Canada  Pine 1,870 

White  «>,,k i  B70 

Lombartlr  Poplar.   .  1  775 


Roman  and  Arabic  Numerals. 


I 

1  DCC 700 

II 

2DCCC 800 

Ill 

3  CM 900 

IT 

4  M 

VI 

...  .6  MMM 

VII 

7  IV 4'... 

VIII 

IX 

X 

....10  VII... 

XX 

....20  VIII 8,000 

XXX 

XL 

....40  X 11 

L 

...  50  XX - 

LX 

....eo  xxx 

ITT 

70  XL 

LXXX. . 

50.000 

xc 

....90  LX 6O.00O 

c 

cc 

...200  LXXX 

ccc... 

...300  XC 00.000 

CD 

4  ..  ,  ■ 

D 

DC 

...eoo  mm.  .2.000.000 

Growth  ol  Trees. 

\ rdlngto  i  observation  of 

Dlinois  Horticultural 

vth  of  different  tree's 
during    12    years  was  as  fol- 

White  Willow IX  ft.... 40 

Yellow  Willow 114  ft. ...35 

Larch 

White  Maple 1       ft 20 

Ash-Leaf  Maple...  1      ft...  .20 

White  Ash 10     in.... 20 

Chestnut 10     in 20 

Black  Walnut....  10      in... .20 

Butternut 10     in.... 20 

Elm 10      in.  ...20 

Birch 10     in. ...20 


Eclipsesol  the  Sun  and  Moon 

Visible  in  the  United 
from  1885  to  1900. 

Sun. 

Jan.  28,  1888  Sept.    21.  1*S5 

July  22.  1SSS  Feb. 

Jan.  17.  lSSOSept.      4     1895 

Nov.  15.  1891 1  Aug.     23.  lslio 

May  11.   1892Uan. 

Oct  20          .              .'7,  ls« 

Sept.  14.  1894  Dec      16,  1899 

March  1".  1893 

July    23,   1897  

May      23.    1900 


Number  ol  Seeds 

In  a  Pound. 

Kind.  Xumber. 

lover 688.400 

iver 

Buckwheat 



20.000 

Barley 15  500 

Wheat 102500 


Nutriment  ol  Foods. 
«-*•"-».    'Jz££ '.  RzL 

hr.  m. 

Bread,  baked.... no 3  15 

led 38. 

Beans,  boiled  . .  37 2  30 

Mutton,  roasted  .30 3  15 

Poultry.        -       ..27.. 

Beef, 

Veal,             '•       ..25..         I  ■ 

Pork,             '•       ..24 5  15 

Venison,  boiled.  .22 1  45 

Fi-h.  •■      ..20... 

Potatoes.      "       ..13 3  30 

Apples.  P.aw 10 1  30 

.boiled... 7 4  30 

Turnips,       "       ...4 3  30 

Cucumber 2 

Armies  ol  Different  Nations. 

Xumber  of  men  in  army  and 
navy  combined : 

Counfry. 

Russia 1 

Italy 754,743 

France 

Germany 461316 

Turkey 

China 

Austria-Hung.u 

Great  Britain 191.010 

British  India 

Switzerland 117,420 

Spain 105.221 

Netherlands 71,000 

Persia 

Sweden 

Belgium 

Japan 

■  I "     - 

17 
Denmark 


Relative  Worth  ol  Foods. 

Of  lOO  parts  in  thi 

ted  that 
a    properties  as 


r_*.   1    —j~.u,.«.      -^j-;- 

Apples 5 10. 

Barley 15 

2  I 

Beet 15 

Buckwheat 

Butter - 

Cabbage 4 5.. 

Chicken is 32.. 

Corn 12 73.. 

Cucumbt  1.. 

ite.,17 

>Ut 15 27   . 

:  :   35.. 

Milk 5 

Mutton 12'. 4".. 

I 

Pork I 

■ 

Turnips. 1 4.. 

Veal 10 16M 

Wheat 14 


296 


POPULATION  OF  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Having  10,000  inhabitants  and  over,  by  the  census  of  1880,  accompanied  by  a  statement  of  the  public  debt  of 
each  city,  to  which  is  added  a  table  showing  the  debt  per  person  of  each  man,  woman  and  child  of  each  city. 


I        1*1,1 

Name  of  at,.  |  '' ',.  &£* 

Akron.  Ohio 16.512 S17.619...  tl.M 

NY 90.903.  .3. 138500         M5S 

Alleghany,  Pa 78.681.    l      .     ■ 

Allentown,  P« 18.063  .     130.H3... 83.83 

i.i.  V.i 13.658... 1.037.08S 

All i.  Pa 19.716 368,830.  ...1»  70 

Amsterdam,  N.  V 11,711 

in,  Kan 15.106 119,687.  ...29.71 

31.398     .2,180.000. . .  .63.38 

rough,  M.i- u.iii 1M00 1.19 

n    NY 88,(81 530,000. . .  .23.12 

Augusta,  Go .23,023.  ..1.961 .319..  ,.115,11 

III 11.S25 25.506 2.16 

An. tin.  Tex 10,960 106,744 9.71 

Baltimore.  Md 332,190.  27.092.6Wi 

Bangor,  Maine  16JBXI  ..87881,000 

..  Mich 20.693 133.10.1 

lie,   111 10.682... 

i  I    Maine 18  I  M    ...14.88 

Blnghamton,  S.  Y 17.315 299.5en 

III 17. lm 221,163 

Boston,   M.i- 362.535 .28.211 .017.... TT. 90 

.1    r.niii     29.115 831.000.... 28.61 

on,  Haas 13.608 71.200 5.23 

Brooklyn.  N.  V 566.  W9.38.O10.0OO.  ...67.13 

N.  Y   155,137     .8.211.9  U 

Burlington,  Vt 11.364 383.127. . .  .33.71 

Burlington,  Iowa 19,450.....  128,062        I    ■ 

iven,  N.  Y 11,544 

52.740...  3.103.723....  64.53 

Camden,  (t.  J 11.168.  ..1,164,900 

I'. •On 12.258 180.657        .14.73 

n.  N.  Y 18,(79 

Iowa. 10.101 10.876 4.01 

19.999  .  .4 .129.102. . .  .82.58 

Chattai ga,  Tenn ..12.892 71.566 5.55 

M.i" 8]  ...71.3.', 

Chester,  Pa 11.996...  .357.084.  ...23.81 

i   III MB    ''I   .1  ! 

Cincinnati,  Ohio.. 831,708. .21.992.500  ...86.00 

ind.Ohlo 100,141    .4,076,946.... 25.45 

Columbia,  s.  C 10.040 

ColumbUS,  OhlO 51.665...  1,259. 162...  21. 37 

Covington,  Kv 29.720..   1.030.000.  ..  .31.66 

19.117 111.211 7,27 

Bluffs,  Iowa 18.059 138.100 7.66 

1    N'.  II 13.838 61',  500.. ..44  IX 

Chlckopee,  Mass 11,325 100.050 8.83 

Chilllcothe,  Ohio 10,938 None 


a/ame  •  >/  City. 


IWI.I 


Xante  of  City. 


Mich IK 

88/ 

1  35.630 20.000.. 

Dea  Moines,  Iowa 22.108 578.000.. 

II  .  Iowa 22.254 801.611., 

Dover,  K    II 11.687...   .158.830., 

Danbury,  Conn 11.669... 

11.619.. 

10 

■  a 21.834 290.675.. 

Bvanavllle,  Ind 29.280... 

th,  N.  J •-• 

I    27.730  .1 

Blmlra,  K.  Y 20511... 

Mich 19.016 ... 

I  219.919 

[O.iia :oi.ooo.. 


.11.02 
.28.48 

.25.79 
.36.15 

.21.88 

.6.88 
.29.36 
,13.31 


Fall  111,  ■ 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind.. 

I   n  y.  .. 
Fond  do  1 

Ftshklll.  N.  Y 

iwn,  I>.  c. 


.19.006. 
.13.091. 


.3,169,765.. 
.  856,900  . 


..115.000., 

770.788.. 


1  :  II 

1  :K 

..38.13 

..18.45 

. .  .9.98 

.61.68 
.31.87 


Grand  Rapids,  Mich., 

ton,  Tex 

Qlou lor,  Mass 

burg,  111 

Hempstead,  S.  Y' 

Hartford,  Conn  

Hoboken,  N. J 

Harrisburg,  I'a 

ll. mi  ton,  Tex 

Haverhill,  Ha 

Hyde  Park,  ill 

Hamilton,  Ohio 

Hannibal)  .Mo 

Indianapolis,  Ind 

City,  N.  J  

Johnstown,  N.  Y 

.1 it,  ill 

Jackson,  Mich 

invtlle,  III 

JenTersonvllle,  1ml 

Jamaica,  N.  Y' 

Kansas  City,  Mo 

Kingston,  N.  Y 

Keokuk,  Iowa 

Kalamazoo.  Mich 

Louisville,  Ky 

Lowell,  Hass 

Lawrence,  Us 
Lynn,  Haas 

Lewlston,  Maine 

Long  Island  City,  N.  Y 
Lexington,  Ky 

nwoi  III    K.m 

Lynchburg,  Va 

Lafayette,  Iml 

i  

La  1  Crosse,  W 

I. In.  R.  I 

1  I ,  N    5' 

Little  Rock,  Ark.... 

Lincoln,  Neb 

Los  tngeles,  Cal.,.. 

Ind  — 

Lennox,  N.  Y' 


Milwaukee.  W 

polls,  Minn.. . 

Memphis,  Trim 

N   11 

Mobile    Ma 

a.  Conn 

Montgomery,  Ala 

Macon,  Ga 



Hlddletown,  Conn... 
Muskegon,  Mich 

n       Wi* 

Marlbor 


Newbn 

New  York,  N.  Y 

New  Orli  ■!.     1  ■ 

Newark,  N.  J 

New  Haven,  Conn  . . 

New  Bedford,  Mass, 

I 

Norwich,  Conn 

Newport,  K\ 

Newburgh,  N.  5" 

New  Brunswlek,  N. . 

n,  Mass  

New  Albany,  Ind.. . 


tt.011 

11  III, 

..30.999. 
..30.762. 

.18.646. 

1.  1.  , 

..15,711. 

..11,071. 


.6171.O0O.Sll  71 
.1.023.219  15.07 
..193,370  ...10.00 
....53,250 1.65 

.3.689.855.  ..86.71 
.1,099,250  S  II 
.1.065.300.  ...34.63 

10  >0 

1  11  91. ...80.53 
...393,428....  21.29 

....18,067 3.90 

...13.00 


. .  75.071...  1.911.500.  ...25.50 

.120.728     15.598.135     .  129.16 

..16.126 

10,146      ...54.000 3.34 

00  ...11,39 
|l  ■■■.                  I            It 
I 
.10,089 


..55.813. .1.339.224 
1-    |{        114,880 

.  ■  1 


.23.99 

1  , 

..2.09 


1.812.935....  39.11 

•■■  183      1      1  875.. . .80.18 

..39.187   ..1.712.000  .13  68 

■    -i      8,078415       51  It 

.25.769 164. 112....  18.01 

..19.083.. .1.038.102.  ...54  39 

.17.117.    .     

..10.656 81.316 5.06 

396.573. ..  .23.96 
794.837... 19.80 

■      



I     i.OOO 9.30 

.50.000 3.63 

10      ilT 8.03 

..15,35 
11,311  .310.177....  87,48 
11,198         456,271. ..  .40,77 

10  149       

8  160.289...  18.69 
..16.887    .1,137.4(7        84.85 

.    

..32.130 929.r»x> 

11,711          Ml  ...33.91 

-1  ...58.28 

..12.017 483.523  .40  23 



180.000  15.08 

186.71  1 
..10.126.. 


...13.537. 

..216.110 
.136.100 

...26.875. 

..21.966. 

21.111 

1;  1(7 
II  181 


109.1!     ill 


.31.66 
.90.69 


.9.070  032. 

.1.086.000.. 
.2  1X7  871.. 
1.191451. 
966.118 
...313.100.. 
.1.118.916. 
....993.591. 
....358.182. 


.6641 
.21.62 
.1037 
.99.57 
.56.34 
.42.41 
.17  36 
.91.30 
.58.16 
.21.82 


Newport,  K.  1 

New  Britain.  ■ 

Nm  walk.  Conn 

New  Lots,  N    Y 

Nashua,  N  li 

NorrlstowA,  Pi 
Northampton,  Mass.. 

New    I 

North  I 

'lie.  Trim 


Oakland,  Ca] 

Omaha,  Neb 

go,  N.  Y' 

Oshkosh,  Wis 

Orange,  N.  J 

Bay,  N.  Y... 

Imri.-,  N.  Y... 


...15,693. 

...13.978. 

...13.951.  . 

...13.681. 

...13.397.. 

...13.061.. 

...18,17*., 

...10.192  . 
...43,161.. 


-in,  in. 
1(4  >i  I 
.522.195.. 

.196.611 

1     LIB.    tOO 


...31.556 669.126.. 


Pittsburgh,  Pa 

Providence,  H.  I 

Palerson.  N.J 

Portland,  Maine 

Ill 

Petersburg,  Va 

Poughkeepsle,  N.  Y'.. 

eket,  K.  1 

Pittsfleld,  Mi" 

lie.  Pa 

Portsmouth,  Ohio.... 
Philadelphia,  Pa.... 


...21,117.. 
....15.719.. 
...13.201.. 

...10.310. 

IM  Kl 

1(4  -  11 
....50.887. 
....33.810. 


130,500.. 


- 

35.40 
.37.43 

.34.23 

6  21 

II  IT, 

.47.11 

.36.95 

.19  35 

T  I  ■ 
.59.86 
.8.28 
19.29 

.13  05 


...90.37 


.21.1,6. 

I..I3.367. 

...11.311. 
HI  884 


.1.359.500  . 
(  11 

...716500 
.1.136.100. 
.1.939,198.. 
...935.000. 


.21.71 
188.13 
84  11 

.52  16 
.95.96 
.49.13 
.28.88 


...317.809. 
1.'.  ;-.i  ,,:.,', 


21.85 
.28.09 
.19.18 


Qulncy,   III 27.275. ..1,917.888.. ..70.31 

Quince,  Mass 10.529 65,980 62.66 


Rochester,  N,  i" 

Richmond,  Va 

Reading,  Pa 

Racine,  Wis 

Rocktord,  III 

ml.  Ind 

Vt 

Y 

Rook  Island,  III 

St.  Louis.  Mo 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 

Scranton.  Pa 

St.  Paul.  Minn 

Sprinurield.  Mai 

st.  Joseph,  Mo 

Savannah. Ga 

Salem,  Mass 

Somerville.  Ma- 
Sacramento.  Cal 

Salt  Lake  City.  I/tali  ... 
Sprinpneld.  1  Ihli 

San  Antonio.  Tex 

Id,  III 

Sandusky,  Ohio 

ctady,  N.  Y 

South  Bend, Ind 



lille,  Ohio 

Stamford.  Conn 

Shieveport.  La   

Saratoga  Springs,  N   Y 

Saugerttes,  N.  Y" 

Saginaw,  Mich 

n,  Cal 

Shenandoah, Pa 

Troy.  N   Y 

Toledo.  Ohio  

Th  or. 01.  N.  J 

Terre   Haute. Ind 

Taunton.  Mass 

Topeka,  Kan 


.  .89.363. 

..13.131. 

..12.01.',. 
..11,660. 

15.840 
..41,498. 

.  .33.340. 

.  .30.681 

.  .20.768. 

.19.719. 
..15.838.. 

...13.279.. 

..12.093. 

11  ill. 


.5.701.681.. 

■,.i  imi 

...178.090., 
...167.000  . 

...160.000.. 

,1,928,000 
.2,446,600.. 

.1.1(8  1(7 

.1591.974.. 

,M|  MO 
....67.000.. 
....58,627.. 

...381.215.. 
...118.000.. 
. .  .337,600. . 

...30.190.. 
..  297,600.. 


f,:t  xo 
.  .18.93 
.23.08 
13.(3 
..1835 
.13.10 
.16  66 
.13  28 

.13.12 
M  (9 

I  .1 

1 
1 1 1  83 
.12.08 

.63.56 
.10.19 

.2.82 

.39.10 
.21.07 
.8.60 
.25.30 


.14.50 


10  i(8.. 

.10.287.. 
.10.118.. 

.56,717.. 

-."  11  I 
.29.910.. 
.26.040.. 
.21.213.. 


..958.296.. 
3.232.660. 
1  M4  Kl 

...333.219. 


.19.00 
37  10 


.64  16 
.55.70 
.10.26 

21    ,'i 


Great  Cities  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  World. 


L".<7 


Xante  nf  City. 


Virginia  City,  Nev. 
Vicksburg,  Miss 

Washington,  T).  C... 

Warwick.  R.  1 

Worcester.  Ha 
Wilmington.  Del. . 


T  ■  >  T ,  t 
per  each 

I  crsu'i 


. .  .33,913.  ...S76C.000.  ..J28.88 

...13.705 112.000 8.17 

...11,814  :  !18.  ...31.50 

.23.310, 1M  ..158.25 

163 57,500 I  :•! 

■    ■'■  11 .98 

i  '  199.     1    :  ■  190    ..32.05 


Name  nf  Oily. 


Debt 

1-H, 


I       Debt 
I    Person 


Home  nf  city. 


Person. 


Wh«  ling,  w.  v.... 
Wilkesbfl ! 
tVatervliet,  N.  Y... 

Waterburj    

WUliamsport,  Pa. 
gton,  N  C. 

k,-t.  K.  I..  , 

Wallkill.  X.  Y 

Wohurn.  M  LSS 


31.2r,6.. 

23.339 95.096. 

a  <        

(si  m 

18.934 fi'.l    J7: 

.17,361. 


tV  02 
..  (.07 

i  U 
..31  09 


230.000 11.30 

.11.183 

.10.938  ....820,602 


Watertown.  N.  Y.. .  . 
Weymouth.  M 

Winona,  Mum 

Waltli.ini,  M.> 

Yonkers,  N  Y 
Youngstown,  Ohio. 

York.  Pa 


Zanesville,  Ohio.. 


. .  10.697. . .  ,*407.500. .   S38.00 
.1"571    61.392 6.09 

..11.711 177.000 40.76 

..  18.892. .  .1,388,000. ..  .73.47 
193  405...   12  SO 

..13,940  33.000 2.38 

..18,120 529.097. ..  .29.91 


Great  Cities  of  the  World.  Outside  of  the  United  States.  Having  100.000  Inhabitants. 


Cities. 


Census. 


Popu- 
I  lation. 


Cities. 


Popu- 
I  lotion. 


Alexandria... 

Agra 

Anmenabad. 

Allahabad  ... 
Amsterdam  . 

.Antwerp 

Aberdeen 

Amritsur 

Abeokuta  


.Egypt.... 

.India 

.  .India 

.India 

..Holland  . 
Belgium 

.  India  .... 
.Africa — 


.1882 

.1881        160.207 

.1881 127,621 

.1881.  ...148  517 

1885...  372,325 

I 

.1881 105,189 

.1881..     151,886 
.Est 130,000 


Berlin Germany 1885.  .1,315,297 

Bahia Brazil 1880 140,000 

Buenos  Aviv- Smith   America.  1  ssii. . .  .:fcis,49s 

Bombay India 1881.... 773,196 

Bareilly India 1881  ...  .109,844 

Benares India 1881 199,700 

Brussels Belgium 1881 .. .  .394 ,940 

Bangalore India ...1871 142,513 

Bangkok India Est 600,000 

Baroda India 1871. ..  .112,057 

Bordeaux France 1881 ...  .221 ,305 

Barmen Germany 1885.... 103,666 

Bremen Germany 1885 1  18,615 

Breslau Germany 1885.,..-,,  |  ., 

Belfast Ireland 1881. .    .207,671 

Birmingham England 1881 100,757 

Blackburn England 1881....  104,012 

Bolton England 1881... .105,422 

Bradford England 1881. ..  .180,459 

Brighton England 1881. ...128,407 

Bristol England 1881. ..  .206.503 

Bucharest Roumanla 1 S79.      221,000 

Bologna Italy 1881... .123,274 

Barcelona Spain 1877.... 249,106 

Buda-Pesth Austria  Hun 'y. .  1880. . .  .3".'..'  '51 

Constantinople Turkey 1879  . 1 ,1  75,1  N '  I 

Cairo Egypt 1878. . . .  349,883 

Canton China 1881     1,600,000 

Calcutta India 1  SSI . . .  .871,504 

Cawnpore India 1881. .  ..151,444 

Oolumbo Ceylon 1881. ...111,942 

Copenhagen Denmark 1880 273,323 

Cologne Germany 1885 

Charkow Russia 1883...  15 

Chlistiania Sweden    1SS5   ..    130,027 

Delhi India 1881...   173 

Dnar India Est 100,000 

Damascus Turkey-tn-asia  .Est 150,000 

Danzig Germany 1880... .1  1 1  322 

Gen |  1885..    248     i 

Dublin Ireland 1"!    ..  249,486 

Dundee Scotland Issl    ...140,463 

Edinburgh Scotland 1881..   .  228,1 175 

Ifrica Est 100,000 

Frankfort  on-Main. Germany 1885....  154,513 

Florence Italy 1881       .169/101 

Eatschau china i 

1' alow Chum Est.... 

Glasgow.. . .  .Scotland 1  ss  |, 

Gwalior India Est 

Ghent Belgium 1885. 


Genoa Italy.. 


.1881.. ..179,515 


Cheu-fu China Est 400,000 

Hangjang China Est 100,000 

Hankkow China Est 600,000 

Etutscheu China Est 200,000 

Hutscheu-fu China Est 100,000 

Hwangjuer china Est 120/100 

Hyderabad India Est 200,000 

Hakodate lapan 1877. 

Hamburg Germany 1885... 

Hanover Germany 1885....  139.746 

Hague Holland 1885.. ..138  6  16 

Jangtschau China Est 360,000 

Jongpin China Est 200,000 

Jondpore India Est 150,000 


Kesho India.. 

Kagoshima lapan.. 

Kanagawa Japan.. 

Ki,,ta Japan.. 


..Esl   ....150,000 
.1-77     ..200.000 
.1-77  ...106  26 
.1877.. ..229  810 


berg Germany 1881 14' '.:".! 

on England 1881....  154 ,250 

Ktjew Russia 1880 127,250 

Kischenew Russia 

Lima South  America.  1ST*: II  11,488 

Leinkong china Est 250,000 

Lahore India 1881      .149,349 

Lucknow India 1881.. 

Lille France 1881        17-  ill 

France. 1SS1 376.613 

Leipzig Germany 1885, 

Leeds England Issl 

Leicester England h-l..     [22,351 

Liver] I England 1881 

London England 1881      I 

Lisbon Portugal ls7^ 

rg Austria-Hun^..  1880... 

Liege Belgium 1885, 


France 1SS1. 

ter England 1881. 

Italy.... 1881. 

Munich Havaria 1885. 

Italy issi. 

Madrid Spain 1S77. 

Malaga Spain 1S77. 

Moscow  Russia lss4. 

Madras India issi . 

b India Est.. 

Manilla Indian  Aren't? 

Melbourne laiatralia lssl. 

nla 1881. 

Mexico Mexico 1880. 

Mukden China Est?. 


- 
...321339 

...405348 

I 



...252,000 

.11",  717 

...300,000 


Xangkin China Est 450,000 

Null's France iss| 124,319 

..  .England ISM 1 15,228 

Nottingham England IE 

Naples Italy I88J 

Japan 1877. ...  135,715 


Oldham England. 

Osaka Japan 


.1881. 
.1877.. 

Patna India 1881. 

Puna India 1881., 

Pemambuco South  America.  1  **. .. 

Prague Austria  -llun'y..  1SKO. 

Paris France 1881. 

Portsmouth England 1HSI 

Palermo Italy iggj/ 

Porto Portugal l-7s 

Porto  Novo Africa 

Peking China Est.i 

Rio  de  Janeiro South  America 

Rangoon India 

Rouen France 

R°nie Italy 1880 

Rotterdam Holland 

Riga Russia i-si. 


Pnpu- 
I  lation. 

.111,343 
.284,105 

...129.751 

. .  162,323 
2,269,023 
.127353 
.  .244.991 

• 

l.'HS.N.i 


. .  357.332 
134,176 

.17  :  --4 
..168344 


Santiago South  ami 

Shaohing China Est . . 

Shanghai China Est.. 

Siangtan China Est.. 

China Est., 

Sutschau China Est.. 

Saoul Corea Est.. 

India 

Surat India ls.71 

Smyrna Turkey  in 

Sydney Australia issi 

St.  Etienne France issl 

many isss. 

Stuttgart '  1-.;, 

Engl  1 

Sheffield England 1  ssi . 

Sunderland England Is-.  I 

"iig Russia  ... 

Seville Spain  1877. 

Stockholm Sweden. 1885. 


■ 
.1,000.000 

...107,149 

..111387 

..176.233 
..284  41" 

- 


Tunis Africa I8t 

Taiwan-fu ( Ihina Est 

lhaU-fU China Est 

Tientsin China 

Tschantschau  ■  E-t. . .  1    ■ 

Tschaujang China Est ,  ■    •• 

"ifu China Est..., 

Tschungking  Cu  —  China 

Ti.kiu lapan 1877.. ..811,510 

T.ii. ris Persia Est..., 

1  sria Est 200,000 

Tillis Russia  in-Asia.    If 

Austria-Hurry..  1880.  ...144344 

France 1"! 

Turin Italy 1 

I Spain 1877.. ..143356 

China 1 

Austria-Him'y.ls-,     | 

Venice Italy IE 

Warsaw Russia 

Weihein China 


Odessa Russia Is-.-     ..217,000         West  Ham England IE 


'For  population  of  great  citn    aol  given,  see  "Principal  Countries  ol  the  W01  led  elsewhere  in  this  volume. 


298 


Cotton,  Sugar  and  General  Reckoning  Tablas  for  the  Use  of  Planters,  Merchants.  Brokers. 

And  Others  Engaged  in  the 
Culture,  Sale,  and  Handling  of  Cotton,  Sugar  and  Other  Products  Selling  at  from  6  to  14  Cents  per  pound. 


Total  Cost  of  from  1  to  600  Poi 

rids  at  from  (>  to  s    1  lento 

per  I*oii ti<l. 

At 

At     ,     At            il           vi           u          Al           M 

VI 

VI             \l             Vi              .1             VI             VI              VI             VI              VI 

At 

At 

At 

At 

N.....r 

7  . 

7      ,       Be 

«M    O. 

r  it.  per  it.  |.. 

per  B) 

per  II  per  ft  pei   Di  per  n>  per  it. 

per  n. 

per  lti 

1"  i    " 

Vm  I        VkiI-     V     . 

Ain't'    Viu  1       Vm  1- 

Vm  t 

Vm  U 

Vm  t- 

to     |    to     1    to     I    to     I    t..         to         to 

i- 

1..      |     to      1     to      '     1"          t" 

to        to 

t.. 

to 

to 

t.i 

i.. 

...... 

...ov 

1 

...... 

III      . 

■ 

...8.. 

e.. 

..  IS.. 

,.  1 

.  II.. 

1 

1  | 

It 

I.,'. 

.i  . 

..  IS.. 

..l»V 

. 

..  (1.. 

'IV.     22)4 

"1 

■1    .  ..  21 V 

..  S5X 

..«6K  ..<5X 

.  31 

..32)* 

.    I 

a 

.  ::l 

in 

■ 

1          1 

■"» . . 

..  SO.. 

. 

<!.. 

.  I 

. 

.ir.       IS 

' 

,   1 

■ 

u 

1-   .         It 

1.. 

.  1' . 

..  ii.  . 

..«« 

It 

i'iV...'>'V 

. 

., 

,. 

M.. 

..  18.. 

. 

. 

■i 

it 

it 

11.. 

..  *.. 

- 

... 

.  i.i  . 

..63.. 

. 

.71'. 

1«.. 

..  CO., 

.. ei  , 

. .  05. . 

..  osajr 

..  70. 

.  76V 

Nil 

M'. 

..86V 

»<►.. 

,1.20.. 

.1.25  . 

.1.30.. 

i 

i 

.1  HI.. 

it:       LIS.  .i.  1.41 

1    .,1 

i              i    .          1.5 

. 

1   I.'           1   ..  . 

1  ,11      1 

SO.. 

.1.(3.. 

..0 



i          l.ll 

■   ', 

3  hi 

■  17] 

."   ||'. 

. 

I.I 

'  15. 

' 

,  ,i 

g 

.'| 

.  . 

■•  J5 

.2.90..  .2.95.. 

o 



a  "ii 

,3  SO 

■ 

.'.  in        .:  1  . 

GO. 

.3.23. . 



.3.02)4  .3.68V 

- 

I   mi 

1    In 

i.sijj 

SO.. 

I 

.3.(0.. 

i  20 

II.        1  I  .i  . 

1  .11 

1    .          ii 

5.10      .5.17H 

1<> 

.4.53.. 

.  It  . 

.5.335,         I 



. 

~o 

.4.90.. 

oo 

.  i  in. 

.6.20.. 

.  :u 

.6.50. . 



.  ,ii 

, 

.6.00  . 

.6  in 

I  10 

,,  60 

»o.. 

1 

,.  , 

6.11)| 

.    ,  ! 

'.  .i  . 

.6.86)4     1.01 

.  ,:l', 

.  1 1) 

i    , 

MM 

I    ■ 

.8.378 

.6.50. . 

1 

■  1 

.    ■ 

.   ■"  . 

.  ■■ 

1  oo 

• 

BOO 

12  OO.. 

12.50..  12.75.. 

■ 

11    '"I 

il  50  .  n  . 

1  ,  M  ,115.25       15.50 

i  ,  . . 

1 

It   '. 



:t(i<> 

is."".. 

' 

11.75..  22.1         "| 

'1  .  - 

400. 

S.00      !5  ." 

«   .... 

■    i 

in    .,l 



:     ... 

13.00 

ii 

11.50 

.-.mi 

"■ 

S  „ 

1 . 

15.62! 

625..  36.81            10..  33.1 

in 

10.62 

ii   ■. 

I    <>" 

30.0O. . 

30.75. . 

,    .ii 



m  a 

11.35 

1    . 

12.75. 

13.00..    III.. 

15.00.. 

15.75., 

i 

17.86 

In  mi 

48.75.. 

1O.50 

„,  ! 

51.00. 

1   .  ■ 

Total  Cost  of  from  1  to  GOO  Pounds  at  from  SS  to  1 1    (Vnl- 

per  Pounds. 

At 

At    |    At 

At     |     At    |      Al 

VI             M            VI      1     At 

VI            VI            VI            V,      1       VI            VI 

Vi 

At 

At    i      vi 

At 

No.  of 

Bis. 

«K  c.     9  c. 

I     "  .    r.  9M  O. 

.        . 



10          Ii",  o   Hi'..'    10     i     10     .      10  ,  , 

in 

II  .■ 

l  l  ■■    i     ii 

i 

per  It. 

per  ft 

|MT    11.   p<   1 

per  n.  per  ft  per  ft 

per  ft 

pel        pi                     i           per  ft  [per  ft 

...     'i. 

per  ft 

per  it.  per  ft 

per  it. 

Villi-     Vint. 

Am  I-     Vm  1-      Viii'i 

Viii'i-     Vm  I-     Vm  1 

Alll  In 

Vm  1        i                                                                 linh 

Vm  In 

Vn,  I       Vm  1- 

to 

to     1    to 

to 

r               to      |     to 

to         to 

to 

in         to         to         in         in         to 

to 

to 

t..         to 

to 

1.. 

...«v  •••  • 

1 

' 

10 

in'. 

.  10)4 

10) 

in     .   in 

10 

..  11.. 

ii 

a 

1.      .               IN 

in  .       n 

I'i'. 

It   ,    ..  20.. 



... 

2] 

..211. 

'1  , 

8 

•  •  26X 

.  30.  . 

■ii 

1 

4.. 

I 

. .  36)4  . .  37. . 

■I          »i    ..  in  . 

Hi 

ii 

i  ' 

.12!       -  13 

ii 

i 

■•46Hf 

S.. 

..  43V 

II       1 

II   ,   ..  00.. 

' 

.  53V 

1 

' 

41.. 

i  . 

. .  59V  . .  60  . 

,... 

1   . 

..  6IX 

... 

68)4 

ii  .     .70.. 

.  i' 

. 

• 

■ 

,1        . .  75V 

, 

■ 

■" 

M.. 

..  70. 

..71..       72.. 

,i 

Nil 

..81.. 

i 

N, 

..87  . 

.    88. . 

81        .  B0.  . 

"1 

». 

. .  7S  V 

. 

88  |       go 

1 

83 

" 

". 

' 

i  in.       i  01)4 

1  .. 

14».. 

1 

"    . 

1.00.. 

.1.01)4 

i  - 

i  m 

.1.06),      I". 

1   'IN    .        1.10.. 

111'. 

•jo 

I. 

' 

.2.I2K    .2.15. 

1.1 

' 

SO 

'        .      1-71 

' 

r 

.3.33  | 

I" 

0 



. 

N.I 

■' 



i  ii. 

i  i.i 

i  i  , 

i  jo 

i   '  i      .1.30.. 

1 

i  in 

i  i 

i   ,ii 

1.65.. 

SO 

i   .I,',     i  62)4 

1    .    . 

.4.93V 

04)4 

.5.81), 

,  ,.i 

' 

no 

i 

.'1 



I  i  , 

,,  .ii 

t  to 

' 

,. 

in 

6.66)4 

.     'I-     . 

•  7.17X 

'    . 

,    ,.!', 

,  ,'i 

wo 

.    .1 

.7.70.. 

NIK) 

8.10 

.N  "il 

N    60.. 

•    .!• 

8.9 



•i.. 

-   1  : 

.-.  ,„;', 

N    NN     ,      ,J    00 

:i  i  i  '  , 



9.45.. 

'" 

,  ,,, 

i 

10.23* 

i<><> 

- 

, 

" 



' 



in  12! 

10  ' 

10.31        10.60 

in  62!  f  10.76 

II    IHI 

ni"      11.28 

1 

BOO.  . 

17.1 

,  .      19.00 

19  'i 

i  .  ,  .       .I  00       ''I  '  ■ 

'.'ii  50  . 

.'.1  ,.,      "i  00 

11.25        1.60 

1 

...       ... 

12.75 

BOO. . 

' 

-     ,       ■■.  62      J0.00      SO  17)     SO  .  ■ 

1.12        1.50 

■    ■'  ■  . 

, 

. 

44M> 

f,.i»'  . 

N        ,l| 

i I 'i 

|1     ,,,        (2  mi 

Ii    ,1 

ii  mi      16.00 

i  .   .,, 

.-.oo 

II    :.        1  

45.02X46-'                      17.60 

,0.00       ■'"."       i 

ll.f 

•  loo 

1  ,  . 

55.60.. 

■■■ 

,  00 

.        , 

.-.  50 

■i      '   . 

S0.00. . 



01.50.. 

12.25 

,,.:  i.i 

04.50. . 

,  .     ' 





67.60. . 

Total  Cost  of  from 

1  to  600  Pounds  at  from  Hi  to  14  Cents  per 

Pound. 

At     1     At     1     At           Al            VI 

Al     1      At      '      VI           At 

VI           vt 

Vt      1      At            Vt            VI            11 

VI            At 

At 

At 

At 

Mo.  of 
Bis. 

1  1  '    .      1  1 

12XC.  l'J\        i         .      1   '      . 

1     .1 

.  .        ,         ,      ■ 

. 

14.'. 

per  it.  per  it  per  it.  pel 

i  per  ft  per  ft 

'1         1  ,.  1 

per  ii.  p.  i    ft  pel        pel    lb  pel   ft 

pi  '        per  ft 

(111    It 

per  it 

per  !t> 

V,,i  l         Vm     -      Vinl-      Vlu  1         Vm  1 

1        \i,i  i        Vm  I 

Aiii'In   Aln'tN 

Vm't-    Am  1-    Am  t-     Vin'f 

Vm  I-     Atu't- 

v. in- 

Am tN 

Am  Is 

tO            to      |     tO      |      to       1      I" 

to    |    to     |    to         to 

to     I    to 

to             t"       1      tO      |     tO      1     tO 

i            to 

to 

I.. 

CO 

1.. 

it          12 

.1 

1 

IS           :  ■ 

..  13)4       i     ,       i         .  13H 

' 

II    . 

a.. 

..23V 

..  24.. 

1 

2.i '.      .  ". 

* 

.  .  26)4  •  ■  »3H  ■•  -"'»  ■  ■  27.. 

..  27!      . 

. .  23. . 

:t  . 

' 

..36.. 

'■'.»"..  37 '.. 

..37X 

..37.<l..38'4 

..  :i'J. . 

.  :'■"  -          '  , 

..    I"1-   ..  40H 

..  1"  . 

..  ii',   .     i 

.  IS.. 

4 

16 

IS 

1 

.  I*'  .  . 

.60.. 

..  Ml',         51    .           '1 

..  52.. 

' 

.  54.. 

.    .  ■ 

... 

S.. 

..60.. 

M 

..61V  ..  61  v  ..6214 

68X  ..  63V!..  64X 

■ '    , 



i. 

«  . 

..71V 

..72.. 

..  72  V 

..  75. 

..  7S 

..  .""'.    .  »1.. 

83)4 

•7.. 

. .  -l  .       62)4 

14 

..85V 

.  .  8714 

..  88H  ..  89'<       "ii '- 

"1 

.  '.'1  .     .  ''■.'  . 

"i 

I".        .MIS.. 

.11".. 

.1.11.. 

ill.. 

U 

.1.06  . 

.1.08.. 

i  I0W 

.     i  '         ii           I  11  ■.     1  1  ,  . 

.1.17.. 

1.1         1.10)4 

' 

■ 

i   ■. 

io. 

| 

I  21)4  .1.22]  , 

i        .     •        i        0.1.35 

1  l".. 

eo 

....  50.       2.52 

'  to 

. 

.2.76.. 

BO 

15.  .1.3.71 

M 

i  in  .     ni'. 

1  l"'. 

i  ... 

io 

1 1,11 

.4.75        I  nii 

1.85 

ii 

.  hi 

1.40.. 

1 

. 

,  . 

, 

■ 

'      i    ,     t  ::;'<  .6.43V 



0.75.  . 

,. 

" 

, 

4IO 

.   i 

1  ■ 

..'i.,,          ;  66..   .7.721.1 

-II 

-in 

.8.32)4     8.40.. 

TO 

N    II.      . 

11)4   .8.40-. 

•    1-      .         -      ,,'            n    06)4 

.  .  .       8.83V 

g  in 

1.46 

71)4     "  *>.. 

BO 

...  .     I  u 

"i  .    1 0.00                     1.20..   i"  '.'i  .  in  in  . 

in. hi  .   i"  10 

i 1.10      n   '".. 

OO. . 

10.16V  10.57!     10.68  .    10.80 

in  91V  11.0!                                  n    ...',   11.41       n    .-.   11  .1' 

11    Nl>. 

1.48V  12.60 

loo 

n7V£  12.00-. 

12.12         '  15       12.3           '    '         '           12.81       13  DO 

13.12       13.25       13.31                     13.6! 

1  ;  ,  ,       i                i 

2IIII 

3.50.. 1! 

14.25. .  24.50         '                 .  . 

'  .   '  . ...      '.  ""       '     ' 

...            ,  ,        '.  mi.. 

BOO. 

1.50..     4.87)4  35  -7.      : 

i  ■       ■     .ii       ..                              ........ 

19.31         '  .  .      mi ' 

11.25       ii  82       12.00.  . 

loo 

1 .      It       "     .      11    'HI     .     1 

i-   Ji      i .42.50        LOO        '  ."  .  51.00  .  51    " 

1.6 

.14IO. . 

7  50..  58.1                         1.37)4  60.00.. 

tO  62      61.25      .  i  -        62 :  V>-H  63.75..  61   .. 

m.OO.. 

414M>. . 

'     i       .1  85..   72.00.. 

.... 

-ii.      tl.OO..  81.76..  m     ■                   -1.00.. 

Explanation    To  And  t]  B  ,'  poand,  fol- 

wn  from  the  number «'-".  until  opponte  the  9>  In  the  iir-t  colnmi 
■  iunl  i>  found  to  be  i  .».» 

cents  I'tr  i>ound,iii>t  find  the  cost  of  9  pounds  it  - 


■uMiuiiii    |7,    .  of  •©  poands,  nnd  the  total  wili  be  •8.04K.  Tim-, 

bi  Addition  ...  it  hi  n  one  <-t-nt  of  any  amount,  i  u  be  ijulckl;  learned, 

ii  t  be  pi  ice  Li  between  8  and  1 1  ■  ■  ni  , 


BOARD.  WEIGHT  OF  A  BUSHEL.  AND  SHORT-RATE  INSURANCE  TABLES. 


EXPENSE  OF  BOARD  PER  DAY. 


The  following  table  will  be  found  convenient  for  the  proprietors 
of  hotels  and  boarding-houses  in  giving  the  price  per  day  where  the 
board  is  a  certain  specified  price  per  week.     Thus,  if  it  is  desired  to 


find  the  price  of  five  days'  board  at  $5.00  per  week,  it  will  be  found  by 
reference  to  be  $3.57.    (S  oard  exceeds  $10.00 

per  week,  double  the  numbers. 


Days. 

50c. 

75c. 

$1.00 

$1.35 

$1.50 

$1.75 

$3 

$2.25 

$2.50 

$3 

$3.50 

$4 

$4.50 

$5 

$6 

+  7 

$8 

$!) 

tin 

1 

■  > 

.11 

.14 

.18 

.21 

25 

.29 

.32 

.36 

.43 

.50 

.57 

.64 

.71 

.86 

1.00 

1.14 

1.29 

■: 

.14 

.21 

.29 

.36 

.43 

.50 

.57 

.64 

.71 

.86 

1.00 

1.14 

1.29 

1.43 

1.71 

2.00 

2.29 

2.57 

2.86 

3 

.-.'1 

.32 

.43 

.54 

.64 

.75 

.86 

.96 

1  "i 

1  '-") 

1.50 

1.71 

1.93 

2.14 

2  -.', 

3.00 

3.43 

3.86 

4 

.29 

.43 

.». 

.71 

.86 

1   XI 

1.14 

1.29 

1    13 

1.71 

2.00 

2.29 

2.57 

2.86 

3.43 

4.00 

4.57 

6.43 

5.71 

5 

.36 

.54 

.71 

.S(l 

1.07 

1.25 

1.43 

1.61 

1.79 

2.14 

2.50 

3.21 

3.57 

4.29 

5.00 

5.71 

7.14 

6 

.43 

.64 

.82 

1.07        1.29 

1.50 

1.71 

1.93 

2.14 

2.57 

3.00 

3.43 

3.86 

4.29 

5.14 

6.00 

6.86 

7.71 

8.57 

7 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.25   1    1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

6.00 

7.ui 

8.00 

9.00 

1 

LEGAL  WEIGHT  OF  A  BUSHEL  IN  DIFFERENT  STATES.* 


Slates  aud  Territories. 

Wheat. 

Rye. 

Oats. 

Bar- 
ley. 

lbs. 

Ruck 
wheat. 

Sli.-ll- 

Corn. 

Corn 
Cob. 

Corn 
Heal. 

Pota- 
toes. 

Sweet 
Pdta- 
toes. 

1  infoni 

Tur- 
nips. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

Dried 

peach- 

Fl.x. 
seed. 

Tim- 
seed. 

Blue- 
grass 

Ctorer- 

«ed- 

Coal, 
anthra- 
cite. 

Ib3. 

U.S. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Its. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Ibs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Arizona 

Gtolorado 

Connecticut ...... 

Delaware 

Iii-i rlct  Columbia 

<> -u'i:l- 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa  

Kansas 

Ma 

Maryland  

Massachusetts  ... 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Montana 

New  Jersey 

New  York". 

Ninth  Carolina  ... 

Ohio 

t  Iregon 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carol ina... 

Tennessee . 

Vermont 

Washington  Ter. . 
West   Virginia 

-.60.. 

..(ill.. 
..till.. 

..60.. 
..60.. 

..60- 

.60- 

-60- 

..60- 

..60.. 

..60- 
..60- 
-60- 

-60- 
-60- 
-60- 

..60 

..60.. 
..60- 
..60- 
..60- 

-60- 

-60- 
..60.. 

00 

-.30.. 

56 

54 
-50. 
.56- 

56. 
.56 
.56 
.56. 

3:> 
.50. 
.56 

.:«;. 

.56. 

Mi. 

.56. 

.:>ii. 
.56. 

..".I-,. 
..Vi. 

.56. 

.56. 
.56. 

.r,ii. 

..Mi. 

56 

Mi. 

.32. 

.32. 

.32. 
.32. 

".32! 
.32. 

3-1 
.30. 
.32. 
.32. 

.32. 
.32. 
.35. 

.30. 
.32 

.30. 
.  12. 

.33. 

.■',■!. 
.33. 

32. 
.32. 

3' 
.36. 
.32. 

32 

18 

.-IK. 

.47. 
.48. 

.4S. 
.IX. 
.4S. 

-IS. 

.47. 
.|s. 

IS. 
.48. 
.48. 

18 

is 
.-is. 
.is 

.1.; 

.is 

.Is 
.IS. 
-Is 

is 
.45. 
.48- 

..52- 

..ls.. 

-52.. 
..52.. 
..50- 
..52- 

..50.. 

..4S-- 
..1S.. 

..|s._ 

..42.. 

. .52. . 
-52.. 

..50- 
..4S-- 
..50- 
..50- 
..42- 

. .        . 

..Mi.  - 

-50- 

..43.. 
-52- 
..42.. 
..52.. 

..56- 
.56- 

..56- 

-53.. 
..56- 
..56- 

...Mi. 

..56- 
-56- 

-56.. 

..56- 
..56- 

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...56.. 
..51.. 

56 

..56- 
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-56- 
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-56- 

70 
.70. 

.711. 
.7". 
.68. 

.70. 
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;7o'. 

!7iV. 

.72- 
"70" 

-.50.. 
-50- 

-48- 
,.4S.. 
..50- 

"»" 

...VI  . 

Is 

..50- 
-50- 

-46- 
50 

.Ml 

-60.. 
-60- 

..60- 
..60.. 
..60.. 
..60.. 
..60- 

.-30-- 

-60- 

60 
-60-. 

.tm.. 

-60- 
-60- 

60 

SO 
-60- 

..311.. 

-60.. 
..60.. 
-50- 

..311.. 

..55.. 
—  55— 

-46- 
..50.. 

-56- 
-56- 

-54- 
-.50- 

-50- 
-50- 

..57- 
-50.. 

-57- 
..57-. 

.-IS,. 
--57-. 
-57- 

-52- 
-56- 

-57- 
-57- 

57 
-50- 

-50- 

...-.7  . 
...Mi.. 
..52.. 
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;.5o'. 

.55. 

.55 

.50. 

iio" 

.60. 
55. 
.50. 

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.-311.. 

-60.. 

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.60.. 

.60.. 
-60- 
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-64- 

..60- 

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.,0  . 

..62- 

YmY. 

-60- 

50 

.  60  . 

50 

Y.eaY. 

..«o.. 

-60- 

-60.. 
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..fin. . 
..60- 
-60- 

-24.. 

-24.. 
..24.. 
..25- 
..24.. 
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..28- 
..24- 

..25- 

!  '.22. '. 

- 

-26- 
-26- 

-28- 

- 
S 
»-- 

-.33- 

..33- 
..33 
..38- 
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13 
..33-. 

YMY. 

Y.itY- 

28 
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..53.. 
..53.. 

"56- 

..54.. 

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-55- 

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'.'.&'.'. 

.  .  Ml 

;"56- 

-56- 

15 

.45. 

.45. 

-4",. 
■I.V 
.45. 

1.-,. 

lis". 

.45- 
.45- 

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.45. 
15 

.  Ml 
IV 

-14- 

..14.. 

-14.. 
..14.. 
..14.. 
..14.. 
..14.. 

-14- 

..14- 

..14.. 

-14- 

-14.. 

..60- 

-60- 

-60. 

-60.. 

-60.. 

-60.. 

~.~.ei~.~. 

..60.. 
..60. 

.64.. 
-60.. 
-64- 

..60- 
-80." 

u 

60 

80 

..80.. 

..80- 

.  si... 

-80- 

*  Some  States,  not  lure  mentioned,  only  legalize  and  recognize  the  Standard  linn  4  States  bushel,  without  reference  lo  wi 

SHORT  INSURANCE   RATES. 


By  the  following  table  may  be  seen  the  customary  short  rates  of 
insurance  for  prrioil-  lrss  than  a  year  or  month. 

Explanation. — When  the  rate  i.-  one  per  cent.,  or  Si  on  $100  for 

For  Periods  of  Several  Years. 


iliis  Proportion 

I  YEAR. 

2    YEARS. 

?    YEARS. 

4    YEARS. 

of  whole  Premium. 

I   mo. 

2   mn. 

•5    lllO. 

4   mo. 

t;   mo. 

2M  per  cent. 

2     " 

4     " 

6     •' 

S     " 

10     " 

30    ■•       " 

1     " 

t,     « 

')     - 

12      " 

15     " 

A    "   4°    "       " 

4     " 

s     ■• 

1 2      " 

16     " 

2.1     •■ 

> 

10     " 

1;      " 

20      " 

2;     " 

60     "       - 

6    " 

12     " 

is     " 

-1      " 

50     « 

70    »       •• 

7     " 

14     " 

2  1 

2S      " 

35     " 

■■., 

S     " 

16     " 

-t      - 

32      '■ 

40    •■ 

9    " 

iS    " 

-7     " 

V> 

+S     " 

ss  -    •• 

10     " 

20    " 

30     " 

40     " 

50    •■ 

90  "    " 

1 1     " 

22     " 

33     " 

44     " 

55     " 

U  "  95    "       " 

a  year,  ttie  rate  for  one  month  is  4-20  Of  the  annual  rate,  or  20  cents. 
(See   Table.)     For  six  months  it  would  be  14-20,  or  70  cents 

following  table,  which,  by  a  little  study,  will  In-  r-;i.ii]y  under- 

For  Periods  Less  than  One  Year. 

7  mo'-,  \f}  of  annual  rate. 

s  -  a 

9  ■•  H 
.0  «4| 
11    "    n 


55 
_g_ 

1 0 

I2 


For  Periods  Less  than  One  Month. 

5  ila  vs.-j^jjOf  monthly  rate  1 5  davs.^A.  of  monthly  rate 
10    ..      ^         ..  ..     _.,,     ..     T^5 


300 


AGRICULTURAL  TABLES  FOR  FARMERS.  GARDENERS  AND  OTHERS. 


K.-r  m:mv  facta  and  figures  in  those  varlona  reference  tables,  credll   i-  dne  il American  Almanac,"  edited  by  A    i:    Bp  iflord,  "  tfoore*i 

Universal  Ast  R     il  the  "  American  Farm  and  Hom  lia,"  bj  II    R    Allen,  " Farmers'  and  Meet  '         il,"  by  Geo. 

E.  Warring  -  fear  lio.ik."  by  Frederick  Martin,  "The  Circle  "f  Useful  Knowledge  "  and  ■>ilnr  valuable  work*. 


Vitality  of  Seeds. 

.--h  ..(  tun.    that  III-  I  "!   Vege 

.  i  -  Ml  gel  nun. ill. in 


Cucumber 

M.-loii 

Pumpkin 

Squash 

ill 

Caulllla 

Altlrli 





■Udlsh 



Lettuce 

l 

Okra 

Rhubarb 

i. 

Turnip 

..'in. 



Carrol  • 



in  cob). 


.8  to  10 
J  to  1" 

..5  to  6 

.5  to  6 

.5  to  6 

..1  to  5 

..3  to  4 

.  .3  to  1 

.3  to  4 

:i.i  1 

..3  to 
..3  to 

.  .3  to 

i 

..e  t.. 

.  .-.•  to 

.2  to 

..2  to 


1  eek      -'to  3 

Onion S  t"  9 



2to  3 

2to  9 

Sul-llV 

2  to    3 

Bgg>plant 1  to  2 

;;.  roe. 

Anise 3tot 

1 1      p  

2  to  3 

Caraway 2 

Coriander 1 

Hill 2to3 

Fennel 2  to  :'. 

ler 

m\.  .i  Karjoram 2 to  3 

Bummer  Bavory l  to  2 

Bag* '-'to  a 

Thyme 2  to  :t 

Wormwood 


Number  to  an  Acre 
.  n  p  iet  .it  regul  part. 

'.      |  -No.of|.unu.  |  Distance*  apart.     |N«.«rnnn. 

reel     1.210 

■  ■     ■      ■ 
;  ret  i  i>\  t  reel 

I  feel 680 

131 

I  10  feet i  ■  ■ 

n  feet  l.y  n  feet 

i    feel  I.-.  12  feel  

bj  |3  feet 

n  reel  bj  li  reel 222 

l  i  feet 193 

16  t.  el  bj  ir.  feet 170 

ieo 

l ISO 

is  feel  by  is  reel 1st 

II  reel  I"  " 

■_•»  reel  by  20  teet ins 

■j.'i  feet  by  25  feet      69 

■• -i  bj  30  reel <8 

i to 

in  reel  by  to  reel 27 

H  reel  by  50  feet 17 

>  iv)  r.-.-t 1 1 

M  feel  b]  66  feet 10 


6  Inches  bj  t  Inches.. 

i".  inches  by  6  Inches. .      176,240 

ihes 77.410 

i 

C  reel  bj  l  rool  I     0 

10,891) 

I  .•■.  feet... 

.  i  foot 11    '■■ 

i-i 
,  i  . 

i  foot 

:  reel 5,449 

feel 3.6.10 

I  teet  by  i  feet 2.722 

Hi  feet  by  4K  feet 2,151 

■  r«  i  by  l  foot 

S  i.  •  i  b3  ■■  reel 4.3'.r. 

3  feet 

5  reet  by  i  reel MM 

.  reel  by  5  feet 1,742 

in. 


Cost  ot  Producing  Pork. 

Tin-    r.i;-t    "f    produi 
1 .. >ii ml  ..f  pork  depend 


In  Cnti 


coat  ot  i 


'       61.50 

15 1.78 

17 2.00 

20 2.38 

22 

25 2.96 

30 3.57 

33 

35 4.00 

38 I      ■ 

10 

42 5.00 

45 5.35 

50 5.  US 

96 I    i 

60 7.14 

65 7.74 

70 8.57 


Cost  of  Small  Quantities  of  Hay. 

Facts  About  Sheep. 

Weight  of  Horses. 

„_, 1  SOlbj.  1  lion*  1  -                            1  tullU. 

frier  l*r  Ton.   |  .,„,,,   |   „,,„,,    |  .,„„,    |  .„„b    |  .orth. 

The  weight  ol                                                 -■    »  111, 
of  co                                          m  iter  In  which 

Supposing  sheep  to  be  well 

ft  d    and    sheltered,   i  he    folio*  bis    pn d 

n\  erage  yield  .n  Qeah  and  wool  al 

tw,.    |     8uw»,.   i^atitass 

Poor  dollars Uel                   10  <  ts..oo...»  .80 

...60 75.... 1.00 

Cleveland  Bay 1 .400 1,300 6 

d  lie  1,900 1,700 4H 

Seven  dollars 17 35 70 LOS...  i.io 

....                                     1     ILirkl     1      EwM 

Breeds.                                      „^ 

iniiiiri'T 

Bambletonlan 1,150 1.  loo .'■ 

Kambrino  1.200 1,150 5 

Ponj    '  tonadian               I                    »>  4 

t.-ii  dollars                          "          1 "  ...2.00 

Eleven  dollars 27 55 1.10 

Twelve  dollars.. ..90 60 1.20       1,90 

Thirteen  dollars. .  .32 65 1.30.  ...1.95...  2.60 

Fourteen  dollars... 3". 70 1.40 

Fifteen  dollars 37 75 l.so.... 2. 25. ...3.00 

no 200 2... 

11 

8 

9 

10 
6 

Merino,    \ lean.  150        130... 

2... 

3... 

Pony— Shetland 300 250 3 

"Scrub," or  Native       1,000 950 4H 

ASS 700 600 6 

Mul..  1.000 5 

2 r, 

3... 

< 

Quantity  of  Seed  Required  to  Sow  or  Plant  an  Acre. 


Quantity. 

gUfl  in  li  inch  drills 10  qta 

•tsparagus  plants,  *  by  i1..  feet 8.000 

■ 
i      b  I 

I      80  qts 

■  '.irolina.  proliflC,  etC-,  *  I'V  3 

■ 

•  rn   In  drills 12  lbs 

i  transplanting lSoz 

sown  In  frames 

4  lbs 



f"et 2.'.. 000 

white  Dutch IS  lbs 



,;  lbs 

Clover,  large  red  with  timothy 12  lbs 

Clover,  Large  red  without  timothy M  lbs 

— i"  Qta 





ber,  in  hills 3  qts 

Cncomber,  In  drills 4  qta 


1      Kind  ■  ■ 


I      Kind  of  Seed. 
Pumpkin,  in  i 

Parsley,  in  drills  2  feet 4  lli^ 

n  drill*,  ahorl  varieties Sbn 

Peas,  In  drills,  tall  varieties i  to  p  .  ba 

i"  ■  idcast         3  bn 

a  bu 

Radish,  In  drills  S  feet loibs 

Rye,    )>r<>ndcast 1   ,  'm 

Rye.  drilled 1>  .  I.u 

1*1     I  

Spinach  301bs 

Squash,  bush,  in  hill-  4  by  *  reel 3  lbs 

Squash,  running,  8  by  8  feet 

Sorghum 

t 3  11m 

Turnip  ,  b  

Tomatoes   In  Frame  -  3  oz 

■  i  in  hill*  3  by  3  feet 8  oz 

Tomatoes,  plant* 3.800 

in  drills i)f  bu 

Wheat,  2bu 


i 

Endive,  in  dril  

Flax,   broadcast 

Grass,  timothy  with  clover 

f mi.. (in  v. [thoul  clover 



Grass,  red  topoi  herds 

Grass,  blue 



millet 

Hemp,  I  

Kale,  German  (greens 

Lettuci  

Leek. 

I, awn  grass 

,  water,  In  bills  B  bj  ■ 

■  ',4  feet.. 

Oats,  ..  

I  

Onion,  inbedsfoi  sets  

in  r.«ws  for  large  bulbs 

Parsnip,  In  drl  

j  .  plants ,  2H  by  1  foot 


. .  4  oz 

.20  qta 
.  8  qta 
LOqts 

i 

.20  qts 
..SOqtfl 
..Mbu 

..  3  lbs 
..  3  lbs 

, .  .i  lbs 
..  2  lbs 

.  2  I. it 

■ 


Facts  Concerning  Production  of  Soil,  Amount  of  Rainfall,  Condition  of  Temperature,  Weights,  Foods,  Etc. 


01 


Foreigners  in  the  U.  S. 

By  the  census  of  1880  there 
was  in  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories a  population  as  follows- 



Females . 

Native  born I 

Foreign  i>om 


Summary  of  the  Bible. 

The  following  table  is  pub- 
lished as  containing-  B 

Jars  of  the  English  rer 
sion  of  the  Bible: 

In  the  Old  Testament. 

Letters 2,723.100 

Words £92,493 



Chapters 929 

Books 39 

In  the  Xew  Testament. 

Letters 838,380 

181,253 

7, '-*.'.'-» 

Chapters 260 

Books 27 

Total. 

Letters 3.566.480 



31,173 

Chapters 1,189 

66 


Average  Annual  Rainfall 

—At  different    parts  of  the 
United  States  and  Territories. 

Place,  Inches. 

Neah  Bay,  Wash.  Ter 123 

sitk  i    Alaska 83 

Ft.  Haskins,  Or 66 

Mt.  Vernon,  Ala 66 

Baton  Rouge,  La 60 

Valley,  Cal 57 

Ft.  Tonson,  lnd.  Ter ..57 

Ft.  Myers.  Fla 56 

-.-ton.  Ark 54 

Huntsville,   Ala 54 

Natchez,  Miss. 53 

New  Orleans.  La 51 

Savannah,  Ga 4S 

Springdale,  Ky 48 

Fortress  Konroe,  Va 47 

Memphis,  Tenn 45 

Newark.  N.J 44 

Boston,  Mass 44 

Brunswick,  Me 44 

Cincinnati.  0 44 

New  Haven,  Conn 44 

Philadelphia,  Pa 44 

Charleston,   S.  C 43 

New  York  City 43 

Gaston.  N.  C 43 

Richmond,  1ml 43 

Marietta,  0 43 


Ptace. 

St.  Louie,  Mo 13 

Muscatine,   la. 42 

Baltimore,    Md 41 

New  Bedford,  Mass 41 

Providence,  R.  1 41 

Fort  Smith,  Ark 40 

;     N.  H 40 

Ft.   Vancouver 38 

Cleveland,  0 37 

Pittsburgh,  Pa 37 

Washington,  D.  C 37 

White  Sulphur  Springs.  Va.37 

n,  lnd.  Ter 36 

Key  West,  Fla 36 

Peoria.  Ill 35 

Burlington,  Vt 31 

Buffalo,  N.  T 33 

Ft.  Brown.  Tex 33 

Ft.  Leavenworth,   Kan. 31 

Detroit,    Mich 30 

Milwaukee.  Wis 30 

Penn  Yan.  N.  Y 28 

Ft.  Kearney 25 

Ft.  Snelling,  Minn 2". 

Salt  Lake  City.  V.  T 23 

Mackinac,  Mich 23 

San  Francisco,  Cal 21 

Dallas,  Or. 21 

Sacramento,  Cal 21 

Ft.  Massachusetts.    Col 17 

Ft.  Marcy.  N.  M 16 

Ft.  Randall.   D.  T 16 


Place. Inches. 

Ft.  Laramie,  Wy.  T 15 

Ft.  Defiance,  Ariz.  14 

Ft.  Craig,  N.  M it 

San  Diego,  Cal 9 

Ft.  ColTille,  Wash.  Ter 9 

Ft.  Bliss,  Tex 9 

Ft.  Bridger.  Utah 6 

Ft.  Garland,  Col 6 


Average  Temperature 


— In    different    States    and 
Territories. 


Place  of        i      SUte  or  | 


Tucson Ariz 69 

Jacksonville Fla 69 

New   Orleans La. 69 

Austin Tex 67 

Mobile Ala. 66 

Jackson    Miss 64 

Little  Rock Ark 63 

Columbia S.   C 62 

Ft.  Gibson    lnd.  Ter 60 

Raleigh N.  C 69 

Atlanta Ga 5S 

Nashville Tenn K8 

Richmond Va 

Louisville  Ky 56 

San  Francisco... Cal 55 

Washington D.  C 55 


City. 


Degree. 


St.   Louis Mo 

Baltimore Md. . 

Ham-burg Pa 54 

Wilmington Del 53 

Trenton N.  J 53 

Columbus O 53 

Portland Or 53 

Ft.  Boise [dan 

Salt  Lake  City.  .Utah 52 

Romney W.   Va. 

Indianapolis lnd 51 

Leavenworth.  ..Kan 51 

Santa    Fe N.  M 51 

ni..W.  Ter 51 

Hartford Conn 50 

Springfield Ill 50 

Camp  Scott Nev 50 

Des  Moines Iowa 49 

Omaha Neb 49 

Denver Col 48 

Boston Mass. 48 

Albany   N.   Y 48 

Providence R.  1 48 

Detroit Mich 47 

Ft.  Randall Dak 47 

Sitka Alaska.  4 

Concord N.  H 16 

Augusta Maine  */■ 

Madison Wis 45 

Helena Mont 43 

Montpelier Vt 43 

St.  Paul Minn 42 


Weights  by  Railroad. 

When  not  able  to  ascertain  the  weight  definitely,  railway  companies  make  the  following  standard 
of  weights  in  bulk. 


Articles. 


Pounds.     \ 


Articles. 


Pan  nds. 


Salt Per  bushel 70 

Eggs Barrel 200 

Bark Cord . . .  .2,000 

Barley ..Bushel 4:> 

Apples Bushel 50 

Per  gallon 10 

Charcoal Bushel 22 

Buckwheat Bushel 4S 

Wood— oak Cord 3,500 

Clover  seed Bu>hel 62 

green) Each 85 

Ice,  coal,  lime Bushel 80 

Stone,  dressed Cubic  feet 180 

inglath Per  1.000 600 

Cord. ...4,500 

Bricks,  common Each 5 

Nails  and  spikes Keg 106 

Sand,  gravel,  etc Per  cubic  feet 150 

Stone,  undressed Perch 4,000 


Beef,  pork,  bacon Per  hhd...  .1,000 

Salt  Ash  and  meat Per  firkin 100 

Ashes,  pot  or  pearl Barrel 450 

Butter,  tallow,  lard Per  bbi 333 

Coke,  and  cake  meal Bushel 40 

'  it,  turpentine Barrel    300 

Onions,  wheat,  potatoes Bushel 60 

Bran,  feed,  shipstutfs,  oats Bushel 35 

Liquors,  malt  and  distilled Barrel 350 

Apples,  and  barrelled  fruits_ Barrel 200 

Grain  and  seeds,  not  stated Bushel 60 

Timothy  and  light  grass  seed  Bushel 40 

Hi.l.s  (dry),  salted  or  Spanish Each 33 

Shingles Per  M.,  short.  900  Its..  Long 1.400 

Lumber— pine,  poplar,  hemlock.  ..Ft.  b.  m 4 

-  -oak,  walnut,  cherry,  ash.  Ft.  b.m. 

Per  bushel,  100  lbs.,  per  1,000 

Flour  and  meal.. Per  bn  Barrel 216 


Landholders  of  Great  Britain. 

The  Ens  *'  entailment,  which  provides 

that  the  1  ..it  inherit  his  parents"  lands 

and  teiv  :  wrought  about  the  following 


Amount  of  Land. 


Owners. 


Acres 
Land. 


Less  than  1  acre 

From  1  to  10  acres  . 

From  10  to 
From  SO  to  100 
From  100  to  SOD 
From  500  to  1,000 
From  1.000  to  2.o<>" 
From  2.000  to  5.0"" 
From  5.000  to  10.0"' 
From  10.000  to  20.00C 
From  20.000  to  50.O-' 
From  50. 000  to  100.000  acres  . 
100.000  acres  and  over 

ea  stated 

No  rentals  stated 


.816.294 

.131,454 508, 006 

.76.109   ...1.827.698 


34.6*4.. 

..3.310... 

..2.402 

....831.. 


I   nt  888 

.7,3*3,718 
.3.900.419 
.4.634.549 
.7.372.568 

.4.988.804 
.5.113.500 


. . .  124 


■ 


Facts  Concerning  Poultry. 

-Different  breeds,  their  live  weight,  when  full  grown,  the  annual  number  of  eggs  they  will  lay.  etc 


Bret  is. 


Lire 
weight 


■  ■ 


Brahmas,  light ipv 8 150 7 

Brahmas.  dark pi  150 8 

7 170 9^ 

Cochins,  buff 10 7^.... 120 8 

1  -.  white. 11 -.1    L4(| 

Cochins,  partridge 11 s 150 8 

Common 3^ 3 160.. ..11 

Dorkings 6)^ 5 j*o 9 

Dominiqu  ...A 170  ...10 

Games  .black -breast  "d.  red. 7 ^ 5 170 10 

Haroburga 4 3 L80 

Hondans iy2 5 1. 

Leghorns,  black V4 3H-  -  ■  .800,  ...10 

Leghorns,  brown 1% SJ<.. 

Leghorns,  dominique i% 31-;. . 

Leghorns,  white 4M 3J4.. 

Lth  Hocks &14 6K-. 


gOQ 


.200... 
17fi 


10 

10 
10 
.8« 


Breeds. 


lire 

lire 

No.  of 

of 

bid  per 

M»lf5. 

H-o'. 

Tan-. 

(Oth« 


Polish 5K. 3U.....170 9 

Spanish,  black 7_ 6 170 9tf 

Docks,  common 3 3 90 9 

Ducks,  Aylesbury 7 6 So 6 

Ducks.  Cayuga 6 5}^ 100 8 

Ducks,   lVkin 6 5\: 75 8 

Ducks,    Kou.n 7K 6V. 80 6 

ommon B 7 20 4 

African 20 18 30 4 

:  Igyptian 7 fi 40 4 

1  mbden  U  -'" 3H 

Geese,  Toulouse 22 20 40 S# 

Turkeys,  common 12 10 50 7 

Turkeys,  black 15 12 50 6 

Turkeys,  bronze 24 15 50 6 

Turkeys,  huff 15 12 60 

Turkeys.  Xarragansett. .  .22 14 50 6 


Foods  for  Sheep. 

In  the  course  <■(   several    experiments  by  De 
Raumer.  a  French  scientist,  it  was  found  that  1.000 
>t  different  kinds  of  foods  prodt* 
-  ^  results,    it  « 111  be  seen  i  ■ 
that  wo  ■  most  valuable  food 

came  next,  while   mangolds  stood  lowest  in  the 
scale. 

_  .    ,  I  li*—  !»:»■» 

Subst-t 

-  with  salt 12^  lbs. 

■3  without  salt 44 

Mangold-Wun-.  6#  fts. 

Wheat 155      **  >     14      B>S 

Oats. 146      B>9.  .10 

Barley 136  60      fts. 

Peas 134       B>B     u   f  »S     41       lis. 

Ry.,  with  salt 133     "-    u     -^35     tts. 

K>-  -.    without  salt 90      lbs. .12      lbs. .43      Ibs. 

Corn-meai,  wet 129     lbs.  ISM  lbs    ! 

Buckwheat 120      lbs.  .10      lbs.. 33      lbs. 


302 


Healthiest  Regions,  Value  of  Foods.  Educational  Advancement.  Etc. 


Healthiest  Regions  for 
Consumptives. 

The  followlm 

scale   ..i  i  he    per 

1  deaths  t 

tlon     i  i this II   ■■■in  be  -•  en 

■ 
.i    much    higher    death    rate 

Lse  than bI  ■■! 

the  Western  Stated  an 

at    , 

Stale.  iBtichim. 

V  i  i  mont '-<» 

26 

husetts 25 

unpahlre ~'> 

Rhode   Island 86 

Connecticut 20 

Delaware  20 

1  of  Columbia 20 

Hew  Jersey 20 

New  York 20 

Maryland io 

Michigan 16 

1G 

Pennsylvania 16 

Washington  Territory 16 

West  Virginia 16 

California 14 

Indiana l* 

Kentucky 14 

ita 14 

.  -.n 14 

Dakota 12 

12 

12 

■  ■■■ 12 

Virginia 12 

u 


Of«#-  No 

state.  latwb  (,., 

9 

I      5 

M hi. i 0 

Colorado R 



ii J* 

North  Carolina * 

Uafa  una 6 

6 

ppl B 

Utah  « 

■     5 

Georgia 5 

SouthCaroltna  5 

5 

New  Mexico 3 


Relative  Value  of  Foods. 

Onetitu 

hay  for  -!  laJ  to — 

Articlf*.  Pounds. 

—  669 

Turnips 469 

<■■'• 429 

Clover,  red,  green 373 

371 

Mangold. 368M 

kepi  In  pit 350 

■  m  S17 

Pol  il    '    260 

I     M--       .  top  ...135 

Hay,  English 100 

89 

88 


Article*.  Pounds, 

Buckwheat    

Corn 





MM 

Wheal it', 

iseed 

Peas,  dry 87J< 

Beans 2a 


Amount  of  Oil  in  Seeds. 

fionnt  of  -"I  In 
tain  seed  will  ■ 

Mi       Inn 

■  ■  ■     ■ 

about  an  ai  erage  pei  i 

•i-edB.  P«rC«nt.of0.r 

ed  

Bw  eel  almond t: 

ed 45 

White  mustard 37 

Bitter  almond 37 

1 19 

1     17 

Indian  corn 7 

Oata 6H 

Clover  hay 5 

bran * 

traw 4 

bay 3!-i 

Wheal  straw 

Wheal  Sow     :i 

Barley 

Potatoes,  tui  nip 


Canning  Fruit. 

■   i he  ''.-ii 
l.-   ol    rrull    i     to  add  one 

pi  mnd  Ol   BUgS  if"  fOUI    |"  "iml  I 

"i    fruit,  and  water  sufficient 

i"  keep  n   1 1 om  burning.     If 

the  frull   I--  '.-I'.   tai ■ 

■  ■ ided   ; 

Whether  glass  or  tin,  I 

urtiL-hl 

i  be  follow  ingi 

bolting  and  the 
o  mount  '  'i  sugar  it  is  w  ''ii  t < > 
add  .'i  the  t Mi..  ..i  canning. 


Small  pears,  whole. 30 8 

Siberian  apples 25 8 

Bartlett  pears 20 6 

Tomatoes SO None 

I 15 10 

6 

■■■  hol<         I  •  4 

He-plant,  sliced  ...io 10 

Plums 10 8 

Wild  gr  ipes io 8 

Sour  apples  10 5 

Blackberries 0 ■'. 

8 fl 

errli         s..    ..  .8 

i  d...,8 4 

rrant  ,<l  8 

Ra  pberrit         6 4 

5 C 

Whortlebi  rrh  i 


Cannot  Read  or  Write. 

.■.n!    of  Mitel 

ong   the 

people  "i  dlffei  •■ unl 

shown  hi  the  follow! n 

n     from     Kid  ■ 
Schema  I 
tlon,  New  Tore,  1877: 


■ 


Per  CI 
s/Jllfl 

■ 


India 

M<  Klco 

Poland 



\i  gentlne  Rep. 



Spain 

Italy 

Hungary 

China 

Austi  ia 

Ireland 

England 

Belgium 



United  - 
Nethei  i    ■ 

■  nd 

Japan 


..1871... 

93 

'.i  I 
PI 

Recent 22 

..1861 73 

Recent,  .     .    ■! 

0 
It* nt   19 

Recent Is 

33 

30 

30 

0 
...1H 

Recent 16 

.Recent  10 


Illiteracy  in  the  U.S. 

By  the  census  of   ISM 
s.. us  oi  sr  ten  >  r;<  i  -  old  I  hal 
could  not  write: 

Whites "  -  ■!  "'I 

Colored 

I 

■■■  ■  -   


Salaries  of  Kings,  Queens,  Presidents  and  other  Rulers. 

The  following  table,  condensed  from  the  "Statesman's  Year  Hook,"  shows  the  yearly  salary  paid  to  kings,  queens  and  members  of  royal 
holds  and  presidents  of  various  republics,  so  >  the  most  reliable  authoriti*-*  in  ihso.     Out  of  these  salaries  some  rulers  have 

much  to  pay.  In  order  to  maintain  the  character  of  their  position,  so  that  theh  actual  cle  ir  sai  Ings,  annually,  cannot  be  easily  shown. 


Country. 


Sa  In  ry. 


Country, 


Ruler. 


■ 


Salary. 


Turkey. 


Italy  . 


■ 
■ 


[  Sultan  and  royal )  «i,,onnnmoii 
,     household       .  J  •"'.uuu.ww.w 

I  Emperor  i 

j       al  hOUSi  B.WW.U0 

I  Kink' 

Prince  Amadeo 

/  Duke  of  Genoa 


AnstriA-Hung'ry 


Spain. 


r  i>  r     a  nil  , 
King  and  royal      2,957,077  B8 

'     i ly > 

.Sultan 2  l 

.  \-  Emperor. ,   .      ■    . 

|  As  Knit' (.2,250,600.00 

I  King i 

Queen  

■ 


Bavaria.. 
Japan  . .. 

Egypt... 


i  nd   royal )   ., . 


i     famirj 


Saxony 

Belgium 

Wurtemberg. . 

Portugal 


Baden . 
Hesse, . 


(  Mikado  and  royal  I    .  .....  , 

|       family "   .     j   ■'-"'   ' 

I  Khedive     463,000.00 

His  rather.     193,20000 

■    family. 345,250.00 

710,010.00 

family 77  376.60 

.King 637.560.00 

!  King 439,877  7<: 

family ?    ■ 

00 

oo 

1.  rdlnamt 106.260X10 


King 

Queen 


Qrand  Duke  and  * 

B  mily.  ..  j  " 

ike  and  / 
royal  family. . .  >  ' 


Bl  i  t  ..  i  a 
a  n  '1     Ireland, 

ling 

■  I  ii  ■  e  n   a  n  ii 
.  .  .  ,     .  ,1 
the     i  o  v  .i  i  | 
hold.,       i 


Dm  en   Pi  <<  y  Pui  i<  I  - 
ii  her  allow- 

.ii.  e i    ■■ 

I 

..i  n  ,].-. ...     i 
i    llnburgh. ..  120,750.00 
Duke  ol  I  onnaught,  ,.120,750.00 
Princess     i  <  ledi  li  h 

W  llhe I  Prussia    38,640.00 

Princess  Christian  ol 
Schleswlg  Holtttefn  .  .28,980.00 

Hat 
cbionei         Lon 
Princes    Hen  1-3     Sea 
■ 

IDuchi 
bridge 2 
i  trand      I  luehi 
Hecklenb'g  St*  lies  .  14,490.00 

ol  Teck 24,150.00 

|  Duke  ol  Cambrldgi 

Helena,   oi 
I     Waldech,     i". 

;     ol   Ubanj 2S  980.00 

-  King 2i 

n  HelrApparenl :t:J,i!»;.7* 

..King 32,196.78 

H   h  |  King  241,500.00 

Brunswick Duke 242,000.00 

Six.-  Weimar Grand  Duk. 

....King 228,942.00 


Denmark 


.290,880.53 


,„.„,.  I  Duk. 

■      fa >.... 


India GoTernoi  General i: 

Bchaomberg-Llppe,  Prince 121 ,00000 

■  ddeni i  IS 

r'  "'" |  State  household II  ■ 

Prinoe  124  794,75 


Ing    Duke] 
<     unl  family .....  i  ' 
.Reigning  Duke 


Itsnburg. 
nlngen. 
Sweden  and  Hot-  I  Km. 

way  .  j  Royal  family. 

^....jo«". 

i  !  Duke    . 


'S. 


■     ■ 


Schwarsburg- 
Rudol 


.103,603.50 

.  90,496.76 

to 

.  61.482  50 

i     ral  i  i.\ 28,960.00 

■■ - 7"  171  53 

President 50,000.00 

Victoi  i.i i  18,300.00 

Llppe Prlii  i 

■  General  ...   i- 

Ceylon Governoi - 

New  Zealand Gorernor... 

New  South  Wales.Governor 33310.00 

Hong  Cong Gorernor 

.  ...Gorernor _  ; 

ilony.. 


Got)  ruoi .. 


Africa. . 

•  rnor 24,150.00 

Smith  Australia.  ..Governor 24,150.00 

Chill jv 

j  President 28,980.00 


■ 
Ri  public. 

ernor 21  i  50  00 

Natal,  Lfri  lovernor 19,320.00 

Austi  alia 


.1  i  190  00 


sh  Itserland. 


nor 


*  President 2  B98.00 

_ 


Astronomical  Tables,  Giving  Facts  Relative  to  the  Heavenly  Bodies. 

Condensed  from  chapter  on  Astronomy  in  "Hill's  Album  of  BIOOSaPHY  and  Art." 


Distant  From  the  Sun. 

Distances  of  the  different 
planets  from  the  sun. 

Name  of  Planet.    |     £;£r 

Neptune 2. 745,998 ,000 

Uranus 1,822,360,000 

Saturn.. $72. 132,000 

Jupiter  180 100 

Mars 145.000,000 

Earth 98,000  000 

Venus OS.OOO.OOO 

Mercury 37,000,000 

Earth's    Moon    dis- 
tant from  Earth 240,000 

The  enormous  distances  front 
us  of  the  fixed  stars,  which 
are  supposed  to  be  suns,  are 
beyond  conception.  One  of 
these,  Sirius  (the  Dog  Stai  ,  is 
supposed  to  be  twenty  trillion 
miles  away. 


Size  of  Planets. 

rhe  following  gives  the 
diameti  1  ol  the  sun  and  the 
know  M  principal  planets  1  oal 

involve  around  it.  together 
with  the  number  of  moons 
belonging  to  the  several 
planets. 

Heavenly    |    Diameter  I        No.of 
Body,        I       Mil**     J        Moods. 

Sun... 882.000 

Jupiter 91.000 i  moons 

Saturn 71,903 8  moons 

Neptune 38,000 I  moon 

Uranus .34,331 6  moons 

Venus 7.621 

Mars 4, 222.... 3  moons 

Mercury 2.981 

Earth 8.000  ...I  moon 

Diameter    of     Earth's    Moon, 
2.102  miles. 


Time  of  Revolution. 

The  following  is  tin-   time  of 

revolution     of     the     various 
planets  around  the  sun. 

Planet.  Now  in  going 

I  noun 

Neptune 164}$  years 

Uranus 84  years 

Saturn 29)4  years 

Jupiter ! 

Mars 1  yr.  103$  months 

Earth 1  year 

Venus 22J 

Mercury 

Our  moon  makes  its  revolu- 
tion around  the  earth  in  29 
days.  12  hours,  a  minutes  and 

seconds,  ana  is  supposed  to 
revolve  once  upon  its  own 
axis  in  that  time. 


II 


Velocity  of  Motion. 

The  velocity  of  speed  with 
which  the  various  planets 
move  through 

go  around  the  sun,  Is  shown  in 
tiu   folli  >w]ng; 

Platti  I.  B    ■    p  r  hour 

Mercury, 110.725 

Venus 

Earth 68  000 

Jupiter 30.000 

Saturn 

Uranus 

Neptune 12.000 

1. 1.' hi  moi  es    tl   tin 

>    econd,  and  ret 
passing  with  that  v<  i 
would  t:ike   three    yei 
nine  months  to  reach  Alpha, 
the  nearest  star,  w  hich  Is  nine- 
teen trillions  >■!  miles  away. 


Revolution  on  its  Axis. 

The   length  of    the    day  on 

i  by  the 

which  snows 

required 

■■    ■ 


Planet 


Dilljrtvi 

>Ril  trcott'U. 


i  24  h.  39  m.    2!^s. 

■■  .  ..   24  h.    '.  in.  28  s. 

Venus     ....23  h.  21  m.   :  s. 

Earth 24  h. 

Saturn 10^  h. 

Jupiter. 9  h.  56  m. 

Uranus 7  h.    5  m. 

Tlie  ->in  revolves  upon  its 
own  axis  at  the  rate  of  4,564 
miles  per  hour,  and  vet  re- 
quires  tS%  days  to  complete 
one  entire  revolution. 


Solidity  of  Foods,  Strength  of  Liquors,  Weights,  Measures,  Etc. 


Solidity  of  Different  Foods. 

Showing  the   proportion   of  solid   matter   and   water  in  100 
parts  each  of  the  following  articles  of  diet: 

Article*. 


Wheat 87 13 

Peas 87 13 

Rice 86 14 

Beans 86 14 

Rye  86 14 

Corn  86 14 

Oatmeal 74 26 

Wheal   Bread 51 49 

Mutton 29 71 

1  !hlcken 27 73 

Lean  Beef 26 74 

Eggs 26 74 

Veal     25 75 

Potat  «a 25 75 


Pork 24., 

Codfish 21., 

Blood 20., 

Tmut   19., 

Apples 18. . 

Pears 16. . 

Carrots     13. 

Beets 13., 

Milk 13.. 

Oysters 13., 

1  labbage 8. . 

Turnips 7. , 


.70 
.79 
,.80 
.81 
.82 
.84 
..87 
.87 
.87 
.87 
.92 
.  .93 

Watermelons 5 95  ' 

Cucumbers 3 97 


Bricks  Required. 

Number  of  bricks  required 
in  a  wall  of  different  thick- 
ness per  square  foot  of  surface 
wall.  The  dimensions  of  com- 
mon bricks  are  from  7  '^  to  8 
inches  long  by  4X  wide,  and 
2%  inches  thick. 


4  inches.. 

8  inches. , 
12  inches. . 
16  inches. , 
20  inches. , 
24  inches. . 
28  inches. . 
32  inches., 
36  Inches. . 
42  inches. . 


•  -1H 

.15 

.82« 

.30 
..37H 

.46 

■52K 

.60 

■  67M 
..75 


Per  Cent,  of  Alcohol  in  Liquors. 

In  a  scale  of  100,  the  following  shows  the  per  cent  of  alcohol 
in  various  kinds  ol  liquors  The  reader  will  understand  thai 
the  per  cent,  here  given  1-  founded  upon  the  fact  that  each 

liquoi  1-  tested  under  the >t  favorable  conditions.    Various 

conditions  would  change  the  rate  per  cent. 

Kind  of  Liquor.      |      Percent.   \  Kind  of  Liquor.      |      Percent. 


Scotch  Whisky.. 

Rum 

Brandy 

Irish  Whisky.. . , 

Gin 

Madeira 

Port 

Currant  Wine.. . 

Teneriffe 

Constantia 

Sherry 

Cape  Muscat 


,.54M 
..63* 
•-53X 
.53 
..51 
■  22X 
'.' 

20H 
19* 
19* 
.19* 

Mj4 


Malaga 17^ 

Claret 15 

Burgundy u 

Champagne  [still  ....13* 

■  --lie  (sparkling 

Rhenish 12 

Gooseberry  Wine 11^ 

Eldei     8* 

Ale gy 

Ciller 5  to  9 

Porter 4 

Small  Beer 1.. 


Weights  and  Measures  for  Cooks. 

1  lb.  of  "Wheat  Flour  is  equal  to 1  quart 

1  lb.  2  02.  of  Indian  Meal  make 1  quarl 

1  Tb.  of  Soft  Butter  is  equal  to 1  quart 

1  lb.  of  Broken  Loaf  Sugar  is  equal  to 1  quart 

1  lb.  2  oz.  of  Best  Brown  Sugar  make 1  quart 

1  lb.  1  oz.  of  Powdered  White  Sugar  make  1  quart, 

10  Eggs  make 1  pound 

4  Large  Tablespoonfuls make \4  gill 

I  Common-sized  Tumbler  holds 14  pint 

1  Common-sized  Wine-glass  is  equal  to yx  gill 

1  Tea-cup  holds 1  gill. 

1  Large  Wine-glass  holds. 3  ounces 

1  Tablespoonful  is  equal  to yt  ounce 


Cost  of  Street  Pavement. 

The  cost  of  paving  will  vary  slightly  in  different 
sections,  according  to  the  supply  of  materials 
near  by,  The  following  is  the  average  cost  In 
Chicago,  111. : 


Kind  of  Pavement. 


ire  Yard. 


St  one  block,  about $2.50  to  93.  25 

Asphalt  urn   block 2.25  to  0 

Cedar  block    1.25  to    1.50 

Macadam 1.40  to    1.00 

Curbstone,  per  lineal  foot 70  to      .75 

On  a  street  eighty  feet  wide  there  will  be  two 
and  two  thirds  yards,  ami  on  a  sixty  -i\  foot  Btreel 
two  and  one-ninth  yards  of  pavement  for  each 
foot  Of  frontage  on  each  side  of  the  street,  ex- 
cepting on  Streets  occupied  by  railway  tracks. 


Interest  Table. 

The  following  will  be  found  convenient  In  the 
absence  of  extended  int.-i-- 1 

To  tlnd  the  Interest  on  ■  given  sum,  for  any 
aumbei  ■  my  rate  of  inti  1 

At  five  per  cent. ,  multiply  the  principal  by  the 

number  of  days,  and  divide  by 78 

it  6  per  cent  ,  as  above,  and  divide  by 66) 

At  7  per  cent.,  as  above,  and  divide  by 52 

at  8  percent  .   ls  above,  and  divide  by 4" 

\t   '.1  per  ivni  ,,!■!  I,v  .  |n 

At  n>  per  cent ,  as  above,  and  divide  by 36 

At  12  per  cent. .  as  above,  and  divide  by so 

\i  Ifi  per  cent  34 

reenl      >     .  1.  tnd  divide  by.  is 


Distances  Around  the  World. 

The  following  includes  the  principal  stopping 

f daces,  and  distances  between  them,  in  a  direct 
ine  around  the  world. 

awe* 

New  York  to  San  Francisco 3,450 

San  Francisco  to  Yokohama 1,764 

Yokohama  to  Hong  Kong 1  620 

Hong  Kong  to  Singapore 1,150 

Singapore  to  Calcutta 1,200 

Calcutta  to  Bombay 1,409 

Bombay  to  Aden I  664 

Aden  to  Sues 1  308 

Suez  to  Alexandria 850 

Alexandria  to  Marseilles 1,300 

Marseilles  to  Paris 636 

Paris  to  London 316 

London  to  Liverpool 205 

Liverpool  to  New  York 3,000 


Average  Velocity. 

Object.  Per  hour.   |      Per  sec. 

Electricity  moves 288,000  miles 

Light  moves 192. 000 miles 

\  rifle  ball  moves l.OOO  miles,  or  1.466  feet 

Sound  moves 7*3  miles,  or  1,142  feet 

A  hurricane  moves SO  miles,  or     117  feel 

A  Storm  moves 36  miles,  or 

A  horse  runs £0  miles,  or        29  feet 

Steamboat  runs .1$  miles,  or 

Sailing  Vi 1  runs 10  miles,  or        H  reel 

SlOW  riven  Mow 3  miles,  or  4  feet 

Rapid  rivers  flow 7  miles,  or  10 feet 

i  moderate  wind  blows 7  miles,  or  10  feel 

\  horse  trots 7  miles,  or  10 feet 

A  man  walks 3  miles,  or  t  feet 


Boxes  of  Different  Measure. 

.'4    inches  lone  by  16  inches   wide,  and  28 
inches  deep,  will  contain  a  barrel 

1  box 24   Inches   long   by    16    in. dies    wide,  and    It 

Inches  deep,  will  contain  ball  a  barrel 

A  t..-\  11".  in.  hes  square  and  -  leep.  will 

contain  one  bushel. 

A  bos  16  Inches  by  I  8  I  Inches  wide,  and  • 
deep.  »  :  1      if  a  bushel. 

A  bOS  B  Inches  bj  B  I  S  Inches  square,  and  6  inches 
deep,  will  contain  one  peck. 

1  boxSlnchesbySinches  square,  and  4  1-6  Inches 
II  contain  one  gallon. 

\  box  :  Inches  by  1  Inches  square,  and  4  4-5  Inches 
deep,  w ill  contain  ban  1  ga 

1  Inches  by  t  Inches  square,  and  4  i-s  Inches 
deep,  will  contain  one  quart. 

hi    purchasing   anthracite   coal.   20    bushels  are 

generally  ail. .wed  for  a  ton. 


-'I 


Debt  of  Different  Countries,  How  Various  Colors  are  Made,  Length  and  Cost  of  American 
Canals,  Center  of  Gravity  of  Population,  Etc, 


Average  Height 
« >(  Human  Beings,  at 


and  Weight 
Different  Ages. 


■ 


A  p. 


' 


1 


Birth.... 
6  years. 

16  yean 
it  years. 

40  \ .  .ii 

l 

70  years.. 


I 
.3... 


.4... 
i 


..-  1    i 
I 

.  ,   I  .. 
■ 

no 

no'.  .. 
131V-.. 


.      l 

. ..?  years 1%. 

rs 3... 

...6  years 

re ♦.. . 

5... 

■ 

■  :   I 

i  i  a 

'  - 6... 

5 

BO  years. . .  .6. . . . 

rs 6 


...CM 

..35Jf 

I, 

v.i 

M  ! 

I 

L214.fi 

U 
L08  t  5 

i  i     i    . 


Bait  lor  Different  Game. 


Animal. 


Bait  /.'  quired. 


Squirrel Gi  tin,  nut  ,oi  i  u  o n 

Uuskrat .Carrots,  pot  itoes,  appli  -.  i  tc 

W Ichuck Roots,  fruit,  corn  oi 

Mink Fowl,  He* 

Skunk Mi.,     hi,   ,i    | 

1  Fowl,  Dash,  fish,  i 

m Nut     eon  eol  fow I. 

i ' ri i  bicken,  fish  or  frog 

Uli  e  oi  Be  ti  ol    u 

■  oi  "'i.i  musk. 

Marten.  , ,      Bead  ■  >1  b  fi  b    i ■  fow  I 

Bi  ivei    Pre  I 

oft  une  oi  wild  fowl. 


The  Pulse  in  Health. 

ii  Infants Prom  140  down  to  mo 

During  1st  year From  130  down  to  11  i 

i    From  lift  do*  n  to  i-m 

During  3d  year I 105  di 

From  Till  I..  Hilt  year From    '.'<>  down  to   80 

i  i  on  iHii  to  21st  *  eat    .  Fi  om 

t  i  "tn  :i  it  to  'i"ih  year '  >wn  to  70 

In  old  hk*' From    76        up  to    BO 


Center  of  Gravity  of  Population. 

Tli.1  change  of  ■■■  ntei  of  p  urn  ten 

l  ■  u      In  the  United! b  ■■■■■  a  In  the  Follow- 
ing table.     In  nlnet )   ■  gravity 

has    red    westward    M7    miles,   on    almost    a 

straight   line  fr asl  <<>  west.     The  vei 

settlement  ol  the  northwest  ol  late  would  Indicate 

that  the  i m  hi  move  considers  My 

in  tin  next  Ben 

Location.  " 

1790,  23  miles  cost  of  Baltimore 

[800,  18  mill  ■  we  I  of  Baltimore  ...  U 

1810,  40m  i  i>>  west  "i  Washington  :ifi 

1880,  le)  miles  noi  thol  n — Lstock,  Va 

■ -s  louthwesl  ol  U field,  W.  Va...39 

1840,  18  miles  - ii  "i  i  i.'.i  Icsburg    W     7a 

!  »ut  i"  a  '  "i  Ps  i  ki  i  burg,  W,  Va.Bfi 

I860,  20  miles  south  of  CbilUcothe   O 81 

1870    i-  mm    i  is!  by  north  of  Cincinnati,  0         IS 
I860,    B  mlli     m    tbj    outh  ol  <  inclm)  ti  I   1 1 

Total 487 


Capacity  of  Cisterns. 

i  Iculatlng  the  capacity  ot  elf 
■    ei  i  [mated  to 
one    bs n •■!    and  63  gs ll< in 
id 

■ 
i  iii. mi  holds    . .  .I1-.-  barrels. 
•  feel  in  (in in   holds fi  \  barrels. 

7  feet  in  ih. mi  holds o     barrels. 

8  ff«-i  in  ilium  holds.  ...12 

0  feel  In  diam. holds. ...19     barrels. 

'       ' 

Square  Cistern  one  foot  in  depth. 

I  holds. . .  '• 
i,  reel  by   6  feel  holds. .  ..*' ..  barn  i 
t  i.  el  by   I  reel  holds.. .11]    b 
■  ■ 

barrels, 
bj  LQ  Feet  holds. .  .29  |  barrels. 


Audible  Sounds. 

The  dlst  in©  il  whl  h  i  ounds  can 
bi  dl  i  "i  ■  hi  bed  depend  much  on 
fai  orlng 


■ 

F.ct   l  Kit,-* 

\  powerful  human  voice 

in  iii<- open  .hi  ami  no 

wind  

MO 

Beating  ;i  drum 

'-' 

Mn  lc  "i  ,i  hi  avy  brass 



.15.840.. 

...3 

hu i  oiee 

with  q   breeci    barelj 

felt 

...3 

■ 

strong 

475,000.. 

.90 

American  Canals— Their  Length  and  Cost. 


The  folli n»  in":  table  o impi 

.    :.    I  In-   .■.,     1     li.i-    ,-:r.   .-,i.'il    -  1  .  Iflll  .  Hi  H  I 


of  the  United  States  anil  Canada, 


■ 


ipeake  and  Ohio Mai 

New  York  and  Pa.. 

in 111 

New  York. 

nd Canada. 

.  [Vim-   -,!■.■■ 

Ja b  River  and  Kanawha. .... 

<  «li i->  ami  Erie 

Lehigh p« 

Miami 

Kortfa  Branch  Extension Pennsyli 

New     I. 

V7est   Division Pennsylvania.. 

[n 

■  peaks  and  Di  law  ire  .  Delaware  and  Kd 

Delaware  and  Rarltan New  Ji 

i kill  Division Pennsyl 

ingo Hew  York. . 

ill Canada. . 

I   ■ 

barnois Canada., 

«  Uno,  . 

Delaw         '  Pennsj  '■- 

< Eharaplaln New  York.. 

North  Branch Pi  .  ■  anl  >  . 

ehannab P< 

St.  Lawrence Can 


....810.000.000 

.108      9.000.000 

,.102 

..363 .',   i 

...36 

,.it:i 

..147 

,.307 t 

ITS 3.750.000 

..90 

11  3.100.000 

.104 3.096.523 

..   . 

..13H; 2,760,000 

,..43 2,844,103 

.108 2     0     i   I 

..W 

..12 2.000.000 

,.*1 1.500,000 

..:•"• i 

..60 1,275.715 

..63 I    ■      BO 

..39 1        ■      i 

..10 1.000.000 


National  Debt  of  Principal  Countries. 

Tin-  following  table,  from  Porter's  Cen    i  iws  the  Inci I 

decreasi  die  debl  ol  i  hese  different  c trii  ■  In  th<  pa  I    Izteen 

■  ■  i 


■ 


1870. 


wyo. 


1883.  '84, 


Franci    *2.777,522.0O0. . .  -  1,000— «8 

Great  B i 3,883,467,000 8,766,671,000.. .3,71  1,262,470    *88 

1,070,630,000  i  ■    ■    I  L4 

Spain 1    to     02,500  !,579,24    000         100,000,000— '85 


R96    '86 
[,493,648,000 
744,8  19,018    '83 

..  176  "",  . 

. 


1.900,000,000 2,540  318,000.. 

2,480,672,428....    2,120  I 

\u  in.,   ii  ,,.    ,.  |  .    .  1,654,610,000....  .1381,115,850.. 

603,446,000     ..  .1,376  <-,;   00.. 

Portugal 291,900.000, ,. 

IS I  ■   00         .  .    142  -  .i  BOO., 

Holland 860,854,000...  12    191,640     96 

Canada   82,730,300 175,191,000 264.703,607     '85 

Rou mania 68  000,000  ..    ...118,742,600....    14 

Sweden   Norway 29,190,000.. 

60,000,000  94,361,436  90.496.6i  I 

German  Empire* 720,242,000..  .49,311 

i rk 68,264,500 48,665,000 27,986,340— '85 

■  Tin-  debt  given  for  the  German  Bmpln   ii    I      »do<     not  Include  thi 
ot  any  of  the  States  composing  It,  but  onlj  th<   Empire  propwi 


Combinations  of  Shades  that  Make  Different  Colors. 

Hiring  i  i makes Brown 

Mixing  Lake  with  White maki         i .  ■  ■  . 

Mixing  Umber  and  White makes Drab 

and  Brown  makes Chestnut 

Mixing  Yellow  and  Brown maki  CI olate 

Mixing  H  makes Purple 

Mixing  Carmine  with  Straw   makes      Flesh  Color 

Mixing B  -i  Color maki*- | 

-   M  in  in.-  with  White makes Pink 

Mixing  Lamp-Black  wit]   End  makes Sllvei   i 

HI   in-:  Lamp-Black  with  White makes Lead  Color 

Mixing  Paris  Green  with  White makes Bright   Green 

Mixing  Yellow  <  ii'iin-  and  White makes Buff 

Mixing  White  tinted  with  Purple makes  French  White 

Mixing  B  makes Dark  Green 

Mixing  Chrome  Green  with  White makes  ......  Pea  Green 

Mixing  Emerald  Green  with  White makes Brilliant  I 

Ion  with  Chrome  fellow  makes 

Mixing  Chrome  Yellow  with  White  Lead makes 

Mixing  White  tinted  with  Red  and  Yellow.  ...makes 

Mixing  White  with  tints  of  Black  and                                           lahesol   H 
Mixing  White,  tinted  with  Black  and  Purpli                                         aoh  Gray 
Mixing  Chrome  Yellow.  Blue,  Black  and  Red,  maki  - .Olivo 


II 15 


FINANCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

This  financial  statement  represents  the  gross  total  public  expenditure  and  total  yearly  public  debt,  gathered  from  the 

U.  S,  Treasurer's  report,  made  July  I  of  each  year. 


Yr.        President. 


Vice-President. 


Expenditures. 


1789  G.  Washington,.  John  Adams *F< 

I7i«>  <;.  Washington..  John  Adams F 

1791  G.  Washington..  John  Adams F 

1792  g.  Washington..  Julin  Adams F 


1793  Q.  Washington. 

1794  G.  Washington. 

1795  ...  Washinston. 
1796.G.  Washington. 

1797  John  Adams 

1798  John  AM s,    . . 

1799  John  Adams.... 

lHUOiJohn  Adams 

1801  Thos.  Jefferson. 

1802  Thos.  Jefferson. 

1803  Thos.  Jefferson. 

1804  Thos.  Jefferson. 

i*"~'  Thos,  Jefferson. 

1806  Thos.  Jefferson. 

1807  Thos.  Jefferson. 

1808  Thos.  Jefferson. 

1809 Jas.  Madison... 

1810  jus.  Bfadlson, .. 

181 1  Jas.  Madison. . . 

1812  Jus.   -Madison. .. 


1813 
1814 
1H15 
1816 


Jas.  Madison. 

Jus.  Madison. , 

Ja.s.  Madison. , 

Jas.  Madison., 


1817  James  Monroe. , 

1818  James  Monroe. , 
1*1!'  James  Monroe., 
1820  James  Monroe. , 


182] 

1822 
1823 
1824 


James  Monroe. , 
James  Monroe. , 
Junes  Monroe,, 
Junius  Monroe. . 


1825  John  Q.  Adams 

1826  John  Q.  Adams. 

1827  John  Q.  Adams. 

1828  John  Q.  Adams. 


1829  A.  Jackson., 

1830  A.  Jacki  on   . 

1831  A.  JaekHon.. 

1832  a.  Jackson. 


1833  A.  Jackson., 

1834  a.  Jackson. . 

1835  a.  Jackson. 

1836  A.  Jackson., 


John  Adams., 
John  Adams. . 
John  Adams  . . 
John  Adams.. 


L837  M.  Van  Buren  . 

1838  M.  Van  Buren  . 

1839  M.  Van  Buren  . 

1840  M.  Van  Buren  . 

1841  W.  H.  Harrison 

1842  John  Tyler 

1843  John  Tyler 

1H44  John  Tyler 


Thomas  Jefferson..  .F 
Thomas  Jefferson..  .jF 
Thomas  Jefferson..  ,F 
Thomas  Jefferson...  J 

Aaron  Burr R 

Aaron  Burr R 

Aaron  burr R 

Aaron  Burr R 

George  Clinton R 

George  Clinton R 

i  ieoi  gf  i  ']  in  ton  ....  /.' 
George  Clinton R 

George  Clinton R 

George  Clinton R 

George  Clinton R 

George  Clinton R 

Elhridge  <  Jerry R 

Blbridge  Gerryt R 

John  Gaillard R 

John  Gaillard R 

D.  D.  Tompkins R 

D.  D.  Tompkins R 

D.  D.  Tompkins R 

D.  D.  Tompkins R 

D.  D.  Tompkins R 

D.  D.  Tompkins R 

D.  D.  Tompkins R 

D.  It.  Tompkins R 

John  C.  Calhoun.  ..JK 

John  C.  Calhoun... R 
John  C.  Calhoun... R  . 
John  C.  Calhoun. ,.R  . 

John  C.  Calhoun... D  . 
John  !.  Calhoun..  ,D  . 
John  C.  Calhoun... D  . 
John  C.  Calhoun... D\. 

Martin  Van  Buren../)  . 
Martin  Van  Buren.. D  . 
Martin  Van  Buren..  /■»  . 
Martin  Van  Buren  .  /»  . 

R.  M.  Johnson Z>  . 

R.  M.  Johnson D  . 

K.  M.  Johnson D  . 

R.  M.  Johnson D  . 

\ 

John  Tyler) if  . 

Wm.  P.  Mnngum...h"  . 
Win.  IV  .M.iiiguiu...  M"  . 
Win.  P.  Uangum...!?  . 


.  $3,797,436  78 

...8,962,926  00 


...6,479,87797 
..  9,041,593  17 
.  10,151,240  15 

..s..j.  17,776  84 

...8,625.877  37 
...H.583,618  41 
.  1  1,002,39697 
.  11,952,534  12 


12,273,37694 
.  13,270,487  111 
.  11,258,983  67 
.  12.615,113  72 


.  13  598.399  17 
.  15.(121, 196  26 
.  11,292,292  99 
.  16,762,702  04 

.  13,867,226  30 

.  13.31(1,994  49 
.  13.592.6114  86 
.  22.279.122  15 

39  190,520  36 
.  38,028,230  32 

.  39.582.493  35 
.  4.M, 214,495  51 

.  40,877,646  "l 
.  35,104,875  4u 
,  24,004,199  73 

.  21, 763,"- l  85 

.  19,090,57269 

.  17.6,76,592  63 
.  15,314,171  cm 
.  31,898,53847 

.  23.585.804  72 

,  24,108,398  46 

22,656,764  04 

25,450,479  5! 

25,9(4.358  40 
24,585,281  55 

3i,,c  K1.N.  416  12 

34,356,69806 

24,2572298  49 
24,601  982  44 
17,573,1  ll  56 
30,868,164  04 

37,265,037  15 
39,455,438  36 

37,61  1,936  15 

28,226,533  81 

31,797    

32  936,876  53 
12,118,105  15 
33,642, 85 


Public 
Debt. 


-7...  163.476  52 
...77,227.924  66 

...80.352.634O4 
...78,427,404  77 
...80,747,587  39 
...83,762,17207 

...82,064,479  33 
...79,228,529  12 
...78,408,66977 

...82.976.294  35 

..83,638.1,5118(1 
...80,712,632  25 
.  .77.951  686  30 
...86,427,12088 

...82,312,150  50 

...7  5.723,270  66 
...69,218,398  64 

...65,196,317  97 

...57,023,192  09 

...53,173,217  52 
...48,005,587  79 
...45,209,737  90 

...55,962,827  57 
...81,487.846  24 
...99,833,669  15 
..127,334,933  74 


123.49 


16 


.89.987.427  66 
93,546,676  96 
.90,875,87728 
.90,269,777  77 

.83,788.432  71 

.81,054  "",9  99 

.73,987,357  20 
.67,475,043  87 

.58,421,413  67 
.  18,565,406  50 

.39,123,191  68 
.24,332,235  18 

..7.31 1 1  I 
..4,760,082  08 

37.51."  i 

)      ,..-  B3 


.3.4118,124  "7 
.16.434.221  14 
..3,573.343  82 
..5,250,875  54 

,18,594,480  73 
.20,601,226  2s 
.32  742,922  00 
.23,461 


Yr.        President. 


1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 

1849 
1850 
1851 

1852 

1853 
1854 
1855 

is.,,; 

185' 

1  858 
1859 

1860 

1861 

1862 
1863 
1864 

1865 
1866 
18b" 
1868 


1871 1 
1871 

1872 

1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 

1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 


.I.,      K.  Polk... 
Jas.  K.  Polk.  .. 

J.i       K      PoS.... 

Jas.  K.  Polk.... 


Zach.  Taylor. 
M.  Fillmore  . . 
M.  Fillmore.. 
M.  Fillmore 


Frank.  Pierce. 
Frank.  Pierce. 
Frank.  Pierce. 
Frank.  Pierce., 

Jas.  Buchanan.. 

Jas.  Buchanan.. 

Jas.  Buchanan., 

Jas.  Buchanan.. 


A.  Lincoln. 

A.  Lincoln. 

Lincoln. , 

A,  Lincoln. , 


A.  Lincoln.., 
A. Johnson . . 
A. Johnson . , 
A.  Johnson . 

U.  S.  Grant. 
U.  S.  Grant. 
r.  s.  Grant., 

U.  8.  Grant. 

U.  S.  Grant. 
U.  S.  Grant., 
I.'.  8.  Grant.. 

K.  li.  Hayes., 
K,  II,  Haves., 

u.  ii.  Hayes.. 
K.  B. Hayes.. 


1881  J.  A.  c:.„  f,,  Id. 

1882  c.  a.  Arthur.. 

1883  C.  A.  Arthur. . 

1884  0.    \.  Arthur.. 


1887 

lsss 


I  8911 
1891 

18,2 

1893 
1894 
1895 
[896 

1897 
[898 


G.  I  leveland  . 


i  let  President. 


George  M.  Dallas.. .A  .    30,490,40871 

George  M.  Dallas.. .D  ..  27,632,282  90 

George  M.  Dallas.. .B  ..  602320,851  74 

orge  M.  Dallas. ..D    .  60,655,143  19 


Millard  Fillmore    . .  ii        ■•    66  122  71 
Win.  H.Kik IF  ..  44,604,71826 

D    R.    m, ■I.e., mi II'  .    48  17"  [04  3 

D.  R.  Atchison W  ..  46,712    '  -  - 

Wm.  R.  KIngi /»  . .  542577, 71 

D.  R.  Atchison Ii  ..  75,473,17075 

Jesse  1>.  Bright D  ..  66,164,775  86 

Jesse  D.Bright...,   I>  ..  72,726,341  5 


J.  C.  Breekenridge.  D 
J'  C.  Breekenridge.  D 
J.  C.  Breekenridge.  D 
J.  C  Breekenridge.  D 

Hannibal  Hamlin.  .R 
Hannibal  Hamlin.. if 
Hannibal  Hamlin.. J? 
Hannibal  Hamlin.    R 


Andrew  Johnson-"..!? 
Lafayette  S.  Foster,  if 

B.nj.  F.  Wade R 

Benj.  F.  Wade...  .  R 


Schuyler  «  lolfax. 
Schuyler  Colfax., 
Schuyler  Colfax., 
Schuyler  Colfax., 


Henry  Wilson 

Henry  Wilson 

Henry  Wilson**.. 
Thos.  W.  Ferry... 

Win.  A.  Win  , -ler. .. 
Win.  A    Wheeler.. 

Wm.  A.Whei  [i 

Win.  A.  Wheeler.. 

C.  A.  Arthur*.*..., 

David  Davis 

,.  F.  Edmunds. . 
Geo.  F.  Edmunds. 


Thos.  A.  Hendricks*/' 


..  71,274,587  37 
..  82,062,189  74 

.     83.67s.i42  92 
..  77,0  i 

..  85,387,31308 

! 

899,815,91  l  25 
1.295. 541. 11486 


...47  044,862  23 

..63.CI 

63  152.773  55 
...68,304,7 

■  341  71 

...59,8(13,117  7" 
.   .422242,222  42 

.;  .    ,    , 
112972    .37  9(1 

.  .28,6:'9 
.    .44.9    I 

...64.8C2.2s7-. 

...90,560,873  72 
..524   1    6412  13 
1,119.772  138  I 
[,815,784,  .7"   ij 


6,433,3  i7.-.;,  71 

J  77:;  21617369 

1,093,079,655  27  2,678,1  26,103  -7 

[,069,889,970  74  2,61  1,687,851  19 


584,777,996  11 
7022907,842  B8 
691,680,6  "8  90 
682,  ,2.,  27"  21 


2,588,4522218  94 
,480,672,427  si 
.353,211.332  52 

222532251,328  7s 


.  524,044  597  91  2,234,482 
,  724,698,933  L.>:>  2. 2,1 ,6  ■■  I",  i 
.  682,000,385  32  2,232,284,531  95 
7072805,070  13  2,180,39  ,.""7  15 


477.32"."  I  7  36 
473,928,653  59 

,7i-7  '"■ 
,  915  56 


- 

2,245,4  15,072  00 
2,120,41  i     K)l 


.312,114,6 
257.981,439  57  1,918,1 

-  - 

2(2   183   I 


■  The  political  complexion  of  the  different  Presidential  terms  i.  indicated 
by  a  single  letter  opposite  each  year,  deiinedas  foil,"*     /'  Federalist;  R. 

Republican;  1).  Democrat;  IF.  Whig,  Owing  1"  Changes  in  political  prin- 
ciples, Jefferson's  administration,  which  is  marked  Republican,  at  a  later 
date  would  have  been  classed  under  another  head. 


t  Elbridge  Gerry  died  November  13,  1814,  and 
lard.  Vice-President  /"■■■  tern. 


,,,-  succeeded  by  John  Gail- 


t  William  II.  Harrison  died  April  4,  1841.  after  being  one  month  in    office. 
John  Tyler  succeeded  to  the  Presidency,  and  Willie  P.  M.iiis-um  became  \  lei 
President  pro  (em. 

§  Zachary  Taylor  died  July  9,  1850,  being  succeeded  by   5fiilard    Filln 

William  R.  King  succeeding  to  the  Vice-Presidency  the  llrst  half  of  the  Pres 
idential  term,  and  David  R.  Atchison  the  last  half. 


•   Mr.  Hendricks  died  in  ollic,-.  \,,v.  27,,  1S85. 

I  William  };.  King  died  April  17,   1853;  David  R.     Min      n    I-    loming  Vice- 
I'lf.iilrnt  ,,,.,',  ,,    Forth)    iii   i  ball  of  the  Presidential  term,  and  Jessee  D. 

Bright   for  the  laSl  bull. 

"   Abraham  Lincoln  v  tated  byj.  Wilkes  6o.mIi.  April    14 

Andrew  Johnson  succeeded  tothePn 

Presidency  the  remainder  of  the  first  half  of  the  presidential  term.and  Ben- 
jamin F.  \\  ,,!-■  Ilir  1  i.l  bull. 

**  Henry  Wilson  died  November  22,  is75.  and   ■    ■  led  by  Thomas 

W.  Ferry. Vice  1'r,  .blent  pro 

*.*  .lai"  by  Charles  J.  Giteaa,  July  2.  1881. 

,  in-  ,1,;. tic  8,i,i.  [9,  1881,  Chester  A.  Arthur  succeeded  t->  the  Presi- 
dencj  and  David  Davis  to  the  Tice-Preside]  David  Davis  v 

ceeded  by  Geo.  F.  Edmund     i  ,   President. 

Chester  v  irthurdied  Nov.  is,  i-s;. 


■'() 


Occupations  of  the  People  in  the  United  States  During  1870  and  1880, 


According  to  Last  Census, 

Showing  the  Number  of  I'crxnis  Euirnu'cil  in  the  Different    Vocations,  ami  the  Increase  and   Decrease  of  the 

Humber  During  the  Ten  rears. 


\TloN. 


:        Kumber        Ini 
in  in  in 

l«7.i  l --(i.        Is)  Years. 


\  itural  loborers - 

i  n 

11  Q<  ll    ..lid  tl:ul  VW..III.  11 3.> 

I  '  3.1ii<; Decrease 

Farmers  unci  planter! 2,077.711 4,325,945 1 

1  085.   I   •  '".. . 

, .  irsery  unci  Tim 

n  



. .        . 

Turpentine  farmers  and  lata 


....2,478  1,450.    -   . 


Othen  In 45., 


In  agriculture. . 


172...  ,.7,670  193..     .1  74s"22 


Professional  and  Personal  Services. 


\  ,.2363.. 

Architects 2,017. 

if  art 

auctioneers 


...4,812.    .. 

i 5,038 

...2  SSI     85 


lecturers  and  Utararr  person  3*  ..  1,131..... 

i:  i and  hair-dreasen 24.7:.t 14351 19,057 

Billiard  mid  I-  ndteepers 1 520 1,543  323 

12,78  ■ 

i  .808 1  089 1,861 

13,874  64,698 

Clerks  i  

Clerks  In  government  oflles — 8,672      lei.M:.    -  1 77 

Clerks  In  hotel  5,243 10316 5,673 

in  and  claim  agents  693 4,213 3320 

li  B305  .      .  .12314 

tra  and  draughtsmen 934... 2,820  1,886 

975,734  .   .1,01 

I   Mentions  848 2,396 

res  of  government ]>.4'i7 31.401.... 

kurants ,.77,413 

7,374 8,261     . 

ll         n '7  ■      ■    "  "> 

Hotel  keener* 

Hunt.'  nd  s.-..tn- 1,111 1,912 

.1  

Journalists 

I.  1,032,8 



i"  :  I 

.14513 

■M  -.717 

1,188 2.118 

- 1,810 :»>.477 

\  

Officers  of  array  unci  navy 

I  ;  1  ' 

P  62,44 

It  

1,151 <; 

Showmen  and  showwomen 1.177 1,427 

. 

I  -ons  128,160 227,71' 

\  1,10  >:* 

\\  •  - 

Whitewashers 2373 .3.310 

"  


684.793     ... 4,074,2313         .1     - 


Manufacturers  and  Mining. 

\  tltoral  Implement  make,  I33U 4.H91 l.own 

apprenl  15502 44, 17 

J-nower  makers 1,11 

i:  386... ......1,4    - 



3597 


tTloX. 


Number         Number  lie 

iii  in  in 

1X7,1.  IXMO.         1,1 


111.771 172,726 

l  '-'i   ..  -  222  .    . 

Illiiul.  door  and  sash  makers ...5,155 

2,101, .  2388 Dec 

Bono  and  ivory  worker! 2IW 1  BBS 

Bookbinders  and  finishers  o.ioi I3.K33 

id  shoe  msken 171,127 194,079 

Bottled  and  mineral  water  makers    2J381 

Box-factory  operatives «,i»i I.'..7crj 

irkers 4.iwi4 n.'sys .:~7i 

11,246 1.727.- 

Brick  and  til.-  makers 26,070 86352 

Bridge  builders  and  conl  ractc  ..2,587 .. 

ten 1,092  1 .37". 

nil  brush  makers 5,816 8,479 

Builders  and  - tractors 7,511 l".-»>4 

Butchers ..44      I  !    841 31387 

Button  factory  operative! 1.272  4,~72 

Cabinetmakers 42,835 50354 

soap  and  tallow  makers 13*2 2,928 981 

Ca   makers 2528 4.7'  - 

Carpenters  and  joiners 344,980 373,143 jmi; 

Carpet-makers 15,668        ..  17,068 

and  wag ..k.rs 42,464   19381 7,417 

3,*(4 .-,.K.-,I 2.1117 

37,34   ...  I    -7  ■ 

Chemical  works  employes 2323 

Clgarmakers 28586    56,599 

Clerks  and  bookkeepers  In  manufactories    .  r.,Wl .1(1.114 

ad  watch  makers 1,77:. 13320...  .      1  _•  •  n  1 

Confectioners 8519       .  ..13,692.  .  .. 

41,789 49,138.   .  .7:1 

Copperworkers ...       2J22 2342.         .    ,.220 

makers 4.680 

Cotton  mill  operatives 111,606 169,771.    . 

Distillers  and  rectifleTs 2374.  ..3.24.'. 371 

Employes  (not  S| iil.-i ,    20542 34,536. 

Engineers  and  firemen 34.2X1 79,625 

Engravers -».2'2c. 47.77 351 

Fertilizer  establishment  operatives 316 1,383 1367 

cutters  and  grinders .1,418    1339 126 

Fishermen  and  OTStermen 27349 41352 

Flax-dressers 1346 1394  

Pur-workers 1,191.  1380 

c.  1,  gimp  and  tassel  makers 2535 

rks  employes...       2,086 4,695 2,609 

QUders 1334 1,763 

rks  operative* •  >1« 17334 B.416 

2.329 47.11   

1  sllverworkers 18,51 

Can  and  lock  smiths .10372 

II  1,028 1,965      .,    . 

Harness  and  saddle  makers 82317 39,980 7.1 13 

12,625 16380 

Hosiery  and  knitting  mill  operative  ...12,194 

Iron  and  steel  works  and  sfe  poj  > 

I.  1,708 

ad  wire  works 2.10.1 

Leather  case  ai  1.347 

Leather  curriers,  tanners  and  tini-h,  29342 

Lumbermen  and  raftsmen 17,752 30351 

Machinists 54,755 101.130 

Manufacturers 42377 44319 1.142 

and  stonecutter! 25331 32312 

...■ 89,710  IH2.473 

Meat  and  fruit  |  1  ~~  ' 

M.at  packers,  curers  and  plcklen 1,164 3.436 2272 

Mechanics  ■  n-  ■  16314 7358 Iiecreasr 

Mill  and  factory  operatives 41319 30336 Decrease 

Millers .' «382 o3.440 

Milliners.  dress  makers  and  seamstresses — ;r2.e>sc4 28o.401 103.317 


Occupations  of  the  People  of  the  United  States  During  1870  and  1880— Continued, 


307 


According  to  Last  Census, 


Showing:  the  Number  of  Persons  Engaged  in  the  Different  Vocations,  and  the  Increase  and  Decrease  of  the 

Number  Daring  the  Ten  Years. 


PATION. 


IH70. 


l«MO. 


Ino  ease 

in 
1©  Years. 


Miners 152,107 234,228 82,121 

Mirror  and  picture  frame-makers. .     970 2,503 1,533 

Xail  makers 5.803 

Officials  of  man'fgand  mining'  companies. .  .2,720 8,198  5,478 

Oil  mill  and  refinery  operatives 1,747 3,929 2,182 

Oil-well  operatives  and  laborers '     ■  t 

Organ  makers 867  I  -7 1.770 

Painters  and  varnishers 85,123 128  556  .43.433 

Paper  hangers .2,480 5,013 2.523 

Paper  mill  operatives 12,469 21 ,430 

Patternmakers 3,970 5,822 1.852 

Photographers,  etc     7,558 9,890 2.432 

Pianoforte  makers  and  tuners 2,535 5.413 2,878 

Plasterers 23,577 22,083 Decrease 

Plumbers  and  gas-fitters 11,143 19,383 8,240 

Potters 5,060 7,233 2,173 

Printers,  lithographers  and  stereotypers 41,073 72,726 31.653 

Print-work  operatives 3,738 5,419 1,681 

Publishers  of  books,  maps  and  newspapers...  1,577 2.7*  1 1,204 

Pump  makers 1,672 1,366 Di 

Quarry  men 13,589 15,169 1,580 

Quartz  and  stamp  mill  laborers 617 1,449 832 

Rag  pickers 436 2,206 1 ,770 

Railroad  builders  and  contractors 1,292 1.206 Decrease 

Roofers  and  slaters  ....'. 2,750 4  ,<  126 1 ,276 

Rope  and  cordage  makers 2,675 3,514 B39 

Rubber-factory  operatives 3.886 6,350 2,484 

Sail  and  awning  makers 2,309 2,950 641 

Salt  makers 1,721 1,431 Decrease 

Saw  and  planing-mill  operatives 47,298        ....77,1  13  I 

Sawyers 6,939 5  195 Decrease 

Scale  and  rule  makers. 416 1  027 611 

Screw  makers 780 1 ,361 581 

Sewing-machine  factory  operatives .3,881 2,725 Decrease 

Sewing-machine  operators 3,042 7,505 4,463 

Shingle  and  lath  makers 3.788 5,168 1 .378 

Ship  carpenters,  caulkers,  riggers,  etc 21,074 17,452 I  H 

shirt,  cufl  and  collar  makers 4,080 11,823 7,743 

Silk-mill  operatives 3,256 18,071 14.815 

Starch  makers 229 1 ,385 1,156 

Stave,  shook  and  heading  makers . .  .4,061 2.203 

Steam-boiler  makers 6,958    12,771.... 

Stove,  furnace  and  grate  makers 1,543 3,341 

Straw  workers 2,02  I        4,22:' 2.200 

Sugar  makers  and  re&ners 1,609  -    127 718 

Tailors  and  taUoresses 161,820 133,756 Decrease 

Thread-mill  operatives 3,259 

Tinners  and  tin-ware  makers 30,524 42.8] 8 12,294 

Tobacco-factory  operatives 11,985 20  W  .....8,461 

Tool  and  cutlery  makers 5,35 1 1 3,749 

Trunk  and  valise  makers 2,047 3.013 966 

Umbrella  and  parasol  makers l  ,439 1,967 528 

Upholsterers 5,736 1<  1.443 1,707 

'Wheelwrights 20,942 15,592 Di 

Wire  makers  and  workers 1,834 7,170 

Wood  choppers 8.338 12  73! 

YTood  turners,  carvers,  etc 7.1*47 12,964 5,017 

■:  mil]  operatives I  1 29,  174 

in  man'fg  and  mining  industries 8,270 13,542 


Total  manufacturing  and  mining, 


2,707,421 3,837,112 1,129.691 


Trade  and  Transportation. 


A  (rents 10,489  .18  523 

Bankers  and  brokers 10,631 15,180 4,540 

men 21,332 20,368 i 

Brokers  (commercial) 4,193 


OCCUPATION. 


I  -70. 


Number 

in 
188©. 


lO  Years. 


Canalmen. 

Clerks  in  stores 

clerks  and  bookkeepers  in  banks 7,103.. 

Clerks  and  bookkeepers  in  express  comp's 767.. 


1,329 

.353.444 99.085 

1.089 


Clerks  ami  1 kkeepers  i  insurance) 1,568 2,830 

Clerks  and  bookkeepers  (railroad  > 7.374 12,33] 4,957 

Commercial  travelers 7,262 28,158 

Dealers  (not  specified) 101,271 112,842 

i  in  agricultural  implements 1,939 1,999 

Dealers  in  books  and  stationery 3,392 4 .1'sj 

Dealers  in  boots  and  shoes 7,019 9,993 _     :; 

Dealers  in  cabinet  ware IJ087.,  ..7,419 

Dealers  in  cigars  and  tobacco 8.234 11,866 

Dealers  in  clothing 7  ..10,073 2,478 

Dealers  in  coal  and* wood 6,636 10,87] 4.235 

Dealers  in  cotton  and  wool 1,701  ..2,494 793 

Dealers  in  crockery,  china,  glass,  etc 1,765 2,373 608 

Dealers  in  drugs  and  medicines 17,309 27,7<>4 

Dealers  in  dry  goods,  fancy  goods,  etc 40,953 45,831 .      1-7- 

Dealers  in  gold,  silverware  and  jewelry 6.786 2,305 Decri  ase 

Dealers  in  groceries 74,410 101,849 27.439 

Dealers  in  hats  and  caps   3,375 4,808 1.434 

Dealers  in  ice 1 ,464 2,854 1,390 

Dealers  in  iron,  tin  and  copper  wan- 9,003 15,076 6,073 

Dealers  in  junk 3,574 

Dealers  in  leather,  hides  and  skins 2,26] 2,382 

Dealers  in  liquors  and  wines 11,178 13,500 

Dealers  in  live  stock 7.723 12,596 4,873 

Dealers  in  lumber 9,44*1. 11.263 .1323 

Dealers  in  marble,  stone  and  slate 1,405 Dt 

Dealers  in  music  and  musical  instrument-  ..1,906 

Dealers  In  newspapers  and  periodicals 1.4'  r29 1.274 

Dealers  in  oils,  paints  and  turpentine .986 1,940 

Dealers  in  paper  and  paper  stock 

Dealers  in  produce  and  provisions 9,337 35,129 15,792 

Dealers  in  real  estate 8,933 11,253 

Dealers  in  sewing  machines 13,152 6,577 

Draymen,  hackmen,  teamsters,  etc .120,756 177,586 

Employes  and  officials  of  trad'gand  trans,  co's  4.152 9,702 

Employes  of  banks.  ,  not  clerks  124 IjOTO 

Employes  and  officials  of  express  comp's 8,629.,    13,004... 

Employes  of  insurance  comp's  |  not  clerks).  .1 1,6]  1 13.14'", 

Employes  in  warehouses 5,022 Di 

Employes  of  railroad  comp's  (not  clerks  ...154,027  236,058 

Hucksters  and  peddlers 34.337 .53,401 19,154 

Milkmen  and  milkwomen 3.72--* 9,242 

Newspaper  criers  and  carriers 2,002 3,374  .... 

Officials  and  employes  of  trading   nd  trans.  .•<>  s  978 

j  of  banks 2,738  .4,421 

companies 762 1.774 1,012 

Officials  of  railroad  companies 1,902 2,068 

Officials  and  employes  of  street  railway  do's.  .5,191 

Officials  and  employes  of  telegraph  ■  .  14,230 

Officials  and  employes  of  telephone  cola 1,197 

Packers 1 ,894 4.17- 

Pilots 3,649 n  ...121 

Porters  and  laborers  in  stores,  etc 3.513 

Sailors 56,663 

Salesmen  and  Saleswomen 14^203  "       7 

Saloon-keepers  and  bar-tenders .14.:^  2  88  I 

Shippers  and  freighters 3,567 

steamboat  men  and  women 7,975 

stewards  and  stewardesses 1.245 22,803 

"I  2.253 2,303 

Undertakers 1,996  5,113  ..3,117 

Weighers,  gaugen  and  measurers .  .3,302 

Others  in  trad.'  and  transportation 177  


Total  trade  and  transportation 1,191  238  ....]  9 


FACTS  CONCERNING  MONEY,  MILITARY  MATTERS,  INTEREST,  AND  THE  MOST  VALUABLE  METALS, 


Value  of  Foreign  Coins  in  United  States  Money. 
Proclaimed  by  the  Becretur  of  th-  m   1.  1888, 


Country. 


tfonetai 


Stundanl. 


Value 

',i  ....  . 


■ 


Argentina  u>-pui>iie. 

Austria    

Belgium 



'  ■      >i  

In  N  A 

CtallJ 



Denmark 



Egypt  

plre , 

u 



Hayti  

India 

ii  ■'■.     

Japan 

Liberia     



I  :  nil- 

v 

Pern 

<i 



Bp  dn  , 

u 



Tripoli 

Turkey  

of  Col, 

Venezuela 


Gold  and  silver. . ,     96,5.. 1-SO,  1-10    i  .    |   ■     ,  ,.i    i    | 

.Florin silver :*7.i [gentlne  and  argentine. 

■Prune ..Gold  and  aUrer 19,8,  .5,  10,  and  20  franca 

.Boliviano Silver 75,1..  Boliviano 

.Mllrets  of  1000 rej  Bold .r»4.ti 

i   i    (told 11.00 

Gold  and  Bllver. ..    91  2    Oondoi    doubloon,  and  eacudo     . 

Gold  and  silver..  Hi        .  '4".  tf,  and  l  doubloon 

n    Gold 283.  .10  and  30  crowns 

.Peso silver 

i  Gold i  10,25,  50j  and  i|Ni  piasters 

Gold  and  silver 19,3.  .5,  10,  and  20 ifl 

.Mark Gold [0    md 20  marks 

.Toiind  st.-rlirik* G-.ld !  i-r.-un  :m>l  miv.-ivi^i 

ma !         5, 10, 20, 50,  and  100  drachmas 

Gold  and  silver 96.5.. 1,  2,  5,  and  10  gourdes 

.Rupee  "i  16  annas Silver 85,7 

.Lira Gold  and  Bllvei        ..19,3      i,  10,  20,  50,  and  100  lire 

.Ten Silver 81,0.  .1,2, 5,10,  and  20 yen, gold,  and  ail* 

.Dollar Gold 1.00 v.r.v-n. 

.Dollar Silver 81,fi, .Peso  or  dollar.  5,   10,  and   2 

Gold  and  Bill  , 

.Crown Gold md  20  crowns 

.Sol Silver 75,1..  Sol m 

Li.    i    of  1000  rels Gold 1.08... r2, 5,  and  lOmllri  Is 

.Rouble  .Silver 60.1.. X,  Vi.  and  1  rouble 

■  I  and  silver 19,3  .5, 10  20, 50,  and  100 pew  tea 

Gold 26,8  .10  and  20  crowns 

Gold  and  diver 19,8.  .5,  10,  and  20  franca 

.Hahbubof  20pi  rer 87,7 

.Plaster Gold 04,4. .25,  :><>.  100,  250,  aud  500 pie 


!  Silver 

.Bolivar Gold  and  Silver,  . 


,l..Peso  . 

..19,3..."..  10,  20,  50.  and  100b 


Metals  and  Their  Alloys. 

The  J 

Copper  (white)  Is Coppei 

Bath  Metal  Is Copper  and  Tin. 

' 

Bell  KeteJ  Li Oop]    i  and  Zinc. 

.1  is  ...Antin I  and  Tin. 

I 

Dutch  Gold  la Copper  and  Zinc. 

German  ippei .  Klckel,  Tin  and  /.inc. 

Gold  [Standard    i- Gold  and 

Gold  (OldSts  nd  Silver. 

Gun  Metal  is Coppei 

Pewter  Is Lead  and  Tin. 

silver  i  Standard)  la Con 

Bolder  is Lead  and  Tin. 

With  i 


When  Money  Doubles  at  Interest. 


Rite 
per  cent. 


■ 
I 


I 


2 

4 

T 

10 








,20     rears 

.16     years 

it     \  ears  101  daj  - 


irs i  day. 

■ 
17  y  < 

14  yo 


■      ■ 
.  1 1     yean  40  d  iya. 
.10    yean  7  years.,100  days 


JSl  at  Compound  Interest 
in  100 yean  would  give  the  following1; 
I  per  a  al  92  7  i  12  pei  o  at 

3  per  cent  ..       19  25  15  per  cent.  ....1,11  I 
6  pere>  0  18  per  cent....  15.145,207.00 

10  per  cent. ..13,809:00  24  per  cent-2,55 1,799 ,404.00 


Number  of  Men  Called  for  by  United  States 
Government  During  the  Civil  War. 
1         ■    ol  service,  and  number  ol  men  obtain- 
ed under  each  call. 

DATE  OF  CALL            .   r>1W||  pofj   |  ^  ,.,  r  I 

April  15,  ISfil 75,000.  ...3  months..  .91,816 

July  22  and  25,  L861  I  snoonn      -t  v.-n-      too<wo 
Mai  and  June,  1862 t»».w»....ayeara....7UU,B 

Jul'v  ii.  1882 300.000.... 8 years.... 421 ,465 

August  4,  1862 .300.000 9  months..  .87,586 

i    186  :  100,000.. ..6 L<     K  I 

SSK^i'.iS      : 

March  II    l~;4 .200,000.... 3 yeans...   - 

April  23,  1~;4 85.000. ... 100  daji  .113.000 

July  18, 1864 500,000 1,2  6.461 

,    [9,  [864        300,000        1,2  Sj     -   212  212 

Totals 2.800.000 2,70 

Strength  ot  the  United   States  Army  at 
Various  Dates. 

'     Pr.,<Tit.      I      Aba  at       j 

January  1.  1881 14.663 1,704 i 

Julj       '    I,  >"*;l 183.589 3  II    : 

,27,204     .     18,718         175,917 
918.191 

•   81 1,250.... 249  187. 

959  160 

'.    ...202,708..  1,000   116 

i    1--  i  25,000 

EXPLANATORY. 

:  md  Pebroary  l. 

In  addition  to  Up-  Foregoing  nnmbi 

btalned,  chiefly  From  tfii  rerrltoriee  and  the 
e&lle. 
Tin-  whole  nnmber  of  men  obtained  by  dr.ift 
«:,-  168,649.    Tin- whole  number  of  colored  troops 
1  was  186.097. 


Most  Valuable  Metals. 

The  followlni  to  the  Colliery  Engl 

the  moat  valuable  known  metal 
teen  ..r    irhich  are  worth  more  than  gold, their 
ralue   here   given  being   stated    In   avoirdupois 

\'jinu<ii inn  a  white  metal,  discovered  In 
1880,  worth  910,000  per  pound, 

It  ii  i>  idi  ii  in     \n  alkaline  metal    KM*alled,  foi 
exhibiting  dark  red  Mm  -  In  the    peel 
i     worth  19,070  \-  i  i Dd 

/.\  rconl  inn    -A    in''  .Miit)!,'    mill 

eralsairct id  hyacinth.  In  the  form  of  a  blacl 

powder,  worth  17  200  i"  i  pound. 

Lithium     An    alkaline    metal;    the    lightest 
known,  worth  -7,1"1"  per  pound. 

Oliiclinim — A  in-  I  dtj  of  a  greylah 

black  pow  lei .  a  or1  b  15,400  per  pound. 

<  siiiinnt  The  metallic  base  of  linn-,  worth 
11,500  per  pound, 

Ntrondiim  a  malleable  metal  of  a  yellowish 
color,  worth  91,200  per  pound. 

Terbium  otitjiiiwd  fn>m  the  mineral  gado< 
Unite,  found  in  Sweden,  worth  94/160  per  i nd, 

Yttrium    Discovered   In    1828,   is  of  greyish 
black color,and  Its  lustre  perfect  rj  metallii 
94,060  per  pound. 

Erbium  The  metal  found  associated  with 
yttrium,  worth  98,400  per  pound. 

Cerium— a  metal  of  high  specific  gravity,  .. 
grej  Ish  white  color, withe  lamellar  texture,  worth 
|S  100  per  pound. 

Didyniiimi  \  metal  I  >und  associated  with 
cerium,  worth  93,200  per  pound. 

Kut  hen  in  in  <  »r  egTeytsh  coloi  rarj  hard 
ami  brittle,  extracted  from  the  ores  of  platinum, 

worth  92,  I""  |"  i  pound. 

It  hot)  in  in    Of  a  white  color  and  metallic  lua 

tre,  and<  i  rd I  brittle,     n   n 

the  strongest    *  ■        tl  m  be   prodnced   i>\    ■ 

wind  furnace  for  its    fusion,  and   worth  92,900 
I'n  pound. 

]Vloi>iuni    Previously     named     columl 

ii i  -i  disc ivered  < n  anon    f<  rand  al  N •  ■■■■  L Lou 

Conn.,  worth  92,800  pei  pound. 

Ititrium  - The  metallic  base  of  baryta,  worth 
91,800  per  pound. 

FsuJavdlam— A  metal  discovered  In  1802,  and 
found  In  ver]  small  grains,  of  a  Bteel-grej  coloi 
ami  fibrous  structure,  worth  91,400  per  pound. 

Onnlen  A  brittle,  grej  colored  metal,  found 
with  platinum,  worth  91,300  per  pound. 

i 1 i  " 

miiini  In  dee,  and  Is  thi    bea  i  le  I  "i 

known  BUh  urth  Sl.UWi  pn   p.nin.i. 

<><ihi     Pound  native  in  several  count 

antiquity,  ^  orth  9296  82J  (  per  pa  u 

Silver  ..mid  im.l  ns.-d 

of  Abraham,  worth  918.88  per  pound 


Insignia  of  Military  Rank. 
Thev.i  "t  Bhoulder  Straps  in  the 

\rm\   and  Navy  Indicate  rani 

Kiwi  >.f  Shoulder  8ti  ■  ■  ■   TndteaU  &, 

■    ot  the  Irmy. 

Three  stars Li  at    Qi  w  ral 

Two  Stars Uajoi  Qi  a<  ral. 

One  Star. Brigadier  General, 

Colonel. 

Two  Sliver  Leaves Lieut.  Colon*  L 

Two  Gold  Leaves 

FoorBars - 

Two  Bars First  Lleufe  D  int 

Without  any  Device Second  Lieut 

In  the    N^m  \  . 

Four  Stars  and  Anchor Admiral. 

Three  star-  and  Anchor Vice  Admiral. 

Anchor Bear  Admiral. 

One  Star  and  T  Commodi  ire, 

Two  Anchors  and  Sagle Capl  iln 

Two  Silver  Leaves  and  Anchor Commander, 

.     .               .                 Lnchoi 
Four  Ban- ami  Anchor Lieutenant. 


TABLES  PREDICTING  WEATHER,  FACTS  FOR  BUILDERS,  DATES  OF  FIRES  AND  PERIODS  OF  DIGESTION. 


309 


Greatest  Fires  ot  Modern  Times. 


Date. 


Yea  r. 


City. 


Property  Burned. 


I'., /a,  . 

li.  strayed. 


Sept  -  •■. . 
Sept.  27. . . 
July  21.... 
Sept.  14. . . 
Sept.  15... 

Dec.  16 

April  27... 
May  4-7. . . 
April  1"... 
May  28.... 
June  28... 
July  19. ... 
July  20.... 
Aug.  17... 
May  17.... 

May  4 

May  3 

June  22, . . 
July  12.... 
Feb.  17.... 
June-July. 

July  4 

Oct.  14... 
Oct.  8-0. . . 
Not.  9-1 1  . 
Julj  14... 
April  28... 

Oct.  26 

June  20-22 

June8 

Dec.  7 


. 1666. 
.1729. 
.1794. 
.1802. 
.1812. 
.1835. 
.1838. 
.1H42. 
.1845. 

1845. 
.1845. 
.1845. 
.1*46. 
.1848. 
.1849. 
.1850 
.1851. 
.1851. 
.1852, 
.1856. 

1861. 
.1866. 

1866 
.1871. 
.1872. 
.1.S74 
.  1 875 


.1S75. 
.1877. 
.1881. 
.1882. 


. .  .London,  Eng 13.300  Buildings. ...   153, I 

...Constantinople 12,000  Buildings 

. .  .London,  Eng 631  Buildings 5,000,000 

...Liverpool,  Eng 5  '» 

. .  .Moscow,  Russia 12,000  Buildings 147,000,000 

...New  Ynrlc.N.  V 674 Buildings 19,000.000 

...Charleston,  S.  0 ',  the  city 3,1 1 

...Hamburg,  Ger .  the  city 36,000,000 

...Pittsburgh,  Pa l.ioo  Buildings 10,1X10,000 

. .  .Quebec,  Canada 1 ,650  Buildings ,  s (|) 

...Quebec,  Canada 1.305  Buildings I 

...New  York.  N.  Y 450 Buildings 6,000,000 

...St.  Johns,  N.  F Kost  of  the  city 5,000, 

...Albany,  X.  Y 600 Buildings 3.000,000 

...St.  Louis.  Mo -,;  the  city 3.000.000 

. . .  San  Fni  ncisco,  Cal 3,000,000 

...San  Francisco,  Cal. ..2.500  Buildings 3,500,000 

. .  .San  Francisco.  Cal. .  .500  Buildings 3.000,000 

...Montreal,  Canada 1,200  Buildings 5,000,000 

. .  .Charleston.  S.  C Most  of  the  city 3,000,000 

. .  .London.  Eng Immense  Wharves. . . .  10.00, 1,000 

. .  .Portland.  Maine 1,600  Buildings 15.000,000 

...Qnel ,  Canada  2.517  Buildings 

. .  .Chicago,  111 25.000  Buildings. . .  .290,000,000 

...Boston,  Mass 959  Buildings 100,000,000 

...Chicago,  III 310  Buildings 5,612,425 

.  ..Oshkosh,  Wis One  square  mile 3,000,000 

...Virginia  City,  Xev...Bus.  part  of  city .4.000,000 

. .  .St.  John,  N.  B All  Public  Bldgs 15,000.000 

...Quebec,  Canada 700  Buildings 2,000,000 

. .  .London,  Eng Bus.  Bldgs.  1  block. .  ..15,000,000 


Builders'  Table  of  Brick  Required. 

(Allowing  7  Brick  to  Superficial  Square  Foot.) 


Sqnar,  fe<  t 
of  wall 
surface. 


Number  of  Bricks  required  in  a 


Wall 

4  inches 

thick. 


Wall 

8    UlCllCS 

thick. 


Wall  Wall 

12  in.  I..'     16  Inchefi 
thick  thick. 


Wall       I 
2ii  inches 
thick. 


Wall 
thick. 


...T. 
.  15.. 

.  23.. 
,30  . 


8.. 

». 

1©.. 

....  20.. 

....  SO. . 

40.. 

SO.. 

oo.. 

to.. 

SO.. 

OO.. 

...  lOO.. 
.300.. 
.300.. 
.400.. 
.  ...%oo 
..eo©.. 

...  700. 
...  800.. 
...  900.. 


.  45.. 
.  53. . 
.GO.. 
.  68.. 


.  150.. 


..300... 

...  375.    . 
...  450... 

.  .  .  525. . . 
,:,  ,i 
,675... 
, ..  750... 
.  1,500... 
.  2  25",.. 
.  3,000... 
.  3,750... 
.  4,500... 
.  522  '<.... 
.6,000... 

6,750 

7,500... 


75.. 

90.. 

...  105.. 
...  120.. 
...  13>.. 
...  150.. 
...300.. 

..  4Vi. . 
...  600.. 
...  750.. 
...  900.. 
..1,050., 
. .  1 .21 « I. 
..1,3.50.. 
..1,500.. 
.  .3,000. . 
..4,500.. 
.  .6,000. . 

7  500.. 
..9,000., 
.  10,500. . 
.12,000.. 
.13,500.. 
.  15,000. . 


....38.. 
....75  . 
..  113  . 
..  150  . 
..  188.. 


...15 23 30., 

...30 45 00.. 

...45 CM 90.. 

...GO 90 120.. 

....  113 150.. 

....    135 180 225,. 

210 2C3   . 

....  180 240 300.. 

270 338.  . 

....  225 300 375. 

....   1511 600 750.. 

....  075 900 1.12.5.. 

....  900 12200... 

..  1.125 1,500 1  -75   . 

..  1.350 1,800... 

..  1.575 2,100 2,625 

.    .2  WO  .3,000.. 

..  2,025 2,700 3.375.. 

..2,250 3,000... 

..  4„v«i 6,000..        7 

..  6,750  9,000 11,250.. 

..  8,000....  12,000...    . 

.  1  1  ,250 15  BOO 18.750.. 

13,500  22,500. 

.  15,750....  21,000         2  1,250.. 

.  18,000....  24,ono 30,000  , 

.  20,250....  27,000... 

.  22,500....  30,000... 


45.. 

90.. 

135.. 

180.. 

225., 

270. . 

315.. 

3G0.. 

I  6. 

000.. 

...1.3.50.. 

...42500.. 
.  18,000.. 

36,000.. 
.  45,000.. 


Herschel's  Table  for  Foretelling  the  Weather.     • 

This  table  and  the  accompanying  remarks,  originally  formed  by  Dr.  Her- 
Bchel,  aud  approved,  with  some  alt.  rations,  by  the  experienced  Dr.  Adam 
Clarke,  are  the  result  of  many  years'  close  observation,  the  whole  heing  on 
a  due  consideration  of  the  sun  and  inoon  in  their  several  position  n  |>o,-i 
Ingthe  earth.  They  claim  to  show  what  kind  of  weather  will  most  probably 
follow  the  entrance  of  the  moon  into  any  of  its  quarters.  If  thenew  moon, 
flrsl  quarter,  full  moon  or  last  quarter  happens— 


Betwei  » 


In  Summer. 


I 


In  Winter. 


12  anil    2.  morn 
2  and    4, 
4  and    o. 
6  and    n.      " 
8  and  10. 
10  and  12.      " 
12  and     2,    aft'n 
2  and     1, 
4  and     0,       " 
6  and    8,      " 
8  and  10,      " 

10  and  midnight 


.Fair Hard  frost,  unless  wind  b< 

.(/old,  frequent  showers  ..Snow  and  stormy 

.Rain Rain 

.Wind  and  rain Stormy 

.Changeable Cold  rain  ifw.be  w  .  snow  If  E  , 

.Frequent  show,  i  Cold  and  high  wind 

.Very  rainy Snow  or  rain 

.Changeable Fair  and  mild 

.Fair Fair 

.  (,  Fr.weath.  if  w.  N.  \v  ;. .  r Fr.  ami  frost}  if  w.  N.  or  \.  W.j 

.  (  rainy  if  w.  S.  or  S.  E I  rain  or  snow  if  S,  or  S,  E 

.Fair Fair  and  frosty 


Observations. 

1.    The  nearer  the  time  of  the  m '■  change,  first  quarter,  full  or  last 

quarterare  to  midnight,  the  fairer  will  tin-  weather  la-  during  thi 

daj  -  i, .11, -wing. 
2     Tie-  spar,'  Cor  this  calculation  . upfes  from   Pi  at   night    till  2  next 

mm  lung, 

3,  The  nearer  to  midday,  or  noon,  the  phases  of  the  moon   happen,  the 
more  foul  or  wet  weather  may  be  expected  during  the  next  seven  daj 

4.  The  space  Of  this  calculation  occu] from   lOo'clocs    In  thi  morning 

to  2  in  the  afternoon. 


Facts  for  Builders. 


I    null,. 


idler. 


out    1,000 


pm  square  feet   of  surfac 
shlngli  ■ 

1,000  shingles  requires  of  shingle  nails  about  5  pounds. 

71 1  yards  of  sui  t will  require  a  hoc!  1,000  Laths 

100  Bquare  yards  ol  plaster  w ill  require  16  bu.  sand.  8  bu.  lime,  l  bu.  hair. 

1,000  laths  will  require  of  hull  nails  11  pounds. 

[00  CUbiQ  I'erl  ot  wall  wall  require  1  '1    -I  "He.  3  hu.  linn-  and  1  mil 

of  sand, 
One-tlfth  more  siding  is  required  than  surface  measure  to  illo*  for  lap. 


Time  in  Which  Food  Digests  in  Hours  and  Minutes. 


Kind  of  Food. 


:!outj 


Apples, sweet,  mellow,  raw*.  .1 30 

Apples,  sour,  mellow,   raw. ..2 '«> 

Apples,  sour,  hard,  raw 2 50 

Barli  J  .  boiled 2 00 

Bass,  striped,  fresh,  boiled.. .3 oo 

Beans,  pod,  boiled 2 30 

Beefsteak,  broiled 3 00 

Beef,  fn    h,  ran  roasted.         

Beef,  fresh,  dr-j  roasted 3 30 

Beef,  with  salt  only,  boiled.. 2 45 

Beef,  with  must'd,  etc.,  1.1.1.  .3 211 

Beef,  fried 4 00 

Beef,  old,  salted,  boiled 4. .    .15 

Beets,   boiled 3 45 

hi  ■  i  i   .10  a,  baked 3       15 

Bread,  w  beat,  freshly  l.  l.M.  .3 30 

Bread,  Wheat,  Hot   fresh. 2 00 

Haiti  i ,  an  Ited 3, .   ,30 

Cabbage,  b'l'd,  with  vin 4.  ...i«i 

Cabbage, b'l'd,  without  via..  .4 30 

Cabbage,  raw,  with  via 2 no 

Cake,  SpOttgO,  baked 

■  i  Jelly 30 

Carrots  orange,  boiled 3 15 

Cheese,  old,  raw 3 30 

Codfish,  dry  salted,  boiled 

Custard,  baked 2 45 

l»  domesl  Ic,  roasted    .  .4 oo 

■      i    ii    I      4 3il 

Dumpling,  apple,  boiled 3..     00 

Eggs,  i'  I'M  i"'l.  raw l 3ii 

Eggs,  fresh,  raw 

fresh  roasted 2 15 

tresh,  soft  boihd 3 oo 

i  i  eah,  hard  boiled 3 30 

0 
t .  I 

corn  and  beans,  b'l'd 

Hash,  warmed .2 30 


Kind  of  Food. 


ln"«-|J!i' 


rmestfc,  boiled 4 00 

Hens  domestic,  roast*  i 4 00 

E.amb,  fi  i  ah,  boiled 

Live]    beers,  fresh,  broiled..  .2 •<•> 

Milk,  raw 2 15 

Milk,  boiled 

Mutton,  fresh,  boiled 

Mutton,  fresh,  broiled 3 00 

Mutton,  fresh,  roasted 3 15 

«■»  tresh,  raw 2 55 

i 3 15 

fresh,  stewed 3 30 

Parsnips,  boiled 2 30 

d 

Pork,  Baited,  fried 4. . .  .15 

i  died,  boiled 4 :a» 

">:i^reti 5, ..   15 

Pork,  salt ed,  broiled 3 15- 

i  ak   broiled 3 15 

Potatoes,  Irish,  baked 

1 1  i>h,  boiled 

K  iled 

8  iled l 45 

Salmon,  salted,  boiled 4. . .  00 

: 3. ..  .lv» 

irley l 30 

Soup,  l.,an 3 00 

3 00 

Soup,  oyster 3 30 

Soup,  mutton 3 30 

Soup,  marr--\v. bones 4 15 

T  i]  '■ "  i   boiled 2 no 



Trout,  salmon,  fresh,  b<  lied  .  i .  . 

Turnips,  boiled 3 30 

Turkey,  tune,  roasted '2 30 

Turkey,  tame,  boiled 2.... 25 

Veal,  fresh,  broiled 

Veal,  fresh,  fried 

Venison,  steak,  broiled l 35 


310 


LOCATION  AND  SIZE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  PUBLIC  PARKS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

In  the  Cities  Containing"  10,000  Inhabitants  and  Over; 
From  Authentic  Sources,  Including  Late  Additions  to  Public  Grounds  and  New  Parks  Recently  Opened. 


Albany,    X.     Y.    Washington    Park,   98V 

r.rvrrw  -yok    Pai 
~  acn                          Park,  '£  acre    .  Si     loseph's 
i  bout  1  acre  ler  Pa  rk,  about 

i  Pow  n  send  Pai  lc,  al r        acre  .  Bleecker 

1     ■       i I  !    aci  e;  Clti i  I '  1 1  G  i     ■ 

)i ii-i  mi  Avenue 

\  lleffheny,     Pm.— Allegheny     Park,     too 

Ltlanta,    On.     P  l  iMt     acres; 

i    i-  Orant  Park.  lOOacrei  . ' »]  Ltol  Square  Park, 

.~.  ■ 

MiicitiiriHiirii,  Mass,  -Attleborough  Park, 

l    i    i 

\  ii ro rn.  III.     Lli in  Park,  8  Wan 

Pi    •  ■    -'_  acres. 

\ni:ii*i;i,  >lr.     SoiihiT;.'  Monument    I 

A  noil  it,  Tezai    Stat*  Grounds, 

ii»  aorea ;  N 88    ■ 

ii  i  (rounds, 

5  acn       ii;    b  •■•  boo!  i  ■  i  -t  j  a,  res;  Church 

icn 

Baltimore,    Md.     Druid    Hill  Park,    698 

ke  ol  .">:t  aci  i    ;  Pattei  on  Pork,  ."»<> 

acres;  Riverside  Pari     it   ,  acn  Federal  Hill 

Park,  9H  J""1 ' 

Bangor,     He.  'ark,  IO  acres; 

i        es;DaleF  irk,  I 
i   ■         Davenport   Square,     i 
icre. 

Bay    City.  Mich.    Carroll    Park,  91  acre 
Madison  Street  Park,  4  acres;   Washington  Street 
Park,  4  i  -Hi  i  o  Street  Pari    i 

Street  Park,  1  acre. 

Blngbasnton,  X.   V.      I  -."» 

Iti  i-mlti|£hum,  Conn.  -2  (teres. 


-  Franklin    Square,    4 


I*.  I » 1  tiLT*  "11.       III. 

.MM 

Iloftfon,   Ma**.— The  Common,  48  acn 
I'uhiii- '  a  I 

a  I:-.,.,  r   .      ■  1 

■-1 
ire,  1  WorcesH  r  Square,  % 

,     a  Pari 

Bridgeport,  Conn.     '  Park,  120 

easlde  Pari    75  acres;  Washlngti  ■"  P 
«; 

Brockton,   >la«,    Perkins  Park,  \\4 acres. 

Brooklyn,    ST.    V.     Prospecl     Park,     516 
Parade  <  (round,     io  aci  i  i;    W  i 
i    ■      ::*►  acres;  Tompkins  Park,  7";  acn 
Pai       *       teres;  Carroll  Park,  ly  acn 

j].,  I  :  | 

Buffalo,  V.  V.    The  Park,  (Meadow   Park), 
880  i    Park,  with  Lake 

W  iter),  191  i       Lde,    50 

::.t  aci  ■ 
i  17  Place.  8)£ 

i  t  PI  ■  •■■     7 : .    sen        BIdw  eJU    Plai  ■      5] 

iPla       Bacrei     N lag  iro  Square,  .» 
i      ..  i  ■      Da       Park,  1        en 
Johnson  Place  Park,  1 

Bnrlansrton,     Iowa      Two    (not    named), 
each  containing  from  '■£  to  :t 

Burlington,  Yi.      i        -  !  Park,  4  5  acres; 
i  :at 

Park,  »  acres;  City  Hall  Bqu  i  ■    C 

Cambridge,    Kasii  bridge    C 

8  ~  ■  ■ 

i       ...        i  .>r  i  Washlnfi  ton,  iboul  I 
ere;  Dai                              i 

Canton.  O.-  city  Ball    Ka  ■  .    Public 

Bquan    B 

i  edar   Rapids,  Iowa— Fair  Grounds,   60 
i   .        i  acn 

Charleston!  s.  t  ,,,,,  .,,  (inclu- 

dini*  Laki      :»  :• 

White  Pa  ■    ;  dall,3j 

ishlngton  Pai  I     i    ,  ...  .  .        dkei    I 
t  WraggMall,    t    acre;    Cann 

nnrtt'v  Mall,  V;  acre. 

<hiittanooira,    Tenn.     I tout     Mountain 

Park,  LOO  acres;  Cameron  Hill,  95  acre 


■ k,  i:i  acres ;  Broad  j 

Ninth  Streel    P 

Chelsea*  Has*.    Union  park,  9 
taining  man)  shade  trees  named  after  prominenl 

<  hlciiffo,  in.—  Lake  Shore  (Jackson)   Park, 
593 aon  i;  South  (Washington  i  Park.  979  acre 
Lincoln  Park,  850acn  ■    Humboldt  Park,900 

acn  ■ .  i  iai  Held  Pa  i  k     I  *»o  aci  i  ■     I gls     Pai  k, 

1  !'.*         ■     ■         l.al.i'  I'm  k  .  I.aki    Front       I  I    acn 

Union  Pari     i  i       acn       Ji  ffei  ion   Pari 

■•  Wicker  Pari      i  Vernon  Pai  k . 

oi  irlj    I   ici  i      E  Hi  -  Pai  k,  :t      ■     i  i  hlngton 

'  i ■  -s   ""       i"  arborn  Turk,  1 1  .  acn        U 

dine  Squ  u      i   i  ■  I  I i  aci  i     -  on)  n       Park, 

■   h     Union  Square         acre;  Ca 
Park,   i  .         :    ,  ,i     1,891        u  n         Total 

length  of  boulevard.  S1H  miles,  and  drives  In 
i  be  pai  k  I,  f.i  d 

Chlllleothe,  O.  City  Park,  SO  acres,  Includ- 
ing d  lake  ol  neai ly  h  .>,  n 

Cincinnati,  O.     Ge       a  of  Eden  Park.  909  V 

I    \\ i       1931  ■    ■"■'■■■       ttai  ku  j 

i  l  **  j    a*  n        Lincoln   Park,    1<>     ■   ■. 

H  a  ulnertoD  Pai  k   ."»  .  acn  ■  .  Eighth  Stn  el    Park, 
1  acn  ,  Hopldn    Pari!    I  acre. 

(  levelutMl.  o.     Wad.-  Park.  Hit  acres;  Lake 
View  Park,  lOJ    acre  .  South  Side  Park,  9 
Monumental  Park,  I1  j  acn       Uili  aParl    8 
Clinton  lui,  9  acres;  Franklin  Cin 

Colombia,  **.  C.  in       Park,  30 

State  n i ind  .    u  .    acres;    Water-Works 

Oroonds,  -I  acres. 

Colambns,  <>.  Ohio  State  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  Farm,  339  acre*  i  ranklln 
County  Agricultural  Society's  Ground     lOOai  pi 

Hi-.   4«  acn    .  i  !lt»  Pai  k    -£:t       i     i 
Livingston  Pai  k,  l  -^  ai  pes;  Stati  i   i 

Hi    . 

Concord,  N.  II.  White  Park,  18  acre  .  Chil- 
dren    i    i  14 acn       i '■  M. Park,  -I 

State  Hou  e   Pai  k,    9    acre  .    PobH  ifflce 
I   .   l  acre,  <  it\  Hall  Turk,  1  a. -re. 

Council  It i ,t it*-.   Iowa,     Lake    View    Park, 

>*»**  aci  ■       Fail  n ii' .  9  I  aci  e      i  land  Park, 

79  acre  .  Bayllss  Part   '-i  [acres;  Prospect  Park, 
*i  acres. 

Dallas),  Texan  — Wad.-  Hampton  Park,  17 

.I'M 

l>:in hut-y.  Conn.— Blmwood  Park, .%  acres. 

Davenport,   Iowa.— County  Fair  Grounds, 

:t:i     ■■■■!■■       \ .,t  .  \ .  ii.'  Park.  2?£  acres;  Washing- 
ton Pai  k,  9 

Dayl <».    -National Military  HomeG 

al tSOOacree    m I  and  Mad  River   Levees 

Pai  !■       lo  aci '    ;  Citj    Park,  -l   at    i 
Public  Landing  (CanaJ  i,  ii  acres. 

Denver,  Col.    City  Park,  890  J    ■■ 

Park,  l*:.i  19  acn 

Pai  k,  3a  Cu        Pari     la  Fuliei 

l  acre     « 'lover  Park,  I  acn 

Des  bntolnes,    [own      Capitol  Bquan      i« 
;  Govern  i       Square,  6 

9  acn       i  i  ■  abbut  •■&  acres;    i ! I 

.  Squan    9  acn 

Detroit,  ssTlch.— Belle  Isle  (Island)  Park, 
about  7«m>  -•■  >■       Grand  '  llrcus  Pai  b 

tfiac pu    Martini 

about  8  acres;  <  llnton  Park,  1  \  acre*  .    kdelalde 
comb,  Elton     ■      i 
1  each  about  %  aci  i 

I  acre    Llbrai  |    Bas1 
and  School  Part     foi  mi  i   ■    rang  Ing  1 1  tm  fe  to 

■ ■■■■'■  i  hi    it-    oi  i  \n-  public  I     ■   ■ 

and  High  Scl i  bul 

Dubuque,  Iown      Public  Square,  4) 

Jacks Market  Squai  b,9     an 

w  aahington  Pai  k,  "i  acn  i, 

Baston,  Pa.     i  armers'  1  Mechanics1  Lostl- 

tute Grounds, 90 acre   ,  Borough)  Ircli    about X 
acres. 

East  9f orwlch,  K.  V       Play-gTound,  1  acre. 

East  Saginaw,  Mich.  Hoyl  Park,  about 
90  'i  -  h  eoi  ered   n  iih  native  oal 

■  about  '-i  acres,  to  be 
occupied  by  the  City  Hail  and  Hovt  Library  build- 
ing. 


Baa  Claire,  \\  i*.     Randall  Park    :i  acres; 

■  <  in  i  ii  pai  k.  -^  aci  i        Univi  Park,  9  a 

Eaal  Weymouth,  Hsms.     kgi  IculturalFair 

Gr i-,  r**t  acres, 

Elisabeth,  X.  .1      North  Park,  io, 

■'   l'-k     OTI      Park.     .%  ',      »<-rv     .        .irllrl      .>,,       Pi,|  I,  i 

acn       Wilson  Park,  a     acn       Sing  i    Park    9j 

s'-"'l    Park,      ....  i.  Ian   Pari       t-12 

,    ,  , 

Elnalra,  X.  Y.    <3rove  Park,  a 

StlXH  I   I'.i  i  k.    I   ..  ■ 

Erie,  Penn.— East  and  West  Parks  (double) 
1  boul  «t  ,>.  i  es;  Double  Pai  k  i  unimproi  ed  i,  about 

8  ...    i 

EvaiiNville,  lad.— Sail  Wells  Park,  1 9  acres; 

WUlardPa       Bk" acres;  Pulton  li  enue   Pai  i.    :( 
i  i  anklin  Street  Park   :i      n  ,    etPark, 

:t  aci  •    .  Butb  i  ni  Id  Pai  k    I  ■    a<  res  .  Fourth  Streel 
Park,  l  acre;  Seventh  Btreei  Park,  I  a   n 

Full       Kiver,       onTasS.      South     l'aik     Public 

i  <  Iround     ■■  190  ai  re      (forth    Pari      10 
■ tralPark     pl<  nk  |  rov<       16      pi 

FlllMhlHg,   V.  Y.      ('!!>    P.n         -' 

Fond  doXiac,    \\\*.      I  Park,    :io 

acre  .    [ngramle   Park.  *^<>  acres;    Court    House 
Square  9'    acn       also  18  Public  Bquai  - 
Blamatcd,  but  located  al  Streel  Crossings,  and  con- 
taining, each,  about  \yt  acres, 

Galesburgr^  In.  — Lombard  i  iollege  Park,  io 

■"  |  ■    i  1 ■  i  iollege  Park,   io  acrei  ;  Cltj    Pari 

7  acrei ,  i  ientraJ  Park,  \  jut... 

GalTeston,    Texan— Oleandei     Park,    mo 
Beach   Pai  k    7  acres ,   Lafltfc    Bap     ■      S 
acres;    San  Jacinto  Square,    'i   acres;    Sherman 
8  acres;    Lamar  Square,  9  acn 

Anna  Nuii.ii  e,  9 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.— Lincoln  Park,  io 
acn      Highland  Park, 3 acres;  Fulton  sin  el  Pari 
i       acres;     Soldiers1   Monumental    Park,    ISW 

.  qua  re  rod  . 

II  Mm  I  ii  on,  O.— Fourth  Ward  Park,  8) 
Fii   I  w  ard  Pai  k,  :t      acres;  I  lourt   Hou  •■   Park, 
about  8     acres. 

Hannibal,  Mo.— Publle  Square,  I  , 

IlarrUhurnr,    Pu.     State  Capitol    Pari.      I  r, 
acn       Harris  Park  (<    tlmated),  8  acre  .    I  tncoln 
i    i  Imati  .i  ,  8  acn 

Hartford,  Conn,     B     bnell  Park,  about  69 

aci  ■ 

Haverhill,  Mass.— Public  Comi 

Hoboken,  >.  »J.     Hud  on  Park,  ■* 
Church  Square,  ;(',  acre  .   <  « t %    ;i  ,  i  Bquan 

.ir     I    | 

Holyoke,  Mass.     Pro  peel   Park,  3  acres: 
Hampden  Park,  9j    a<  pi 

Houston,  Texas    I  all   Groun  I     BO 
Court   House  Square,  about   IX   acre  . 

I 'u  acres;  Lubbock^  Grove  (private  re- 
Bort  i,  about  li> 


IndlnnapolU,    Ind.     star,-    lv,,r  :I|„|    Dumb 

Asylum  Grounds,  i ui  1 OO  acres;  Garfield  Park 

1 OO  acn  it    I  all   Gi i n  -to 

Military  Pai  k  aboul  l  «t  acres;  State  House 
Grounds,    about    h    acrei      State    Blind    ksylum 

1 8  acres;    t  toui  t   He 
about  I  acres;    University  Park,  about  4  acres; 
i  irele  park,  aboul  a  •■ 

Jacksonville,    111,      Itate    Insane 

Ground  .  ho  ai  <  ■      State  Deal  and  I tb  I   |  lurn 

Ground      7  acn       State  i i  A  h  lum  Grounds, 

5  ai  '  .■    .    Pun. -an  Pai  k,    l1       ...  .-    .    I'  iblic    Square, 

Jeffersonvllle,  Ind.  Warden  Park,  gv 
acn  i  lommi  rciaJ  Squan  P,  acres;  Franklin 
Square,  l1,  acres;  Washington  Park,  \\  acres; 
Park  Place,  '.  acre. 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.— Hamilton  Pai  k.  7  .>■  - 

t  Pari    9  acn       Wa  blngton   Park.  •£ 
Bergen  Square,  U  acres. 

Jollet,  III.     rMvlngPark,  55  acres;  Shooting 

Park.  4  acres;    Public  Square.  9  acres. 

Kalamazoo,     Mich.—  Branson    lark,    a# 
irt  Hou         .....     !■.... 


Location  and  Size  of  the  Principal  Public  Parks  in  the  United  States—Continued, 


311 


R:mi-:i*  City,  Mo.— City  Hall  Park,  about 
2>si  acres. 

Keokuk,  Iowa.- Rand  Park, 35  acres,  with 
a  frontage  of  700  feet  along  the  Mississippi  river; 
Bluff  Park,  TTJtf  acres:  Bilbourne's  Park,  6  acres; 
Mason's  Triangle,  8}$  acres;  Triangular  Park,  XH 
aci  es. 

Kingston,  N.  Y.— City  Hall  Park,  ft  acres; 
Academy  Park,  1J4  acres. 

r.a  CroNNe,  Win.—  Lake  Park,  SO  acres;  Two 
Squares,  unnamed,  about  \\2  acres  each. 

Lafayette,  Ind.—  Kescrvoir  Grounds,  16 
acres;  County  Public  Square,  \'%  acres, 

LaucaiNter,  Pa. — Agricultural  Park,  550 
acres. 

Lawrence,  Maws.  —North  ( 'miimon.  \1wi 
acres;  Storrow  Park,  1 1  acres;  Union  Square, 
11  acres;  Amphitheater,  "7  acres;  Broadway 
Square,  %  acre. 

Leavenworth,  Kan.  —Military  Reserva- 
tion, North  "i  the  City,  T.OOO  acres;  Soldiers' 
Home  Grounds,  South  of  the  City,  640  acres; 
City  Park,  improved,  1  acre. 

LewiHton,  Me.— City  Park,  lO  acres. 

T^exineton,  HJy. — Woodland  Park,  about  SO 

acres— part  of  Henry  Clay's  old  homestead,  "Ash- 
land"; Grata  Park,  3  acres. 

Lincoln,  Neb.- Public  Park,  1 IV  acres; 
Capitol  Grounds,  11)4  acres;  University  Grounds, 
HJi  acres. 

Lincoln,  R.  I.— Town  Hall  Square,  about  )i 
acre;   Poor  Farm,  about  30  acres. 

Little  Rock.  Ark.— Arsenal  Grounds,  30 
acres;  5  Private  Parks,  "pen  to  the  public. 

Lockpoi't,  IV.  Y.— Dudley  Square,  about  3 
acres;  City  Park,  about  SBj«  acres;  Davison  Park, 
about  1  acre. 

Logan  sport,  Ind.— Simpson  Park,  13  acres, 

"Walnut  Pai  k,  1 1   acres;  old  City  Park,  9  acres; 
Water-Works  Park,  3  acres. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.~— East  Los  Angeles  Park, 
..**  acres;  Hill  and  Sixth  Street  Park,  -Xl/2  acres; 
Plaza  Park,  '■£  acres. 

Louisville,  Ky.  —  Aims-House  Grounds, 
about  200  acres;  House  of  Kefuge  Grounds,  TO 
acres;  Blind-Asylum  Grounds,  30  acres;  City  Hos- 
pital Grounds,  15  acres;  Baxtei  Square,  lO  acres. 

Lowell,  Mass.— Rogers*  Fort  Hill  Park,  30 
acri  -.  South  C n,  &£}j  acres;  North  Com- 
mon, llj*j  acres;  Park  Square,  \%  acres. 

I ,  \  ochlnirtr,  Va.  — Fair  Grounds.  8  acres; 
City    Park,    4i    acres;    Park    Avenue    Reservoir 

ii round-,  3' ..  acres;  <  'layStreetReservoirGrounds, 

1  acre. 

Lynn,  Mass.— Free  Public  Forest.  ©8  acres; 
Lynn  I  ommon,  *  \  acres;  Fayi  tte  Park,  '£  acres; 
City  Park,  1  %  acres;  Washington  Square,  '.  acre. 

Macon,  Ga.— Central  City  Park,  nearly  lOO 
acres,  on  which  are  located  the  annual  State  Fairs . 
improvement  ro^t,  perhaps,  ?::i«i.inhhi,  Tatnall 

Square,  a  1 t  SO  aeres;  Water  Stand-pipe  Squire, 

about  1  acre. 

MadiNon,  Wis* — Capitol  Park,  containing 
the  state  House,  14  acres;  Orton  Park.  .»  acres. 
The  Five  Lakesareasfollows:  Mendota,  or  Fourth, 
Lake,  7  miles  long  and  .l  miles  wide;  Monona,  or 
Third,  Lake, 5  miles  long hy  3  miles  wide;  Wau- 
\x  t,  or  Second,  Lake,  4  miles  long  by  '■£  miles 
wide;  ECesonsa,  or  First,  Lake,  3J4  miles  long  by 
8  miles  wide:  Wingra,  or  Dead,  Lake,  1  %  miles 
long  by  1  mile  w  ide. 

Maid 
named 
aci  e  each. 

Han  Chester,    X.     H.— Merrimack    Square, 
about 6 acres;  Concord  Square,   !■■  acres;  Park 
Square,  :t     at       .  Hanovei  Square,  3  a< 
in. .in  Squa  n  .  ~ !  |  aci  es. 

Marlborough,  Haas.— High  Bchool  Com- 
mon.S  acres;  i  nionPark  9  acres;  Soldiei  'Id  a 
amenl  i 1  rounds,  ' ..  acre. 

Memphis,    TVn ii.— Bluffs    Public    Grounds, 
along  the  Mississippi  River,  about  lOacn 
val  (private!  Park,  aboul  7  acres;  Court  Square, 
1',  acres;  Market  Square,  l'i  acres. 

Meriden,  Conn*— New  City  Park,  about  9 
acres;  Winthrop  s.juhi  ■■,    t  acre. 

Middle! own,  t'oiin.  Washington  <  Ire*  a, 
3]  .■  acres .  Union  Park,  ■  (  acre. 


den,    Hass.    Two    PubUo  Squares,  on 
and  unimproved,  containing  less  than  y 


Milwaukee,  Wis.— National  Soldiers'  Some 
Grounds,  to*  acres  Kilboui  ne  i  Reservoir)  Park 
2!>]  '...I.-  .iiim-ati  Park,  13  •,,  acres;  Eighth 
Ward  Park,  (No.  I  , »  acres;  Eighth  Ward  Park 
i  No.2),  *i  acres;  Fifth  Ward  Park, about  1  { acres; 
Fourth  Ward  Park.  1  ];  acres;  Seventh  Ward  Park, 
1  acre;   Grand  Avenue  Park,  1  acre. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.  — Lake  Harriet,  sur- 
rounded by  a  boulevard,  400  acres;  Cent;  tl 
Pars  30 acres;  Northview Park,  23  acn 
erside,  SO  acres;  Prairie  Park,  lo  .  a<  res;  Elliott 
Park,  4  acres;  Steele  Square,  9  a*  n 
Square,  SJ4  acres;  Market  Square,  9%  acres; 
Hawthorne  Square,  'i  aci 

Mobile,  Ala.—  Bascomb  (nowCottrell's)  Race 
Course,  91  acres;  Arlington  Park,  about  OO 
acres;  Frascati  Park,  about  SO  acres;  Bienville 
Square,  about  ±%  acres;  Washington  Square, 
about  4        icri 

Montgomery,  Ala.— City  Park.  %%  acres; 
The  Triangle.  %  acre. 

Mountain  Lake  Park,  Md.— In  Gfarretl 
County,  contains  S50  acres.      B&O.)    Similar 

in    Educational   facilities  to  Chautauqua    Lake, 

N.  \  . 

Nashville,  Tens.- Lunatic  Asylum  Grounds, 
■>oo  acres;  vanderbilt  Grounds,  8.*>  acres;  Base 
Ball  Park,  73  acres;  Fisk  i  niversitj  Grounds, 
."i7  acres  Normal  School  Grounds,  30  acres; 
Baptist  Theological  School,  30  acres;  Spring 
Park,  l.l  acres;  Blind  School  Grounds,  15 acres; 
City  Pork,  14  acres .  Si  Celia  Leadenrj  Grounds, 
12  acres;  Central  College  Grounds,  h  acres; 
Public  Square,  7  acres;  Capitol  Grounds,  Bja' 
acres. 

Nashua,  N.  H.— North  Park,  SO  acres.  South 
Park,  85  acres. 

New  Albany,  Ind.— Public  Square.  1 J 
acres. 

Newark,  N.   J.— Military  Park,  about  61 
acres;  Lincoln  Park,  4      acres;  Washingl 
31:;  aeres;    Mill >.rd  Park,  about  1    acre;    Central 
Square,  about   7-8  acre;    Clinton  Park,  about  \4 
acre;    Jackson   Park,  %  acre;    Lombardy    Park, 
about  M  acre. 

New  Bedford.  Mass.— The  Common,  7\ 
acres,  in  which  stands  the  Soldiers'  Monument. 

New  Britain,  Conn.— Walnut  Hill  Park. 
lOO  acres;  South  Park,  about  "Z  acres;  Central 
Park,  1  '.,  aci  i 

New  Brunswick,  N.  JT. —  City  Park,  about 
H  a<u  es. 

Newburyi»ort,  Mass.— Bartlett  Mall, about 

8  -,  Marfcel  Square,  aboul  S>     acres;    Kent 

Street  Common,  ti  acres;    Atkinson  Common,  *J 
Brown  Square,  H  acre. 

New     Haven,     Conn.-  -East     Rock    Park 
358  .  acres;    The  <>id    Green,  l«> 
ter  Squai  e     I       aci  es  .  I  ilinton   I  'ai  h    :t      at  \ , 
Jocelyn  Square,  8J     acres;   Yo  1.  Squaj      l    .   n 
Spireworth    Square,    I    acre;    Munson    Park,    !  | 
acre;  Broadway  Upper  Park,  '.  acre;    Ha 
Place   j  ■;  acre;  Fountain  Park,  '-.-  acre;  Broadway 
Lower  Park,  about  %  acn 

New  London,  Conn.  — Memorial  Park.  80 
acn    .   Williams  Park,  6  acres. 

New  Orleans,  La.— Upper  City  Park,   used 

for  World's  Cotton  Exposition,  849  acres;  Low<  r 

:..  I  «*:»     acn  - .  i  institution  Place,  1<);. 

icrt    .   ttiltenbergei    Square    .">  acres;   St,  James 

Square,  5  acres;    Cannon  Square,  ."»  acres;    I  I 

Squ  ire, .%  acre     nare,  ~*  acres;  Hamilton 

Square,  l  I   tree  Square,  4  \  acres;  Inde- 

pi  ndi  Q<  ■     i  'i  ici  .1       acres      union    Place,    l 
elcj  '        Douglo  •  -    Squai      l        icr*        I    >mmerce 

i  Fillmon     Jquari      i 

Coliseum   Square,    4  acres;    Hopkins  Square,  4 
acn  :  t 

:i        icre  :t 

Nal  li  nal  Squa  re,  3  fayloi    Sq :t 

acres;     Uinund  >i  Ion    Square,  8J      acres     ELomi 
Square,  :t  Lafayette  Squai  e,  ^ 

JeftTei  son  Square,  ^  -,   aci  i  - ;  Jackson  8  i«    i      B 
acn  ■ .  Place  D'  irnw  i,  8]     aci        Des    -■    Pla 

i  Ima    Square,  '-J        n  ree      McCarth) 
8V  acres:  tl  uare.8  aci 

ire,  8  acres;  SamuclS  -J 

i- 1  edei  ick  Squn  re,  8  acn       Green  Squai     8  acn 

Luan     8  nci  es     Lee  Placi     I   aci  e    Nash 
rille  Avenue   Sa   I      I   ■         (fashville  Avei 
2),  I  acre;  Claiborne  i  Ircle    jf  acre;  St,  Anthony 's 
I  acre .  Sun  PI  ice,  ',,  acre. 

Bflagrara  Falls.  11*  acres 

Newton,  Hass.— Farlow  Park    v-   wton     :t 
acres;  Centre  i  i  Centr       ^ 

i    ■■ 


dale  Park  (Auburndali  I  acn  Lincoln  Park, 
(West  Newton),  K  acre;  Wolcotl  Park  (Auburn- 
dale),  fc  acre;  Loring  Pari  otre  .  . 
acre;  Hyde  Park  (Newton  S 

New  York  City,  FJ."I  Park    and 

Manhattan  s-i"-i!  i     *•'>'.*  i  le  Park 

89^  acres;  Uornlngside  Park,  :iP,  acre 
Bridge  Park,  83  acres;  Batt*  '^i 

Mt.  Uon-ia  Park.   "*o    acres;    Tompkins 
1  OK  acres;  City  Hall  P 
ton  Squa  re,  8  6 

Fourth  Avenue  Park. .',  i    , 

erly  Reservoir  Park),  4X  acn  intPark, 

I  \   tcr<  i;  Union  Sq  -i 

Park,  3  acres;  Park  Avenue  Park    I  acn 

ing  Green,  J^acrei  '"'anal  Street  Public  i 

"i  i  -    i  'ooper    Institute    Public    Pla> 

Jackson  Si n  ,   't   ;u.-n 

Norfolk.  Va.     Cemetery  Lawn  (not  a  burial 
place  .  . >    ■  i  |  Hall  Lawn,  about  1 

North  Adams,  Mass.— Town  Park,  «. 

Nor  walk.    Conn.— Union    Park.    5    acres; 
'  fhurch  Greei    8a     ■■■      Ipi  Ivate  pari;-,  ■■ 
ing  each  between  OOand  tto 

Norwich,   Conn.— Williams  Park,  about  9 
bogs  Soldiers' Monument;  Franklin 
Park,  about  4  acres;    Broadway  Park, a 
acn 

Oakland!  Cal.-  Independences 

Pla:  □    ■_' 
aci  es;  < »..!.,  .i.  i  Pai  b,  l       acn       I 
I        teres      Lincoln    Pai  k,    l 
Park,  1>^  acres. 

Ovdensbnrs;,    N.    X.— River  Bank  I  i 

acres;  Hamilton  Park,  3  acres;  Mansion  Park,  3 

aeres. 

Omaha,    Neb.-   -Hanscom   Park,   -to    acres; 
Jefferson  Square,  2  acres. 

Orange,  N.  J.— Llewellyn  Park,  about   750 
acres. 

0*thkoKh,   Wis.— Stock-.  ■ 

Grounds,  containing  the  lin.  Hall  In 

1 1"'  Stal a,  SO  ai  n 

Osweeo,  N.  Y.— Franklin  Squai  ; 

acres;    Washi  I 

Paterson,  N   J.-  -Gam 
above  the  sea,  with  a  view  of  from  -' 
north  and  south  -about  SOOi 

Park  (  m  the  city  .about  lO  acres,  and  containing 
the  Soldiers'  Monument. 

Pawtueket,  K.  I.— Wilkinson  Park 
Mineral  spring  Park, 

Peoria,  111.— Jefferson  Pai  b    ."►'J  d  sres;  Brad 
ley  Park,   45    i  Park,  5 

Court  House  S<  ■■■■.:(■ 

3  ;i         -  .    Morton  Squai  ■     '^ 

Petersburg,    Va      West    End   Park. 
30  acres,  containing  a  lake  ot  several  acn 
hibition  Buildings  and  i 
11,  acres,  with  a  laki 
w  Itfa  cai  p.  a  fountain  and  spring. 

Philadelphia,        Pa.  —  Fairmount 
8,79134  acres. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa— Snyder  Square, 
i  toosetow  ii  Park,  !  j  acn.1. 

Plttsfleld,  Mass.         e  City  Park,  -J 

Public  Squ  I 

Portland,    Me.  |  I 

!  g 

I  *  I  s 

PorlMttiouth,  O.—  t'iiv  C  ,i  ]      :t 
taming  the  Soldiers'  Monument, 

Pottsrllle,  Pa.— Courl  Houa   - 
\  acre. 

Providence,   K.  I.     Roger  William: 
lOl  ai  r  :  aining  Ground,  5l; 

Cove  Pi  7 

l 

i 

I 

Qulncy,  ill      Madison  Park,  ~ 

lPo  lc,about3   [acres;  Franklin  Park, 
about  \ 

Racine,  Wli  Park.  S 

West  Public  Paxil    S  Fourth  Ward  Park. 

S 

ICeadlug,  Pa.     City  Park.  ."»  aeres. 

Klehmontl,  Ind.— City  Park,  about  3 

a  City  Fa  rm  i  I   SO  b 


312 


Location  and  Size  of  the  Principal  Public  Parks  in  the  United  States— Continued. 


tOO  containing  a  beautiful  glen,    lake. 

■ 

Richmond,     Va  Part      SOS 

88  i]  Park, 

i  _■  8y  acres;  Mon- 

7  M.u  -hill  Squa       :* 

■j  as  Part,  ^  acre. 

Rochester,  N    I  *• 

."»    .  i  ■  .1,!,: hi    Squa  I 

B  aahlngton   g  I  w  tdsworth 

i  Madison  Square,  .  acre;  Plymouth 

Rockfbrd,  in 

SO  1 5 

Rockford  Publl  '^  ;  West  Roekf ord 

Public  8 

Rook  Inland,  Ell.     Government  Arsenal  an-i 
'.»  TO  -    Cowl  Housi 

g  tiion  Square,  8  I  ranklin 

l  i 

Kome,  X.  V.  -Easl  Park,  1  acre;  West  Park, 
i 

Rutland,  Vt.    North,  Centre  and  South  .'*r 
irk,  contain,  in 
alt.  about   id  North  and  South  Depot  Parks 

i  united),  1  acre. 

Sacramento,  <  ;<i  (cultural Park, 

ing  r  >  i  *  -  State  Race-Coui       SO 
ItolPark.on  which  stands  the  Stat  hi 

i  iik,  between  :to  and  -lo  acres. 

Saginaw  City,  Mien  1 

SI     Joseph,    Mo  io 

acres;  Smitfers  Park,  1  acre;    Patet   i  I 

Mitchell  Park,  l  hington  Park, "%  acre. 

St    Lonle,  Mo  Park,    1,37s 

Tower  Grove    Park     SOS  ti  mdelet 

Park,  I  *:t  n  Pari      I  ft  8 

si,  Louis  Ki.ir  Grounds     I4K>  acn 
BO 
:t4»  i  tte    Park,  :so 

1  I 
l   ;  i  "J  i  Lyon  1  ark,  1  1 

lo  Park. 

»  «;  icres;  Missouri 

1  .1 

I      I    I    I'.         | 
I 
I 

st.    Paul,    Minn         Pen    Improved 
Park,  £56  SI   Paul  Rifle  Pai       16 

7  Irvine  P         -i 

(Vntral   Park,    '■!  South  "J     i 

a's  \v.  -i  End   •■  i 

I V  acres;  1  I 

Pai  Ic,  1  i  High- 

land   Park.    1    acre;     High]  I 

j  Park,  1  act  l 

1  ,    acre: 

Lockwood  Pari  Pai 

I   .   :. 
I     ■  ■    ■ 

Salem,     Mass  hington 

7 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  rk.llO 

IO  hington 

i  »t  IO 

III  I  4  > 

San    Antonio.    TeXAl 
Pai  k.  ,%o  <; 

■  i  tn  i  crick  Square, 

:t  3  acres;    Milan  Park,  3 


I  -    Alamo  Plaza, 

I  Mill  tarj  Plaai    i 

Baadaaky,    Ohio      Baal  Washington  Park. 
shout    l '.   acres  i    H  est  V  i 

acres,  Huron  Avenue  Park    I       I  Huron 

Ivenut   Part  i  Miami   avenue  Park, 

i  i      ■■■•»■;   Weal  Park,   I  a 

■ 

Sun   Francisco,  Cal.  Park. 

1,013  acres;    Buenn  Vista  Park,  36k.    acres; 
Mountain  Lake  Park,  BO  acres;    Publii 
(double  ,  15  i  I  B      acres; 

i  S  i  8 

Lis Square,  IB-    acres;  Lafayette  Park, 

!l  7  Public 

Square   N-"        *  H  unllton  Squat      -» 

i 
I  i  union 

■J  :t 

lumbls  Square,  8  ' 

Portsmouth  Square,  I \  acres;  City  Hall  Park,  1 
aire. 

Baa  Jose*  Cat,     Wa  contain 

Ing  the  State  "■  i  -"• 

si    Jin,  i ."»  n  Rock   Pai  k. 

or  City  ft 

talnlng  IOO 

Saratoga  Sprlntf*,  \.  Y.-    H 
I  «MI 
Springs  Park,  IO  acn 

Savannah,    <..i.  Itary    Parade    Qround, 

1  '.►  \ th  Park,  lo 

5  Calhoun    So,  8      res,     Chatham 

Square,  B  acres;  •  'im  ,  S  act 

8  8 

Madison  S  8  Pulaski  Square,  8  i 

Monterey  Square,  3  acres;    EI1U  Square,   1  acre; 
.    Square,  1  acre;  Reynolds  Square,  l 

i  ire.  1  acn 

Columbia      I    acre      Franklin  Sqi  I 

acre ;  <  ireen  Squ  ire    1  i 

acre;     Ogli  I    aci  e,    Si 

i  mare.   1   acre 

ington  -  I  Wi  [ght  Square,    1 

Whitfield  l  "-re;  Troup  Square,  I 

Schenectady,  \.    Y.    Crescent   Park,    l\ 
1  nlon  School  Oroundi    I 
Park,  1    ■ 

Sc-ranton,  Pa.-    Fulls  Park.   B.%    ;i,-n 

cultural  Pat  k,  *io  %>  i  8 

Round  Wi  iuds.  IO  acn  7 

■  Squat  a  '»  acre  i:  Sa  riders'  in  Pa  i  b . 
Col.  1  >  »  Tripp  Park.  4  acres;  The \ 
Grove    for   Central    Pa  :t       Tea;    Burchell'a 

Grove.  1  acn 
line's  Park.    I    acre;  SchimmpfB  Park,    I 
I  acre. 

Shenandoah,    Ph.— Columbia    nose    Park. 
5  , 

Shrevi'porl.     I. a.       City    Park.    IO 
Public  Square  8 

Somervllle,    Ma%«.     Broadway    Park,    16 
antral  Mill  Park,  IB 

SprlnirnVhl.     Haas.     Hampden    Park.    60 
ree  others,  less  than  1  acre  each. 

Springfield,  Ohio      Water-Works  Grounds, 

«;:t  *', 

South     Bend,    End* — Court    House   Square, 
I 

Stamford,  Conn.— City  Park,  5  a  n 

Stenbenvllle,  Ohio     la  Belle  Park.*;  acres; 
Tin  erslde  Park,  8  au  i 


s%  racnecj   X.    Y.— Driving  Park    [pi 

14".  ■    !';i!  k       pi  IV.,1  I  S 

rth  Part,  8  i  ■    .    ■  :; 

:( 

Monument 
8  acres;  Payette  1  I 

i  I  ei  son  Park,   I    acre:    i  Irani 

i  i  i Park  i  ere      I  ■ 

.        . 
le  Park,  nearr}    |  .  acre;  Ash- 
■    ■ 

Taunton,  Haas.— Public  Square,  1  acre. 

Tcrre  Bante,  Imi.  Park,  80 acres. 

Toledo,  Ohio— Lenk*8    Park.  7  2t 

i   Park   grounds,   1-- 
■    points. 

Topelca,   Kan.     G  urfleld   Part    IOO 

i4»  \;^^ 

as;   I  ■  ,  k.  l  block. 

I'tlca.    N.    ^  .    Chancellor  Sqn  l 

Steuben  Park,  l  acre;  Johnso 

WaiiKMi,  >.  Y.    Riverside  Park,  'J 
1  acre;  8c  i 

'Walt  ham,  Kavsa.— Ton  n  Common  *> 

Washington,    o.  t.    i    .   Idem      i  88 

rtonPark,  18      »■  ■        Smtt 
-•-  Park,    19 

Ar 3  Pari     i  i  d  Park,  nearly 

■-■i  id   Park,  No.  5     I  * 

16.  11  ette  Pai  k. 

*;  res;    Lincoln   Park,  <(  ft  apexold 

Pai  k   Si        8  Franklin  Pai       i 

Stanton  Park,  ■  1  acres;    Ml    Vernon  Park, 

-t  Recta  Qgli     Ho    -i~    :t  a<  rei     I'm t 

1    ■        ",*         res,  Rectangle 

Ri    tang  le,  No.  1 17.   l   .  acres;  McPI    ■ 
Park.  IK  acres;  Rawlins' Park,  I      acres;  Wash- 
ington Circle,    1  '  Parragul    Park,    I1. 
acres. 

Watcrtovrn,    v    Y.     Puh  -t 

i 
Park,  %  acre;   Sterling  Park.  \A  acre;    Franklin 
acre. 

Walcrliiirv.     Conn.      I'mtri-     Sijn.-i  r--,     'Z\ 
ten       i  ;  acre. 

WettOrauiie,  \.  J.— Llewellyn  Park,  7-%o 

Wilkes  Barre,  Pa.— Pi  :.". 

on  the  banks  ol  the  Susquehanna  River;  Public 
■  ning  the  i  !ourt  House,  I  %  acres. 

Wllmlnetmi,    llel.— <  1 

pleasant  public  resort  i-  found  on  the  banks  ol  the 
Brandy*  ine  River,  where  the  location  and 

■  re  \"''!  ■ 

\\  inoua,  M  Inn.--  in -t  Ward  Park,  8 

8  acn  - 

acres. 

Wllllamsport,  Pa.    Ross  Park,  1  acre. 

Wobnrn,  Mans.     Woburn  Common,  J^  acre. 

■VYor<-«'Ptt4*r,   M:inn. — Elm    Pai        88 
Central  P         7  North  Pond,  \\  acre. 

York,  Pa.— Public  Common,  <tu  :i>  pi 

ToiiML">to»n,    tHiio      Ct-ntral    S.nian      '£. 

j  Park,  l\  acres. 

Zanesrvllle,  Ohio— Three  Pari 

-4»        ,    ,  and  located  in  various  | 
of  the  city. 


SOME  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  PARKS  IN  THE  CANADIAN  DOMINION. 


Chatham.  Ont.  —Victoria  Park,   15 

■■■  -u  Park,  1 1  acres, 

Frederlcton,    >".    B.  —  Fenety   Avenue,  3K 
Halifax.  X.   S.  ■■     43.% 

I  "J."i 

l".  I*ublic 

I O  acres;  SI  t; 

i 
Park.     If.;    acres;    Inglls-Sti  1 

■ 

Hamilton,  Ont.— Private  Park,  30  acres. 

Hull.  Qne  IrOVO,  6  acres;    liatti- 

I 


Kingston,  Ont      The  City  Park    85    acres; 
Militar .  i  ".  .     u>  Col- 

lege  Park,    IO  acres;     victoria  Park,   4 

Artilki ■>  Pai  k.  :t  acres, 

London,  On*  -rQueen's  Park,  31  acn 

i  5 

Montreal,    Que.       Mt    Royal    Park     16 1 

acres;  Logan's  Park,  84  aj 
g  ■   ■      ., 

Champ  ,!'.!,■:(■  .t 

■    ■         Paplneau  Sqn  1 1      8 

■•  8 

i 
acres;     '  I 

i  inare,   1 

1    acre;    Richmond 

Square,      acre;  Phillips  Squ  St.  James 


lice  d'Armes  Square,  %  acre; 
Wellington  Square,  %  acre. 

Quebec  Id,  200  acres;   Tot 

nade,  'H  acn  80 

d'Al  rii,  -      "J  ~Z 

Lower  Governor's  Oardt  n,  2  acres. 

St.   John,   X.   B.— King  Square,   lo 
Queen  Square,  1 0  acres. 

Three    Rivera,   Qne.  :t 

l  i plain  Square,    '■£ 

Square,  IK  acres;  La  ire. 

l..t  onto,    4»nt .     island    Park,    2<m> 

i  -^4i  ■  <  .  ■■  n*s  Park,  112  acres; 

Exhibition  Park  and  Grounds,  «o  acres;  River 

17 
l  «i  31     £ndi  *  ■■■   -  Square.  2',   acn 

l    ,  acres;  St.  Patrick  square.  %  acre. 


Location  and  Size  of  the  Principal  Public  Parks  in  Various  Parts  of  Europe. 


91  o 


PARKS  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

ENCLAND. 

Birmingham  I  'an mm  Hill  Park,  57  acres; 
Small  Heath  Park,  41  acres;  ralthorpe  Park.  31 
acres;  Summerneld  Park,  12  acres:  Adderley 
Park,  lO  acres;  Highgate  Park,  8  acres;  Pur 
bury-Street  Recreation  Grounds,  4  acres;  Park- 
Street  Gardens,  4  acres;  St.  Mary's  Garden,  2 
■    ■ 

Brighton— The  Tenantry  Downs,  10.5 
Preston  Park,  81  acres;    Th*-  Level,   lO.'i  acres; 

....  -^ 

Bristol— Clifton  and  Durdham  Downs.  443 
acres;  Bedminster  Park,  22 

Kew-Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  400  aw 
eluding    the    Pleasure   Grounds,   which    contain 
1  70  acres. 

Kingston  -on  -Thames  — Richmond  Park. 
2.2.5.5   acres;    Home  Park.   650  Bushy 

Park.     1,300    acres;    Hampton  Court  Park  and 
Gardens,  44  acres. 

4.eed»— Roundhav  Park.  3.50  acre-;    Wood- 

ttoor,  63  acres;  New  Wortley  Recreation 
Grounds,  30\    acres;    Hunslet  Moor.  31 
Woodhouse  Ridg      17  Ige  Becre 

ation  Grounds,  15K  acres;    Bramley  Recreation 
ftd,  11  acres. 

Liverpool— Sef ton  Park,  382  acres:     News. 
ham  Park,  ISO  acres;  Stanley  Park.  lOO  acres; 
Prince's  Park.  44K*  acres:  Wavertree  Park,  223£ 
Mieil   Park,-!.-*  >tanic  Gardens. 

1  IK  acres;  Kensington  Recreation  Grounds,  1  '4 
acres  st.  James  Mount  Gardens.  4  acres;  st.  Mar 
tin's  Recreation  Gronnd,  2  acre-:  Prime's  Boule- 
vard, 2  acres;  Abercromby  Square,  1  \  aci 
friary's  Recreation  Ground,  1^'  acres;  Aubrey- 
Street  Recreation  Ground,  \\4  acres;  Falkner 
Square,  1&  acres;  Great  George  Square,  1# 
acres. 

London    and    Vicinity  —  Wimble.I^ 
mon,  628  acres;  Regents*  Park  and  Zoological 
Gardens,  473  acres;  Hyde  Park  and  Ken-  ■ 

.  390  acres;  Wandsworth  Comni'.t.  302 
acres:  Victoria  Park.  390  acres;  Bampstead 
Heath,  240  acres:  Alexandra  Park,  11*2 
Battersea  Park,  1  ■*.>  acres;  Greenwich  Park, 
17  1  acres;  Finsbury  Park,  115  acres;  South- 
w.nk  Park,  G3  acres;  Green  Park.  GO  arres;  St. 
Jam.--'  Park,  .5i>  acres;  CambeeweU  Park.  .1.5 
f  Downs,  5©  acres:  Lincoln  Inn's 
Square,  13M  "acres;  Eaton  Square.  13\ 
Cadogan  Square,  12Ji  acres.  Russell  Squire,  lO 
acre-.  Clapham  Common.  lO  acres;  Bryanston 
Square,  !&¥■  acres;  Montague  Square.  3  a: 

Manchester  —  Alexandra  Park.  GO  acres; 
Philips' Park.  31  acres:  Queen's  Park,  30 

Cheethara  Park,  5  acres;  ArdwichPark,  4  

Willert-Street  Open  Space,   1 

Btn  i  i  i  (pen  Space.  1 ".  acre-:  Mount-Street  Open 

Space,  1  acre.  Prussia-Street  «  'pen 

Xotlineham  —  Bulwell   Forest.    13.5 
The    F'-re-t.    70     acres:      Meadows'     Recreation 
Ground.  30  acres;    The  Arboretum,    17  acres; 
Robin  Hood  Chase,  (with  St.  Ann's  Hill.  Elm  Ave- 

:  i  Corporation  Oaks'.  lO  aci 
Promenade,  7  acres;  The  Queen's  Walk,  G 

i  ricket     Ground,    6    acres;     Castle 
Grounds,  5  acres;  Bath  Street,  4  acres;  St,  Mn*h- 
creation,    1    acre;    Trent   Walk,    1    acre; 
Bulwell  Boggs.  lacre. 

Oldham — Alexandra  Park.  72  acres-.  Nbrtfc 
Uoor  Free  Library  Grounds.  %  acre. 

WlndBOl — ThcGreat  Parkand  Forest.  1,*©© 

ntaining  Virginia  Water  (Lake),  which 
ace  Oi    ISO       res;    Little  Park.  .»oo 
Frogmore,    30    acres.    For    other  prom- 
incut    Parks    in   this    vicinity.  See  Kingston-on- 
Thames. 

SCOTLAND. 
Aberdeen— The   Links,    f»o    acres;     Duthie 
Park.  4 i  acres  ;  Victoria  Park,  ©acres;  Thi 
.    us.  2  acres- 

Dundee— BaJgay    Park.    40 

:t.~.  SO 

StobsmnJr  Park,  2.5    icree;    Barrack   Park,  20 
Law  Hill,  1  7  acn  s;  Bleaching  I  -. 

acres;   Fairmnlr,  13  acre-;   The  Howff,  4  acre-. 

Edlnnnrsrh—  Queen's    Park,    6  l  I 
Blackford    Hill,    i>.5   acres;    Brnntsneldrs  Links. 
3  t       icres;    East   Heado  •  ■    3  1 
.i  i  s     West  Pi  ii 

89  acn  ilton  Hill.  23 
P  »rk.20\  acres;  Bast  Pi  li 

9     acres;  Abbey  Mount  Gardens,  t 

Glamrow— Glasgow  Green.  1  30 

90  acres;  Alexandra  Park,  8©  acres;  Eel- 

vingrove  Park,  74  Si 


IRELAND. 
Cork— City  Racing  Park.  240  a^res;  Mardyke 
Promenade,  1  mile  lung. 

Dublin  —  Phoenix    Park.    1,7.53    acre?;     St. 

Stephen's  Green,  040  acres. 

PARKS  IN  FRANCE. 

Bordeaux— Bordelais Park,  69  V acres;  Bot- 
anical Garden,  2.'3  Hotel  de  \  ille  Garden, 
SSji  acre  Square,  1%  acres;  Pey-Ber- 
land  Square,  1  '„  acres,  St.  Cliche!  Square.     | 

Lille— The  Citadel  Garden,  3©>j  acre 

conse    <le    rE-planade,    1  *  ^    acres;     V&UbSJ 

den,  1.5]:  acres;  Botanical  Garden,  5,1- 
Bepnblic  Square,  3'.  acres;  Ramponean  Garden, 
9H  acres;  Little  Gardens  near  the  Bunkerque 
Gate,  21.  acres;  Reduit  Square,  2K  acres;  Tenu 
Square,  l  .  acres;  Jnssieu  Square.  \%  acres; 
Tree-Culture  Garden,  IX  acres;  Putilleul  Square. 
1  acre. 

Marseilles  —  Borely  Park,  118  acre-:  La 
Prado,  43 :,  acres;  Zoological  Garden  and  Long- 
champ  Garden,  153-;  acres-.  Pharo  Park,  13  , 
acres;   Alices  de  Meilhan  et  des  Capucines.  nearly 

•*  Cathedral  Esplanade,  H1,  acre-;  Arena 

Place,  6'-.  acres ;  St.  Michael  Place,  6  acres; 
Cours  Pierre  Puget,  &14  acres:  Col  line  Pierre 
Puget  3  lurs  du  Chapitre,  31.,   acre-; 

i  !ours  Belsunce,  3  acre-;  Lazaretto  Place.  3  acres ; 
Place  d'Aix,  nearly  3  acres:  Cours  Jalien, 
3  acres;  Courette  Esplanade    2  Joliette 

Place,  2  acres;  Costellane  Place,   1',   acres;  The 
3  luare,    1   \  acres;    rfontyon  Pla  ■•     l 
3t  Ferreole  Place.  1'---  acres;    Sebs 
Place,    1>4    acres;    Prefecture   Plai  1 

Notre-Dame  du  Mont  Place.  1 '-.  acre- ;  Fourth  of 
September  Place,  1  acre;  Pentagon  Pla  1 
African  Place,  nearly  1  acre;  Central  Place,  % 
acre;  Honlins  Square.  \  acre:  St.  Victor  Place,  % 
acre;  Reform  Place,  %  acre;  Duma  i 
acre;  Place  de  La  Rotonde,  %  acre;  Grand  Chea- 
tre  Place,  %  acre;  Corderie  Place,  %  acre. 

Xantes—  Botanical  Garden.  17,  acres;  Cours 

Si.  Pierre.  4  acres;  Cours  St.  Andre,  3%  acres; 

■  ours  Cambranne,  SJ^'  acres;  Boulevai-d 

Delorme,  1    .  acres;  Square  du  Palais  de  Justice, 

1H  acr 

Pari*  and  Vicinity— Forest  of  Fontainbleu, 
41.000  acres:  Bois  (Woods*  of  Vincennes. 
2.3.50  icres     Bois    Woods  i  of  Boulogne.  2, Oi>.5 

".  (loud  Park  and  Garden-.    lOS 
Luxembourg    Gardens,    8.5     acres;      Garden     of 
7  "•  Buttes  Cnanmont  Park.  G3 

acres .    Trocadero    Park,    .54  •  -aniens 

along  Observatory  A v<  -  -  long  and   i-V 

feet  wide  ,30  acres;  Hontsouris  Park,  38 
Ifonceau  Park.  2  1 '.  acres:  Champs  Elysees,    fav. 
orite  drive  .  201,  acres;  Champs  de  Mars  Park. 
17  .-de  C-julogne  Avenue.  1G 

Ranelagti    I  I  -;    Observatory  Squa        -"» 

acn  - .    \  ictoi  I 

Square,  3M  acres;  Parmentier  Sque       ;s 

:E  &  [uare  -i  La  Maine  du 

X^.-..2;.  acres;  Violet  Square,  2  acre-;  Temple 
■£        es:    Bfenages    Squai        l 

I     |     acres:     Itai-  1 

!  Jaqnes 

Square,  l  31  -■  I 

Hontrouge  Square,    1  de    Mal- 

l  acre;   Uontholon Square,  1  acre;  Louis 

luare,    1    acre;    Monge    Square,     1    acre; 

Latoui  I  1  acre. 

PARKS  IN  GERMANY. 

Berlin— Zoological  Garden,  4»o  acres;  Tren- 
i  irk,  230  :.  i  |uare  in  Fried 

I  85  In  Huniboldt- 

»*.»■■  £ 

Pleasun  87 

Zoological  Gai  ilen.    17  :t 

8  ves;  Wilhelm's 

Square,  8'.-   acres;    Garden   -  8 

Lansftxer  Square,   1  17   other 

open-air  resorts,  containing,  in  all.  68  a. 

Bremen-:  tutside  "f  Ui 

3.57  acres;  Wall  Park.  »2  a 

Dresden     King's  Largest  Park.  37  1 
People'-'  13  t  -lis'   Meadow. 

84  ralaia  Garden,  12  .   i  Bosmann 

S  luare,  81.-  acre-.  Albert  Square.  8:.  acres. 

Fniukfort  -  on  -  the  -  Main  —  Garden    of 

Palms.      19  I  - 

erger Addition,  li  Tannns 

Additfon      '  Dbermaiii  *'• 

acres;  Eschenneirner  Addition,  Oacret 
(Tntermainquaj  .  G  acres;    Bockerheimer  Addi 

l  ■  rahonse  Squai  i     8 

lvter-  Kir.'ii"!   Park,  3      acres;    Rossmarkt,    3 
1  Fntermaln  Add  l  ithoren 

i  Gallus   Addition,    1\    acres; 


Dom  Square,  \%  acres-.  Obermainquai  Addition, 
1)4  acres;  Goethe  Square.  1^  acres;  Gpnenheim- 
ex  Sqnare,    1 ;  i   aci  es      Boi  -      I 

Paul's  Square,  1  acr-'.  Glaoberg  Square,   I 
Theatre  Sqnare,   1  acre;    Food-Market.  r>-  I 

acre;  anTentnor  Bqnare,  l  acre;  Gemianj a  Square, 
%  acre;  Bor^t-n  Bqnare,  ,-j  acre. 

Hanover— Klennede  (City Forest).  1.70©]-,' 
acres;  Georgengarten,  324  acres  Wilfen  - 
X%%  acres;  Waterloo  Square    12  .       res;  Bella 
<  !  ueatre   Squa  -      1 

S       res;  K3ages-Harket,  .5 
Friederikeo     S«iuare,     5     acres;     Ernst-August 
Square.  ^ 

I. flpnlc— Rosenthal  Park.  37-  \  Scheib- 

enholz  Square,  27  acres;  Johanna  Park     l-» 

Promenade  around  the  (_r       39 
W.    Burgerschule    Place,    2 

Square,  2  acres-,   Rabenstein  Place  1    . 

acres;    Marian   Square,  1%  acres;    Lieb:- 
Square,  1  acre. 

Munich  i  Bavaria  —English  Garden.  673  . 
^'en   Con  both  Lank-  ol    the 
136   acres;   City    Park     T': 
H6I-J  a<  g  and    Bogenha 

63^    ac  I   Park,  19  acres;   Fr 

ire,  1 8 
thefcen,  11".  acres;  Hofgarl       it 
milian    Squai        G        acres       Lmd* 

*•  i uare  by  the  Glyptotbok,  G;4 

and   sinner  Street  i 
1  5;  Auen-Street  Square,  4K;    ' 

3 
I  Haximilian-Btreel  Square,  1 

Prater    I  1 

s-piare    I  nivei  aity  Squan      1 

Blumen-Street  Square.  %  acre. 

Stiittuart  —  Public  Forest,  surrounding'    the 
City,  1,7.50  acres;    King's  Squai-      17.5 
Uhlandsheight,  Charles  Hill.  Ueisberg  (with  Ob- 
servatory), The  Silver  and  alilltary- 
Street  Squares— in  all  about  4*>  Squares,  and  con- 
taining about  38  acn  ■             Garden  on  Kanzlie- 
Street,  and  Wister  Garden    with  Concert  Hall  — 
both  togethei    «;  7 
S              -    rerberg  Pleas- 
ids,  4                                           8 
Leonhard's  Square,  8'-^  .. 

PARKS  IN  OTHER  PARTS  OF  EUROPE. 


AUSTRIA. 
-Imperial  Gardens    iMiramin, 


34» 


Trleate 

acres. 

Vienna  —The  Prater.  1..500  acreS;The     Au- 
garten,  SO  pie's  Garden,  * 

anical  Gardens,  7  acre-;  The  Qof-Garten,  6  acres; 
lardens,  O  acres;  The  Liechtenstein 

S 

SWITZERLAND. 
Geneva — The  Botanical  Gardens,  •* 

HOLLAND. 
Amsterdam  — 'tv-i'  Vondelspark,  onte 
the  City,  5,700  knearHaarlei 

i  i  i-hati  Park    i*t  Wetering 

Plantation,  lO  acres;  \'->ndelsi>ark  ■'2-,  9*4  acres; 
Vondelspark         * 
poort,  t  acres;  Prederick  Sqn         .". 

tree!   Park.    4  Park,    formerly 

'  Ley-fen.  4'*   acres,    Rembrandt  Square, 
2\   acn  S  [naze,    2.'^'    acre-;     Leyden 

Square.  2  acres. 

Rotterdam  —  City  Park.  300   acres;    The 
Deergarden,  lOO  • 

The  Hague    The  Bosch,  l.OOO  acn 

helm  Pal  I 

ITALY. 
Milan- The  Public  Garden,  20  acres. 

Turin— Valentine  Park,  7  acres;  Ajnoladella 
Cittadel        ■•  ur   Park,   3 

Piazza  Solferino,  1  I 

'  Garden 

of  Lamar r>    I   .  Statute,  1  acre. 

Venice— The  Publii  i<» 

BELGIUM. 

Aniwerp — Park,  X8  13  . 

2 
den,  2  act  u .  <  Ireen  S  i 

Bruo»>u  loCtheCambre  :t  l  *» 

Circular  1  <•:• 

st.  Gilll     88  ;t  I 

Brussels    Park     SO  84 

acres:  1  7 

I  ~ 
13 

d'lndu-i  7  res;   Ounbioris    v  7 

i  and  Avenue,  6  acres. 


314 


COMPARATIVE  DIAGRAM  SHOWING  HIGHEST  BUILDINGS  AND  OBJECTS  ON  EARTH. 


Description  of  Monuments,  Pyramids,  Cathedrals,  Etc. 


I.  Central   Spin-   of   Cathedral,    Lichfield,    Ewr..    86©  It. 

:.     17-1 

•4.  Bartholdl'a  Statue  of  Liberty  EnllehtenlnB  the  World. 
:i  1 1  ft.    Located  on  Bedloe^B  bland,  near  New    Fork  City.    Designed  by 

inoi      'i 1  In  1686 

:t.  Porcelain   Tower    :ii     Nankin,    China,    20<>  ft.      Erected 

: 

I.  _r«-mpif  of  thi-   Slant*,  Thebes,   Egypt,    IMS  fi.    <>r  »erj 

Tlgln  an. I  pun 

."».  Bell-Tower  ;ii   Florence,  Italy,  Cathedral  "i  Santa  Harts  del 
•>t  ;,;ti.     i  Qlotto.  the  Italian  artist    Its  erection  began 

6.  Salisbury  Cathedral,  Salisbury,  Edit.,   lot  ft.    Erected  bj 

1  1220  and  l: 

Han 
:ioi>   ft.    Pounded  in 


r.  Taj.    Mahal,    Ann,    British    India,  •-:<><>   fi. 
who  flour!  bed  between  1627  and  1668. 


4 


**.   Norwich    Cathedral,    Norwich,    I 
1004.    Restored  In  1858 

II.  Tin-  Monument.  London.  Eng.,808ft.    Erected  bj  Sii  Chrii 

■  ■  -i  1671  and  1677,  to  commemoi  it«  thi  Great  I i  1666, 

10.  Cathedral  at  Mechlin,  Belgium,  :tli>  ft.     Date  of  erection 

unknown. 

11.  Temple  of  Hie  Sun,  Cuzco,   Peru,  s.  A..  13*0  ft.    T\ 
landed  In  the  II 

18.     Pyramid   off  Mycerlaus,  Gheexeh,   Egypt,  318  ft.    Third 
of  the  Qheezeh  P 
daughter,  v.  ho 

13.  Royal   Albert    Hall,   I-ondnn,    Eng.,   l.Vi    ft.     Deroted    to 
exhlbltiona  of  art,  music  and  Industry.    Op  w  d  In  1871 

14.  Cathedral  of  St.  Bartholomew  .  Franlcfort-on-the-Mnln. 
Germany*  387  ft.     Pounded  U  ted  In  1512,  and  deal 

by  the  It 

l  5,    Notre    Dame    Cathedral    at     Romn,    France.     l?o    ft. 
Erected  chiefly  In  the  thirteenth  and  sixteenth  .-.'111111 1 

1*8.     Pompey'i    Pillar,    near    Alexandria.    Egypt,  94    ft.     No 

thing  is  certainly  l- 1  1   name,  use  01 

17.    Cathedral  at  Straabnrg,  Germany.    1*8*  ft.     Found 
,tl  |015;  pn   cntspl  Erwin,  and  completed  In  1480 


18.    St.    Paul'-.  Cathedral,    London,   Bug.,    3*8©  ft.     Erection 
began  by  Sir  Chrlstoph*.  1  W  n  a,  167  • .  compl*  ted  In  1710. 

Hi.     Washington    Monument,    Washington,    II.   C.»    '•'»■'»    ft. 
tone  laid  In  1848;  1 pleted,  1884.    Commemorates  the  can 

1  ;■  tM'i  .1 1  Geoi  ngti  m 

50.  Second  Pyramid  off  Gheexeh,  Egypt,   1 17  ft.    Founded  ' 

KtngCephren,  al I  8390  B  1 

51.  Trajan  Column  a*  Borne*  Italy,  184  ft.     Erected  in  h< 

the  Daclan  vid Bof  Trajan,  v  !"•  died  a.  p,  1 17. 

38.    Cathedral  al    Florence,  Italy,  876  ft.     '■■ 

pleted  about  tin.    B01  eral  0  long  them  Giotto 

0:5.    Cathedral  lit  Cologne,  Germany,  &IO  ft.    Begun  0   outl2 
ipleted  about  1863;  original  archltecl  unknown. 

84.  Pantheon  at   Borne,  Italy ,  14=3 ft.     Built  1  !7B.  t 

In  1.. .,,. .,  ,.1  the h<  Lthen  jod 

85.  St.    Peter's    Church,    Vienna,    Austria,   390    ft.     Modeled 

Petei     Chm  eh  al  1: 1. 

■J<;.      Board    ol'  Trade    Fditicc,  4'hleauo,   111.,  3311    ft.      WvKVUI    in 

.  ompleted  In  1885,    Built  bj  theB        Lot  1  rod*. 

•47.     Hotel  des  Invalldes,   lVnis,  France,  SIO  ft.    Tin.  asylum 
t,,c  vet*  ran  iinded  under  1  ouifl  3UV.,  "i  France,  In  1670;  M 

,.,.., ,.,-.  nearly    l< 

88.    Tower  of  Ivan   Veliki,   Moscow,   Russia,  86O   ft.     Bulll 

In  honor  of  th    Cwu      1    1  a  1  in'  <  treat,1'  win.  flourished  In  the  J6th  century. 

till.    LLeanlng  Tower  al  Plea,  Italy,  188  ft.     Founded  bj  B< 

iliam,  of  Innspruck,  In  1174)  Itis  13  feet  out  of  perpendicular. 

3©.    Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  at  Rome,  Italy,  i*h  t't.    in  the 
Forum;  rerj  ancient;  origin  obscure. 

31.    Cathedral  al  Freiberg*  Germany,  886  ft.    Begun  In  1122 

1  ompleted,  1513.    •  rothic  and  elegant 

88.    The  Baptistery  al  Pisa,  Italy.   I  ©Oft.    Built  by  Dlotisalvl, 
and  completed  in  1161,    it  Is  also  known  as  the  Church  of  St.  John 

83.    Cathedral  at  Chichester.  Eng.,  371  ft.    Begun  in  110 

buill  in  1  be  1  ")i  century,  t<  11 
<  •  replaced  in  1 966 

34.    Niagara   Falls,  New  York  and  Canada,  1*8-1  ft-     Between 

Lakes] d  Father  Hennepin  visited  them  in  1678. 


f 


COMPARATIVE  DIAGRAM  SHOWING  HEIGHT  OF  VARIOUS  ELEVATED  OBJECTS. 


500  f  r 


450 


400 


...rtO 


300 


250 


200 


150 


100 


500FT 


450 


400 


350 


300 


250 


200 


150 


100 


Description  of  Monuments,  Pyramid,  Cathedrals,  Etc. 


I.   Church  of    luae,   St.   Pi  r .- 1  - •-  h.    Russia,   3.16  ft.     The 

foundation,  alone,  is  s.ml  to  lia\  .■  eost  ~4.ihni.ihhi.    it  i-  remarkable  for  its 

magnificent  architecture,  imposing  porticoes,  fine  proportions,  four  gi i 

entrances,  and  -olid  granite  Bteps. 

3.  Science  School  at  South  Kensington,  Ens.,  HO  ft.    Estab- 
lished in  London  in  ls37.  transferred  to  South  Kensington  in  1857. 

:l.  Column  of  July,   Pari*,  France,   154  ft.    Founded  July  28, 

1X31.  to i inorate   ilie   Kreiieh   Revolution  of  178y.     Built  of  bronze,  in 

the  form  of  a  pillar. 

4.  Bell-Tower  of  St.  Mart's  Church  at  Venice.  Italy,  :t3:l 

ft.  Church  founded  in  t'77.  Tower  formerly  used  as  an  observatory  bj 
Galileo,  ih<-  astronomer.  It  i-  foureided,  42  tt.  square  at  the  base,  and 
crowned  with  a  pyramidal  pinnacle. 

5.  Colosseum  at  Rome,  Italy,  1ST  ft.     Fonnded  as  an  amphithea- 
tre b}  the  Emperor  Vespasian,  about  72,  and  dedicated  in  80.    It  derives  its 

na from   its  great    size,  and,  although  a  ruin,  is  an  imposing  relic  of 

Rome's  ancient  grandeur. 

tt.  Cathedral   at   Antwerp,    Beltcium,     Mil  ft.    Begun    between 

1352  .,u,l  ill  1.    in  Gothic  architecture,  500  it   long  and  _':i"  tt    wide,  il  i- 

tains  66  chap,' Is.  and  i-  adorned  with  several  of  Rubens'  famous  paintings. 

7.  Office  of  the  "Mew  York  Tribune,"  New  York,  885  ft. 

Erected  by  the  Tribune  owners,  about  1875.  The  New  York  Tribunt  was 
founded  in  1*41,  by  Mora,-,'  Greeley. 

8.  Bunker    Hill    Monument,    near   Boilon,    Hau,,    33  I    ft. 

Corner-stone  laid  June  l , ,  1*2.',.  by  Gen,  Lafayette;  dedicated  by  Dan'l  Web- 
ster, June  17,  1843.    It  commemorates  the  Battle  of  Bunker  inn.  June  17. 

177... 

9.  The  Albert  Memorial  Monument,  London,  Ens.,   ISO  ft. 

Built  by  th,-  suggestion  of  t^ueen  Victoria,  in  me i  \  "i  the  Prince-Consorti 

begun  May  13.  1864;  turned  over  to  II,  r  Majesty  July  I,  1872.  Designed  by 
Gilbert  A.  Scott. 

HI.     Cathedral    at  Chartrc*.  France,  40II  ft.     Begun  about    102rr 

dedicated  in  1200,    The  highest  ami  newest    spire,  represented  abovi     wn 
finished  in  the  16th  century,  and  i.  of  florid  style. 


11.     Church     of 

Founded  in  1450. 


St.    Martin,    I.anil-bul ,    Bavaria,    4«<>    ft. 


4 


IS.      ltiir   Trees,  Calaveras   Co..  California.    IKIO    to   :t:t<>    11. 

"The  Father  "i   the   Forest"  (prostri was  450  it    long:  "BnrntTree" 

(prostrate),  97  n    in  circumferenci      Others  quite  as   largi    and   i 
1,000 years  old,  are  :,i  -,,  found  in  Uariposa  Oonnl 

13.  Mosque  of  St.  Sophia,  Constantinople,  Turkey,  1*3  ft. 

Built    l,,r  achnrcfa  by  Constantino  in  825;  rebuilt  by  Justinian  iu 
transformed  into  ■  mosque  in  I  i  ,  : 

14.  Great  Pyramid   of  Gheezeh,    ill    Egypt,   4«<»   ft.     Built   by 

CI ps,  an  Egyptian  king,  it  is  believed,  before    Abraham  n  is  born,    lis 

objeethasl n  greatly  discussed,  based  upon  its  measurements,  wfc 

suppo  ed  t"  lead  to  asl  ronomical,  iuatheniatie.il  an, I  prophet  i, ■  results. 


1.1. 

14:,t 


r  «   Church   at    Borne.   Italy,  44*   ft.     Founded   in 
i\.:  dedicated  m  1625;  completed  by  Pope  Pius  VI.,  abont 

and  th,-  interior  ,,(  this  church  are  marvels  ol  architecture, 


lb.     Church  of  St.  Genevieve,  Parte,  France,  374  ft.     Kn, em 

as  the  Pantheon.    Built  by  Soufflal  (arch                      en  17R4  and  i: 
thepurposeof  perpetuating  thex  memory  of  illustrious  cit]     ■         i  

It.  Old  St.  Paul's  Church,  London.  Ens-,  -MOB  ft.  Built  on  the 
site  of  the  present  St.  1 'a  ul's  Cathedral,  abont  600;  destroyed  by  tire  in  1666. 

'"■     *'•  Michael's  Church.  Hamburg,  Germany,  48S  ft.     Seats 

'.<«»>  |,,a-,, us.    [ts  organ  contains  5,600  pipes.    The  church  is  24:,  it.  long 

ISO  ft.  wide,  and  has  a  crypt  supported  bj  •  ■:  •  ^  I  .nil  t .    columns. 

1».     Capitol  at  Washington,  II.  C.  3«7      II.  laid  in 

lei.  nrstoccu) I  by  Congress  in  1800;  parti}    burned    in    tl 

ls,i4:  reconstruction  begun  in  1815;  newcomer  -i laid  in  1818    con 

in  1827.    Enlargement— corner-atone  laid  in  1851;  structun 

50.  Hotel  de Tllle,  Brussels,  Belgium,  374  it.  begun  in  1401 
built  in  the  i.,, tine  style,  and  remarkable  for  it-  beauty.  lie'  tower  e  sur- 
mounted  by  a  copper  statue  ol  St.  Bfichael,  17  it.  high. 

51.  Church  ofSt.  Theobald  Tharln,  8S0  ft. 

88.  Tower  of  Aslnelll,  Bologne,  Italy,  :t7«>  ft.  Built  in  the  12th 
century;  is  remarkable  for  being  out  of  perpendiculai  and  occupies  a  prom- 
inent Location  in  the  city, 

33.  Cathedral  (Minster)  at  York,  Fiur..  198  ft.  Begun  in  the 
12thcentury;  finished  in  1472.    Thisiscoi 

,nd.    Its  length  is 524  f I  .  it- breadth,  .mi  tt."   The  principal  window 

1-  ,s  ti     high,  and,  in  stained  gla-s,  d.pi.ts  *-1  H  '  historical  sit  lie-. 

31.     Cathedral    of    St.    Stephen.    Vienna.    Austria,     111    ft. 

Founded  In  the  14th  •  .  854  ft  long  b]    230  it   »  Ide   contains 

nearly  40  marble  altars,  and  a  magnificent  pulpit;  underneath  the  Cathedra] 

are  \a  -I  ,■ .,  I  :,,■,, ml,-. 

3."..     Church  of  st.  Botolph,  Boston,  En*,  3!>3  ft.     Built  in  1309. 

-1"1 " ne  i  t  the  I  i  -i  ministi  rs     t   Boston,  in  the  Unit' 

f  the  tower  i-  a  lantern, which  when 
lighted, i  !„■  seen  atseaal   tdist  mo  of  40  miles. 

SO.    Victoria  Tower,  Westminster,  Fug.,  :t:i  1  n. 

37.  Brooklyn  Bridge.  N.-n  York  City.  Height  ol  towel  S7« 
R.  I  height  or  bridge  in  center,  13.7  ft.     Begun  in  is:  the  pub- 

lic Maj  1.1    i--:i     ]i,  toebllng.ol  New  fork.    Plans  and 

estimates  were  prepared  In  1865;  it  ,,  is.;7. 

'pen  four  cables,  each  16  Inches  thick,  and   each  containing  about 
5,000  single  wires. 

Egyptian  Obelisk  at  Kome,  Italy,  185ft.    Occupies  the cen- 
or  colonnade,  in  front  of  St  Petci°s  Church    between 
tl  fountains. 


316 


ANIMALS.  FRUITS.  ETC..  THAT  ARE  NATIVE  IN  ASIA  AND  AFRICA. 


ASIA. 

Birds.— Eagle;    falcon;    rbtnoceroi 
vulture;    nearly  all  known  game-btrdfl  and 
domcetlc  tow  Is,  except  turkej  s. 

Fruits,  Vegetables,  etc.—  Woe  ;   aim 1 1 

. .1  .  ban]  in .  b 
barley;  bean;  betel;  bnckwbeat;  camphor; 
bc&tnul .  i  inn  iraon  ;  cit- 
ron ;  clove ;  i  tniit ;  cotton;  cur- 
rent ;  datura;  date;  fig ;  grape ;  guana : 
guava;  jalap;  lemon;  lentil;  lime;  mangos; 
teen;  melon;  mulberry;  myrrh;  nutmeg; 
olive;  opium;  orange :  pandonua;  pea; 
pear;  peach;  plantain;  plnm;  pomegranate; 

Barsaparllla ;    shaddock  . 
tea;  walnut ;  wheat. 

Minerals. — Coal;      copper;      diac 
gold;    iron;    pearls:    petroleum;     pi 
■  In  gTeal  variety;  salt;  silver;  tin. 

Quadrupeds. — Antelope;  ass;  bear;  buf- 
falo; camel .  deer;  dog,  (various  i ;  ele- 
pbanl ;     gayol;      goat;    fox;     bog;     horse; 


byena;  jackal;  leopard;  monkey;  <>x:  rein- 
deer; sacred  ox;  sheep:    tiger;  wolf;   yak; 
-  of  unlive  quadrupeds  in  all. 

Reptiles. — Many        poisonous 
including  I  be  booded  snake,  j  cobra  de  i 
python,  lizard,  (various),  and  others. 

Trees. —A lor ;  almond ;  apple;  apricol ; 
areca;  b  inj  an  ;  bamboo;  birch  ;  camphor- 
tree  :  chestnul :  clnnami in;  ■  -  oanul : 
clove ;  c  |  pn  -  fig  i  fir ; 
india-rubber  tree;  Iron- wood;  larch;  lemon; 
lime;  mangrove;  maple;  mulberry;  myrrh; 
myrtle  ;  .  orange  :  palm; 
pear;  pine,  |  Norway ) ;  pine,  <  *-;t> 
poplar ;  rosewood :  sandal  k;  wal- 
nut ;   n  Ellow. 

AFRICA- 

Birds.  —  ''row ;  cuckoo;  duck;  eagle;  fal- 
con; guinea-fowl;  goose;  honey- bird;  ibis; 
tor;      kestrel :      kingfisher,      <  -■    era] 
kinds);  lammergeyer;  lark;  ostrich;  p 

■ 


swallow:   vulture;   in  all.  over  300  varieties, 
mostly  resembling  those  <>f  Europe. 

Fruits,  Vegetables,  etc.  Aloes;  cinna- 
mon :    coffee ;    cotton  .    i  ustard  date; 

fig;    frankincense ;     juniper-berry;    lei i; 

]. itiis :  myrrh;  olivi  ;  onion ; orang 
pan  pau  ;    peacfa ;    peanul ;    rice  -    tat  ■ 
teff;  wheat;  yam;  Bplces  in  their  variety 

Minerals. — Coal ;  copper;  diamonds; 
gold :  Iron;  salt 

Quadrupeds.--  Ape :  antelope,  (three  vari- 
eties i ;  bal :    bison ;  camel ;  i  blm] 

. 

aur);    giraffe;    goat;    gorilla;    I 
hyrax;  jackal;  leopard;    lion;  <>x;  panther; 

-  •■   species  ■  | 
warl  it;  zebra. 

Reptiles.     It nd  l,   (or   pythQn 

frog;  harmless 
lizard ;  toi  toisc,    (or    turtle) 

snake;  venomous  serpents;  viper 


Several  of  the  Highest  Mountains  in  Asia  and  Africa. 


29.000  FT 
28.000 

27,G00 

26.000 
25.000 
24.000 
23,000 
22,000 
21,000 
20.000 
I  9.000 
I  8.000 
I  7,000 
I  6,000 
I  5.000 
I  4.000 
I  3.000 
I  2.000 

i  :.ooo 
I  o.ooo 

9000 
8.000 
7,000 
6.000 
9,000 
4.000 
3,000 
2.000 
1.000 
OCEAN^ 


-  . 

. ,'    ABDA   JARCr) 

Yr»Aia>«aflEaa»  CAMEROON   UTS 

-><-_      /   volW'        \> — '  ~"N 

W  mt.  iy  i  a  x  red  mts  y 


SPITZKOP 


29.000  FT. 

28.000 

27,000 

26.000 

25.000 

24.000 

23.000 

22,000 

21.000 

20.000 

19.000 

18.000 

17.000 

X    16.000 

15000 

14000 

^  \.     13.000 

mt.kliutshewskajaV   12000 

*s  "**.         1 1000 

SOLIMAN    MTS^,     10,000 

9.000 


\MT.  HILTZIN^V^       -^j^TAURUS  MTS/LE9ANON     MTS^gJQJ*'     ALTAI   MTS. ""%s^«g^MT.  HCRMON.     gQQQ 

*&&&*&&&  -':->      6.000 

s«  jsawrrA^4«s^?**^  5000 

Wi&tim  ■-■&'  4,000 


MT.  SINAI. 


FABLE    MTS 


' 


Nam* 


■  i  He 


.     3.000 

:     2.000 

j&     1.000 


i  '■•■""■'* ;,;;: 


Ml. 

Ml. 
Ml. 
Ml. 
Ml. 
Ml. 

Thl 
Ml. 
Km 
Ml. 
Ml. 
Ml. 
Mt. 


F\  ei-cl    

KlachlnalnKa. 

Dha  h  a  la-jrlrl 

<    InMl  lll:l  I  :l  l   ■<■ 
Hm,,I.m.-K..Ii 

K.-nln   . 
Ill-Shun     M  I  . 
K  I  laman.l.larn 

ti-l.lln 

Ararat 

Klint«he\«  .knja 

Abba   .larr.l 

Deal  read 


I     :i  Mts 21».4»<H» 

Him |  i  Mts 'J«.  I  78. 

Himalaya  Nit-  SS.OOO. 

BS.9B8 

BO.SSO 

80,000 

Sbantun  i  China.......  eo.lMMt 

East   Ifi  Jll.lMMl 

China,  North  •  ■<  Thibet I  h.ikhi 

it 17.810 

.Kamsctl  \r».~tv.i 

N.  Abyssinia   8.  W.  of  Hayda  1S.OOO 

4"  mile.  E.  "I  Teheran. .  I  I.7IMI 


G 

■". 
I 
:t  . 

a 

a 

:t 
■l 
■t  . 

8 
8 
-• 


Cameroon  Ml.. 
Ml.  ArJI.h 

Peak  or  Teaerl 

Sollmaii  Ml.   ..  . 
Lebanon    M  I * 

Mi.    Mlltaln 

Red   Mt. 

Altai    Ml. 

Mi    Spltzkoa... 

Ian.  ii.    Mt. .... 
Mt.  Ilermon.  .  . . 
Ml.  Mil  a  I 
Table  Manilla! 


I  ".      "   O 

Province  isia   IS.OOO.. 

Hindoatan,  Souili- rii   \*m l£,fMH>. 

.Eastern  Syria,  West  of  D i      1  *i,tMM> 

II  ,HHl 
.mil  Africa.  1  l.«MK> 

Chins  and  Russia H>, too 

......  I0.850 

Northwest  Tnrkej  in  Asia IO.ihhi 

-in  i.  Went  of  Dn  HMHHl 

<  W.Arabia  8.  ol  Jerusalem ■J.lltT 

Cape  Colony,  South  A  inc.. 8.6TB.. 


e 

■;■ 

i 


:;i' 


ANIMALS,  FRUITS,  ETC.,  THAT  ARE  NATIVE  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Birds. — Blackbird;  bittern;  bobolink; 
bluebird;  banting;  blnejay ;  brant;  crane, 
(sandhill,  bine,  etc.);  chicken-hawk;  chip- 
ping bird;  cat-bird;  crow;  due  Us,  (wood, 
i'l  in-  wing  teal,  green- wing  teal,  widgeon, 
mallard » ;  eagle;  finch;  goose,  (wild);  ground- 
bird;  grouse,  (or  prairie-hen);  heorn;  hum- 
ming-bird; kingfisher;  martin;  meadow- 
lark  ;  mocking-bird :  mndhen;  night  hawk; 
owl,  (horned,  barn,  etc.  };  partridge;  pigeon; 
quail;  raven ;  red-bird ;  reed- bird ;  robin ; 
sparrow;  thrush;  turkey-buzzard;  warbler; 
whip-poor-will;  wild-turkey;  wren;  wood- 
cock; yellow-bird. 


Quadrupeds. — Antelope;  badger;  bear, 
(black,  brown,  grisly  and  white) ;  beaver; 
bison,  (or  buffalo);  catamount;  chipmunk; 
caribou ;  deer,  t  red) ;  dog,  (Esquimaux); 
elk;  fox,  ( red,  gray  and  black) ;  field-mouse; 
gnat;  gopher;  hare;  horse;  lynx;  marmot, 
(or  prairie-dog);  mink;  mole;  moose;  musk- 


ox;  musk-rat;  opossum;  otter;  panther, 
(or  cougar);  porcupine,  (or  hedge-hog); 
puma;  rabbit,  (gray  and  white);  re.i 
raccoon;  skunk;  sheep;  sea-lion;  sqnirrel, 
(fox,  flying,  graj  and  red);  weasel;  wildcat; 
woodchuck;  wolf,  (black,  gray  and  prairie). 

Fruits. — Apple;  beechnut;  bilberries; 
blackberry  ;  black  currant ;  black- wain u I ; 
blueberry,  (or  whortleberry  i ;  bntternut; 
Cherry,  (choke  and  black):  chestnut;  cran- 
berry; grape:  hazelnut;  hickorynnt;  lemon; 
mandrake;  orange;  plum;  peanut;  pecan- 
nut;  persimmon  :  pignut;  raspberry  ;  thorn- 
apple  ;  straw  lurry. 

Minerals. — Antimony ;  coal ;  copper; 
diamonds;  gold;  iron;  lead;  mercury;  salt; 
silver. 

Reptiles. — Alligator;  black  snake;  blood- 
sucker, (or  leech);  blue-racer  snake;  centi- 
pede;   frog,    (common,   bull  and  homed); 


king-snake;    moccasin  snake;    rattle  - 

(missisai  riped       snake;     tarantula; 

toad,  (tree,  common,   horned,  etc.);  turtle, 
(mud  and  Bnapping);    water-snake. 

Trees. — Apple,  (wild  or  crab) :  ash; 

w i.  (or  whitewood) ;  beech;  birch;  black* 

walnut;  butternut;  cedar,  (red  anil   whit<  |; 
cherry,   (black,    choke   and    n  d 
cottonwood;     dogwood;     elm;     hazel  wood ; 

bickory,  (Shell  bark  and    s 

larch ;   lemon ;  locus  I .    i<  >gw I;  mall 

maple,    (hard    and    BOft);     oak.    (live, 

burr,    black   and    red);    orange;    pah 
pecan;  persimmon*    pine,    (hard  and  soft  j ; 
plane ;    plum ;    poplar:     redwood;     spruce; 

thornapple;    willow,     'common,    basket    and 
Weeping). 

Vegetables — Acorn  ;    artichoke;    cotton  ; 
L'oiini ;    maize,    1 01    Indian   com  |;    p 
potato;  rice;  sweet  potato,  (or yam). 


Several  of  the  Highest  Mountains  in  North  America. 


^\&S(Ol.llRl«OAVNt/f'oPOC«TtPETLA^~^  15,000 

/       YrAIRWEATI 


M0»L' 


15,000    

!*•'" vrAI  -ATHt5/  v^M#"  "%a» 

11,000 

10,000 


avTN 


/, 


,»^Ymt.RANIEr\      /lONCSPEAK.V""/  ^"^^fesA  ...„*»X.  ' 


""7^yji»iiT.HMD".'S ~v*w  :;:\ W-      \ 

Z™±'"*3^  ■>'/        ..Sii-,-.     k»Ur  «T,  BAKER.  \ 


"■<;3. 


^Sd 


5,000.. 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1.000  .../r^,/, 
OCEAN  "* 


.....V. 


9,000 

7'nnn'  "        /'"  ,''«T.   "V."  ViuTMT  ADAMS.  Jf" 

soon  '-T'M^mr.^H^^Mm<z^\      ■•& 

■   mt.   "    'V W""c""£\~  ..;>X  ^oUyfc^,oL.HEcL«,f,r"TP'Enci:X  . ^/"oraefajokul,.,- 

"/Washington/mt^atahoin.  N«u*j«r '^S^m.m^r  ^r-~y^'^-^  /  \  J     \,    /      \     / 

'PEAKSOFOTICR  VUCMAHYMIS/ROUNOTOP  ^MT.OIABLO^  W  ^MANSFIELD^   HAMILTON  \ 


mt.  xijm-*         X'''1'. 

_     BALlEV/'llF  ^|k 

y»'- RIERCCX^     ^^y'oRAEFA  JOKUlC, 


i3,000 
12,000 
1,000 
0.000 
9,000 
8,000 
7,000 
S.000 
5,000 
4,000 
3,000 
2,000 
1,000 
LEVEL. 


Mt.  St.  Ellaa. 
Vol.  Popocatepetl 

Vol.   Ortz.nlm 

,11.    Brown 

Ml.  Hooker 

Ml.   Fn.lrwea.thcr 

Ml.  Whitney 

Ml.  Ralner 

Ml.  Shasta 

Mt.  Tyndall 

l.t.iiicN    I't'iiU 

Plke'i  I'.-i.k  

Mt.       K..M    ,       ,1, 

Fremont'*    Peak. , 
Mt.  St.   Helen* 

Ml.    llllllll 

Mt.  I.vell 

Ml.  Hooil 

Mi.  Baker 

Mt.  Llun 

M t.  A tliiniM 

Mi.  si.  Bernardino 
Laramie  Peak 


Llaska,  Ldjolning  Brit.  America. .17,850. 
.Mexico,  Southwest  ol  U  Pueblo    .   17..VIO 

i  i  i  ,.i   l  i  Pui  bio      .1  7.:t7  t 

British  America 15,900. 

E  isl  boundary  Bi  itish  l  olun i  ..  15.675. 

Southeast   Masks 14,900 

Central  Callfor n,"«5 

l  !a  icade  Range,  W  ishington  Ter  ..14.1  I  I 
.California,  Southeast  of  Yreka  — I  1,  I  I'J 

.California,  l  ulare  Count!        ll.lfSO. 

Colorado,  Easl  of  Middle  Park 14.271 . 

Colorado,  near  Denrer 14. -.Mt; 

.California.  Tulare  County  I  4,000 

.Western  Wyoming  Ter 1:1.570 

£    i-   \\  ishington  h  i       IS,  loo 

,E,  California.  Mono  Co 18.987.. 

I     i  ':iln,.riii:<.  Mono  Co 1:<,3I7. 

florthi  i -iron I  1,995. 

n   \v  Washington  Ter ll.ooo 

Callforni  i  Coasl  Range 10,000 

s.  \v  Washington  Ter »..".*« 

.Southern  California S.:l70. 

S.  1    Wyoming  Ter 8,000. 


:< 
:t 

ax 

.8 

.8 

9 
•-' 

*s 

:- 


•2 

•2>  . 
9!  . 


1   . 

1 
1M 


nine  Monntnlna 
Sierra  del  Cobre 
Mitchell's  Peak 
Oraefu  Joknll... 

Mi.  Bailey 

Mi.    Washington 
Vol.  Hecla 

Vol.    Sniilt'rierr 

Mt.  Marc; 

Mt.  Kntahdln 

Ml.    ■■.million 

Mi.  Man«fleltl 
Penk«  ofOtter, 
Camel's  flump 
Saddle  Rack  Ml. 
Mi.  Diablo 

Ml.    ICon ml   Top.  . 
Alleulinnv     >ll«. 

Mt.  Wachusetl 

HiUhlillulH      

Pilot   rlnob 

Mi.  Tom 


Jamaica,  British  West  Indies  7.500...1- 

Ipanlsh  West  Indies 7,800.  ..li 

\   Carolina.  W.N.  W.  of  Raleigh....  0,707    .1', 

..Southern   Iceland 6,409      1   . 

California 6,857. .   1 '. 

inn  New  Hampshire 6,985      1'. 

..Southwestern   Iceland 5,700  .1 

ape,  French   fl  5,550...X 

\    1    s   1     Adirondack  Mi- ■"..  IO8.     1 

VI.  «    "i  Bangor  Me 5,800. ..1 

..22  miles  E.  of  San  Jose,  Cal 4.-15C ..    % 

Li'  miles  s   iv  \  ■  I.  180...     -. 

■.-.I  mill  ■  \    «  Yl        l.2«it> 

Qreen  Mountains.  Vermonl I.1"4" 

1 .000. . .    V 
Cal..     :«.s76...    H 
1  atern  New  York.  Greene  Co.  :i.««l 

si    1  :hm  8,500 

8,080 

1.6O0 

.87 miles S  w  mi  si.  1   mi  1,500...    n 

.S.  W.  Massachusetts,  Hi  1,*00. ..    t»" 


318 


ANIMALS.  FRUITS.  ETC..  THAT  ARE  NATIVE  IN  EUROPE. 


Birds.    -B  ■  ■  iw ;   cackoo ;   doi  e : 

duck;    eider  dock;    flamingo;    gray   eagle; 
goldfinch;  goo  i  fowl;  hawk:   ben; 

jackdaw;    lark;    magpie;    nightingale;  owl; 
partridge ;      pheasant ;      pelican ;      pigeon ; 
red    grouse;     sparrow;     Bpoonbill; 
swallow;  -wan;  thrush;  turkey;  vulture. 
Fruits    and    Vegetables.— Apple;        i 
■  bei  i  \  ;    cbesl  ntn  .    lemon ;     It  ttuce  ; 
pear;  plnm;  turnip. 

Minerals,  etc.  Alum:  antimony;  bis- 
ninth :  coal;  cobalt;  copper;  gold;  iron; 
J<-:kI  ;    manganese;    mercury;    salt;    Bilver; 

Sulphur;    tin;    /.inc, 

Quadrupeds. — Antelope ;  aee ;  anroch ; 
badger;  beaver;  boar;  brown  bear;  buffalo; 
cal :  chamois ;  deer,  ( fallow,  red  and 
rein);  dog;  elk;  fox;  bare;  ibex;  lynx; 
monke}  .  polar  beai .  porcnplne ;  ral ;  i  nb- 
hit;  roebuck;  Balga;  seal;  Btag;  turtle; 
wild  bull  and  cow;  wild  sheep;  wolf. 


Reptiles.— Few,  if  any,  \  enomoiis  ser- 
pents; b  tew  harmless  snakes;  leeches;  li/.- 
anls ;  toade . 

Trees.  -Apple;    beech;    birch;     cherry; 
chestnnl :     date-palm;    elm ;     flr;      I 
lime;  oak ,  pear;  pine ;  plum. 

Inhabitants.— 'I'lu-  Inhabitants  of  Europi 
comprise  a  very  great  number  of  nationalities, 
including  Greeks,  in  Greece;  Italian-,  in 
Italy;  Swiss  m  Switzerland;  Tyroleans  in 
Tyrol ;  French  in  France;  Spaniards  in  Spain; 
Portugal    i  Portugal;    Roumanians     in 

R  '  i  Germ  iny  ;  Holland- 

ers (or  Dutch),  in  Holland,  or  the  Nether- 
lands; Flemish  in  Flanders;  Danes  in  Den- 
mark; Norwegians  In  Norway;  Swedes  In 
Sweden;  Icelanders  In  Iceland;  English  in 
Bnglnnd;  Welsh  in  Wales;  Russians  in 
Russia;  Poles  in  Poland:  Werds  In  Saxon] 
or  Rhenish  Prussia;  Czechs   or  Slovake    in 


Bohemia    and    Moravia:    Serbs,    in     B 
Croats  In  Croatia;  SI  a  von  b  In  Slavonla;    Da] 
matiana   In    Dal  mat  la;    Bosnians  In   Bosnia; 

0  ovinlans  In  Herzi  goi  Ins ;  Moti  i  i 
En    M on  tent  gro;    Bulgarians     in     Bu 
Lithuanians    in     Lithuania ;     l  leorglani     In 

I  tnenlane  In  Lrmenl  i ;  Ubanlane 
in  Alhania;  Basques  iii  Bl  i  ■■  Moore  in 
Barbarj  ;    Maltese  in    the    I        d    ol    Malta; 

1  in    Finland :   Bstbonlans   in  Bsthonla, 
Russia;  Lapps  In  Lap] I;  Magyars  In  Hun- 

■  i  ks  In  the  Ottoman  Emp  1 1  ml  i  d 
tribes  ol  Tartars  In  Tartary,  and  Turk.-  in 
Turkey  ;   and  many  others. 

Boundaries.  — F.inopr  i-  bounded  on  Lbe 
North  i»>  the  An  i..  Oct  in;  on  the  Bnsl  bj  the 
a  Ses  and  As!  l;  on  the  South  bj  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  and  Africa;  and  on  the 
Wesl  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  one-third 
.'■■  \-ii,  or  America,  and  one  ttfl b 
as  large  us  Africa. 


Several  of  the  Highest  Mountains  in  Europe. 


18.000 
17.000 
6.000 
15000 
14.000 
13.000 
I200U 
11.000 
10.000 
9.000 
8.000 
7,000 
E.000 
5.000 
4.000 
3.000 
2.000 
1.000 
CCEAN1 


FT 


/     MT.      I 
/ELBOORZA 


^x  i~*>r  yw^.^\r,.:^r^,^w^:^.)^" 


v  monte \         ^/        /     jr/P,«..,«i,V,'K;1Tv; 


I8.000FT. 

17.000 
16.000 
15.000 
14.000 
13.000 
12.000 
II  000 
10.000 
9,000 
8000 
7000 
S.000 
5.000 
4.000 
3.000 
2  (Oil 
1000 
LEVEL 


Ml.    iii .^ Southern   Eta 

Ml.    ItllllM- S  ,  

Ml.   Sou        ...  V  ii::.i-.  S  .     

Cervln Pennine  Alp 

l*.'l\    .Ml  \ 

Plniter  Anrhorn  ithern  Swltzerlan 


Ml 
Ml. 
Ml. 
Ml. 
Ml. 
Ml 
Ml. 
The 

Ml 


Ortler  •.!.!(/. 
M  iil:ili:i....|i 
<;.*ii«-\  ra 

Slmplon 
inl. 
Peak   ..l*  Valetta. 

Ml       M:.lii.l..||:i 

<ir..;ii   si.  Bernard. 
Cantabrlan  M  1 1 
Mi.    Perdu 
\  ..i     Etna  

Mil   mi  in 

Mi    sc.  Bothard 
i  a.tlle  M  onntalne, 

Ml.     I  M  \  ltl|.||« 

■It.    Allni. 

Ml      Rom 

Mi.  Pie  Da  Mi. II 

I'in.liiK    M  millti.liiN 


Penn Alps,  Prance-Italy., 

il,  Austria-Hangar,   . 

.  ,S| " 

Mil     II. .1 

. .  Northwestern  Italj  mmi.. 

nee       

[uesca,  N.  Spain 

.  Alps,  Southern  S.  I 

tin  

.  Spain 

Ij .  Italy 

.Island  o 

Itcerland 

.NT.  W.Turkey,  \~ia  Minor 

Southern  Turkey  in  Europe 
Montenegro,  Western  Tui 
■    Prance  and 
nil  Turkey 
Mi.    I.omniis  rtheni  Hungary,  Thleasan  Dlst 

Monte   Koiiiiiili.  i  landof  Corsica,  near  AJacclo... 

Ml.    t-iili.m* 

Skandlnavlan  Ml*     .Northwestern  Norway 

M i.  Parnaasua 


7.79« 
i  S,8  i<> 

IS.S08 
14.771 
1  I.IO- 

i  i.oaa 

18,590 

li.»l  1 

■  i.eeo 

i  i.ci  t 

11,541. 

I  I.  ISO 
I  1,380 

1  I.  Ill* 

1  I  .OHO 

III.IMH 

I  0. 1*94 

10.K7-" 

IO.H71 

10..-.9.-, 

lO. .%.-.  I 

».-!.-. 

ll.ll'.'l 

9. .-,7.-, 

9,.-.  IO 

S.OSO 

x.779 

».7«:i 

8,830 

«.  1.1:1. 

8,068 


a 


8 

8 

IX 

l   . 

IV 

1* 

1 

l 

l 

l 

IK 

IK 


PlUI  Of  V«-I:i»><|ii«*z 

IC.MM.OpI      Mto 

Sierra   D'Eatrella. 
M  I.    OenarBento. . . 
•I  nra   M  ountalna. 
Ml.    DfOr 

i  «■  \  ennei  Mt*  

Sierra  de  Molina  ... 

Obdorslc    Mt 

Pltehtel  Oeblr^e... 

Klrm-ii   4>i-l»lrtCt*.  .... 

Ural   Mi*  

\  nave ■  Ml* 

■  Ihii  K     Forest 

Bohemian  Mta 

V.rv.  lit'hSrurt* 

lien  Xi'vlx 

Ben  Miiith  Miml 

M  I.    I     1 1  ■  ii  -hi  in 

Ben    Allow 

VOL    Vl'>i|l\  I IIH 

Kin   i.m n  era 

Bracken  Mia 

Il.-n    AVyvi. 

Inon  don    >It» 

Cam  TiihI 

Sea  Pell 

Helvellyn      

Ml.  Nkhlilau- 

Moravian  m  t  - 


mople 

Portuiral    Belra 

■  ,    Italj    Sardinia 

Western   S«  Itzerland 

nce.Coti  d*Or 

,  .Southeastern  France.  I 
\..i  tin  in  Bpa  m   '  .ni>! 

,N.  E.  Ru  

i  »'iii  ral    i  ■  mi  i 

...  . ,...:,  ■.     Bol 

I         ! 

i     i  i  iii..    in  .  i   Basle  B»  i'.' 

s.  mt  hem  Gen ■     I  -.'.i1  n  . . 

.v  \\'   AuBtrln    t."i"  mla 

I    ...mm  MM      i  ■ .    ■ 

n  i  erne 

\.,i  1 1,,'. i  u  r.i    Bcotlai 

\,,.i  neoatern  Scotland    1 1  ■  ■ 
.  n<  irth  on  F 

Wei  tern  ItaJi 

,Ct  ntral  Scotland,  Perth 

.\.  \v  t;.  rnidiiv.  near  Baxxbnrg 
.Northern  Scotland   Row 

> :.  \v   Wales,  <  !aernarvon 

s    w.  Ireland,  Kerr? 

,N.  W,  In  rland 

,\   W,   Ena;land,  t  lunibei  land 

,N  W,  Bnorland,  Cumberland  .... 

Moravia    Hortbei  n  Austria 


...     7,917. 

1 

7.-.00 

IK 

7,.1-JI 

I 

7.000 

I 

ll,."l«H 

■ ', 

....    II.IHH 

i 

.-..791. 

... -,.-,!> 

1 

.".,:197 

1 

.'..■-'»ll. 

1 

S.SSO. 

1 

...  S,*tB. 

I 

I.OXH 

.     X 

1.117.-. 

4,018. 

H 

1.50O. 

■    V 

I.  ion. 

I.:ti7 

', 

i.mir. 

l.ooo 

.  a 

11,11m 

■    V 

S.04S 

■  \ 

■  h 

S.7SO. 

:«..-.7l 

■   m 

3,  1  I  4 

•    V 

ll.llllS 

1 

...S.OS5.. 

V, 

s.oea  . 

K 

:t,oo« 

.  a 

119 


ANIMALS,  FRUITS,  ETC.,  THAT  ARE  NATIVE  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


Birds.—  Alector:  condor:  cnrasso;  dove; 
emeu,  (or  »>~t  ri.U  i :  gallinazo;  hawk;  hum- 
ming-bird; parrot,  (in  immense  variety); 
partridge;  pheasant;  pigeon;  sca(orgnano) 
bird;  snipe:  tanager;  toucan;  trogon;  tnr- 
izzard;  and  hundreds  of  others. 

Fruits  and  Vegetables.— Anana:  appli 
brazil-nut;      breadfruit;      cassava;     cacoa; 
r,,ir.  e;  i  orn  :  cotton;    fig  gnlmbi; 

indigo:     jujud ;     olive ;     orangi 
pepper;    peruvian-tea;     potato;    quabyra;- 
quinoa;      sugar;      rice;     tobacco;    ranilla- 
bean. 

Minerals,  etc.— Alum:  borax;  coal; 
copper;  diamonds;  epsom  salts;  glanber 
salts;  gold;  gnano;  gypsum;  iron;  lead; 
limestone;  mineral  pitch;  nitre:  platina; 
rock-salt;  sulphur;  tin;  topaz. 

Quadrupeds. — Agouti;  alpaca,  (sheep); 
ant-eater;  armadillo;  badger;  bear;  biscat- 
cba;  capybara:  carpincho;  chinchilla;  deer; 
elk;  ferret:  fox:  glutton;  gnanaco;  jaguar; 
llama;  monkey,  (marmosets,  howlers,  sapa- 
juii-i ;  nentra;  ocelol ;  peccary  :  puma,  (or 
cougar);  rabbit;  river-hog;  seal;  sea-lion; 
Bea-elephant;  sloth:  tapir:  tiger-cat;  tocti 
toca;  Vienna;  wildcat;  wild-hog:  wolf; 
zaratsi  zorrino. 


Reptiles.  — Alligator:  anaconda,    for  boa- 
constrictor) ;  baba;  bat;  cayman;  centipede; 
corral-snake;    electric    eei,    (or    torpedo] 
lizards:    macourel-snake;    rattlesnake;   tri- 
gonocephalis-snake;  vampire. 

Trees.— Algarroba;    aloe:    apple:    brazil- 

vi 1;    breadfruit    tree:    cavella   de   clava; 

castor-tree;    cedar;     cinchona;    cocoa:    i 
paiba;  copal;  cotton-tree:  ebony:  fig;  india- 
rubber;  leaved  can 

misosa;    mulberry;    olive:    orange:     palrn; 
peach;  pine;  rosewood;  satinwood;  vi 
ble-silk  tree. 

Inhabitants. — The  aborigines  of  Pern 
were  Indians,  known  as  Incas  and  Aymaras, 
and  of  these  some  wandering  tribes  remain 
savages.  The  population  comprises  white 
descendants  of  Spanish  immigrant-,  Chinese, 
Indians,  negroes  and  mixed  races.  The  re- 
public of  Columbia  was  captured  from  the 
native  Indians  in  1830  by  Spaniards,  and 
held  by  them  until  1819,  when  allegiai 
Spain  was  severed.  The  Spaniards  also  set- 
tled in  Venezuela  among  the  native  Indians  i" 
1520,  but  in  1811  independence  from  Spain 
was  declared.  Ecuador  was  owned  and  con- 
trolled  bj  native  Indians  for  centuries:  in 
1  532  it  Has  captured  by   Pizarro,  and  for  275 


years  was  snbjectto  Spain,  but  revolted  In 
1820.   Thepop  ol  Bolivia  is  composed 

,  Indians,   wild  Ini 

h  bit*  -  of  Spanish  descei 

-  oi  Brazil  were  -v.  age  Ini 
It  becam  Portnj  !  19,  was 

i  ame  an  inde- 

.  mpire  in  1822      The  present  pop- 
consists  of    Negroes,  Indians,  mixed 
and  white  persons  of  European 
descent.     Native  Peruvians  originally   ruled 
ime  subject  to  Spain  about 
1540.   The  present  inhabitants  are  of  Spanish 
and  native  descent.      The  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, then  inhabited    by  native    Indian-,    was 
settled  by  Spaniards  in  1535,  since  which  lime 

intry    and   government    have 
through  man]  i  rhe  population  con- 

sists ol  Italians,  Bisques,  French,  Spaniards, 
English,  Scotch,  Irish,  Germans,  etc.  The 
mil  ibitants    of    Uruguay    com]. rise  Aft 

i         Bh,  Germans,  Ar_ 
Brazilians,  French.  Spaniards,  B 
Italians.     In    Paraguay   the    i 
chiefly  Indians,  with   mixed  race-  (Spanish- 
■    Germane,  Swiss,   Dnti  b, 
English,    Italian-   and    Australians.       Pata- 
gonia is   principally  peopled  with   - 
and  has  been  bul  -lightly  explored. 


Several  of  the  Highest  Mountains  in  South  America. 


23.000  FT 

.— -*.   .     22.000 

...^ /  21.000 

---^MT.SAHAMA    20.000 
MT-     I  19.000 

18.000 
17.000 

vol.  ^B  LIB.00O 
'5.000 
4.000 

^=  N 1 3000 


12.000 


23,000  FT. 

22,000 

2i,000        ^'dir  AcoticAGyAs 

2o!o00     "  Oartfc'^    ,'  -        /    vol. 

19000  v^^MHIlW^     MT.         s.MT.SORATO./  /GUALATJERI.  ^      ^        /~       MT 

18000  -^      ^"CHueUIBAMBA.\  VOL.  ^  >         -^CHIMB0RAZ0J>'|LIIMAN1 . 

17000  jSe^      '  N  AREOUIPA>^,^fc1#     VOL.V 

IE.000      Jaf^*  %,  W-.     ^ANTISANA,^W  _ 

15.000  '*'**'  vol  cotopaxi.   "^t^f*'  si^    vol      /  >^ 

14  000  a*i^  "  V  -f      TOLIMA.    J  ^^  ANDEScrCWLl"~  --. 

13^000  -—  =^^V0L.PICHINCA.^3j^i^^^:-^^a,^     .#^"<C 

i2,ooo  m      ^m    -  /  ^V~       ^^  J       "%-*. 

11.000  W  ^  ^  XMTOPHIR.         ^^/  MT.KIN.  BALU^^i      TShK.       ^  ^         11.000 

10.000  W    ^mt.erebus/"  %  s^  ^^Bm3^^*~      mt.sem'ero.  V.  10000 

9.000  M^  ,./  VOL.MAUNALOA    >  .4  ~"*SS^  9.000 

8.000  v-.  ^     ofcfcS&tKfei^g^  -..**** 

7.000      -  >    -    ,&**  «sm^  -^-     -  fefeagSiSSSliiS  70u0 

6.000  -^^^"  "N<-:  .'-;      -  SUM  £3  6.000 

5,000 ANDES    or  PATAGONIA.  \ ;.   ',  -rSfSm^  £     50gg 

4.000  V*-'  ~  pfe  4.000 

3.000  MT.  KOSCIUSKO.  ^^W         MT   HUMBOLDT. _^m^m/^fS     3  qqq 


Mt. 

Aconc:i£ii:i 

Ml. 

Bahama 

Vol 

Olmluticri . 

Ml. 

I'llimhorazu 

Ml. 

*..i:ilo 

Ml. 

lllini 

Ml.  Oiiiqiiinamtui 


a  Chill 

\ii.i,  -   Western  Peru 

\n, 1,  -  West*  rn  Peru 

.  Westei  n  1  .  11  ,■ 

\V,     -I,     !    II 

,  Wi  -oi  11  Bolivia    1  '  Pas 

■rn  1 


Vol.    Ai-e»nii|.a Western  Peru... 


aa.SXlO 

aa.sso 

28,000 

a  1 . 1  a  1 
ai.ants 
a  1.1  n> 

a  1,000. 

a«>.:ta» 


1 
»', 

1 
1 
t 

.4 
4 


Vol.    AnlWuiiu. .- 
Vol.   Cotopaxi. 

Vol.    Tolimji 
Vol.     A  t:icoin:i 

A  inlet 

Vol.  Plchlnea 

Amli-o 

Cape    Horn 


.Western  Ecuador  ... 

lor,  mar  V"il°. 

<  Colombia   

.Western  Bolivia 



..Western  Ecuador 

.Western   Pal  .- 


Southern  Extremity,  Patagonia. . . 


l!».l:ta 
1 «.««: 
1 8.000 
1  «.iHia 
16,000 
15,984 
.8,000 


:l«H> 


:> 
:< 
■i 

a 

:t 

1 


320 


DISTANCES  FROM  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  TO  DIFFERENT  PARTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


By  Shortest  Established  Railroad  and  Water  Passage. 


Uami  ol  City.      I  hi  |     *«••■ 


I A  lltiiii\  . 

\.   1..ICI 

\  18 

I 1  ; 

Annapolis,  m.i  I6S 

173 

It  ' 

v  \  261 

Blnghamton,  N 

ngton,  111.  -  ■-»-«:< 

Boston,  Mi-- 201 

. 

Burllngi 

Cairo,  111, ... 

N    N    .222 

i   H...I1  City,  Nev,  ,2,657 
. 

Charles! 

Ill  B37 

i.n.n 738 

.1.   0  4Hl> 

Concord,  N.  11 260 

Dayton,  " 

Denver  Colo  1,930 

Dea  Moines,  Iowa. .  1.174 

Detroit,  Mich 

Dorer,  Me  269 

Duluth.  Minn   ...     II" 

Erie,    l'a 365 

I  inn,  S.  V 68 

...I    V  V         •! 

Green  Bay,1 

II  -  - -i 

111,.. -HI-    I'llll-       ••' 

Houston,  Tea  1,916 

.lurk-.. ii    Mich  808 

Mi— 1,462 

K  N.  Y. . .  17 

I,,  Cr Wis  ..1,087 

nplaln    v  ^     78 

I 

2  1"; 

n.i.     1,369 

Little  Full-.  N.  Y 73 

Lockport,  V  V 285 

Louisville.  Kv 9SI3 

Lowell,  Mn- 227 

Ma i  i.i      1,198 

Madison,   WU 
Manitowoc,  Wl 
Marquette.  Mich. .  l.7-'"7 
Term  .   .1,302 
ikee,  «  i-        B02 
Minneapolis.  Minn  I  ,237 
Muscatine,  lo» 
\  :   .  C-y„  N.1,315 

N'.-w  Orle  .n-  I  i  1,645 
143 
\.  V  305 
North  adanu,  Mass  -  I 
Oi.-.l.ii-l.ii. --.  N.  V  200 
Ogden,  Utah 

aha,  Neb 1,314 

N.  Y istt 

I-  Pa.. .231 

ISO 

I,  He HIT 

..3,870 
Pongnkeepaie,  N.  Y..75 
Pui  bio. Colo  ....  1,924 
it  Wi  -:  • 

:     1        \  .....508 

Rock  l-l  .»■!.  Ill        .9  18 

v  Y 109 

Rutland,  Vt 105 

Bacr  uuenti 

Mo  1,123 

Minn 1,151 

i        2  823 
S.  Kr.inri-rr,.  fill..  .3,228 

NY 117 

...  1  -I  '•-I  I 

■  idy,  N    V      17 

Shaker  Village,  N.  Y.154 

ng.N   Y lis 

Springfield,  M  i 

v.  Y..304 
Syracuse,  N.  Y 14s 

T  ■'  574 

I  N.    Y !*! 

Vicksburg,  M  - 

Washington.  I).  C.370 
Y....187 
Y  "1 

Winnipeg,   Han. ..1,662 

Winona,  Mini 

■ 

Yankton.  D.  I.. ..1,402 


Prom  A  iiiini  a.  Ga, 

to 

Albany,  N.  Y 1,161 

Alton,  111.., 
Annapoli      Md  i  I  I 

Iti  in  "ii   Kan  995 

Auburn,  N    \  1,348 

171 

Augusta,  Me 1,421 

x U  i 

It  .inn. 

Bangor,  He  i   l 

Bath,  Me  1,300 

Belfast,  He 1,442 

Blnghamton,  N-  Y.I. Jim 

ton,  in  .  918 
Boston,  Ms  i.i 

Bristol,  U.  1 1,238 

Buffalo,  N    V.        1.451 
Burlington,  N 
Burlington,  \  ' 
Burlington,  Iowa     i  002 

Cairo,  HI     80S 

i  tanandalgua,  N.  Y.1,395 
.  arson  City.  Nev,  .3.745 
.    ....308 
Charlotte  K.I 

oga,  l. iiu  iiT 

Chicago.  Ill 7ii". 

l-l,. lli, ...Hi.-   0 
■ 
■i  l    O....        583 

v    II     ...1,316 
tfd. .  1 ,059 

II  II  rll]'...  I.    '"'S-'      1.008 

Dt  nver,  Colo  1,665 

Des  M..HI.  -,  I.."  i     i  i   '-' 

Hi  tl .Mirll       .  —7 

I %    ii         .    .1,318 

Dubuque,  [..Mi         1,133 

Fall  River,  Mn-  .1,198 

i    idge,  lows   1  294 

ney,  Neb    1,761 

: 

«.  Ill 1,118 

l  '.  17 
Greenville,    l .  nn      160 
i  • 
ll  ire    Pa 

Hartford    l  ; 

K 

I.  -.-.  Wis..  .1,075 

Lansing,  Mich.  ,643 

Law  re Mass  . .  1  4280 

Leavenworth,  Kan    974 

k  i  i :  - 

M  103 

M  i,  kin. i.-.   Ml.  i 

Madison,  Wis. .        1,083 

Memphis,  Trim :ilil 

Milwaukee    Wis         980 

nery,   Ua      1 75 

.  .1.47-' 

,,..   Iowa.. 1,015 

Nashville,    Penr 

New  ll. 

:   .    .  1  4223 

.     R.  1 1,180 

New  -i  ..ik.  N.  l       1,018 

.ill.     N     \     1,0  .« 

i  -....ii     .   1 ,083 
Ogden,  i  i  .ii 
Omaha    Neb 

v  Y  .  1,255 
Philadi  Ipfal ..  r.  B30 
Pittsbui  .ii 

I'M-!     |,|,     ||,r       III  |,21    I 

Quincy,  in 
it 

Roxburj  .  Mn  — 1,256 

B 

st.  Louis,  Ho, 

si.  Paul.  M.im         1-205 

Salt  Lake  Cit] 

S.  H.lliri-ro.Cnl  ...:i.ll|(l 

s.trniii.  i  'in  .71 

SpartanburKh.S.C..  192 

Springfield.  Mo...      970 

Stocktoi 

Stone  M,. .mi  i 

\    Y....  1,320 
I  0  SI 

Trenton 

i  i  sun 

\\  int   N.  Y.  1,088 

Winnipeg,  Han 
Winona,  Mum    ...1,101 

i     r.  Ma--    .    |   Jlu 

t  .     1.     I  1 


I     MM... 


From     it. i  h  iiiini -.-. 
>1 .1.  to 

llbonj    \.  \ 

Mrxuii.lri  i     \  ii  I'' 

Itlanto,  Qa, 

'ugusto,  Qa,  895 

ista.  Mi 
Bangor,  Me 

Baton  i,   age.] 

l: mlngton,  III. ...781 

Boston    Mai  i;i 

i-., hi  do,  n    \  ii 

ton,   Iowa,  i  060 
Cairo,  in    .., 

Y.  ,'V1\ 
ton.S.  C         586 
-i 
i  iheyenne,  Wy, 

III 853 

Cincinnati,  O... 

i    .1  i-j 

i  '..liiiiil.il-.   ii S|2 

Council  liluil- 

I'.iiiil.,  il.ui.l,   M.I...    191 

Davenpoi  t,  lowa.l  038 

Denver,  Colo 1.985 

Des  Moines,  lot  i     I 

Mi.   I, 

Imluili.  Minn  l  199 

Elmlrn,  S.  Y 256 

mi 

Fniir...  1'.  T.  i    98 

!"t  Kim  ii-       Neb     i    135 

Fori   u  ,n  in     in.!. .  ..70S 

i    K  v        , . .718 

Frederick,  M.I n 

Ii ,i    i       - 

.,,.:,i,..  Wis. ,  i  "i '  ■ 
ll  1 1 1..  i     Ferry,  Va 

i  1 1 1 1  inn  -  Pa - 1 

Mull ■  Mil    . . .    -J:.:. 

lie.    Mi....  Tim 

In  li.,i,.,|„,li-.  In,!..   7i«i 

[owa  t'n  -  i  ,  1,090 
.1  i       on,  U    i,  645 

.1.111,   -Vlllr     U   1  II 

B 

..1,103 
I  Wis.. .1,133 

Leadvilh 

l.rv'mii'illi.   K.m   I  Jim 

Lincoln,  Neb 1,405 

Little  Rock,  Ark.  .1,056 
I.,,-  Angeles,  Col. .3,781 
Louisville,  Kv  897 

Lynchburg,  \'n -'17 

Lyons.  Iowa 960 

H 

- 
Marquette,  Mich...  1,243 
Mllwauk.       v 
MUledgevllle,  I    - 

\ 

rk    \    n  188 

■•  r.43i 

Ogden,  l  i. .Ii -Mis.' 

ii    Neb 

I- ,     ,     i 

Ll      --    ■>        ..200 

, 

:    ,  340 

.    .8,906 

195 

Quebec,  i  758 

ill     1,350 

It 

Rich i   \ 17o 

•     -.    |  i 

ll. .rk  Island,  ill  i  0  i 
s  ,1,1  sal.  ,3.067 

si   Paul,  Minn         l  263 
Salt  LakeCIt] 
s.  Francisco,  Cal. .34206 
Savannah 
Sitka,  m 
Springfield,  Ha 
I  la.  .1,060 

.  ..it..  Ind..     77s 

Ill" 

Topeka,   Kan 

_  .i 
Washing 
v.  heeling,  n 
Wilmington.  Di 

-    Han      1,698 

Minn      .    ,  I    I.M» 

V  mkt I  11  ... 

Zani  -  ill.    .  i  168 


Name  ..i  CMy,      |  Mil", 


Prom  it.  —  i,,i. 

>l  H.N.,   to 

Albany,)!  ! 

- 1 
Andover,  Haas 22 

■,  i ,  i  i  ■ 

i.  177 

It  i   395 

Barnstable,  Mn--  . , .  ,7:t 

Bangor,  Mr 244 

i : ii,.     Mass II 

N.  Y.  478 

Igton,   llll.lll 

Brighton,  Mass  1 

Burlington,  Iowa.  14225 

.  MIS. 

ii   s  C...  1,109 

Chatham,   Mn-- 177 

.   ill 1  020 

c inn. .Ii    .  ' 

Columbia,  s  •  i.7l 

.  lolumbu 

Nil 

Ii  .2,033 

ii-  -  \i -,  Iowa, .  1.H77 

Detroit,  Mich "in; 

Dover,   Di  I 

ll  89 

1,666 
K.  It'itk'u.ii  i    H 

i   ,     588 

Full  River,  Ha 
Fargo,  D.  T...  1,765 

ii,i,i,iii.:    -,l  i  19 

Green  Bay,  v-  I 
Helena,  Hon!    .  ,3,025 

1 i„.li-,  1  ml   1 ,059 

.1 

Jackson,  Ml 

Klnderhook    s    ■•     184 
I.  ..1,298 

Lansing,  Mich 777. 

Lead! .M-     '  - 

Lincoln,  Neb       .  i   >~- 

■i.    \ik    i 

e.Ky.      .1,11:' 
Lowell,   Han 

Mm- .1.    M  ,  il 

M  rdison    «  i  ..1,158 

i     M.i- 86 

Mattapan,  Mass 30 

Hempnls,  Tenn.  ...1 ,478 
MUledgevllle.  Ga..  1,191 
Milwaukee,  Wis..  1,009 
Minneapolis,  -Minn  lilts 
Mobile,  Ala 
Montgomel  i .  Ala   I  121 

•  r,   VI 202 

[owa     l.i 
\ 

\  i-lnill       T.  nn... I  -  1 
..i 
,i 
onn..,160 

i  ,73a 

Newport,  Ii     I  68 

■ 
Niagai  i  i 
Ogden,  Utah  ■ ' 

HI null. l,    Nl  I. 1,517 

I-  '       ISO 

Plyi nil,  Mn-- -Is 

M .  107 

Portland 4,073 

,     i:    :  H 

Quincy,  Man  .... 
It 

Kiil.-li.-li    \    I  77  . 

"I 

Rochester,  v  v         129 
Rock   l-i. n.i.  111.. .1.193 

»„,..       Mr 

..I.  ,:t.-_'7s 

■-in,  ii         i  190 
Salem,  Ha  -  l  ■ 

s    I  i  in.  i ..I     3,430 

s  ,i  in. i     '  mi  -!:• 

Sai  iiiiin.il    Qa 1,112 

SpringHeld,   111. . . .  l.-'7" 

- 

Taunton,  Mass it", 

77  . 

\\         ng I'  ''    ii- 

Wheeling    W    Va     771 
Wilmington,  D. 
Winnipeg,  Man       l  965 
Worcester,   Haas...    4-1 
Y.mkt 


ChaurlcatODi    *.   <    . 

l<> 

\  Ibani    N.  Y 1.017 

Mli.n.     111.  i    100 

tnnapolU,  Md  ill 

\'.  in  ,ii    Kim 1 ,659 

litis 

Mil. .in    V  v 1,202 

Augusta,  i.i  in- 

Augusta,  Mr I  -281 

111 1.1411 

i: 

Bangor,  Mr 1,358 

Hull..  Mr 

Bell  ,i     M.-  1^288 

Blnghamton,  N   "i  1 1 189 

igton,  in    14229 

-,|  ,  1,110 

Branchi  Ilia    8.1 

Bristol,   It-  I it's:' 

i 
Burlington,   N  J 

Ii...  iiii--i.ii     \  i 1,154 

Burlington,  Iowa.  1 ,310 
Cairo,  ill...  .  i  «..- 

I'liiiiiti.kiik-ii.i.  N    Y  I  ,-':.| 

Canon  Citj    Net 

,    un. 1.1  Is 

Chicago,   HI 1,108 

t'liil tin-,  ii 1,017 

Cincinnati,  O..  lie 

Fla.S73 

Cleveland,  0 1,176 

,,  S.C ISO 

l.lllll.rl   lllll. I,      M 

Davenport.  lowa.l  286 

Denver,  I  lolo -  216 

Dea  M -  Iowa.  1,460 

Detroit,  Mich 1,185 

Dover,  N   II 1.17s 

Dubuque,  Iowa, . .   1  429] 

I  i.  Mi-  1  054 
It  Kt  ii  ii.\ .  N.I.  l  .785 
Fol  i  W  mi.-,  In.l  .1  098 
Galena,  ill..  .  95" 
Gettysburg,  Pa.,  I'-'i 
Green  i 

II  i  i  Pa 

Hartford,  C 881 

Indianapolis    • 

l\  ,,,,,.  M  jch.I  .H'2'.i 

,     :  \     Mo.      I  ■".l(- 

I,  ,      \\  i-.  ,.14183 

Lansing,  Hlcfa 14286 

Le"vnworth,  Kan.  i  161 
Little  Rock,  Ark. .1,585 

1..  T-. 

Lowell,  Mass 1,136 

Macon, Ga  ,.181 

,  Mil  ii     i  tea 

»  i  - IIH-' 

Memphis    i .     620 

Milwaukee,  v\ ,-    .1,188 
. 

Hontpelier,    Vt...  1,557 
i    ..  1 ,325 

Nashville,   Tenn 440 

New  Hat  en,  t  om 

cans.  La     ..680 
Newport   i.    i  1,09 

New  York    \    '. 

■    Y.  1 .271 

Norwalk  •  oi 19 

Ogden,  Utah. 

..In.,   n.i.  1.600 

V  Y 1.111 

!• 

1.1,141 

Portland;   Me.  1  21  i 

Providence,  H.  I...  1,067 

Quincy,  111 1,375 

Rnrk  Island,  III.. 14284 
Mass.. ..1.112 

Si. nn nt...  i 

St     I.. .ill-    Ho.. 

st  Joseph,  Ho.        l  682 

Minn 1.417 

Salt  Lake  do 

s  Francisco,  Cal  ...14117 

lit 1.248 

Savannah,  tin 115 

Springfield,   III 

1  Ind. 1,105 

Toledo,  ti 

w  ngton  it''  455 
in,  N  Y...  :i.'4 
Wheeling,  w  Va.  1.168 
Winnipeg,  Man,  I  - 1  - 
Wii 1    Mum 1.409 

1     .         I-,  D.T   .  .     1,708 


'     11  I    MM.. 


From     Clnclnnattli 

OI In 


\  11 

-,   ^ . 

1 1 

\  11. ,,,111    Pa,,, 

M.I 

Athens,  11 

It'll 1.       M.l 

l'<-  'lil 

Bloomlngton,  ill 
Bloomlngton,  Ind, 
Boston,  Mi 
Buffalo  N   i 

ton,  Iowa, 
Cairo,  in. 

Circlevllli    .- 

Chicago,  III 

ChilUcothi     0 

rl.-i.  land,  " 

Columbia   B.  C 
Columbus,  lint.  . 
Columbus.  t». 
t  ..in  .1.1   N   11. . .     1 
Crestline,  1 1 
Dayton  0 
1 1,  in  .  1     1  0 
Dee  Moines,  Iowa 
Detroit  Mi.-li. 

Dovei    Del 

Iiunkhk.  V    \  ... 

Elgin    in 



"'■11   111 

Kvntt-v  ill.-,    I111I. 

Fargo,  I'  T...        1 

It  K 

I  ...  1    V,    ,  \  nr.  Ilnl. .. 

1  rankfort,  Kv 

l-'i. nt  - 1, 

<; I,    ' ' 

Hamilton,  • ' 

Indianapolis  Ind. 
Iowa  tin 

.1...  kson    Mi-.      . 
Jeffl  i-.n    ' 

.1,11,1—  nville,    In.l 

Kankakee,  111.. 
Kenton,  11 

Kri.ktlk.   [OWB 

Lafayette,  in. I  — 

Lansing,  Mi.li 

Lecompton 

Little  Rock,  Ark... 

:  1.   Ii  .1. 
inch,  N  .1 

ki 

Madison,  Wis 

Hansl  .  :.i  . .. 

Memphis,  Tenn 

Milledgt  1  ill-    Ga... 

M  11111.  11 1  ., 

ery,  Ala. 

Montpelier,  \'t 

Iowa... 

\,,,-l.\  ill.     'i 

\ .  1  . ,  1  1 .  . 
New  All.iitu    in 

New  t nl.  nn-.  La 
Ni  11   York,  N.  Y 

Ogden,  Utah 1 

b     

Peru,  Ind.. 
Pliilnil,  phio    Pa, . 
mrgl     17. 

Portland,  He 

Poi  Hand,  Ore...    2 

It 

I; lebmond,  Va. 

Rock  Island,  111...  . 

Sacramento 

Sail  Lake  City,  1 "..   1 

s i-i -ki    ti 

innan,  Ga 

Sei  111. mi    In.l 

jlleltl.    Ill 

Springfleld,  1 1. 

s-    1. -.   Mo 

St.  Paul.  Minn 

T  1   rate,  in.l, 

o.O    

Vi  bana,  0 

\  incennes,  Ind..., 
Washington   I'  1 
Wheeling  "■ 
Wilmington,  Del... 

!'■!  .  '  I 


717 

-•70 
128 

1- 
1  .:. 
560 

1  1  , 
in  17 

III 
117 
899 

His 
nn 
-.".HI 
:fi 
258 

84 

lL'i> 

is:i 

629 
267 

7i«i 
l"l 
329 
:t.-,:i 
:u  1:. 
243 
038 
HIT 
1st) 

lis 
177. 
177 

561 

7.74 
1  15 
530 
678 
165 
1:1.! 

142 

,1 

1711 
Ills 
BOO 

177 
.777 
Ills 

4:11 

-I 
l-l 
764 

71.11 
77,11 
■'  17 
7, 1 11 
-.'HI 
7IH 

IIU 

H7I 

711 

SL'J 


ran 


1711 
867 
I.  .; 
881 

tills 
1171 
.'.111 
sill 

.  71 1  5 
-71 

-7 
XI* 

-I 
340 
785 
1-7 
-'i  12 
100 

il-7' 

.497 
251 

1  -j  a  1 
.220 


321 


Distances  from  Principal  Cities  to  Different  Parts  of  the  United  States,— Continued, 


Name  of  City.       j    Mil**.       Name  of  City.       :     m  :,         Name  of  City .       |    Mil**.   |    Name  of  City.       |    ».<«,.  I    Name  of  I 


From  '  lii<;i'jn. 
111.,  to 

\  .     N.  V 837 

Albuquerque.  X.  M.i.aui 

Alleghany  city,  Pa. 468 

.-•.!■  333 

«,  Kan 5o6 

795 

Augusta,  ■  r&. . 

■    111 38 

Austin,  Tea 167 

Baltimore,  Md      .    853 

Bangor,  Me l  ,263 

Mass  1,030 

Buffalo,  N  V 542 

Burlington.    Vt 1.182 

<    i         III 365 

'ii.  S.  C...  1,108 
Chattanooga,  Tenn. 687 
Cheyenne,  Wy.  T ..1,017 

Cincinnati,  O. 288 

Cleveland,  O 357 

Columbia,  S.  C 837 

Columbus,   0  314 

Concord,  N.  H 1,083 

©enver.Col  1.113 

Des  Koines, Iowa  ..357 
,  ni 17:3 

Detroit.  Mich 280 

Dover.Del 896 

Dubuque,  Iowa 1S8 

DoJuth,  Minn 565 

Elgin.  Ill 36 

Erie.   Pa  452 

Fairfield,  Iowa 257 

Fargo,  D.  T 745 

Fernandina,  Fla.  .1,275 
Fort  \Vavne.  End.. ..148 
Fort   Worth,  Tex..  1,023 

Galv;i.   Ill 140 

Galveston,  Te\ 1,150 

Geneva  Lake,  Wis 85 

I     burgh,  Pa 77i 

(ireen  Bar,  Wis  242 

Hannibal,   Ho 329 

tturg.   Pa 71(5 

II  irtford,  Conn.. .1.011 
Belen  i.  Mont.  I  2,007 
Hot  Spring,  Ark. . .  .693 
...1,099 
Hudson,  N  Y 
Indianapolis,  End...  193 
. 
Jackson, 

tville,  Fla..  1,249 

Janesville,  Wis 91 

a  City,  Mo.  .408 
U  City,  Mo.  ..489 

111 132 

I.  ase.  Wis 280 

ig,  Mich 245 

LeadviHe 
Leavenworth,  Kan.  .589 

Lincoln,  Neb 552 

inch.  N.  J. .901 

M  m,    Wis 138 

i  -.   Mich 3S0 

Milwaukee,  Wis 85 

I:  nil..  4  20 
I  I  i  . .  .  .  545 
.     Can  - i * 

n  i,  Tenn 482 

■  ii.  i  '■■iin. ,  .915 

'..■...,■■  !      . 

.    K.  1 1,060 

New  York,  V  5T.....912 
V  Y.513 
Oil  City.  Pa 

Omaha,  Neb 497 

Pal 

Philadelphia,  P 

l'..rt]  ind,  Me 1,128 

Pullman.  Ill u 

Pueblo,  Col 1,107 

Qm.-i Can 1,116 

K  icine,   Wis 62 

Richmond,  Va 933 

Richmond,  ind 223 

Rock  Island,  ill  ....181 

Salt  Lake  i 

s.  Francisco,  » 'al .  .2,4 1 1 
st.  Paul.  Minn.  ..  4i" 
Santa  Fe.  V  Me i..  1.342 
Tallahassee,  Fla.. 1,339 
Toronto,  Can 
Utica.   N.  Y  745 

\  rg.  Miss  .  753 
Washington,  l>  C  .818 
Wheeling,  W.  Va  ..451 
Winnipeg,    Man  345 

1  n,  D.T 60S 


From  Denver, 
Col.,  to 

Abilene,  Kan 47*> 

Albany,  N.  Y....     1,930 
Alton.  III...  . 
Arapahoe.  Col....      186 
Augusta.  Me. 
Baltimore,    Hd. ..1,966 

idt,   Col 7s 

Bloomington,  111. .  1,154 

Boston,    Mass 2,133 

. 
Burlington,  Iowa  ..900 
Burlington,    VI         2.2  ■'■ 

C  1.200 

Canon  City.  Col 161 

Cameron.  Col  18 

■■-.  N.  J.. ..2,017 

Castle  Rock,  Col 33 

Charleston,  S.  C. .2,377 

Chevenne.  Ran 108 

III     1.113 

Cincinnati,  <>  1.340 

Cleveland    0       ..1  169 

Colo.  Springs,  Col 91 

v  ii 2,198 

Detroit 

I.  Park,  <  294 

Erie,  Pfl   1,565 

Fort  Marker,  Kan. .420 
Fort  Riley,  Kan.  ...503 
Port  Wayne,  Ind  1.261 
Grand  R'p'ds,  M'h.  1,394 
i rreeley,  Col  - 

Hamilton,  Can      i  385 
,..1,829 
Hartford,    Conn. ..2,124 

Hu  Ison,  N.  Y 1,959 

independence,  Mo.  .727 
Jackson,  Mich...   1.321 
Jackson* 
Kansas   I 

Falls,  Kan.  .4'.'4 

Kit  Carson.  Col 151 

I^ansint:.   Micl 
Lawrence,  Kan.  600 

Lead vi  lie,  Col     .       .278 
Long  Branch.  N.  J. 2,014 
I  I 
Louisville,  K> 

Madison,  Wis 1,418 

Manitou,  Col 

Memphis.  Tenn 1.450 

Milledgeville,  <■ 
Mitchell, Col...  -  I 

Montgomery,    a 

Montreal,  Can 1.957 

Kashville,  Tenn...l  155 
New  Haven,  Conn. 2.028 
New  Orleans,  I 

Newport,  R.  I -  '74 

New  York.  N.  Y 
Niag*ra  Falls.  N    ' 
Ogden   Ul  th.. 

Pa         .it;: 
■ 

Ottawa,  Can  i  899 

P 

;  .        .      :     . 

,      :■  , 
Pittsburgli     !'.         i     -i 

Pinon,  Col 112 

Portland,   Me 2,241 

Pueblo.  Col 125 

O  l  ...2.229 

Raleigh,  N   C 2,317 

Red  Cliff,  Col 
Richmond,  Va 2,008 

Rock  Island,  ill :':*<> 

J  1  Ml 

*.     ■ 

..1,000 
Salt  Lake  *  its 

Sandusky,  <> 1,531 

s.  FrXncisco.Cal... 1,499 

Saratoga  Sp'gs.N.Y  1.968 
Savannah,  Ga 
Sidney,  i 

....297 

S.  Pueblo.  Col   120 

Springfield,  Mb 

N\  Y.... 1,805 

T  0     1,356 

■ 
Toronto.  Can 1,628 

West  Point.  N.  Y.. 2,024 

Wilmington,  r> 
ITtica,  N.  Y... 


From  Detroit, 
Mich.,  to 

Albany,  N.  Y 553 

96 

tei  que,  N.  M.  1,675 
Ann  Arbor.  Mich 

:i.  Kan 840 

t,  He 905 

ill 322 

Baltimore,  Md..        316 

Bangor,  Me 979 

reek,  Mich  .121 

..  Mich 197 

I;  looming  ton.  Ill 383 

Boston,  Mass 7:j.<; 

Buffalo,  N-  Y 

Burlington,  Iowa.. .491 

Burlington,  VI  -   - 

Cape  May,  N.  i 

Chariest 

Chevenne.  Wy.  T.  .1.301 

111 284 

Cincinnati,  0 267 

Cleveland,  0 73 

Concord.  N.  H.  7 

Council   Bluffs,  la.. .772 
Davenport,  Iowa.  „4fi7 

Denver,  Col.... 

Des  Moines, Iowa... 641 

Dover,  Del 814 

Dulutn.  Minn 754 

I  ginaw,  Mich.  .98 
Eaton  Rapids,  Mich. 100 

Elgin,   111 320 

Erie,  Ps 168 

I 

lit,  Minn 433 

Mich 64 

i ;  ney,  Neb.  966 

Geneva  Lake,  Wis.  .369 

!  tven,  Mich.  189 

<;rand  Rapids,  Mich.  158 

<  irass  Lake,    Mich 65 

Green  Ma  v.  Wis 

II  186 

Hannibal,  Mo  613 

I,  Conn 727 

tfonl     1.723 

■     Mich til 

Howell,  Mich 52 

'■     3 
Indianapolis,  In 

Ionia,  Mich 123 

l 521 

- 1  7rt 

Janesvllle,  Wis 375 

Jefferson  Cicj    S 
Kalamazoo,  Mich.   1+4 

Kansas  City,  Mo 773 

Keokuk,  Iowa 534 

l\,ansing.  Mich -  ■ 

Mich 80 

Leadvill.     I  i 

Lincoln,  Neb 
Long   Branch,  N.  -T.  .617 
M  .  Hv.M-h.290 

Wis 37" 

Marshall,  Mich 
Michigan  City,  bad.. 228 

Minneapolis,  M 
■: 

35 

l  D 
■  i 

\  i  City,  Neb. 782 

New  Haven,  Conn.. .628 

Newport,  l;    1 776 

New   York.  N.  \ 

Falls,  N.  Y.229 

Siles,  Mich 

Ogden,  Utah 1,813 

".i  t> 773 

Ottawa,  Cai 
i" 

Fhilad.li 

Portland.   Me B44 

Pueblo,  C 

Quebec,  Can B32 

S  . .-  544 

v 
SaltLaki  i 

San  Fraii' 

v  M 1,626 

Sarnla,  Can 40 

Three  Rivera,  Mich.  14.". 
tai 

Toronto.  Can 147 

Waukesha,  Wis 

Mich ...18 

g,    Man. .  .1 ,139 

Yankton    D    i 

Tnsilanti,  Mich 30 


From  Hartford, 
Conn.,  to 

Albany.    N.  Y 1f*> 

Alexandria,  Va 347 

Andover,  Conn 22 

Annapolis.  Md 336 

Atlanta.  Ga 1,062 

Auburn,  N.  Y 41s 

!<47 

Me 178 

Baltimore.  Md 288 

Eaton  Kouye.  La . .  1 ,430 
Bloomington,  111..  1,094 

Boston,  Mass 117 

Boston  • 

Bridgeport.  Conn 51 

Bristol,  Conn 19 

Bristol,  K.  I l«4 

Buffalo.  N.  Y 469 

Burlington,    Iowa.  1,218 
i  1  Sty,  Nev.,3,8]  1 

Canton.  Conn 22 

Canaan,  Conn   .     . 
Chamoersbui  g,  Pa     344 
Charleston,  S.  C 
Chattanooga.  Tenn. 900 
Chevenne.  Wy.  T..2.028 

Chicago.  Ill 1  ."I  l 

Cincinnati.  <  >. 

Cleveland,  0 •"■."'4 

Columbia.  S.  C 859 

Columbus,  0 7:*4 

Covington.  Kv 

Cumberland.  Md 476 

Danbury.  Conn 63 

Davenport,  lows     mi 
Denver.    1  I 

Des  Moines,  Iot 

Detroit.  Mich 7J7 

Dubuque,  Iowa 1.197 

Duluth.  Minn 1  857 

Elgin,  111 1,047 

N.  Y 385 

Erie,  Pa 

Fall  River.  Mass 150 

Fargo,  l».  T 1-7.".; 

Fort  Kearney,  Neb  1.693 
Fort  Scott.  Kan 
Fredericksburg,  Va.409 

Freeport.  Hi 1,130 

Galesburg,  HI 1.175 

Galveston,  Tex 2,010 

Gettysburgh,  Po 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.885 

Iftaddam,  Conn 26 

Harrisburg.  Pa 1^*2 

Indianapolis,  Ind.  ..922 
Jackson.  Miss.  1 ,429 
Jefferson  City,  Mo.  1.320 
Kansas  City,  Mo..  1.500 
Keokuk.  Iowa. 
I .  Mich..     ..835 

Leadville.  Col 2.296 

Lcav*nworth,  K 
Lexington.  Kj  I 

London.   Can. 

Long  Branch,  N.  J..  138 

Louisville.  Kv 962 

M  c,  Mich..]  "17 

I 

Madison,  Wis 1 .01 7 

Memphis,  Tenn 
Milwaukee,  Wis...l  001 

MobUe,  Ala  1,432 

erv,  Ala.l  237 
Muscatine,  Iowa.  1  2:=i 
MTew  Britain.  Conn..  10 

jj   '.NY 112 

New  Haven,  Conn 36 

New  Orleans. La.. 1,612 

Newport.    R,  1 125 

New    York.  N.  Y ll't 

Falls,  N.  Y.498 
Omaha.  Neb  . 
Portland.    Ore.... 4,064 
Providence.  R.  I 

Raleigh,  N.  C H47 

Richmond.  Va 

St.  Louts.  Ho  1,208 

St.  Paul.  Minn 1.421 

eCity,  Ch.2.577 
Salisburv.  Conn 
s.  Prancisco.Cal... 3,420 
Savannal 
Springflel 
Washington.  D 

nn 33 

Wethersfield,  Conn. . .  4 
Wilmington.  N  1 
Winnipeg.   Man 
Winsted,  Conn 
Vankton    D.  T... .1.614 


From  Lou t«\  illf , 
Ky.,  to 

\ 

471 

August  ■    ■ 

M. 1.294 

Baltimore,  Md 

1 .    Ky . . 

Bedford,   bad.  : 

Bloomint'ton.  Ind...  i»7 

Bo-ton.  Mass 1,119 

Bowling  Green,  Kv  114 
Buffalo.  N.  Y. 
Cairo.  111...   . 
. 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.:j:j6 

ill 2!»6 

107 

ud,  O 380 

Cloverdale,   Ind.. ..126 
Columt-i       s    .  712 

Columbus.  Ky m.iT/t 

Columbus,  0 2o7 

Concord,  N.  H 1,202 

■     Ind.l7'» 
Cumberland,  Tenn.  !98 

11  te.  Ky 95 

.....   197 
- 

Des  Moines,  Iowa.  ..  .»'-"-.'. 

Detroit,  Mich 374 

Dover,  Del ...845 

Elgin,  111 332 

die,    Ind.. ..102 

Frankfort,  K% 65 

Fort  Wayne,  1 

<- 

Gosnort,  Ind 112 

1 

Hammond,  It 
Harrisburg,  Pa...  .  7_'4 
Ind... 85 
Holly  Springs    " 
Indianapolis,  Ind. . ,  1 10 

■ 
Jacksonville,  U1....36S 
Jackson,  Miss 
K  Mo.. ..458 

lie.  Tenn 44."> 

Lafayette.  Ind I'.*-* 

" 
Lawrenceburg,  Ind.  107 
Leavenworth.  Kan.  ,626 

Lebanon,  Kv 68 

Lexington,  Ky.. 
Lyons.  Iowa. 

Lynchburg,  \  .1 781 

M 

Mammoth  Cav< 

■ 
Memphis,  Tenn, 

Meridian,   Miss 462 

Michigan  f'm  ,  ind.  .288 

Milwaukei 

Mitchell,  End. 

S8 
'■' 
N  on....  184 

New  York,  N   V         -  _ 
\    x    583 

tt  Neb 7:-: 

Paris,  Ki 113 

11 319 

Philadelphia.  Pa 776 

-li.  Pa 420 

Portland,  He 1,178 

IE  Wis ,358 

-    J 

Salem.  Ind   .... 

s  Francisco. Cal... 2,708 

■ 

St.  Paul.  Minn  7    . 

Savannah,  Ga  764 

• .  Kv :»• 

Tennessee  River.. .220 

Ticksbu 

S,  Iml 127 

\> 
Washington.  H 

■ 
Wilmington,  D> 
Wilmington,  N   1 

Winchester,  Kv 1 15 

Winnipeg,   Man  ..1,140 
Vankton.  D.  T. 


Name  of  City.  mu«. 


From   Milwaukee, 
W  la.,  to 

Albany.  N.  Y. .  827 

Albeit  Le 

Albuquerque,  N.  M.  1,476 
Allegheny  City 

Annapolis,  Md 918 

Appleton,  Wis.. 
Atchison,  Kan. 

Aurora,   HI. ... 

Austin.  Tex... 
It 

- 
Beloit.   Wis 

Boston,  : 

-'on.   III...   Ul  1 
Buffalo.  N.  Y...., 
Burlington,   VI 1,172 

■ 

Cheyenne,  Wy.  T.. 1.027 

Cinclnnai  i.O.  :- 

Cleveland,  o. 
Colnrobi 

Columbn- 
Concord,  N   H. 
I> 

■ 
Des  Moines,  lo* 
Detroit,  Mich 174 

— 1 

Duluth.  Minn.. .   .       1-  > 

Elgin.  Ill 

Erie.  Pa 442 

■ 
Pare 

Fond  du  Lac.   Wi-...   93 

lil 103 

Grand  Haven.  Mich.  .85 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich,  j  i»; 

Green   Bay.  Wfe 126 

Hancoek 

Indianapolis,  U 

Islil  eming,  Micl 

■  I 

Janesville,  w  is. ......71 

Joliet.  Ill 

Kalamazoo,  Mich. .156 

Kenosha,   Wis., 
I 

Long  Branch,  N 
H 

Manitowoc.  Wis. 
■ 

Ind..  143 
MontreaJ 

Nen   Havi  a,  C01 

- 
Newport,  R.  I. 
N.u    York    N.  ^ 
N.  enah.  Wis.   . 

Wis I  ".7 

. 

Oshkosh.   v,  u«. 

77H 

PlttSbUTH 

Portland.  Me..     .    1.118 

• 
It 

Richmond,  Va 1,173 

Ripon,  Wis..... 
Rock  Island,  111. 

San  Antonio,  Tex.  .1  400 
- 

Sp'gs.N.  Y^45 

'■ 

1-1 

1 

4^1 

Vicksburt 

\\  C..898 
Watertown,  Wis.  ....44 
Waukesha.  Wis 21 

:      Wis 130 

Whitewater,  Wis, 
Winnipeg.  Man 

w  Lnona,  Mum.. 
Vankton,  D.  T. 


21 


t- 


322 


Distances  from  Principal  Cities  to  Different  Parts  of  the  United  States— Continued. 


NiMH-     I 


From  \«-\x  1  ork 
to 

\  ...    717 

V  V  148 

Allegheny,  Pa....      ' 

...1,053 

Ann    iTUOr,  Mull   . .  .718 

in    Kin 1380 

Augual  ,  i.  ..837 

aurora,  HI.... 
Akron,  O.... 

H.illi •■.    Ml l^s 

Bangor,  He  47* 

i   ,     [,320 
K<  . .     I  .■  I 

Bl lington,  111. ...984 

230 

i,  N.  1    I- i 

Burlington,  [owa.1,108 
Burling! 

Can it\.  Nev.  ■- 300 

Charleston,  8.  C 

renn.850 

III  912 

0 innatl,  0  744 

Clevel  mil.  O  580 

.la,  8.  0  749 

Columbus,  0  I 

ii   288 

Cox  Ington,  Kv 7t  i 

Cumberland,  Hd  ...888 
li  iport,  Iowa.  1,082 
Dayton,  0  I 

Denver.Col 1380 

■  ii...  [owa.  l  ,256 

i 
Dubuaue,  Ion  > 

I  ■    V    -71 

I  rio,   Pa  ...... 

F*tKearm 

,\  in-.  [nd.  ...7-"»l 
Fredericksburg,  Va.290 
Galena,  in    ......1  "7" 

1,900 

Gettysburg,  Pa 228 

Harrlsburg,  Pa 182 

n  —  i  ii> 
I  ipolls,  Ind...812 

.1  ...1,318 

B M  i.-h     7.  -' 

I        ii    ....71" 

Lansing,  Mich 723 

Lexington,  Ky --i  i 

Little  Rock,  Ark.. .1,430 

.    ki 
Lowell,  Haas 258 

111 i.i.i     1,055 

Memphis,  renn.... 1,158 

■     i  '"nil 92 

Milwaukee,  Wl 

Mobile,  ai.i  1,332 

Hontg try,  Ala.  1,127 

Hontpeller,  VI  i 

\            lie.  Tenn...  1,001 
.  mv.  in. I  . .  ,853 
■nn 70 

i    182 

ii  Utah l!.44l 

I" 

■    US3 

Philadelphia,  r.i hi 

i  l| 
Portlan  1  141 

Portland,  On 

l-i t<  ni  e,  l;.  1  ...  188 

»)  111 1.182 

Raleigh     •   ' 
Richmond,  Va  358 

.  mil.  111. ...1,081 

■v  i   tl    3,172 

BC  Louis,  Mo 1,098 

■  ■'  v,  (J... 2,46  • 
8.  Francisco.  Cal. .3,310 

877 

Springfield,  111.. ..1,035 
i  issee,  Fla.. 1,190 
...  i 
Vlcksburg,  Miss.. 1,400 
Y\  ilngton.D.  C..230 
Wilmington,  Ii 
Zanesville,  0 810 


lame  ol  City. 


From  \«'\v  Oi-U'iuiM. 

L.U. ,  to 

Albany,  N.  V       .1,644 

1,104 

At. -in-, ni,  Kan.        I'.. 

Augusta,  Mr .1.1  I" 

Bal are,  Md      .1,818 

■.  ■ 

iouge,  La... .  129 

Bl ugton,  [11.. ..788 

D    l    ...l.s^l 

i  ....    i 

IIUII.il...    NT  Y 1    1  'I 

Burlington,  [owe  1,122 
Burlington,  Vt... .1,805 
Cairo,  in 

Hiss 208 

N    I   ...1,482 

Carondelet,  Mo 719 

iiy.  Nov. 1,803 
pfds,  l  i   .1,222 

i.  HI 888 

n,m 

Cheyenne,  wy. 

Ill 815 

■ 
i  '>•!  Springs,  Col.  .2,185 
ii  1,788 

Davenport,  i<> 
Denver.  I 

Des  Mom. 

i.   ,.  i 

Dover,  N.  n  .. 

[owa 1,008 

Duquoln,  ill 

ii.  HI '■•-7 

Enterprise,  Miss —  Mil 

i  i 

i  ..i  I    u  ..  . 
I.  ' 

.1.111 
Grenada,  U 

ll.imi>l..il.  M.i 

i  ..jm. ...  I  812 

-7li 

Houston    l 
I  ii 1 1 >..  i ■ 
.1  &ck  —n 

.iii.  on,  i'  nn     '  12 

Jacks  mville  ill  ....818 
.i,  ii.  ,  ...,i  .'ii. 

878 

B  .    HI -  '9 

I  hi.  Mo...  1,002 
I .  e.  Wis...  1,195 

i.  ni  Ing,  U  i'!' 

Louisville,  kv 7.il 

\l     i     ii.  ill  —  ....74:» 

.  TY-nii 378 

Uenasha,  Wis 1,100 

Menominee,  Mich. .  i  ,185 

M  ■   ii. 

Michigan  C"y,  Ind  I  "1s 
Mllwaukei 

Mil 1  I" 

ler,  \  i 2,282 

\  .    i.  148 

New  II;,-. -  a 

•.     ,  .  I  i 

Ogden,  ri.ih 

'"!■  1  .ni'' 

P  Iphia,  Pa.  1,412 

...  1 37s 

i 4H 

Portland,  Me 1342 

i 

[...1,689 

It  ..ill''.   «  i- H77 

Richmond,  V«    ...1,143 

B  i     \.. -.<•-■> 

St.  Louij.  Ma 725 

si.  Paul,  Minn 1,352 

salt  Lake  City,  U.. 2,481 
s.  Franc!  ico,  Cal  2,495 
Springfield,  I! 

l  .iii' 

\ 

Vlnlta,  in  i    l.r        l  086 

\\  agto '    860 

Wilmington,  Del..l  084 
Winnipeg,  Man 1,780 

IT",    Kin    .1,011 

Yankton  1,651 


Nome  of  City.        I    Mile. 


|-l,,l.,.l,  l,.l...i.  l-i,.. 
In 

V  II.    in      N.  Y 'Jin 

Alliance,  0 486 

1  :i4 

Atlants     ...  930 

M.  I'.I 

i:  Rouge,  La. 1,766 

Baltl re,  M.I. 

Bellefonl 

-'i.-n.   Ill '.'4li 

Boston,  M.  ...318 

'.    1  i  l  '  i 

Burlington,   I--,',  -  1,030 
Catawu    •    i  145 

,    ^ 

Cairo,    III 

.126 
...in  Palls,  i. ...n. i.in 
i  h.iit, in." iga,  Tenn.762 
Chariest 

r.. 1,838 

Cincinnati  1 1  867 

I',  i      65 

,.505 

Columbia,  s  0. 651 

Columbus    0  548 

i    \    11 S97 

Curry.  I'll 410 

.11 

Davenport,  [owa.  1,008 
Dayton,  " 619 

Denver.  Colo  1,93 

■  .v.  a.. 1,180 

Mi.li 39 

Del 70 

Dulutli.  Minn I    169 

Elmira,  N.  V 283 

Evanavllle,   In. I         91  i 

F.IT'k'".     H      I 1,568 

i  orest,  0  

I    it  Wayn:    In.l 
(.  i 

Gettysburg     Pa 135 

«  ,  -       i  i  ■  1 1 
Hartford,  I  onn       198 

I. ml    2,880 

Hunt, vill,'.   Ala.. .1,185 
i 

.1  Miss 1,461 

Jollet,  in  

B             City,  Mo..  1,277 
l  nd 784 

'lull 7JS 

Lebanon,  Pa 86 

Louhn  iM".  Ky 77ii 

Madison,  [nd 764 

M.i. H-. .n,  v. i  004 

Mill ,   111 B64 

Marquette,  Mich.  ..1,213 

;  ii.: 

Milwaukee,  Wis •.«« 

Minneapolis,  Mum.  1,243 
Mobil.     Ua,  :      ■ 

Uontpeller,  \  i 528 

Nashville,  Tenn...  928 

N.J 7!) 

New  Mm  in.  Conn...  166 
La  .1,414 

Newport,  It.  I 250 

New  V.. rk.  N.  y 

ii  '  '.1. 2352 

444 

Piqua.o 
Pittsburgh,  I'n 

:    Me 398 

.. ...'I. s7n 

aulncy,  in....       '     - 
ienmond.  ln-l 667 

Richmond 

Bock   Man. I.   111.. .1,005 
•.  .  .  111...  Cal.. 2.992 

Snii  Lake  City,  0..2374 
Sandusky,  0... 
s.  Francisco, Cal. ..3,224 

-    i'n i'.i 

Springfield,  III 846 

Springfield,  " 591 

-i     1  ..in     Mo  1,008 

st.  Paul.  Mum 1,137 

r  Efaute,  Ind. ..809 

il8 

Washington,  D.  C..138 

Wheeling    W,  Va.. .451 

\ 


I  Miin.  I  Name  ol  I  Ity,      I  »u«i. 


Froan  Ilii'iiiiiimii. 
Vii.,  to 

\ 

In,  Vs st 

i.i 

..in 

I!  M 17H 

lit 836 

Mlch....l,102 
i  ..- 
I : 
Bui  lington,  Iowa.  1,321 

i 

\      195 

Cape  May,  N.  .1 838 

Charleston,  8.  C 375 

Charlotte,  N.  C 282 

Charlottevllle,  i».      ''7 

ii.    w  \.  T.   i  ,950 

.     i.i  833 

Cincinnati,  0 688 

:      '  ' 70H 

.      Falls,  Va.  i'.i 
ii 

li  .  \ :. ill 

Dayton,  0. 

Di  nver,  I  ..1 2,008 

iv.  Moini    ,i. 

Detroit.  Mich 805 

Dover,  I'.I :is 

i lubuque,  [owa....] ";:'i 

iiiiintii.  Minn 1,578 

Evans>  >  1 1  -  - .  Iml :»»< 

Fargo,   1 1  1 1,878 

Faribault,  Mum.,  i  683 
Ft  Kearney,  Neb. .2.098 
Fori  «  ayne,  Ind.. ..800 
Frederick  bu 

< .  Ill 1 .1177 

Gem        i  .1..  .  Wis.1,018 

i. ..I. i- sr.i        n9 

i . .  1 1  .ii'.   .,  i 

Grand  Rapids,  M..  1,075 
ly.V  Is.. .1,132 

,.,,,i,-i... 

II  N.  s 1,318 

ii  u.i. ii. .ii      ,!  .  1,153 

li  .ni...    i   i'.  11..  Va.,.18 

II  ii  i  i    l"ii  .      I'n '-1^4 

II. nil. .i-l.   i'.. nn 468 

Indian Ill   Ind. 1,013 

Jackson,  Mich 881 

Jack  '-in  Ille,  i  i.i  .  .615 
-     i  .    . 

Jollet,  in in" 

B  >".  Mlch.1,149 
Kankakee,  in  1,150 
.  .    .i.i   ■  - 

■     II "S7 

' 
I  .  ,  Wis.. .1,213 

.    'J  .  1  s 

Lexington,  Kv 195 

Ule,  Kv 7'»; 

Lowell,   Mi.-- '117 

l,  DChbnrg,  \  a 147 

Mackinac,  Midi. .1,284 

m  .ii  on,  Wi- 1,071 

M  ..ii      .     ,  VS    Ill 

Manitowoc,  Wis.. .1,111 

i 
\ 

,.!'.;. 
New  Orleans,  La. .  1,148 

rk,  N.  V 358 

v  Mountain,  W.  v.-i  152 
ii  ...2,462 

Omaha,  Neb l  ISO 

I 

l"  burg,  Vii -ii 

Phlladi  Iphla,  Pa.. ..268 

Pilot  Ki Mo....l  095 

Portland,  Me, 

Portland    Ore 3,892 

IC  .-  ....     '.'■.     995 

l:  ileigh,  (i  I       -7ii 

B 

Sag  Harbor,  I..  I 458 

Mi, 1,008 

St.  John,  N.  II 1,042 

ill  bury,  N.  C 288 

Salt  Lake  City.  U. .2,439 

Saltpetre  I  ave,  Va.  .205 

..8,500 

>.'.  T.538 

s.,  -  ------ 1.     i .  -  ,'  - 

Held,  ui....  1,100 
i 

Washington,  l>.  C. ..77 
Weal  Point,  Vn 38 


From  NI.    I   ..ii... 

Mo.!  hi 

\  N.  V 1,128 

Alton,  (1  ppei  23 

'-.,   Mil 1'4H 

i      - 

586 
AUantlc  i  n>  v  Ji  ">'7 

It'll I,    Mil  "     ' 

own,  ill 112 

Belleville,  ill 14 

uton,  N.  Y.l  ,030 

Bloi gton,  111. ...158 

Ho. 

Bo  ton.  m.i- 1320 

Brookfli  i-i.  Mo, 

I  II 14H 

,'.,,l,i,i,ll,     III.. 

fin. I, hi.    Mi-- 4sr. 

Cape  May,  R.J...  .1,089 

-  arondi  let,  Ho 8 

. 

on.. .499 
Chi  i u  i    i     i  "■--.' 

-  bl,  ago,   111 '.'so 

-  . .  i -  MO 

,  lolumbia,  S  *  ....  l  -17 
Columbus,  K\ 166 

I' ,,T,I,   N    11. 

,  ..,  niili.  Hiss., 

Dav,  nport.  [owa. .  .344 

I- n..  i    Colo.,     ..1,000 

I--     M.i,,.".  I, -nn. , .  ,499 

I'-  li, ■ i,     Mi-  1-.  -I 

Dover  Del i  048 

Dubuque,  Iowa 4r.H 

l'ii  Quoin.  Ill 71 

Elgin    in 816 

i  ,  in  i'n.  III 292 

1  I'.T 1.14.", 

a,  >    Neb..  1,090 

i.  la    Mi     898 

Hannibal,  Ho. 145 

Hermann,  Mo..., si 

Independence,  Ho.  "7n 
Indianapolis,  Ind. ..262 

Jacksonville,  111 !H 

, 

i  .   I i .  i, ii 252 

.i.  ii.  ,*  n  n.ii  l.-  M...  1" 

Mo.. 115 

Kan    ■    '  -I-     Mo.. .222 

i ..  "i- 381 

I..I [nd -',.:i 

I.,':, .lull'  .    -  ol 

i .   ■  ,i 

i 

i mpton.  Kan ui7 

on.  Mo  170 

'     . i      i,i 

Louisville,  Kv 275 

H  \\i- 41H 

Memphis,  Turn :tni 

i.     Mi-- 5' 'II 

M'i I'S 

Milledgeville,  Qa..  1,075 

MihM.nl.'       "• 

Montgomery,  Ala. .  .895 
Hontpellei  VI  1357 
Nashvllli 

an. 1,160 

New  i  it  i'  ana.  I 

Ne«  Ifork,  N.Y... 1,084 

Ogden,  i  tab 1,482 

■  imaba,  Nil- 498 

'     - 
Philadelphia    i 

I'll..!    Knoli.  Mi. 87 

i'  652 

Portland,  Mi- 1,482 

■{..'in, 
Raleigh,  N-  C. 

In.  i I.  \  , 1,008 

Rock  Island,  m 230 

Bacn ni"  Cal. .1350 

st.  Joseph.  Ho.. 

■  i.i  . 
Salt  Lake  City,  1       i     ■ 

■     ■  l...'_'.  ■  HI" 

I  ill  i    Mi. ls:i 

Springfield,  III 95 

Springfield.  Mo 200 

Sterling,  in ...282 

I  '1 4."Ki 

Vlnlta,  [nd.  'I 
w         ugton,  D.  c    951 
8J0 

Wilmington,  l' 
Wyandotte,  Kan  —  286 


Name  of  City. 


From  St,  Paul, 
Minn.,  lo 

Albany,  N.  Y 1,151 

Albert  Lea,  Minn. ...116 

lli-ii-i n     N    M    1,801 

All  i. II      111.         . 

Annapolis,  Hd 1,244 

Atlanta,  Go 1,205 

Allanti,', 

Lugnsl  -  '.  .       938 

I  ,    ,      i 

Haiti I,  Mil  i 

Bangor,  He 1,575 

Bloomingl 

Boston    Ha      1,334 

Breckenridge,  Minn.217 
in ,n. .1"   N.Y, 
Bui  lington,  Vt...    1   196 
Cape  May,  N.J... .1,218 

ii .  s    I.I    117 

i  lint. ii,"'.  .  Tenn  1,067 

III 41" 

Chlp'ewa  i 

,  iin-'inii  ,tl,c 7-s.". 

i  ■•„  ..  i  ind,  ' .  ...871 
Columbia    B.C.. ..1,247 

Ciiliiinl.il-.  ii 724 

Concord  N  11...  .1  :m7 
li,-  Moines,  [owa. .305 
Dovet    i"  i 1,212 

liulntli.  Minn 155 

I 

Elgin,  in :i74 

Brit     ,'     7'..i 

Fan;,,,   1'.  T 240 

l-'i'i'iian.lii    -i 

i  .1 1  Dodge,  i"i.a...Dis 
Fori  ^  ' '.  ii-    ii 
Galveston,  Tex..  .1,560 

Hamilton,  <  an 784 

Uarrisburg,  Pa.. ..1,120 
liiini.'i.l.  conn. .   1 ,421 
II..I  Sprli 
Houston.  Tex.. 

Hudson,  NY 1,180 

in-. i  in  -i .  [nd...603 

.1  ai  I.  "i,    Mich 522 

Jackson,  Mi--,.  1,118 
.i  ,.  I.-.  !-■  .    .    . 

,  Fia..  1,658 

Jollet,  III 

K      i " '  I      554 

i .-'.--     in        .  .    166 

I  -   I^'.l 

1  ..in-iiii.'.  M  nil. 

Little   Rock,  Ark.. 1,120 
ni-,  N.J.  1,215 

Ki 7-'L' 

Milwaukee,  Wis  ...:vJ4 
■-1  -I---,  apolls,  Minn. ..  .8 

Mnini  t'.nl.a.  Mi -" 

Hontrea!,  Can,        I  158 

New  "  - ' ' 

N-'V.    •  - 1  I  •    -  -  -         I 

Newport.  R.  1 1374 

N.  »  Y  .ik    N.  'i        i 
Niagara  lull   .  N.  \  .827 

o ,  Wl 

ml  cm, l'a 1,010 

1    .n 1,100 

I'n.  i  - N.J... .1383 

Philadelphia,  Pa     1,187 

i.-m  m. I.   Hi 1,442 

Qui  i-  -     Can...       i  i  I ' 

K- -1  "'-in.-.  M .41 

1. 1,  In,,.,--,    \  ,. 1.1(411 

III, -.n.  D    T    . 

,  .1 

■.  I ,  - .  - 
st    I. -,ni-   ,  , 

S.',i''ti.-aS|'V-.-Y  \  .1  265 

Sparta,  Wis 154 

,1,468 
Bpringfleld,  m 

si. vin-  Point,  Wis.ul.'t 

Streator,  ill 505 

Toledo,  O 

Tiirnnl...  Can 745 

x 

\\  '-I--. '-        ...84 

ton,  I'  C 1,223 
Watertov,  n,  vl . 

West  Point,  N.  Y..1321 

,      W.Va..    861 

Wilmington,  Di  I. .1361 

Winnipeg,  Man 4M 

Winona.  Minn 1"4 

Vi-ilanti.  Mich 668 


Distances  from  Principal  Cities  to  Different  Parts  of  the  United  States— Continued. 


323 


Name  of  City. 


From   I  li'l  i  ;i  n  :i  )>•>  I  i  ■> 

Iud.,  to 

Albany,   N-  Y 1,013 

Indi  i  *on,  in'i 36 

Annapolis,   Md 775 

Atlanta.   Ga 602 

Baltimore,   Md ?«i 

Barnard,  lnd 90 

l,   lnd 107 

Bloomingdale,  Ind...C>o 
-. 

i     Mass 1,059 

Burlitik-ton.  Iowa. ..306 
Burlington,  vt. ...1,188 

Cai  son  <  "v.  Nev 691 

Chai  leston.  s.  C 890 

Cheyenne.  Wy.  T..  1,120 

0,   111 193 

Cincinnati,  <> 1 15 

Columbus,   lnd -u 

Columbus,  0  184 

Concord,  N.  H 1,167 

Cooper's  Lake.Wy.1,204 
Crawfordsville,  lnd.  .43 

David  City,  Neb 665 

Delphi,  lnd 72 

Denver,  Col 1,260 

unes,  Iowa -'.47 

Detroit,  Mich 290 

Dubu<iue,*Iowa 381 

Edinburg,  lnd. 
Evanston,  Wv.  T. .1,559 

Fort  Wiivne.  lnd 130 

Frankfort,  lnd 47 

Franklin,    lnd 20 

Galena.  Ill 364 

Grand  Island,  Neb.  .758 

Greencastle,   lnd 20 

Green  River,  Wv.. 1,449 
Hartford,   Conn.... 922 

Iowa  City,  Iowa 430 

Jackson,  Miss 533 

Jeffersonville,  lnd.  .m:) 

Kankakee.  Ill 138 

Kearnev,   Neb 798 

Lafayette.    lnd 64 

Lansing,  Mien 396 

l  .    ranni    I     ■■      Wy.  .]  .177 

Lawrenceburg,  lnd.  .95 

Leav'nuorth.   Kan.  .571- 

Leeompton,  Kar. 662 

Lincoln.  Neb 662 

Little  Rock,  Ark. ...543 

Log  in-port.   lnd 91 

Louisville,  Ky 110 

Madison,  lnd 86 

Madison,  Wis 350 

Memphis,  Tenn 486 

Michigan  ("v,  lnd.. .155 

Milledgeville,Ga 725 

Milwaukee,  Wis 278 

Mobile,  Ala -4'1 

Montgomery,  Ala. .  .755 

Montpelier,  Vt 1,313 

Monticello,  lnd 84 

Muncie,  lnd 56 

Nashville,  Tenn 293 

Nebraska  C'v,  Neb..770 
New  Albany,  lnd. ...112 
New  Haven,  Conn.. .935 
New  Orleans,  La  ...862 

Nen  '■■-Ik,  N.  y 812 

North  Platte,  Neb.  ..895 

Ogden,  Utah 1,633 

Omaha,  Neb 604 

Peru.  Iml 7", 

Philadelphia,  Pa.. ..736 

Pittsburgh,  Pa 381 

Portland,  Me 1.208 

Pra'dn  Chii  n,  Wis..4<i 

Princeton,  lnd 188 

Kichni i.  Va       .i  013 

Rock  Island    m 375 

Rushville.  in. I  45 

f*t   Joseph,  m<> \<-< 

Bl     I. ..in-     HO   262 

st.  Paul,  Minn 

Salem,  lnd 143 

Sail  Lake  City,  a.. 1,782 

Sandusky,  O  213 

s  Francisco,  <  !al..  .2,256 

Savannah,  Ga 790 

Seymour,   End 59 

Sioux  City,  Iowa 7;"> 

Springfield,  in 223 

Terre  Haute,  lnd 73 

Thornton,  hid 38 

Trenton,  N.  J 796 

Vlcksburg.  Mi--..  .627 
Vinoennea,  tnd  .  .104 
Washington,  D.  C..639 
Wheeling,  W.Va....825 

Wilmington,  Del 811 


Name  of  City,       j     hum.     Name  of  City.       I   hiim.   I   Name  of  City. 


From  Memphis, 
Xenn.,  to 

Albany.  N.  Y 1 ,302 

Alton.  Ill (38 

Altoona,   Pa  11 2 

\nn.ij".ii  ■    Md     .    ,1,1  32 

Atchison.  Kan 646 

Atlanta.  Ga 316 

Atlantic  City,  N.J.  1.208 

Augusta  ,6a 4x7 

Augusta,  Me 1,652 

Austin,  Tex 47" 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Miss.428 

Bangor,  Me 1,720 

Beardstown,  in 428 

Belleville.  HI 330 

Bismarck,  Mo 274 

Boston    Ms   ■ 1,476 

Bow  Ung  1  ■]  - rn.Kv.  .j>;:i 

Bi  ighton,  Tenn.. 30 

Buffalo,  N.  V :>2* 

Cur..    Ill 170 

Canton.    Miss 170 

CarondeU-t.  Mo  1 1  I 

Charleston,  S.  <  624 

Chattano'ga,  Tenn  1  79 
Cheyenne,  Wy.  T.. 1,338 

Chicago,   III 517 

Cincinnati,  O 4s4 

Columbus,  Tenn 61 

Columbus.  Kv 153 

Concord.  N.  H 1,457 

Corinth.  Miss 93 

Covington,  Ky 395 

Cumberland.  Tenn, .  179 

Decatur,  Tenn 188 

1 .  ■■    m.  Mo 262 

Denver,  Colo 1 ,450 

De  Soto,  Mo 3i  Hi 

Detroit,  Mich 751 

Duluth.  Minn 1, 163 

Duquoin,  111 245 

Duvall's  Bluff,  Ark.. .87 

Fargo,  D.,  T L,461 

Fori  est  «  Sty,  Ark. . .  45 
Fort  Scott,  Kan  188 

Fredericton,  Mo 244 

Galveston,  Tex 633 

Green  Bay,  "Wis 759 

Grenada,  Mis- 82 

Hartford, Com.       1  266 

Houston,  Tex 613 

Humboldt,  Tenn 82 

Hunteville,   Ala 213 

Indianapolis,  lnd. .  .486 
Iron  Mountain,  Mo.  .279 

Ironton.  Mo 286 

luka,  Hiss 115 

Jackson   Miss  382 

Jeffera  >n  Bar  h 

K  insas  i  !ity.  Mo.  ..538 

Kimmswit  k,  \i  1 

E<amar,  Kan 348 

La  >  {range,  Teon  ....49 
Lansing,  Mich, 
Leadville,  Colo... .1,728 

Lexington,  Kv .471 

Little   Rock,  Ark.. ..134 

Louisville,  Kv 377 

Lutesville.  Mo 21*; 

BhTadi  on,  w  1- 734 

Marquette,  Mich.. ..907 

Meridian,   Miss 185 

Michigan  Citv.  lnd. .665 
Mill  Spring,  Mo  ...      134 

Milwaukee,  Wis 681 

Mobile,  Ah...    .  117 

Montpelier,   \  t....  1,003 

Tenn 39 

Nashville,  Tenn   ....232 

New  I  irleans.  La 378 

New  York    N.l 
Ogden,  1  tab 1,798 

1 'lathe.  Kan 466 

Neb 1,116 

Paducah,  Kj 166 

I 

Pass  Chi  istian,  Miss  134 
Philadelphia,  Pa..  1,153 
Pilot  Knob,  Mo  ...    284 

s ...  i  on-  in...  Cal.  .2,266 

st.  I. .in-    Mo  318 

St  Paul,  Minn 1.006 

salt  LakeC'y,  U... 1,816 

'■"-.it  t  jboi  o,   a  ;.i 354 

Selraa,    Ala... 

Springfield,   in 4ii 

Ti  \.i  1 1.  in. i.  Lrk.  .  .279 
Toledo,  "... 

Tuscnrabla,  Ala 145 

Washingt'n,  D  C  1,138 
Wilmington.  Del  1,144 
Winnipeg.  Man 


From  Omaha, 
N  -  I.   ,  to 

Albany,  N.  T 1,314 

Alton,   111  556 

Annapolis.  Md 1,331 

Atchison,  Kan 166 

Atlanta,  Ga. ...  . .  .1  -"'-' 

'  ">,  N.  J..  1.378 

lugui  ta,  Me 1,686 

Aurora.    Ill 464 

Baltimore,    Md... 1,350 

Beardstown,  111 467 

Mass I  ,'.17 

Buffalo,  N-  V 1,039 

Burlington,  Iowa.. .294 

Bui  lington,  Vt i  679 

Cape  Mav  N.  J...   1,401 

I larson   <  lity,  Nev *7 

Cedar  Rapids,  la 278 

Charleston,  8.  (  l,i  I 
i !heyenne,  Wy.  T 516 

i    HI 497 

Cincinnati.  O 790 

Columbia,  S.  C 1.334 

i  lolumbus,   <  >  -ii 

Columbus,  Neb 92 

Lake,Wy,  600 
Concord.  N.  H.. ...12580 

David  Citv,  Neb 61 

Denver,  Col 569 

■  ties,  Iowa..  .262 

Detroit,  Mich 773 

Dover,  Dei 1,395 

Fairfield.  Iowa 244 

Ft.   Madison,  Iowa.. 351 

Fort  Wayne,  lnd 645 

Fremont,   Neb 47 

G-alesburg,  III 337 

Glenwood,  Neb 60 

Grand  Island.  Neb. .  154 
Green  Bay,  Wis  681 
Green  River,  Wy.  T.845 
Hardin,   Iowa. 

burg,  Pa 1,213 

Hartford  <  !onn...  1,508 
Indianapolis,  tnd  I 

■  i  .  ■■  Ule,  Pla.1,745 
B         is  City,  Mo 224 

.     Neb 195 

Keokuk,  Iowa 337 

i .  ■    U  ieh 742 

Laramie  C'y,  Wy.  T.573 
Le*v*nworth,  Kan. . .  1*7 

Lincoln,    Neb 58 

Long  Branch,  N.J.  i  ,398 
ilea,  Cal.  .2,389 

Louisville,  Kv 796 

Macon,  Ga       l  395 

Madison,  lnd 7:«4 

Marshalltown,  la.. .108 

Mendota,  111 419 

Milwaukee,  Wis 575 

Montpelier,   Vt 1,721 

Montreal,  Can 1,341 

pjebra  ika  C  jr.Neb..l03 

i  i  i  v  en.  Conn.  1,412 

New  <  Irleans,  La. .  1,136 

Newport,  I;  I  i  ,558 

■  :     S    1      ,1,396 
VI  010 
North  Platte,  Ni  b      29] 
Ogden,  i 

. ...  .85 

Can 1,283 

Ottumwa,   Iowa 219 

Pi  ii 

Philadelphia,  Pa..  1.320 
Portland,  He. . 

SQlncy,  111 366 
Wis 530 

Wv.  T 7"l> 

:     Ind.T 53 

Richmond,  7a     . . .  i  130 
Roelu  -l    i     n     '. 
Rock  Island,  111 
s  u  i  ami  nto  Cal     1,763 

si  Joseph,  Mo 145 

■■ 

S.  Fran. -is.-...   Cal. .1,907 

Savannah,  Ga 1,585 

Schuyler,  Neb 76 

M0 3<>7 

Sidney,  Neb 

Tailah  i 

He  Siding,  Wy.  T...160 

roledo,  0         74<) 

Toronto,  Can 1,012 

Wal ■  Neb  19 

jton,  D.  C.  1,310 
■ 

Wilmington,  Del.  .1,348 
Wyandotte,  Kan... .210 


From  Pltt»huruh, 
Fa.,  to 

Albany.  N.  V 574 

Allegheny,  Pa l 

Alliano     0 

Anderson.  lnd 359 

Annapolis,   Md 366 

AM., .in  ..  G  I  ...      i86 

Atlantic  City,  N.  J.. 413 

Baltimore,  Md 340 

Birm  in  gnam,  Pa I 

Bloomincrton.  Ill 594 

Boston,  Mast  836 

Burlington,  Iowa.. .675 

Butler,  Pa 4i 

Cairo,  111 715 

Canal  Dover.  O...   .110 

Carson  City,  Nev.  .2,120 

ton,  S.  C...  1,141 

Chevenne.  Wy.  T.. 1,529 

Chicago,   111." 468 

Cincinnati.  0 313 

Cleveland.  0 150 

Columbus,  0 193 

Conneautville,  Pa..  113 

Connellsville,  Fa 57 

Coshocton.  0 124 

Cumberland.  Md. ..  150 
Davenport,  Iowa.. .651 

Dayton,  0 264 

Decatur,    111 550 

Dennison,  0 92 

Denver.  Col 1,581 

Des  H< tines,  Iowa  .  *2~> 

Detroit,  Mich 308 

Duluth,  Minn 1,159 

Erie,  Pa 14* 

Fargo.   D.  T I  258 

Ft.  Kearney,  Neb.  .1,195 
Fort  Wayne,  End 

Girard.  0 70 

Harrisburg.  Pa 249 

Hartford.  Conn 541 

Indianapolis,  lnd  381 
Jeffen-on  Citv.  Mo.  .775 
K  Cit;    Mo,    .  938 

Lafayette,  lnd 445 

Lincoln.  Neb 1  020 

ort.  lnd 390 

Louisville.  Kv 42*  ■ 

Mackinac.  Mich 598 

HcKesport,  Pa 50 

Madison,  Wi< i'j»; 

Mansfield.  O 175 

Mansfield.  Pa 8 

Marquette,  Mich. . .  858 

Mattoon.  Ill 524 

Milwaukee,  Wis 
Nashvill        i. 
Nebraska  C'v.  Neb.  1,090 

Newark,  0 160 

■    I         !!•■.    n .50 

i   .     [,378 
New  Philadelphia.  0.113 

New  York.  N.  Y 431 

Ogden.  Utah 1,997 

Omaha,  Neb. .... 
Philadelphi  i,  Pa.. .355 

Portland.  Me 772 

Portland    i  ire  ....3.515 

Sill 702 
l]  .  N.   .1 424 

Ravenna 

nd,  lnd 313 

Richmond.  Va 377 

■  r,  Pa 2d 

8  Cal.  .2,637 

M 

'   . 

Salt  Lake  City,  I 

S.  Francis.  ...  Cal. .2,879 

Sewickly,  Pa 13 

Sharon.   O 71 

Sharpsburg,  Pa ."> 

Springfield,  111.. 

SprincnVld.  O. 

Steubenville,  0 43 

Terra  Haute,  bid... 446 
:.2 

Trent. .11.  N.  J.. 

Valparaiso,   lnd -124 

Warren,  0 80 

Warsaw,  lnd. 
Washington,  D  - 
Washingfe  a,  0  I 

Wellsville,  0 48 

Wheeling,  W.  \  i 
Winnipeg;,  Man.  ..1,358 

X.-nia.  0 248 

Yankton,  Dak.    ..1,071 

town,  O 65 

/-  174 


Name  of  City. 


Mil«.        Name  of  City. 


From  S.  Fraiicixo        From    WsMhlnfjton 

Cal.,  to  D.  C,  to 


Albany,  N.Y. 

M.  1,197 
allegheuj  Cry,  Pa.2  87  I 

■      1 11 2,053 

'.;  •  i  ;  _  i  , 

■      _ 

.... 
. 

Baltimore.  Ud... .32206 

674 

wn.  111. ..2,J  12 

Benecia,  Cal. ., 33 

HaSS 3.43U 

Buffalo.  N.  Y. 
Burlington,  Iowa. .2.104 
Burlington,  \  I 
Cairo,  III 2,115 

j 3.315 

Carson  Citv.  Nev. ..337 

■ 
I  !hat'an« 
Chii  ago,  in  . 

Cincinnati,  <  ► 2,655 

md,  0 2,768 

Columbia,  S.  C       3  122 

Columbus,   < » 2.725 

Colfax.  Cal 2"'.-. 

i    N.  H    ....3  4:*4 

Davenport,  loi 

Dayton,  0 -'  675 

...1,499 

Detroit    Mich 2,695 

I"-  ■  i    Del 8.309 

Elgin    111  22375 

Elko,    Nev 619 

Tex 1,186 

i.i  ie,   Pa 2,863 

Fargo,  D.  T... 
Fort  Wayne,  End 

rt,    Ky. 
«.  M. 2.612 

Hamilto] 

Harrisburg,  Pa. ..  3,127 
■  ■     ■ 
Hi.r  Spi  ings,  Ark.  .2  443 

Houston   T.  i 2,134 

Hudson   N.  Y 3  257 

I 

:    Mich 2.619 

I.  Hid 

Lexington,   Kv 2,802 

Los  angeles,  Cal..   .483 

Louisville,  Kv 2  7'ts 

^1  :;ie.    Cal 142 

. 

I   ■■] 3-2 

N  CaJ 4*> 

New  Orli    ■ 
Newport,  l;    I 
New  York,  N.  Y... 3.310 
■    \  ,2  925 

0  4 

Ogden,   Uts 
Oil  City,  Pa. . 

Neb i  907 

i-      ■     ■     ■    .i 

35 

Phlladelp] 

1  ..2.879 
-■!. 

Quebec,  I 
Raleigh    • 

Ii  v 306 

Richmond,  Va. 

Rock  Island,  HI   ..2,230 

Sacramento,  Cal :■<> 

. 

48 

s.ui  Raphael,  Cal. ...14 
■ 

■ 

Savannah,  Ga 3,27."> 

Sonoma,  Cal 
South  \  allejo,  I      . 
Springfield,   111 2,125 

Cal '.'2 

st.  Louis,   M 

I 

■ 

...2,926 

Lrii 978 

Tulare.  Cal 251 

Truckee,   i 

\ 

Vinita,  lnd.  T, 

\\ 

■ 
Wilmington,  Del. .3,029 
Winnemucca,  Nev.  .47.'. 


Albanv.  N.  Y. 

Albert  Lea.  Minn..  12273 

Amherst,  Mass 619 

Andover 

4<> 

Alexandria.  Va 7 

Atlanta.    Ga.. 
I 

Aurora.    Ill 

Baltimore.  Md 39 

Bangor,  Me 7"-< 

Bellaire.    0 34;> 

Bladenburgh.  Md •; 

Boston,  M,i". . 
Burlincrton.  I<- 
Burlington.   Vt. 

Cairo.  Ill 

Cambridgi 

Cambridge.  0 402 

N.  J 260 

Odar  Rapids,  la..  1,118 

Charles) 

Chattano'ga.  Tea 

Chev.-nne.  Wy.  T..  1,830 

1 

Cincinnati.    0.  ■ 

Columbis    S   I 

Columbus.   O 350 

i  ioncord,  N.  H 
Cumberland,  Md 
I>avenport.  Iowa... km; 

Defiance,  O 

Denver,   Col 1,928 

Des  Mo  in 

Hover.    Me 

Duluth,  Minn. 
F't  Kearney,  Neb,  1 ,495 
Rort  Wayne,  lnd 
Galesburg,  in 

i  termantown,  Pa 27 

Gordonsville,  Va 
Grafton,  Va. . 
Green  Pay    Wis. .  i  ,055 
II 

'     ■ 

I  Oils,  lnd. .030 

B  ■    -v.  Mo..l  228 

■ 

Keokuk.  Iowa. 

Lawrence,  Mass...  407 

Leav*n worth,  K 

Lone  Bridge,  Va 

Louisville.  Ky. . 

Lowell,  Mass 458 

Lynchburg,  Va, 

m  jes,  Va 34 

Martin  sbnrgh,  \ 

M    ■ 

-   - 
Milwauke. 

Minneapolis,  Mir, 

Montgomery,  A 

'  ■ 

\ 

Navy  Yard 

I 
New  Orles        1 
Newport,  R.  I, 
N-w  Vork,  N.  Y 

Ogden,  rr.ih 1  342 

Omaha,  Neb 1.310 

Parkersbi    - 

I 
. . . .  1 :« 
■ 

Pittsburgh,  Pa 300 

Portland 

Providence,  R.  I  ..  418 

Quincy,  111  . 

R 

Richmond,  Va 77 

Rock  1-1  md.  m 
8acram<  nto,  1 

1  223 
Salt  Lake  City,  ' 
- 

1. .1.328 
■ 
I 
\> 

■ 

Winona,  Minn 1,119 

Yankton,  D.  T  ..  l  416 

Zanr>vilte,  O 428 


324 


PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  AND  THEIR  RESULTS, 


GIVING    THK- 


Number  of  Presidential  Candidates,  Number  of  States  Voting,  Totals  of  Electoral  Votes  at  Each  Election,  Popular 
Vote,  Former  Occupation  of  Candidates,  and  General  Remarks. 


January,  1789— First  Presidential  Election-Washington  Chosen. 


■ 


i ...    Pn 
Idenl  and  Vice- 
President. 


TmI 'i  I  ' 

Popula, 
\  ote. 


i  i  irmer 

"i- ! 

<  '.imlhlJii  -. 


General  Remarks, 


18 

■ 
■ 


\uii  i . 


hington. 

John  kdanu  

John  Jay 

R  ii.  Harrison 

John  Rutledge, 

:  Huntington 
Benjamin  Lincoln 
John  Bancock 

(  UlntOU 

John  ttllton 

I '  m  trong.... 
I  Telfair 


Surveyor,  Planter,  Qen'l 
.it  .    Lav/3 er,  Dlplom  ■ 
.,:».  .  Jurist,  Diplomat!  I 
rist,  Pi  Irate 

,6,      Jurist .  Governor .... 

..-.,.  Jurist,  Governor 

. .  i . . .  Genera]    Li   ii    Go   ei 
t    .  Merchant,  Governor, . . . 

3...  Fi 

tate  Secretary 

I ...    -M 1 1 1      ■    ■  

■  :  nor 


Parties |     10    |       (Tone      I 


I 


I  ■ 


i  1 1 r 1 1  i -mi  the  i  lectoi al  voter*  were  chosen  bj 
the  Legislature  ■>!  each  81  ite,  and  not  bj  the 
people;  h<  nee  no  popular  vote  appears. 

New  fork  failed  t>-  pass  :i  proper  election  law 

me  to  s*ote  and  R  nodi    I  rth  Cai 

ollna  had  not  adopt*  d  the  I  lonstltutton 
t votes  were  not  cast. 

I  i'h  electoi  voted  foi  two  candldatei .  the  high- 
est number  for  one  electing;. 

There  we    i ndldate  f<  lent,  but 

John    adams,  having  the  vot< 
ton,  we 

Conn.,  v  .1  .  Pa  .  Del.,  Hd  .  \  a.,  S  C.  and  G 
Hi.  it  \  otes  for  w  ashln  not  voting;. 


November,  1792— Second  Presidential  Election-Washington  Again  Chosen. 


No  of   .»t»>.j 

■ 

Electoral 
Volt*. 

Nuanof  (he 
<  OOtML 

Candidates  for  Presi- 
dent and  \  i 
President 

i 

Total 
Popular 

\  ote 

Elector*) 

1 

1 
1 

.    .   ■   | 

i  ...  mei 
i  iccupat  i"n  of 
i  londide  i ' 

I ..  n. Hi  Remarks. 

i  list ... 
):■  publican..  ! 

sni  \ ej "i .  Pla nter, Gen'] 

■ 

hosen   bj  Ste  1 
in  i  not  bj  i  ho  people. 

" 

and 

....77.. 

mont  i. 

l 85 

•   '  .            Hie  Dei iratlc  Cor   Intl-FederallstJ   Party  was 

i 

W  .  hington  elected  President,  and   Itdami  Vice 

i  ■:  i    Ident. 

i                     i         :■ 

l  i            None       i      132           1  .  . 

i.   i    '  d     Ky.,  \  t.,  N.  H.  and  Mass.  cast  their  votes 
i-i  M  .i  hington. 

December,  1796— Third  Presidential  Election    Adams  Chosen. 


Ko.  -f  -t  xi-  • 

■ 

Bladonl 

V«tM. 

■ 
1 

Candid 

Idi  hi  and  V*ice 
President 

N     ■  1 
Voting. 

Popular 

V,.tr. 

1 
1 

. 

Vol** 

\   l,r    IV.. 

1     ■ 

1  Occupation  <>f 
lidates. 

i  h  aeral  Remarks. 

i  ilplora  >iii 

and 

Electoral  von                    ■  n  bj  State  Legislatures, 

i  ilist . . . 

Washington. 

to 

., 

Statesman  Senatoi 

1.88 

rernor                   !..i.i-n     elecl   'i    Pn    Ident,   and   Tims.  Jeffei  on 

I '.  Pincknej . 

\  ice  President. 

i '    in  in. . . 

1,  Governor... 

Pi 91    Governor 

Va.,  Tciin..  s.  c,  Pa.,  N.  C,  Ky.  and  Ga.  vo 
.!■  ff«  i  on;  vi..  k,  [.,  N.  1      N  J.,  n.  H  .  Ha 

Republican..  ■ 

November,  1800    Fourth  Presidential  Election— Jefferson  Chosen. 


km!  No.  of 


N»m«g0rih*  Pres-lNo.  of 

iitia  la      Idem 

the  Goal 


Cot  ii 
\  <-te. 


■ 
Cut  fnr 


Former 

i  Hull  Of 

Candid 


Kemarks. 


Repnblli 
Pedera 1 1 

| ,  . 
i  '  ■ 

16 

.mil 

A  ti''  between  Jefferson  and  Burr  led  to  n  close 

Entitled 

,  i  ...',.,.        but  Mji  the  17th  ol  Feb]  uoj  j . 

188 

ami 

84 

i  .nut  \.m  on  i                      Ident. 
Conn.,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Del..  M«i..  Va.,  B.  C.  N.  1      B 
Ga  .  Ky.,  Tenn.,  N.  Y.,  Vt.,  N.  H.  ami  Mass.  voted  for 
Jeffei  -"ii. 

Vote*. 

and 

...1... 

None       1       73      1    203 

Presidential  Elections  and  Their  Results— Continued, 


325 


November,  1804— Fifth  Presidential  Election— Jefferson  Again  Chosen. 


No.  of  states 

Electoral 

Votes. 


Names  of  the 

Political    Partita 

the  Contest. 


Candidates  for  Pres- 
ident and  Vice- 
Pi      dent. 


■ 


Total 

Popular 

Vote. 


Totes 

Cut  for 
Vioe-Pres. 


Former 

Occupation  of 

Candidates. 


General  Remarks. 


IT 

Entitled 

to 

176 

■ 


Republican.. 


Thomas  Jefferson., 

and 
George  Clinton 

Chas.  C.  Pinckney.. 
and 

Rnfna  King. 


H. 


Governor,  Stab 
Farmer,  Governor. . . . 


Statesman,  Diplomatist 
Statesman,  Diplomatist 


Totals.  |  2  Pol.  Parties.  ] I    17    |       None      |    176     |      176    |  . 


Jefferson  elected  President;  Clinton  elected  Vice- 

i-nt. 

X.  J..    Pa..  Md..   Va.,  S.  C.,  X.  C  .  R.L,  Ga.,  Kv.. 
Tenn.,  N.  Y..  Ohio.  Vt..  X.  H.  and   V 
Jefferson,  and  Conn,  and  Del.  voted  for  Pinckney. 


November,  1808— Sixth  Presidential  Election— Madison  Chosen. 


Bfoof  BUtea 

and  No.  of 
Ekctmral 

V    i.  . 

Names  of  the 

Political  Parties  in 

the  Contest. 

>r  Pres- 
Ident  and  Vice- 
President. 

■ 
But*  ■ 

Total 

Pupular 

Vote. 

1 

■ 
Piv.j-Jmt 

I 
fast  for 
Virr-Pre. 

Former 
Occupation  of 

Candidates. 

General  Remarks. 

Republican. .  ' 

ami 

r>. 

..     .9.. 

17 

States, 

Entitled 

on  elected  President;  Clinton  elected  Vice- 

to 

« : 

and 

3.. 

Madison  had  the  votes  of  Vt.,  X.  V.  N.  J  .  Pa., 

...5.. 

...47.. 

Statesman,  Diplomatist,  Pinckney  those  of  Conn.,  Del.,  X.  H.,  R.  L  and  Haas. 
j     Votes  not  cast— 1. 

Senator,  Diplomatist..., 

Votes. 

and 

....47.. 

Totals.  |  2  Pol.  Parties.  [  !     17     I       None       I      175     I      175     |  . 


November,  1812— Seventh  Presidential  Election— Madison  Again  Chosen. 


■  ■ 
and  V  .  ..f 

Elteu.ral 
Vote*. 


Names  of  the 

Political  Parties  in 

the  Contest. 


Candidates  for  Pres- 
ident and  Vice- 
President. 


N     a| 
States 


Total 

Popular 
Vote. 


■ 

PfT»i.lfTit.   Vice-Ptw. 


Former 
Occupation  of 

Candidates. 


General  Remarks. 


18 

■ 

Entitled 

to 

318 

■ 

Votes. 


Republican.. 


Federalist.... 


Madison II 

and 
Elbridge  Gerry 


DeWitt  Clinton.. 
and 

Jared  Ingersoll.. 


12S Cabinet  Officer.. 


Totals.  1  2  Pol.  Parties.  I  I      18    |       None       |     217     j     217 


Madison   elected   President;    Gerry  elected  Vice- 
Lawyer,  Governor President. 

Vt.,  Pa.,  Md..  Va..  X.   C.  S.   C,  Ga.,  Kv..   Tenn.. 
Ohio,  and  La.  voted  for  Madison,  and  X   H 
I;.  I..  Conn.,  X.  Y..  X.  J.  and  Del.  for  Clinton. 

Votes  not  cast— 1. 


Senator,  Statesman... 
Jurist.  Congressman  . 


November,  1816— Eighth  Presidential  Election— Monroe  Chosen. 


Namesofthe        Candidates  t'^r  Prea    n    of 

Political  Parties   in         ident  and  Vice-  Sutea 

tboCom^t.  President.  v  ;!,1-" 


Total  Electoral    Electoral 

popular        c^toT      Cast  for 

\  Ote.  Pr-aldcnt.  Vice-Pres. 


Former 

tion  of 

t  -1=1.1 1  . 


General  Remarks. 


Republican. . 
Federalist... . 

and 

..It!.. 

...183.. 

Senator,  Diplomatist... 

Govern,  a 

Jurist.  Senator 

..183.. 

Entitled 

If onroe  elected  President;  Tompkins  elected  Vice- 

to 

and 

.%. 

tit 
X.  I! ..  R.  I..Vt..X.  V     X.J.     Pa..  Md.,  Va.,  X.  C. 
1    <  .  Kv.  Tenn-.  Ohio,  Liu  and  tod.  voted  for 

Electoral 

4. 

Monro*                         i  ionn.  :uid  Del.  for  King. 

\  otes. 

3.. 

not  cast — *. 

November,  1820 

-Ninth  Presidential  Election— Monroe  Again  Chosen. 

No.  ft)  Bl  Mi  ■ 
and  No.  of 

Votes. 

Natty- 
Political  Parties  in 
tb«  Contest 

Candidate  for  Pres- 
et -in,)  vice- 
lent. 

No.  of 

■ 

Total 

Vote. 

El  re  t..ral 

t  li  itoral 
1 

Former 

■Moll   of 

lates. 

General  Remarks. 

->A                                           ( 

and 

■ 

Statesman,  Diplomatisl 

"*        Republican..  - 
States.                                   ( 

.'Jl-.. 

Entitled 

elected  President:  TompUl 
nt. 

to 

and 

s 

eSS     i  my  ..,■!,., 

.1 

•  rnor. . 

not  cast-.'!. 

\. .!,->. 

i  lomatist 

326 


Presidential  Elections  and  Their  Results— Continued. 


November,  1824-Tenth  Presidential  Election    John  Q.  Adams  Chosen. 


■ 

um)  Ho.  ■■< 
BlMtonl 

Vol*  a. 


84 

to 

Electoral 
I 


N»IHr- 

■    ■ 


■     . 


■  i    Pre* 

id. 'nt  and  \  loe 


Andrew  Joel    on 
John  Q.  Ad 

and 
John  < '.  <  iainoiin. , . 
w in    it    Crawford. 

and 
Nathaniel 
. 

and 

mford  .. . 

U   ,  l  T  in    \    ■■ 

Andren  -1 

h  ■  ■  ■  i  i  >   Clay 


Popular 

\  in.-. 


155,872 
.105.821. 


...84, 
...41. 


.37.. 


1  P.. 1.  Party.    | |    24 


i  armor 
<  iccupatlon  of 

I  'iuiih'1  iU 

.inn  i .   > raJ — 

. i,    i tlplomaturi 

,i,,i  i  i.  (  ibinei  i  ifflo  i   . 
<  rffioer, . 

Soldier,  Statesman 

Diplomatist. .. 

■  nator 

.ini  i  i .  Senator 

' . en<  i'i 

Senator,  Dlplomati  ri   . 


■  Remarks, 


This  election   was  the  first  oi   which  ■  popular 
vote  was  recorded 

i  i  ..mi  the  number  ol  candidate  .  i  ud  I  be  chai  ac 
ter  "i  the  ballot  casl ,  this  election  ■■  i    km  rw  a  i 
the  "  Scrub-race."    Adams  and  Calhoun  were  ■  lected 
Presldeni  and  Vice-Pn  by  Con 

gross,  whi  determined. 

He.,  n.  h  .  Mass.,  R.  1^  Conn.,  Vt.,  N.  Y,,  Toted  for 

Id Del    Va   and  Oa- fori  !raw  ford     K.  J.,  Pa., 

M.i  .  N.  C-,  8.C.,  T  inn.,  La.,  Hiss..  End     in    u 
i  und  K\.,«  »hit.  and  Ho.  for  Clay* 

\  i.r.  ■  aotcasl    i. 


November,  1828    Eleventh  Presidential  Election— Jackson  Chosen. 


■g  £  •'■     Politic*]  Pmrtlt*  In 

1    r  Pres- 
■  r  mi!  vice 
President, 

■ 
1 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

BlMtM  kl 

(    ... 

PTi-.lilrnl. 

.  ii  own] 

■■    ■ 

Cut  8m 

Vloo-Pnu 

1  01 

1  iccup  1 
Candidate 

General  Remarks. 

Democrat  h 

National         S 
Republican  / 

ondrew  Jackson 

I  i 

..647,231., 

■■£  I 

.171., 

Jurist,  Cablnel  '  ifflo  r, . 

Jackson  elected  President;   adams  elected  Vice- 
President. 

1 

and 

....  7.. 

2«  1 

\   ,,T.    - 

and 

...83.. 

-  : 

Diplomatist,  Senator 

in,  Diplomatist 

N.Y..  Pa..  Va.,  La  .  S.C.,  S.  0.,  Ga.,  Ky.,Tenn., 
1 1)111.,  imi  .  Miss..  111.,  Ala.  and  Mo.,  roted  foi    Fad 
ion;  Me.,N   H.,  Mass..  R.  I.,  Conn.,  Vt.,    If.  J.,  Del. 

Totals. 

L'  Pol     1 

1 

1   1  ...   12 

261 

261 

November,  1832    Twelfth  Presidential  Election    Jackson  Again  Chosen. 


No...f  Bum 

•el  No.  of 
Electoral 
VoW». 

Swrt  of  the 
Political  PMtif  In 

lb«  Contest, 

Candidates  for  Pies 
ident  and  \  Ice 
Ldent 

No.  of 
Votinc 

Total 

Popular 

Vote 

i 

■ 
■  .     ■ 

Pmiilrnt. 

1 
i 

Qui  f.  r 

■ 

■    »...     1 

,•  ion  "i 

i  i  tec 

General  Remarks. 

'.'1 

irolinaj 
Demoi 

,  .i          \ 
bllcan  , 

Antl-Maa  inic 

\  f  i .  i  p .  .  ■.  .Li-  h  ion  ...       ,16.. 
and 

..-7  r>.rj 

..219 

189  . 

1  Pn   ii'  Mt :   Van  Buren   elected 
[dent 
Tin-  ■•  Boutfa  Caroline 

■ .     ■ 

0 

■    ■ 

Entitled 

i  | 

■  Nuiini.  I  -  ■     for  attempting     to     annul     .•hum 

nati '  taws  which  thej  deemed  a  curtailment1  <>i 

the  rights  of  the  State.     Jackson  promptly     up- 

288 
i    .  ■ 
VotM 

i  mi 

William  Wirt 1 

and 

...  7. 

1  kwyei    i   l1 i  Office. 

pre    ed  the  rebellion    party. 

Me..  N.  H..  N.  S      Va.,  Ga      N    -1     Pa      V  C,  Tenn.. 

i                .  I  M'l. .  Ill  .  Ala.,  1 '.  ii  mi  Mo.  voted  1 ■ 

.  .,i     m.i        i:    i    i  ..mi     Del.,  Md   .i  od  8 )    tori  lie  |  , 
a  i     for  Floyd,  and  vt.  for  Wirt 

Votes  not  cast— 2. 

•  Floyd  and  Wirt  bad  a  popular  rote,  together,  <'f 

Towts. 

4  Pol.  P 

1 

24 

1,250,799 

286 

U*t. 

November    1836  -Thirteenth  Presidential  Election— Van  Buren  Chosen. 


•M  No.  of 
Klr«ior*l 

i 


I     irtks  in 


i    Pres-  v-.  of 

ident  and  Vice  Popnlai 

ii.    ident  Vote 


1 
■  ■ 

Vict-Pr*-*-. 


Ki  Tiner 

l  I,  rll|i;i  II-  'II   Ol 

( landidates. 


Remarks. 


«« 

Entitled 

u, 
994 

•Electoral 
Vote 


Demoa  atic, . 


wbig. 


M. ii  tin  \  an  Buren 

and 
Rieliani  M.  Johnson. 

Willi;,ni  Smith 

Bugh  L.  White 

wiiii,.  P.  Mangum.. 
John   Tyler 

Win.    II 

Francis  Granger 

i    r 


I. 


17" 


26 

.   1! 


7  I 


.147 


..47. 


Jurist,  Senator 

Senator 

\nn  Iturcn  elected  President;   Johnson  elected 

>   \ ....  President 

".'"' Me.,H    B..  R.  I..  Conn.,  N.  Y..  Fa..  Va.,  H.  C,  La., 

Senatoi  Kiss.,  111-.  Ua,  Mo.,  Ark     ....i  Mich,  roted  f..r  Van 

.    Bnren;  Vt.,  N.J.,  Del.,  Bd.,  Kv,.  O.  and  tad.  for 

'■">'•""  11  ,,  rl  fi  on.  for 

White;  S.C.,  for  Mangnm. 

656  rotes   were  cast  for  Harrison.  White, 
Webster  and  Mature 
■  i    Senator 


-    i         294    |  . 


Presidential  Elections  and  Their  Results-Continued, 


November,  1840— Fourteenth  Presidential  Election— Harrison  Chosen. 


Ho  ofSub  i 

and  N"  ■! 
Electoral 

Vote". 

Names  of  tlie 

Political  Partus  in 

the  Contest. 

Candidate  for  Pres- 
ident and  Vice- 
President. 

No.  of 
States 

TotaJ 
Popular 

Vote. 

Cast  for 
Pr.-aid.-nt. 

Btootonl 
\ 

Ca.it  for 

Former 
Occupation  of 

Candidates. 

General  Remark*.  * 

Whig ■ 

Democratic,  i 

Win.  H.  Harrison.... 
and 

.    19.. 

.1,275,017. 

..234.. 

86 

States, 

Martin  Van  Buron  . . . 
and 

..7.. 

.1,128,702. 

...60.. 

Harrison  elected  President;    Tyler  elected  \  ice- 
President. 
Mi-   Tyler  succeeded  to  tin-  Presidency  upon  the 

Entitled 

...  48. . 

Lawyer.  Governor 

Lawyer,  Statesman 

...  11.. 

death  uf  President  Harrison.  April  4,  1841.  serving 
until  March  3,  1845. 

He.,  Mass.,  R.  I.,  Conn..  Vt..  X.  Y..  N.  J..  Pa..  Del.. 
Md..  N'.  C,  Ga..  Kv.,  Tenn..  O..  La..  Miss.,  1  r  ■  -  J     and 
Mich,  voted  for  Harrison,  and  ft.  H.,  Va.,  8.  C.  111., 
Ala.,  Ho.  and  Ark.  for  Van  Buren. 

Votes. 

James  G.  Birney 

and 

0 

7,059. 

....  0.. 

....  0.. 

26         2.410.778   1      294 



November,  1844— Fifteenth  Presidential  Election— Polk  Chosen. 


No.  of  States 

and  No.  of 

Electoral 

Votes. 

Names  of  the 

Political    Parties    in 

the  Contest. 

Candidates  for  Pres- 
ident and  Vice- 
President. 

No.  of 
Statu 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

El*otor«J 

Votes 

Cast  for 

President 

Electoral 

Votes 
Cast  for 
Vice-Prw. 

Former 

Occupation  of 

Candidates. 

General  Remarks. 

36 

States. 

Democratic  ■] 
Whig j 

and 

.  15.. 

.1,337,243. 

Lawyer,  Statesman 
Lawyer,  Statesman 

Lawyer,  Statesman 

..170.. 

Entitled 

.  11.. 

1  '_"<: 8 

..105.. 

Polk  elected  President;  Dallas  elected  ^  ioe-Presi- 
dent 

Me.,  N.  H..  N.  Y..  Pa..  Va..  S    <    .   <;  ,..   La.,  Mo., 

to 

and 
Theo.  Frelinghuysen 

and 

..  105.. 

Electoral 

..  0.. 

82,800. 

...    0.. 

Miss.,  Ind.,  111.,  Ala..  Mich,  ami  Ark,  voted  for  Polk, 
and  Mass  ,K.  L.Conn,,  Vt.N.  J.,  DeL,  Md.,  X.  C,  Ky., 
Tenn.  and  U.  for  Clay. 

26         2.698.611    1      275     1     275 

November,  1848— Sixteenth  Presidential  Election— Taylor  Chosen. 


No  of  States 

and  No.  of 

Kliiriirul 


Pol l1  P  •<•■■  ■■  i 

ii ontest 


Candidates  for  Pres- 
ident and  Vice- 
President. 


No.  of         Total 

stmr*      Popular 

voting.        Vote. 


\..i 


I  1  i-.-t .  .r  ;il 

Votes 
Cut  for- 


Former 

i  feenpat  Ion  of 

Candidates. 

Planter,  General... 

i,.iw yer,  State  man 
!..i  v  3  ex,  Statesman 

Lawyer,  General. . . 

Lawyer,  Jurist 

La  a  j  ■  r,  Stat<  sman 
1.,-iv,  ver,  Statesman 

Clergyman 


i:.  mai  ks, 


30 

States, 
Entitled 

to 

200 

Electoral 

Votes 


Whig. , 


Liberi  y 


Zachary  Taylor.... 

and 
Millard  Fillmore.. . 
Lewis  Cass 

and 

Win.  O.  Butler 

Martin  Van  Buren. 

;md 

i  Ibas,  P.  Adams    . , 
Gerrlt  Smith 


■ ,  ,  r.,,;;;::1 


i  :u»i,ni] 


1,220,544 

■ 


,  163.. 
.  127.. 


Totals.  1 4  Pol.  Parlies.  |    |    30     \   2.871,908    |     280     i     290     \ 


Taylor  elected  President;  Fillmore  elected  Ylce- 
i'i .  aldenl . 

Mr.  Fillmore  succeeded  to  the  Pn  dden 
1850,  when  President  Taylor  died,  and  served  until 

L853. 

-     mm    Del.,  Ga.,  Ky.,  La.,  Md  .  Mass..  N.  J..  ».  Y.. 

1    ,Pa,,  K.  I.,  Tenn..  Vt.  and  Fla.  voted  for  Taylor; 

and  Ala.,  Ark..  111..  Ind.,  Me.,  Mich.,  Miss.,  Ho  .N.H.. 

I  i  ,  S.  0.,  Va..  la.,  Tex.  and  Wis.  VOted  foi  I 


November,  1852— Seventeenth  Presidential  Election— Pierce  Chosen. 


No.  ■■!  Sl.n.  ■ 
and  No.  of 

ElSOtOTftl 


Nnmi-s  of  the 
■olitiotl  Partial  in 

■ 


Candidates  for  Pre*    n<>.  of 

ident  and  Vice-  Bttiei 

President.  voting. 


Total 

P do ' 

\  oti 


]    |.  .   r   .,  ,|        I,.    ■(.,!    .1 

Votes 
On«t  for  Oast  for 
iv.  ■!  lent   Vloo-Pm, 


Former 

Occupation  of 
I  la  adido  t> 

Lawyer,  I  leneral 

Lawyer,  Senator. . . 
Lawyer,  Gh  ai  ■  i 

Lawyer,  Senator, . . 
1  awyer,  s.  natoi    . 

Lawyer.  SI 


General  Remarks. 


SI 

State; . 

Entitled 

to 

896 

Electoral 

Votes 


Whig. 


Franklin  Pierce 27. 

and 

William    K.   King 

Winfleld  Scott ..  4. 

and 

William  A.  <  rraham 

John  P.  Hah- 

and 

Qi  0,  W.  Julian 


1,601,474, 


i  i6  i  19 


.254., 

..42.. 

0 


254. 

.42. 


Totals.  1 3  Pol.  Parties.  | I    31     13,144,601        296    1     296    | 


i  rr«--.i.i«iit ;  King  elected  v. 

ident,  but  died  April  I- 

Ua.,  Ark..  Conn..  Del.,  Ga.. 111.. Ind.,  La.,Me.,Md., 

i    --   .    MO.,    N     H    ,    \      I        \     \        N    I 

l;    1     S.  C,  Va.,  Fla,,  la.,  Tex.,  Wia    and  Cal.  voted 

for  Pierce;    and  Ky.,  Mass.,  Tenn.  and  Vt.  voted  for 

Scott 


328 


Presidential  Elections  and  Their  Results— Continued, 


November,  1856 -Eighteenth  Presidential  Election— Buchanan  Chosen. 


,   .  t    i  iitmr9i«    »nr 


1 


31 

States, 

Entitled 

to 

896 


Republican. 


American  or 
Enon  Noth'g ' 


i  ,  ■ 
Idem  and  \  lee 
Pi  e  Id)  m . 


n  ■     Df 


Total  Blwionlj  El<-cior»l  i 

Populw       I 

\  oce.         Pi      ■.    -     |  . .  i'f. 


i  -I 

0©  upo  tlon  of 
Cai        ,  i . 


Remarks. 


.i  i  mi      Bui  h  man — 

.Kill 

Jno.  C.  Breckenrldge 
John  c.  Fremont 

and 

wm.  L.  Dayton 

Millard  I  Lllmon 

and 
Andrew  .1.  Donelson  . 


;.      ■ 


,      n   ;■   i 


..  171, 


I        ■    .  .    I,         Ml     I    II 


.174.,  I  La 

i  cplorer,  Senator Wet  Pre  Ident 

N.  j..  Pa..  Del.,  Va.,  S.C    B. C.,  Ga      Kj      A  on 

ill     Jurist,  Senator |   ,      Mi        [nd.,  01     Us     Mo  .  ark..  Fla.,  Ti 

l  awver   Btate    a  in         '   ''■  *oted  for  Buchanan;  He.,  K.  h  .  Haas  .  B-  L, 

Conn.,    Vt...  N.  V..  <_>..  Mull  .  I.i.   a  ■>•  I  wis.   vofc 

Idler,  Lawyer Fremonl .  and  Hd  voted  for  Fill re. 


Totals.  1 3  PoL  Parties.  | I    31       4^53,967        296 


November,  1860-Nineteenth  Presidential  Election— Lincoln  Chosen. 


■ 


N'*ui' «  oft*.* 

■ 


88 

Entitled 

tO 

808 

\  otes 


. 


Const!  tu 

Union  f 

tadepi  ad 
Dem-" 


Candidate  tm  Prei 
Pn    idem 


Abraham  Lincoln, 

ami 

mlln. 
John  i  ■  Br©  k.nridge 

and 

JOSepb    Lam- 

John  Bell 

.-,.i 
Edward  Everett  .... 
Stephen  A,  i gins. 

and 

Herscnel  v.  Johnson 


V.     .., 
I 


l,.i     ,1 
P    ■ |    111    " 


i-  .  .  1,865,918. 


.  11..  . 


.  3 591,900 

.  1..  .1 


I   ■ 

Occupa  ■ 
Candidate 


Lawyer,  Stat 

Qovernoi   . 

Lawyer    ■  ■  nator 

' i  i  lovernor  . 

Lawyer,  Stat* 
Govt  i  nor.  Senator. . 


General  I 


Lincoln  elected  President;  Hamlin  elected  \  loe 
President 

Me    \   il ..  Mi-.,  B-  L,Conn ..  vt  .  N.  v..  N    '    Ps  . 

»>..  tad..  111..  Mien.,  la,,  Wis.,  Cal.,  Minn. and 

voted  foi    i.u in.  Del  ,  Md.,  N.  C,  8.  C,  Ga.,  La., 

i     Ark..  Fla.  and  Tex.  voted  foi   Bn  ck< 


.  rldei     v"a.,  Ky.  and  Tenn.  voted  for  Bell,  and  Ho., 

Jo™»Stat<    man.  .uM  ,,.,,,,,,  \   J    voted  for  Douglas. 

Jurist,  Governor 


Totals.  1 4  Pol.  Parties.  | I    33    \4  303    |. 


November,  1864— Twentieth  Presidential  Election— Lincoln  Again  Chosen. 


■ 

■ 

i   pros- 

i.i.  bi  and  \  lee 
I'm   tdent. 

n».  or 

■ 
■ 

Pol  >l 

■ 

1 

Votri 
■ 
7lM-Pm. 

Former 
ttlon  ol 
Candid  Ltes. 

General  Remarks. 

88 

Kepubh 

Democi 

f 

ami 

.2,216,067. 

..212.. 

Lawyer,  Congi 

Eleven  States,  then  in  rebellion,  did  not  vote,  a 

States, 
Entitled 

..212. . 

M  Km  ■  ucceeded  tol  he  Pre  ddem  •■  April  15, 
i   i   i   Pn    ident  Lincoln  having  1 s     i 

Me.,  N.  11..  Mass..  l;   L,  Conn.,  vt..  N.  V..  Pa    Hd., 
0.,  Ind..  III.,  Mo.,  Mich.,  Wia    Lv.Oal..  .Mum..  Ore., 
Kan  .  W.  Va,  and  Neb.  voted  roi  Lincoln;  and  N.  J,, 
Del.  and  Kv.  voted  for  McClellan. 

to 
81  1 

■ 

B   Htf  lellan 

..:*.. 

...21.. 

Totals. 

2  PoL  P 

1 

1    25 

1,024,792 

.     233 

November,  1868— Twenty-first  Presidential  Election— Grant  Chosen. 


Nusnof  tbe 
Political  l'»n.-j  ID 


r  Pres- 
ident and  Vice- 
President. 


1   I  dTL 

vote. 


■ 


Former 

li  ion  of 
Lldates. 


Qi  neral  Remarks. 


:I7 

Entitled 

to 

:*17 


Republican 


■  nt 

and 

>lfax 

Horatio 

Francis  V.  Blair,  Jr. 


.   115,071 


-' 


Totals     2  Pol.  Parties.] 724,684 


General,  Secre'y  of  War     ,,.,  ,  ,  t  Tex.-dW  not  cast 

their  electoral  votes,  numb*  pin 

He.,  N  H.,  vt.,  Mass..  R-  L,  Conn.,  Pa  .  N.  C.,8.  C. 
Ua.,0    Tenn.,  tad.,  111..  Mo.,  Ark..  Mich.,  Wi       i  i 

W.  Va  .  NYv.  and  Neb.  voted 

i  v  v..  s.  J.,  1"  i     tfd     Ga.,  La.,  Ky. 
md  Ore   *  oted  foi  Seymour. 


.Iournnli-i    Bta  U 

nor 

'ienoral 


Presidential  Elections  and  Their  Results— Continued, 


329 


November,  1872-Twenty-second  Presidential  Election-Grant  Again  Chosen. 


No.  of  Stati  - 

■    ■ 

Votes. 

at  rl  ■■ 
the  Contest. 

Candidates  t"i  Pres- 
ident and  Vice 
Presid)  nt 

No.  of 

-.  ii.  - 

Total 

Popular 

Vote. 

Eli  ■  tun) 

■ 

Co.,  for 

Electoral 
Vote* 
Cut  rear 

V,<:,.-,'r,n 

Former 

Occupation  of 
Candidi 

General  Remarks. 

Republican. . 

Liberal           ^ 
Republican  / 

De cratic. .  -. 

Prohibit'n  or) 
Ti  mperance  / 

Labor  Reform. 

■ 

Uncertain...  ■ 

Revenue           \ 
Reform  / 

Anti-Masonic 

Social   Refm 

i  i\  ssea  s.  Grant 

and 

.31.. 

.3,597,070. 

286  . 

General,  Secrey  of  War 

Mechanic.  Statesman... 
Founder  of  N.  Y.  Tribune 

Horace  Greeley 

and 

..  6.. 

.2,834,079. 

....8.. 

...  47.. 

Grant   elected    President;    Wilson  elected  Vice- 

...  41!.. 

and 
and 

29,406 

....  0.. 

n 

As  will  be  seen,  there  were  hum'  different  tickets 
Lawyer,  ixovernoi in  tne  n^,|(j  nln\  theenl                        i  was  remark- 
Lawyer,  Statesman able  for  tne  variety   ol   opin -   and   prejudices 

which  it  evolved. 

:i  7 

0 

....0.. 

Horace  i  Ireelej   i"i    pri  aidenl .  oi  Eginato  1 
lows:  The  National  )'■•  publican  <  onvention,  which 
nominated    General    Grant     for    re-election,   had 
adopted  a   platform    urging   the  continual 

States, 

and 

....!>.. 

....  u.. 

coercive  measures   in   tne  soutn  until    tne 

Jurist,  Governor negroes  should  be  invested  with  all  the  ri( 

Jurist   Statesman      .,   .  white  citizens.    Thia  gave  offense  to  a  nun 

to 

....  1.. 

ao« 

. . .  5. . 

„„,„               ,.  „„  tlie    party    leaders,    who    favored    a    conciliatory 

Congressman,  Governor  cours^  aJ[d    tfae  „lthih                                  ,„-,. 

....5.. 

Electoral 

. . . .  .*. . 

Lawyer    Governoi             dgnal  defeat,  a  majorlt}  of  the  States  supporting 

Votes. 

....3.. 

tin-  policy  "l  the  National  KipuMlcans. 

Three  electoral  votes                       last  for  Greeley, 

Willis  B.  Machen 

....  1.. 

....  I.. 

General,  Governor       . .  eight  of  Louisian  i,  bee  tuse  of  dMut.it-  return--,  were 

W.  S.  Groesbeck 

0 

....  1.. 

Lawyer,  Congressman.,  thrown  out  of  the  cam  i        M 

Me.,  N.  II..  Vt  .  Mass.,  R,  L,  Conn.,  N.  Y..  N..T..  Pa.. 

Landscape  Gardener  . ..  Del.,  v,i„  n.  c..  S,  i  ■..  Via..  0     bid..  111.,  Miss.,  Mich., 

and 

....  0.. 

0 

TawvPr   Statesman            Fla-  Ia  ■  V7iS.,CaI.,  Minn.,  Ore  .  Kan..  \V.  V...,  Neb., 
Lawyer,  Statesman.     ,.  Nev    A|.k    md  u    v    |pi,  ,,  ,   ,  ,  :!|,    ,mi|  Mi,    (.;l 

Ky.,  Tenn.,  Mo.  and  Tex.  voted  fort treeley. 

and 

0 

and 

Totals. 

9  Pol.  Parties. 



•■• 

6,486,165 

352 

352 

November,  1876— Twenty-third  Presidential  Election— Hayes  Chosen. 


N  tinea  of  the 

Politic  il  iv.rtii-  in 

the  Contest. 


<  landldates  for  Pres-I  Pfo.  of 
Ident  anil  Vice-  States 

President 


Total 

Popular 


Electoral1 
■ 
Cut  for 


Kir, '[oral 

\  at  > 
Cut  for 


Former 
'  iccu  pa  lion  of 
Candid  i 


Remarks. 


Republican.. 


States, 
Entitled 

to 


Dei ratic.  ■ 


869 

,,  Prohibit'n  or) 
Tempei  i  ne 
Votes. 


American    or 
Anti-Masonic 


Rutherford   B.  Hayes  .  21. 
and 

Win.  A.Wheeler 

Samuel  J.  Tilden 

and 

Tims.  a.  Hendricks. , 

Peter  Cooper 

and 

Samuel  F.  Cary 

Green  *  Hay  Sten  art. 

and 

Gideon  T.  Smith 

James  B,  Walker.. . . 
and 

Donald  Kit  tpal  rich 


1,03  ;  975        185. 


4,284,893, 


ftl.740 


..9,522, 


.2,636. 


Lawyer,  Governor 

.  Lawyer.  Congressman.. 
.  Lawyer,  Governor 

.  Lawyer,  Senator 

.  Hanufactu'r,  Statesman 
i    i  iongressman. 

.  Lawyer,  Governor 

.  Lawyer.  Lecturer 

.  Clergyman,  Author 

.  Farmer.  Merchant 


Totals.  |  5  Pol.  Parties.  | |    38    |   8.412, Tit.         369  369 


Owing  to  doubtful  returns  from  Louisiana.  Ore- 
gon, Florida  and  South  Carolina,  and  the  closeness 
of   the   Electoral  voti 

Congress  to  appoinl  an  Electoral  Commission  ol  15 
influential  and  competent  men  to  decide  the  con- 
test. Tiny  nut  in  th,  I  1877, and  by 
a  vote  "i  8  to 7,  decided  that  Hayes  and  Wheeler 
were  elected  President  and  Vice-President 
the  4th  of  March,  1877,  they  were  duly  inaugurated. 

Me..  N.  H.,   Vt  is,, 

111..  Mich.,  Fla.    I  i    J.,  Minn.,  Ore.,  Kan., 

Nth..  Nev.  and  Col.  voted  for  Hayes ;  and  Conn., 
N.  Y..N.  J.,  Del.,  Md  .  Va  .  N .  c  .Ga-.Ala.,  Ky..Tenn.. 
hid      Mo.,  Ark.,  Miss.,  Tex.  and  w.  Va.,  voted   for 

Tilden, 


November,  1880-Twenty-fourth  Presidential  Election^Garfield  Chosen. 


Ho.  of  States 
■        ■ 

Electoral 
Vols*. 

Names  of  t  p 

Political  Parties  in 

'      WtML 

Candidate  for  Pn  s- 

id<  nt  .md  Vlce- 

i  'i  i ■-  Ident. 

Total 
Popul  ir 

\  ote 

I  |i  ctonl 
Votu 

Cm)  f->r 

Prtni.lent. 

Cast  fur 
President. 

Former 
Occupation  of 
<  !and 

J  Remarks. 

.  19..     4.454.416. 

Lawyer,    1  tollector.    - 

Republican. .  ■] 
Democratic. . 

Prohibit^!  or  \ 
Temperance 

l  treenbacfc  . . 

Imei  lean  or; 
uui  Mason  ) 

and 

.     214.. 

Wmll.  Id  S     II  ,i 1. 

ami 

Win.  H.  English. 

19 

t  144,952 

38 

.   155., 

Mr    Arthur  Bucceeded  to  the  Presldencs  upon  the 

,      ii    . 

...  0.. 

Merchan                             io-  lfi 

to 

and 

869 

. . .  0. . 

Washington,  I1  I '    July  2. 1881 

Electoral 
Votes. 

and 



Me.,  N  H  .  Vt  .  Maw  .  K.  L.  Conn  N  Y  Pa..  "-. 
Ind..  Ill  .  Mich     l.i     u 

1,696 

:  ,i  minority  ol  i                       >r  Garfield;  and 

Tenn..  Mo.,  Ark.,  Miss  »  majori^  of 
Cal.,  \\.                         i  oted  for  Hancock. 

and 



38     1    9/219.947    1      369     1      369 



330 


Presidential  Elections  and  their  Results— Continued, 


November,  1884- Twenty-fourth  Presidential  Election— Cleveland  Chosen. 


I'trti  .     u 

1 

'.null. i. it--  for  Pre* 

.       nul   VlOS 

Pre  ni. -in. 

Tol  >i        \'                                       rroer 
P  ■"  »l«      cuifcr    bus*           Oecupfttloii  of 
Vote                                              Candidates. 

■  ..in  ml  Bon  ■ 

( 

1  Cleveland 

and 

.20.. 

.4,011.017. 

..219.. 

Lawyer,  Senator 

Senator 

Cleveland  elected   President;    Sendiici 

»8 

Republican.. 

James  u.  Klainc 

mill 

■ 

1 

..  1X2.. 

Ua.,  Ark..  Conn.,  Del..  Flo,.  Go..  End  .  1 

Md     Hb     .  Ho  .  N    .1     n    ■»       N    ' 

John  P.  Bl  John 

MM 

Itlon  . 

and 

i:i  tine 

! 

iin-  contest  was  won  bj  the  Democratic  part] 

aback...  j 

and 

ident  James    Buchanan,  In    1856.      Thecaojiewas 

attributed    Co   a    i  omblni n    ol     drcum  . 

among  s  hlefc  wi  n   dl     it!  rod «  Itfa  the  Ri  pub 

Ucan  c  indid  ite      •  quenl    falling  ofl  ol    i  be 

mal      v 
Right          , 

11,862, 

.ni.i 

1      ! iltlon  gi  senback  and  otfaei  1    o*  ■ 

United  States  Cabinet  Officers,  During  Various  Presidential  Administrations. 


Washington's  Administration. 

Flrsi  Term.  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  > 
of  st.it.  Alexander  Hamilton,  ol  s.  V., 
i  Henrj  Knox,  ■■!   Mass.,  Sec*)  ol  War  and 

Kavj     Edmund  Randolph,  ol  Vo,,  Att'y-Oen'l. 

Second   Term*    Th Jel n    >-f   Va., 

Bdm i   Etondolpli  "i    \  i  ,  and  Timothy  Picker. 

ink'.  of  U  if  Stai      Uexander  Hamilton, 

.,i   \    \     .mkI  i  Hirer  Wolcott,  ol  « tonn. 

Henry  Knox,  I  Timothy  Pick- 

ering, ol   In  ',:  James  McHenr}  ,ol  ltd  ,  Sec1? 

oi    War  and  Navy.   Edmund  Randolph,  of    Va., 
and  Win,  Bradford,  of  Pa.,  and  Charles    I 
\  .  .  \tt\v~<;.-n'l. 


John  Adams'  Administration. 
Timothy  Pickering,  of  Mass.,  and  John  Marshall, 
ol  State;  Oliver  Wolcott,  ol 
and  Samuel  Dexter,  ol   Haas.,  Be 

.1. ■     HcHenr-    "'    Hd.,  and  Samuel  Dexter,  of 

Hans., St  '  leoi  -■•■  Cabot   ol   Ha        ind 

BenJ.  Stoddard    ol  Hd.,  Sec*ys  of  Navy;  Charles 
Lee.  ol  Va.,  Att'y-Genl. 


Jefferson's  Administration. 

Fit*"*  Term. -Jam. ■>  Madison,  of  Vs  .  See*y 
ol  State     Uberl  flail  itin,  of  t  Tree 

Henry  Dearborn,  oi  Mass     See*)  ol   Woi 
rninStepdard,  of  Md.,  Robert  Smith,  ol  Ud.,  and 
Jacob  Crownlnshield,  of  Ms  I   Navy; 

Levi  Lino  In,  *-i  Haas.,  and  Robei  I  Smith,  «>f  Md., 

Second  Term.— James  Madison,  of  Va.,  Scc'y 
of  Stab     am.. -i-t  Gallatin,  ol  Pa.,  Sec^  of  Treas.; 
Hem*}  Dearborn.of  Mobs.,  Secy  "i    Wai 
Crownlnshield,  ol    Ha  Wavy;    Robert 

Smith,  ol    Hd.,  John   Breckinridge    ol   K.v.,  and 
'■ni 


Madison's  Administration. 

Flr«(  Term.— Robert  Smith,  Of  Hd.,  andJas. 
Monro.  dlatln.of 

1  Wm.-*Eustis,  of  Mass.,  and 

.[..tin  Armstrong,  of  ft,  T-,  Sec*ye  of  Woi      i 
Hamilton,  <>f  s.  C,  and  Wm.  Jones,  of  Pa 

a    Rodney,  ol  Del.,  and  William 
Pinkney.  of  Hd.,  ak>    i 
Second  Term.— James  Monroe,  of  \ 

Uberl  «.iii  itin    ol  Pa.,  and  George  W. 
Campbi  II,  of    i  <  nn     and  AJex.  J.  D  -lias    "f  pa., 
o!  Treas.;   John  Armstrong,  ol   N   V..  ami 
of  Va.,  and  Wm.  H.  Cras 


...  ni  War;  Wm. Jones, ol  Poland  Ben]. 
W  Cros  alnshleld   of  Ms  ivy;  Wm. 

Plnkne*- .  ol  Ud  ,  and  Richard  Rush,  "i  Pa.,  att'ys- 
Qen-1. 


Monroe's  Administration. 

Flr»l  Term.     John  Q.  Ad 

ol  st.it,',  Wm.  H. <  i.''  I  ■'  '     '  ■■  ■  i 
John  c.  Calhoun,  ol  S  C.Sec**  ol  War;  BenJ.  W. 
Crownlnshield,  ol  Haas.,  and  Bmlth  Thompson,  ol 
v  v  .  Sec'ya  ..i  Navy,  wm.  Wirt,  ot  Va.,  Att'y- 
■ 
Second    Term.— John   Q.  Adams,  of   Mass., 
State;  Wm.  H.  Crawford   ol 
John  C  Calhoun,  ol  S  C.-So  j   of  War; 
Smith  Thompson,  ol  v  v..  and  Bam  I  L  Southard* 
of  N.  J ..  ivy;  u  "'  «  "'   ol  Va.,  Att'y- 

flen'l. 


John  Q.  Adams'  Administration. 

i  i ,  r i  i  >   Cloy,  ol    k-  .  Bac-j   of  Btata;    Richard 

i|  Pa.,  Sec'j  "i  Treas.;  James  Barbour,  ol 

■  i  r-i,  i    B    Port)  r.of  M    ST.,  Bec*j  -  ol   War; 

s .i  L.  Southard,  of  N.  J.,8ec-j  ol  Navy;  Wm, 

v.  iri   ol  I  ■  .  v"  j  Qen'l. 


Jackson's  Administration. 

Flr»l     Term.      M.ntin    Van    I; i.   of    N.    Y.. 

und  Edward  Livings! I   La.,  See*]     ol  vi  Lb 

Samuel  i'  Ingham  ol  Pa., and  Louis  HcLane,  of 
Del.,  Sec1  John  H.  Eaton,  of  Tenn.,and 

Lewis  Cass,  ol  Ulch  .  -  I    I 

of  K. C,  and  Levi  Woodbury,  ol  K.H., 

lorry,  of  Ky.,  Poi  tma  ter-Gei 

John  U.  Berrien, of  Qa.,and  Roger  J:.  Taney,  of 

Md.,  Att'y-  <;<  n'l. 

Second    Term.     Ktlward   Livingston,  of  La., 
nn«i  Louis  UcLani    ol  I  •■       uid  John  I  oi 
i    ■  i  HcLane,  of  Del.,  and 

Wm.  J.  ['nam-.  <.r  i\i..  and  Levi  Woodbury,  of 
\  h  Sec*ys  of  Treoi  Lewis  Cass,  ol  Hlch  8ec*j 
nf  War;  Levi  Woodbury,  "f  X.  H  .  and  Mohlpn 
Dlckerson  ol  N   J    St  Wm  T.  Barrj . 

of  Ky.,and    Unos  Kendall,  of  ft*j  .  Posts 
Oenl     Roger  B  Tanej  ,  ol  Hd.,and  Ik-nj.  F.  Butler, 
of  x.  v..  Atfys-Gen'l. 


Van  Buren's  Administration. 
John  i  ■         .i  state;  Lei  I  W i 


Inirv-.  Of  N    H ..  Sec-y  «-f  Trias,;  Joel  R    l\.u 
S  C,  Sec*]  ol   Woi';   Uahlon  Dlckerson,  "i  N  J., 
and  James  K.  Paulding,  ol  N    I     Becysol  Wavy; 
Amos  Kendall,  ui  Ky..  and  John  H.  Nlles,  ol  i  Sonn  . 

Postmasl "i     Benj   |     BuUei    of  N.  Y.,  and 

Fells  Grundy,  of  Tumi.,  and  Henry  l>  Qllpln,  of 
Pa  ,  ktl  '■    Qen-1. 


Harrison's  Administration. 
Daniel  w  ebsti  r,  ol  Us  ».,  Sec';  ol  Stab  ,  Thoa. 
Ewing,  "f  Ohio,  Sec'j  ol  Treas  .  John  Bell,  »r 
T.iiii..  S','\  ol  War;  George  i..  Badger, ol  n  C., 
Sec1}  "i  Navy;  Francis  Granger,  "t  n  \.,  Post- 
■  len-l;  John  J.  I 'rittendt  n,  <•!  Ky.,  Att'y 
Qen'l. 


Tyler's  Administration. 

Daniel  Webster,  of  Us  ■  .  and  Hugh  S    Legare, 

of  8.  i '  ,  and   \i"  i  P  i  |.  1mm,  ol  \  a.,  and  John  I '. 

■i  of  S.  C,  Sec**i    of  State*  Thofl   Ewing,  of 

t  ihld  and  '■■'■  "'  ■■  u  d  ol   Ps     ind  Qei 

Bibb,  ol  k«.s.  i   .         John  B<  II  ol  :■  on  . 

and  John  C  Spencei    ol  K.T.,and  Wm.  Wllkins, 
ol  Pa.,  Bec^  -  ol  Wsj     i  B  idger,  ol  N  C, 

and  Abe)  P.  Upsl  and  David  Henshaw, 

of  Mass.,  and  Tbos.W.  Gilmer,  oi  \  i  ,and  John  1 
ncis  Oi  tngei . 
of  x.  s  i  of  Ky.,  Posl 

I ..  ii  i .    John    I  of  Ky.,  and 

Hugh  s.  L/gan      i  9  l     and  '>  hn  Nel  on,  of  Md.. 
\tt\-  Oenl. 


Polk's  Administration. 

Buchanan,  ol  Pa.,  Sec*"  ol  State ;  Roberl 
J.  Walk*  :         ■:  ec*y  of  Tree       Wm.L  Han  | 

of  S    ?.,  Sec*3  "'  W  ai    i  ge  Ba 

and  .ImIui  Y.  Mason.  •>• 

Johnson,  of  Tenn  .    PostmasterOenM;    John    Y. 
Mason,  >>f  Va.,  and  Kathan  Clifford,  ol   Hi 
■ ..  ni 


Taylor's  Administration. 

JohnM.  Clayton,  of  Del    Bec*j  of  State;  Wm   M. 
Meredith    of P 

ford,  of  Oa.,  Sec-y  of  War    Wm.  B.P 
Sec'yof  Navy.    TiiMin .     Ewing  ol   Ohio,  Sec'yof 
Interior-,  Jacob  Collamer,  of  Vt.,  PostmasterOenli 
Reverdy  Johnson,  of  Ud    At t ' \ -<  ten  I. 


United  States  Cabinet  Officers,  During  Various  Presidential  Administrations— Continued, 


331 


Fillmore's  Administration. 

John  M.  Clayton,  of  De!.,  and  Daniel  Webster,  of 
M.         md  Edward  Everett.  of   Ka 
State;  Win.  M.  Bferedith,  of  Pa.,  and  Thorn 
win.  of  Ohio.  Sec'ya  Of  Treas. ;  Geo.  W.  I ') 

nid  Chas.  M.  Conrad,  of  La..  Sec'ya  of  War: 
Win  B.  Preston,  of  Va..  and  Wm.  A.  Graham,  of 
K.C..  and  John  P.  Kennedy,  of  Ud..  Sec'ys  of  Navy; 
Thos.  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  and  Alexander  H.  H.  Stuart, 
of  Va..  Sec ys  of  Interior:  Jacob  Collamer.  of  Vt  , 
and  Nathan  K.  Hall,  of  X.  Y..  and  Samuel  D.  Hub 
bard,  of  Conn.,  Postmasters-Gen'l;  Reverdy 
Johnson,  of  Md.,  and  John  J.  Crittenden,  of  Ky., 
Att'ysGen'l. 


Pierce's  Administration. 

Wm.  L.  Marcy.  of  N.  Y..  See'y  of  State;  James 
Guthrie,  of  Ky,.  Secy  of  Treas.;  Jefferson 
ol  Hiss.,  See'y  of  War;  James  C.  Dobbin,  of  N.  C., 
Sec'y  of  Navy;  Robert  McClelland,  of  Mich.,  SeCy 
of  Interior;  James  Campbell,  of  Pa..  Postmaster 
Genl;  Caleb  Cushing,  of  Mass.,  Att'y-GenT. 


Buchanan's  Administration. 

Lewis  Cass,  of  Mich.,  and  Jeremiah  S.  Black,  of 
Pa  Sec'ys  of  State;  Howell  Cobb,  of  Ga.,  and 
Philip  F.  Thomas. of  Md.,  and  John  A.  Lux.  of  X.  Y.. 
Sec'ys  of  Treas.;  John  B.  Floyd,  of  Va.,aicl  Joseph 
Holt,  of  Ky..  Sec'ys  of  War.  Isaac  Toucey.  of  Conn., 
Sec'y  of  Navy;  Jacob  Thompson,  of  Hiss.,  Sec'y  ■' 
Interior;  Aaron  V.  Brown,  of  Tenn.,  and  Joseph 
Holt,  of  Ky.,  and  Horatio  Kinsr.  of  He  Post- 
masters  Gen'I;  Jeremiah  S.  Black,  of  Pa.,  and 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  of  Ohio.  Att'ys-GenT. 


Lincoln's  Administration. 

FIrot  Term.— Wm.  H.  Seward,  of  N.  Y..  Sec'y 
of  State;  Salmon  P.  Chase,  of  Ohio,  and  Win.  p. 
Pessenden,  of  He.  Sec  J  -  of  I  reas. .  Simi 
eron.of  Pa.,  and  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  of  i  'hi 
of  War;  Gideon  Welles,  of  Conn..  Sec'y  of  Navv: 
Caleb  B.  Smith,  of  Ind.,and  John  P.  I'sher.  of  Ind., 
■Interior;  Montgomery  Blair,  of  Md.  and 
Win.  Dennison.  of  Ohio,  Postmasters-Gen  "i ,  Edw'd 


Bates,  of  Ho.,  and  James  Speed,  of  Ky.,  Att'ys 
Gen'I. 
Second    Term.— Wm.  H.  Seward,  of  N.  Y.. 
I  State;  Hugh  McCulloch.  of  Ind..  Si 

fiton.  of  Ohio,  Sec'y  of  War; 
Gideon  Welles,  of  Conn..  Sec'y  of  Navy.    ! 
Usher,  of  Ind.  Sec'y  of  Interior;  Wm.  Dei 
of  Ohio,  Postmaster-Gen'l;  James  Speed,  of  Ky.. 
Att'y-Genl. 


Johnson's  Administration. 

Wm.  H.  Seward,  of  N.  Y..  Secy  of  State;  Hugh 
McCulloch,  of  Ind.,  Sec'y  of  Treas.;  Edwin  M. 
Stanton,  of  Ohio,  and  John  M.  Schofteld,  of  N.  Y-. 

I  War.  Gideon  Welles,  of  Conn.  - 
Navy;  John  P.  Usher,  of  Ind..  and  James  Harlan, 
of  Iowa,  and  Orville  H.  Browning,  of  111..  Sec'ys  of 
Interior;  Wm.  Dennison.  of  Ohio,  and  Alexander 
w.  Randall,  Postmasters-Genl;  James  Spi 
Ky.,  and  Henry  stanbery,  of  Ky.,  and  Wm.  M. 
Evarts,  of  N.  Y  ,  Att'y-GenT. 


Grant's  Administration. 

First  Term.—  Elihu    B.  Washburne,  of  111., 
and  Hamilton  Fish,  of  N.  Y..  Secy-  of  Stat 
S.   Boutwell.  of  Mass..  Sec'y  of  Treas. ;    John    A. 
Rawlins,  of  III.,  and  w.  w.  Belknap,  of  la.,  Sec'j 
of  War;    Adolph  E.  Borie,  of  Pa.,  and  George  M 
Robeson,  of  N.  J.,  Sec'ys  of  Navy;  Jacob  I),  Cojc,  "t 

nd  Columbus  Delano,  of  Ohio,  Set 
Interior;  John  A.  J.  Creswell,  of  Md.,  Postmaster- 
Gen'I;    Ebenezer  R.  Hoar,  of  Mass..  and  Amos  T. 

in,  of  Ga.,  and  Geo.  H.  Williams,  of  Ore., 
Att  y-Gen'l. 

Second  Term. —Hamilton  Fish,  of  N.  Y.. 
Sec'y  of  State;  Wm.  A.  Richards,  of  Ma - 
Benj.  H.  Bristow,  of  Ky..  Sec'ys  of  Treas.;  Wm. 
W.  Belknap,  of  la.,  and  Alphonso  Taft.  of  Ohio, 
and  James  Donald  Cameron,  of  Pa..  Sec'ys  of  War. 
Geo.  M.  Robeson,  of  N.  J..  Sec'y  of  Navy;  Columbus 
Delano,  of  Ohio,  and  Zachariah  Chandler,  of 
Mich,  Sec'ys  of  Interior:  John  A. J. Creswell,  of 
Md  .  and  James  W.  Marshall,  of  Ya..  and  Marshall 

of  Conn.,   and  James  N.  Tyner.  of  Ind.. 

-ters-Gen'l;  Geo.  H.  Williams,  of  Ore  .  and 


Edward  Plerrepont,  of  N.  Y-,  and  Alphonso  Taft, 
of  Ohio,  Alt  v    0 


Hayes'  Administration. 

Win.  M.  Evart-    of   X    Y     -  :   John 

George  W. 
McCrary.  of  la..  Sec'y  of  War;  Richard  W.  Thomp- 
son, of  Ind..  Se  carl  Schurz,  of  Ho., 
i  v  of  Interior;  David  M.  Key.  of  Tenn., 
Postmaster-Gen'l ■  Charles  Derens,  of  Ma--.,  Att'y 
Gen'I. 


Garfield's  Administration. 

James  G.  Blaine,  of  He.,  Sec'y  of  State,  William 

Windoin,  of  Minn..  Sec'y   of    Tic,-       Robert  T. 

Lincoln,  of  111,,  Sec'y  of  War;    Wm.  H.  Hunt,  of 

.    .,t    Navy;    Thomas  L.  James,  ol   X.   Y.. 

;cr  Gen'I:  Wayne  HcVeagta,  of  Pa..  Att'y. 

Gen'I .  Samuel  J.  Kirkw  ood.  of  la.,  Sec'y  of  Interior. 


Arthur's  Administration. 

James  G.  Blaine,  of  Me.,  and  Fred.  T.  Freling- 
-  of  State:  Wm.  Witidom,  of 
!  X  Y.  Wain  tv  Gresham, 
,.I  Ind.aici  Hugh  McCulloch.  or  U 
Treas.;  Robert  T.  Lincoln,  of  111..  See'y  ,.t  War; 
Wm.  H.  Hunt,  of  La-,  and  Wm,  E.  Chandler,  of 
N.  H..  Sec'ys  of  Navy:  Samuel  J.  Kirkwood.  of  la., 
and  Henry   M.   Telle: 

I.,  James,  of  X.  V..  Timothy  O.  Howe,  of 
Wis,  Walter  Q.  Gresham.  of  Ind..  and  Frank 
Hilton,  of  la.,  Postmasters-Gen'l;  Wayne  Mc- 
Yeagh.  of  Pa.,  and  Benjamin  H.  Brewster,  of  Pa., 
Att'ys  Gen'I. 


Cleveland's  Administration. 

Thomas  F.  Bayard,  of  Delaware.  Sec'y  of  State: 
Daniel   Manning,   of  New    York    s 
WilUam  C.  Endieott,  of  Mass.,  SeO  ol   '•' 
C.  Whitney,  of  X.  Y  .  s, ■,■•>-  ol  Navy;    Lucius  «.'  C 
Lamar,    of    Hiss  interior:     William  F. 

Vila-,  of  Wis.,    Postmaster   Gen  1.    Augustus   H. 
Garland,  of  Ark..  Atl'yGenT. 


Speakers  in  the  U.  S.  House  of  Representatives. 


NAME. 


Served  in  what  Congress. 


F.  A.  Muhlenbiirg Pa 1750, 

Jonathan  Trumbull Conn. . .  174M. 

F.  A.  Hnhlenburg Pa 1750. 

i       ,      oi  Dayton X.  .1        1760 

Th lore  Sedgwick Hass...  1746. 

Nathaniel  Hacon X.  C — 17."i7. 

B.  Varnuin Hass       17 50, 

lay Ky 1777. 

,.S.    C 17711. 

Henry  Clay Ky 1777 

JohnW    Taylor X.  XT... .1784. 

Philip  P.  Barbour Ya 1783. 

Henry  Claj Ky 1777 

John  W.  Taylor N.  Y....1784. 

Stevenson Ya 17*4 

John  Bell Tern 

k.  Polk Tenn. ..1795. 

Robert  M.  T.  Hunter.. ..Va 1809. 


.1st 1789-1791    .   1801 

.2d 1791    IT 

.3d IT 

l  Hi  1799-1801. ..1813 

.7th.  8th  undHth.  .    ..l^'I    lS"7...1-37 

.  10th  and  1  lth 1807-181 1...  1821 

.I2th  and  13th 1811-1820.. .1852 

..13th 1814-1815.. .1857 

lln,   ISthand  16th.. 1815  1-. 

.16th 1820  1821. ..1854 

,I7th Is'Jl   1823.. .1841 

..isth IS 

.19th 1825  1827..    1854 

.20th,  21,  22 and 23.    .1827   i- 

,23d     1-1   18 

.'JIU,  and  25th IS 

,26th 1K39-1S41 


- 


Born.         Sejved  in  what  Col 


John  White Ky. 

John  W.  Jones 

John  W.  Davis Ind 1799. 

Robert  C.  Wlnthrop Hass.. ..1809. 

Howell  Cobb Ga 

Linn  Boyd Ky. 

Nathaniel  P.  Banks....  Hass.. ..1816. 

James  L.  Orr S.  I         l 

William  Pennington N.  J.. ..1796. 

Galusha  A   Grow P. 

Schnyler  Colfax Ind 

James  G.  Blaine Ma.: 

Michael  C.  Kerr Ind..       1827 

Samuel  J.  Randall Pa 1828. 

'■'.    Setter Ohio.. .  .1836. 

John  G.  Carlisle Ky. 

John  G.  Carlisle Ky 1835. 


,27th 1841-184 

2Sth IS 

.2!>th 1845-1847 

.30th 1847-184] 

.32d 184 

,32d  and  33d 1851-18 

.34th 18 

.35th 18 

,36th 18 

37th 1- 

.38th,  39th  and  40th..  IS 

41st,  42c 

44th 

.  ,44th.  4.".th  and  4 

.- 

,.4.sth 188 

,.49th I88S 


91 

•4 


PICTURESQUE  AND  NOTABLE  PLACES  FREQUENTED  AS  PLEASURE  RESORTS, 

Situated  in  Various  Parts  ut  the  1  lilted  Stul.  s; 
Giving   Historical   Data,  Facta,  Figures   and   Special   Features   of  Interest   and  Attraction   Pertaining   to  Each. 


Adirondack   Mountain*,    \.    V . 

fork    prising  the  I  iounties  of 

H  .mi  i  ■■  and  Clinton 

knOV.  li  !■•  >[■■■    i 

a. hi i.i.'k>.    a    eta  .  extends 

through  the  i 

southwest,    on    an  derated    plateau,    or    ridge, 
which  I  i  feel  higher  than  tbi 

of  tin.'  Atlantic  *  tot  in      Fii  e  of  1 
their  belght 
the  tallest,  rises  5,337   feel  above  the    i  ■ 

St.  Antlmny  and    MiM.u  tin    B 

niiit.'.i  to  be  5,000  i.  -  i,  and  Blount 
ftfclntyre,   4,000    feet    above    It,      Owing  t"  the 
Irregularity  of  the  mountain  chain,  and 
effecl    upon    the  country .    thi 

nd  and    romantic.      The  rivers    \u  Sable 
originating  In  the  recesses  of  the 

mounts  ■  ...  hamplain,  on  ,  i : 

while  the  Cedar  and   ;  ,  uniting  with 

the  headwaters  <>f  tin-  Hudson,  emprji  into  that 
stream.    There  are  numerous   othei    rivt 

'I. .in  the  Adirondack  region,  with 

:    ponds  and  jrnitude, 

which  add  much  t.>  tin-  grandem 
of  this  famous  resort.    Qame  and  fl  b    u 

within   Its   borders.     On   the   tntains  abound 

groves  and  birch,  beech,  maple, 

hemlock,  spruce!  cedar,  tarn  md  white 

.  which 
art-  principallj    navigable  for  llgl 
diversity  t-»  the  rugged  surroundings.    Tourists 
d  :  totpaths  !••  the  numer- 

ous i'i;>'  ■  Timbei  and 

form  I  bi 

rondacs   region,  v.  b)<  leveral 

- 

Alexandria  Bay,  ^.  Y.      At  tin-  approach 

of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  a  short  distant 
of  Kingston,  Can.,  the  tourist  enters    Alexandria 
i  Ignated  "  The  I 

the  Thousand  Isles,"  and  which  extends  down  Du- 
st. Law  i  ence  rort  j  mile  ,  with  a  brea 
miles.    Tin-  Bcenery  on  this  lake  i-  among  the  fln- 
estonthe  continent.    Scattered  here  and 
even «  i  oat    the    placid    watt 

i  tnda,  "f  evei  | 

■  the  Mir- 
I,  covered  with  vi  rd- 
are,  while  others,  of  larger  size,  are  in  mi  riant  In 
shade  tr»  often  lj  mil'  In 

1  >ne  Is    i-   miles    in 
length  and  2  miles  wide.    The  beautiful  i 
the  leaves  and  -  bated  to  the  bountlfal 

supply  of  watei  rig  the  Islands,    Light- 

Indloattng  the  frequent  changes  in  the 
channelof  the  stream,  add  greatly  to  the  pictur- 
esque diverait  r  of  thi 
Islands  I  ted  elegant  i 

ornamental  grounds.    Hotels  abound  at     i 
l>-.iiit-,   and   boating    Ashing  and  hunting   offer 

■  :.:..■ 

Ltlon. 

Aiii-L'iiany    Bprlasru,   Va.— Within  a  few 
-   Uleghany  Station,  Va  on  the  Pennsylva- 
■  d  this  quiet 
health  resoi  I     The  i  pi  Ing 
abounding  LnE| 

i  oraach. 

*  eight  miles  brings  the  torn 

brated  Puncheon  Run  Palls,    where  a    mountain 

perpendicular, 

a  distant  reet    in  the  vicinity  of  the 

■  vcaling  wild 

nnd  beautiful    ■  ■ 

A*i>iiry  Park    Ocean  Grove    Sol  many 


yean  ago  a  com  pony  of  Methodist  clergyman  and 
laj  men  In  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvn 

■  nuilxed  it"'  i  tot  in   Qrove    « lamp  Meeting 

i\  miles 
south  ..i  Long  Branch,  N.  J .,  upon  which  I 
Uafa  a  permanent  camping  ground  and  summer 

■    for  christian    I 
welMmo 

own  laws, 
and  thu 

ol    liquor   i  Ulng    Sabbs 
and  all  dlstui  blngi  of  society,    a  bracing 

here,  boating,  bathing  and  driving  com- 
be pi  in.  Ipal  'in  action  ■.  and  hall  i  ■ 
of  peop  ■  annually  avail  themselves 

1  but  i  Park  contains  nearly 
500  acres,  tastefully  improved,  and.  Ilea  Ave 
miles  boo  ;  iranch. 

Aiiant  i<-  <  u  > ,  \.  J.— Between  Long  B 

■  pe   Maj .  on    n  bal  i  -   know  □   b 

i    ■ 
and  tourists.  Such  are  the  advantaf  i 
ti ii  :i  that  both  summer  and  win- 

receives  mans   '■  ■  I  ■  '  ;  i  ■  i  ■      ' 

■ 

I 

In  the  colder  seaso  I  tempi 

sunny  skies  ami    oleasant   surroundings,  makt 

•  '  ii  there  extre ly  agreeable. 

•  pit  -  -  mi   town,  with  hai 
■     and  n  Ide  and  shad  | 
Ion  ■    :    i 

1 1 1  ■ .    e|  1 1     1 1 . 
[chit  may  be  reached  from  Phila- 
delphia md  *■-■      I  o]  i:  Mid  mui  hi 
■ 

Au  Hal»lt*  ChaSMS.— Among  the  many  remark  - 

i  the    Adirondack  region    In  New 

dKtVe,     '-  B     li-'l  Hi    il    •  hi     iii  in 

the   Potsdam  sand  tone,  through  which  the  an 
Sable  i  •  ■  ■ 

h    Mountains    toward    I  tkt 
Champl  iln      I  lain  some  plai  i 

ly  two  hundred  feel  deep    and  ovei   badowed  by 

tu  channel  Is  only  ten  feet  In  « Idth, 

•  another  it  expands  to  flfrj    reet    The 
I    nearly  two  milt  ■  long,  and  the  -lark  and 

■ 
rails,  leaping  In  one  plact  ,adl  tance 
ol  i  v  ent  j   fei  I  othi  r,  -  i  v  t  >-  feet    the 

whole  formh         so  ne  thai   rival     I  hi 
cataracts   ..r    mountain  streams  In  Switzerland. 
The  surroundings  are  as  remarkable 

i  of  monntaln  r  mgi       ■    I 
tnd  Lake  '  bamplain     The  p] 
In  thi*  locality  may  enjoy  tin-drives  and  nu 

fresh  air  ami  g I  flshlng  stations. 

Barni-L'at  City  Iteach,  BT.  .J.— On  tin-  Maw 
':■!•■   it    Cltj 

and  fourteen  miles  froi 

thePenn  Iroad  (by steamer)  this  new 

Bummei  re  by  Its  beautiful 

in, -j, ti.. ii,  its  nu rous  cottages  and  Its  -till  and 

hunting,  fishing,  boating  and 

.      r,  - 

Bedford  Springe,  Pa.— In  lftf>4  a  remark- 

able  cure  developc  i  the  presi  nee  ol   a    ■ 

health  re*  torlng  spring  al    tl  md    the 

oon  became  t  be  rammer  resort  of  numer- 

ral  beaurj    "f  the 

I  i  om  It, 

on  the  west,  In  the  vicinity  of  the  Bprlngs,  a 

ii    while,  -in  the  eaj  t, 
[othed  with  di 


the  variety  and  beauty  of  their  oenery.    i  ■ 

1,11  * la     M  Its  fool  roes  rid  ■    stream, 

and   from  s   fissure  In  the    lime  I ■    do 

a  minute,     above  II 
the  hill  i-  supplied  with  terraced  walks 

iimmit,  where  a  pavilion  01 
affords  a  sufficient  recompi  aw    ror  ti,. 

ent  by  the  beautiful  vie*  of  the  surround- 
ol  the 
pringisgrea 
1 1,. 

Berkelej   Springs,  W.  Va.    Thi 

ful  spot  was  a  favorite  with  I  i  Ington, 

and  subsequently  became  the 

and  wealthy  from  all  the  adjacent  counti 

in  the  element  .    ing  place 

oon  rose  to  the  dignity  of  a  rival  I in 

'i  he   ■'  n<  i  ■■  ■  .  and  the  place 

m. nut. i  [n  [on    bj    it  -   spi  Ing,  which 

affords  abundant  oppc  tor  drinking  and 

bathing  In  Its  m  althful  watt 

ltlu*'  Mountain  Laki — In   tin-  Adn 
(N.  Y.>   Hi  gl  .ii     at  tl 

. 

meet  of  water,  which  forms  t  the  I 

tractions  •  >(  this  great  resort      \  line  ol  ite  urn  i 
maki  dailj  trips  through  thi    and  thi    n< 

■  tuette,  Eagle  u 
htnee  "f  twenty  miles,  and  even  twenty    miles 
ig  through  Forked  Lake  and  Long 

Blue  U it  dn    I 

•ng  and  2  miles  wide;  Eagle  Lake,  'J  miles 
■■   i  ■  and  .'..  mile  widt  \  TJtows    i 
long  and  i  mile  h  Ide, 

Bine  Ridge  Springs,  Va.    More  than  1,200 

.■:,.,.     ,  ,,.l    ,  . 

La  nchbnrg,  Va.,  Is  situated  tin-  qnli 
able  re  tting  pJ  ice  for  .  mount- 

make  it  a  favorite 

California  Big  Tree*    Porty-eeven  miles 

.  ■ 

i;  dlway,  the  tourist* tea  upon  the 

i 

upward  n  ■  t.  and  has  a  clrcum 

innd,  "f  1 1"  feet,  whilt 
er,  forty  miles  from  Visalla,  on   King 
14 feet  t-i  dlamett  i     Thli  Ii  thi 
tn    <  !allfornla.    The    Us  rip  ■   i    b  roup    ol    for    I 
-i  Lnt    coropi  Let  s600tn        125 Ol 
■     ■  ;,-  .     . 

■ 

to  s  i  there 

:t  a  Umh  having  a  thickni 
i  te  t->  the  Yosemlte  Valley  pas-. 

the  e  ii"  ■■■ 

Cape  May,  X.  J.— For  particular  exct 
is  toad 

Ing  place,  Cajm    tfaj     ba      bi  i  i  me    lust]] 

\]|   thai   nature   bad    left    undone,    the 
men!  ol  the  |  .r  the 

health,  comfort  and  enjoyment  ol  ": 

n here  for  the 
thing,    promenading   or    di 
while  tbi  avenues  lying 

bel  ween  lines  of  sbadi  trei      and  al nding  In 

ii  nee      hotel      nnd     oi  namenta] 
i   gay  and  cultured 
people  from  all  part-  <.f  the  Union,  to  •  njoy  Its 
■ 

CateklU  MountaliiM  —  Banning  parallel 
with  the  Hudson  river,  along  the  west  bank,  prin- 
cipally In  <  -r  ■  ent  Co.,  N.  K 

milt  i .  the  i  -.it-kill  Mount  Jn 
a  source  of  wonder  and  delight  to  thousands  for 


Notable  Places  in  the  United  States  Frequented  as  Pleasure  Resorts— Continued, 


with  which  they  can  he  reached  and  traversed, 
and  the  facilities  offered  for  visiting  their  most 
picturesque  objects,  have  given  them  a  wide  repu- 
tation, while  their  scenery  has  always  employed 
the  pencils  of  artists  of  every  degree.  Civilization 
has  so  far  intruded  upon  their  wildest  ha 
to  establish  hotels  here  and  there  for  the  acconv 

i lationof  tourists,  while  miirht> m-ci         ■,  .. 

iii:  and  mountain  rivulets,  deep  gorges  and 
ing  peaks,  in  diversified  grandeur,  are  found 
on  every  hand.  High  over  their  fellows  rise, 
Overlook,  Round  Tup  and  High-Peak  Mountains. 
estimated  to  reach  an  elevation  of  nearly  4,000 
feet  above  tide-water.  Kaaterskill  "Clove"  (or 
gorge)  is  a  ravine  5  miles  long:,  about6  miles  from 
Highd'eak,  traversed  by  a  rivulet  from  two 
mountain  lakes,  forming  three  notable  cascades, 
the  descent  of  each  being,  respectively,  180,  80 
and  40  feet,  and  between  these  and  the  Hudson 
there  are  several  other  falls.  Plattekill  Gorge, 
:.  miles  south,  is  also  remarkable  for  the  grandeur 
of  its  cascades,  which  spring  from  rock  to  rock  a 
distance  of  2,000  feet  below  the  headwaters  of  the 
stream.  These  and  the  charm  of  numerous  forest 
trees  form  but  a  portion  of  the  many  delights 
that  attend  a  visit  to  the  Cat-kill-. 

Cayuga  Lake,  X.  Y.— West  of  Auburn,  and 
between  C:iyuga  and  Seneca  counties,  inCentr.il 
New  York,  is  embosomed  among  the  hills  this 
beautiful  sheet  of  water.  Its  depth  and  purity 
make  it  attractive  to  visitors,  who,  with  boats, 
may  traverse  all  portions  of  it.  Its  elevation 
at»  ve  the  ocean  is  nearly  400  feet,  and  above 
Lake  Ontario  about  150  feet.  This  fact  and  its 
beautiful  surroundings  admirably  tit  it  for  a  sum- 
mer pastime  resort.  Its  length  is  38  miles;  its 
width  from  1  to  3^  miles. 

Chautauqua  Labe-In  Chautauqua  county, 
N.  Y.,  and  so  named  from  the  mists  which  fre- 
quently rise  from  its  waters.  Its  length  is  from 
18  to  20  miles;  its  width  varies  from  1  to  3  miles. 
It  lies  midway  between  Chicago  and  New  York 
I  :i'.  Ample  arrangements  have  been  made  for 
comfortable  and  safe  bathing,  camping,  etc.  The 
grounds  embrace  about  150  acres  of  choice  wood- 
land, laid  out  in  parks,  walks  and  carriage 
Tim  Model  of  the  Holy  Land,"  exhibiting  the 
peculiarities  of  Palestine,  is  about  '■'.'  "i  feet  luii^r, 
Chautauqua  Lake,  on  which  it  borders,  represent- 
ing the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  grounds  and 
buildings  are  fitted  up  for  a  summer  resort,  a 
summer  school  and  a  religious  retreat;  it  attracts 
many  visitors,  and  i=  deservedly  popular.  It  has 
BeveraJ  h 

Callatoga,  fal.— Encircled  by  wooded  hills 
and  mountains,  in  a  small  valley,  is  situated  this 
Pacific  Coast  resort,  which  is  principally  distin- 
guished for  its  twenty  hot  springs,  with  conven- 
iences for  enjoying  chemical,  steam,  vapor,  or  cold 
and  hot  water  baths,  and  cottages  and  hotels  Foi 
Among  other  attractions  is  the  public 
warm  plunge  and  swimming  bath,  occupying  a 
space  "f  forty  feet  square.  The  waters  of  the 
springs  are  freely  impregnated  with  magnesia, 
sulphur  and  iron.  The  surrounding  &  enei  J 
embraces  mountains,  lawns,  tields  of  grain,  DOW- 
■   ■■  ■■■  d  ■■■■■  ellings,  etc. 

J>te»  Park— LodkN  Peak— Estes  Park, 
thirty  miles  long,  through  which  the  tourist 
passes  to  reach  the  foot  of  Long's  Peak,  Colorado, 
is  greatly  admired  for  its  natural  beauty.  Long's 
i':  ak,  with  an  altitude  exceeding  14,000  feet,  If 
one  has  the  energy  to  ascend  it,  reveals  one  of 
the  sublimest  views  of  scenery  of  which  Colorado 
can  boast. 

Fauquier  (White  Sulphur)  Spring*. 
Va,- A  ride  of  54  miles  from  Washington  brings 

the  tourist   to   this    well  known     watering-place. 
Etschiel  intercsl  is  derived  from  the  mam  hi  toi 

nts  with  which  the  surrounding  c 
abounds,  and  excursions  to  their  various  1  ■ .. 
form  a  prominent  feature  of  a  sojourn  at    tins 


pleasant  resort.  The  mineral  spring  yields  about 
30  gallons  per  minute,  and  is  patronized  by  large 
numbers  of  visitors.  It  is  2,000  feet  above  the 
ocean  level. 

Garden  of  the  Gods,  Colo.— Four  miles 
northwest  of  Colorado  Springs,  lies  a  little  valley, 
to  which  this  romantic  name  has  been  given,  and 
as  it  forms  a  delightful  feature  in  the  varied  seen 
ery  of  the  State,  has  attracted  much  attention. 
The  entrance  to  the  valley  is  styled  "The  Beauti- 
ful Gate,"  a  narrow  pa-sage  between  two  tall 
rocky  cliffs,  near  the  center  of  which  stands,  like 
a  sentinel,  a  pillar  of  rock  30  feet  in  height.  The 
"  Garden  "itself  contains  500  acres  of  land,  bound- 
ed on  the  east  by  old  red  sandstone  cliffs;  on  tin- 
south  by  ravines,  and  on  the  west  and  north  by 
mountains.  Within  n  horde:  several  perpen- 
dicular rocks,  some  of  them  350  feet  high,  are 
found,  and  the  entire  scenery  abounds  in  varie- 
gated rocks  and  other  novelties. 

Genesee  Fall*.  X.  T.—  In  the  near  vicinity 
of  the  city  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  the  Genesee  River 
plunges  over  three  precipices,  one  above  the  othi  i , 
the  first,  or  upper,  having  a  perpendicular  descent 
of  96  feet;  the  second,  25  feet,  and  the  third,  84 
feet.  Eighty  rods  above  the  first  fall  the  Erie 
Canal  crosses  the  river  through  a  cut-stone  aque- 
duct  845  feet  long  and  45  feet  wide,  which  cost 
8500,000.  Table  Rock,  in  the  center  of  the  first 
fall,  is  celebrated  as  the  place  from  which  a  ven- 
turous American  named  Sain  Patch  leaped  into" 
the  surges  below,  and  was  never  again  seen  by 
mortal  ej  es, 

Geneva  Lake,  Wis,  —  Amid  the  quiet 
groves  of  Walworth  County%estles  this  beautiful 
lake,  which  has  within  a  few  ne  one  or 

the  most  popular  of  Western  summer  resorts.  The 
lake  is  8  miles  long  and  2  miles  wide,  and  it-  beau  h 
presents  a  charming  succession  of  headlands, 
inlets  and  bays,  in  bold  relief,  while  the  surround- 
ing shores  are  picturesque  with  undulating 
prairie,  and  verdant  hills  and  groves,  dotted  on 
every  hand  with  the  beautiful  homes  of  wealthy 
residents  of  Milwaukee  and  Chicago.  Fish  a  hound 
in  the  lake,  from  artificial  culture,  and  its  surface 
is  brilliant  with  row-boats,  sail-boats  and  -team 
luring  the  warm  season.  The  vicinity  is 
admirably  fitted  for  the  pleasures  of  camp-life. 

GenevaiXY.)  and  SenecuLuke    Poets, 
artists  and  plea-uie^eekers  find  in  the  village  ■  >{ 
N.  V,  a  genial  resort.    Lying  on  the  hill- 
side  which   forms  the   western  shore  ot    - 
Lake,  its  handsome  residences  and  thrifty 
anee  commend  it  to  the  tourist;  while  tht 
one  of  the  largest  in  the  State,  (being  36   miles 
long  and  2  miles  wide  i.  is  beautiful  in  itself,  and 
delightful  in  its  surroundings. 

Geysers — Springs    of    boiling    water,    called 
"Geysers,"  are  found  in  certain  disti 
rado,  California.  Wyoming.  Montana.   Idaho  and 
New  Mexico.    Some  of  the   most   remark 
these  springs  are  in  the  "Devil's  Canon,"  in  the 
Napa    Valley,    Sonoma  County,  Cal.     a  narrow 
ravine  between  high  hill-.,  and  tilled  continually 
with  vapor-,  contains  a  large  numb  ■ 
common  and  boiling  springs,  within  shoi 
tances  of  each  other,  differing  materially  L 

-1   r  ■     color;     'nil    taste.      Some    are    i 
Impregnated  with  sulphur,  salt  or  alum.  An  op<  n- 
Eng  in  a  hill -M 
known  a-  the  "  Steamplpe,"  throws  upwar 

tinuons  How  of  steam  to  the  height  Of  froi 

■jiii  tret,  accompanied  with  a  roaring  noise. 
Another,  known  as  the  "Witches' Caldron 

forth  a  stream  of  sulphurous  black    mul      Along 

the  Fire-Hole  River,  in  Wyoming,  are  two  large 
groups  of  real  geysers.    Then  I  themia 

subject  to  earthquake  shocks.    Tht  se  gej 
usually  ■■  ii    Sixty  seven 

were  found  tohavi       t*    ipei  ature  ranging 
106  to  196  degre*        the  water  Is  thrown  upward 
a  distance  ranging  from  5  to  50  feet;  on,-  at  thu 


"Old   Faithful  "—reaches  a 
1  feet;  the  "  Beehive,"  219  feet,  and 
the     •  I  feet. 

Hot  Spring*,  Ark. -The  United  St..' 
ernment  controls  these  medicinal  springs,  which 
■  it  the  Washita  River,  ■  here  numer- 
ous streams  flow  from  the  side  ol  Hot  Springs 
Mountains,  to  the  extent  of 
day.  The  waters  are  greatly  esteemed  for  the 
relief  of  scrofulous,  rheumatic  and  chronic  affec- 
tions of  various  kinds,  and  are  charged  «ith  car- 
bonates i.  They  have 
1m  en  known  since  1820. 

Hoi   Springs,    Va.  —  About  IS  miles  from 
Covington,  Ky.,in  Bath  County.  Va..  at 
tude    ol  ibove    the   ocean,    numerous 

springs  M  medicinal  waters,  suitable 

both  for  drinking  and  bat!  ■  -.    have 

acquired  an  enviable  repul  i 

seekers.      Near   the    springs  a   mountain     stream 
dashes  over  a  cliff,  falling  a  distan 
feet 

Healing  Springs,  Va.  — Fifteen   miles  from 
Covington,  Ky.,  in  Bath  County.  Va..  an-  found 
three  medicinal  springs,  the  reputation 
haa  made  it  a  favorite  resort  for  invalid - 
tted  2,400  f eel  be  temperature 

and  atmosphere  invigorate  the  debilitated,  and 
thebatfl  the    health,  especially 

"i  those  afflict*  dwith  new  ■ 

Idaho  Springs,  Colo.— Thirty-seven  miles 
from  Denver,  and  having  an  elevation  of  7,500 
t*  i  t,  Stands  a  town  which  takes  the  above  name 
from  the  hot  and  cold  mineral  waters  In  the  vicin- 
ity- Easy  of  access,  it  offers  ample  accommoda- 
tions for  visitors  to '  won  and  neigh- 
points.  The  ride  bi  ral  City 
and  the  spring                     i  ed  a  pleasant  one. 

Kales  of  Shoals,  X.  H.— This  seaside  resort 
has  been  honored  by  a  poetical  tribute  from 
Lowell  in  "Appledore,"  and  is  also  noted  as  the 
birthplace  of  Celia  Thaxter,  the  poetess.  The 
islands  are  seven  in  number,  about  9  mlli 

ith,  by  steamer.     Rugged  and   romantic, 
as  secluded,  they  offer  much  of  interest  to 
tourists. 

Jordan**  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Va  . 

—Cool  and  bracing  air,  and 

a  character  to  relieve  jaundice  and  gout,  form 
the  attractions  of  this  resort.  Its  location  near 
Harper-  Charlestown,  where  Old  John 

Brown  was  captured  and  hanged,  and  Wii 

Ride,  add  much  to  its 
interest. 

Lake  (liiimplain,  x\  Y.  -  Between  Ver- 
mont, on  the  east,  and  New  York,  on  the  west,  lies 

i  itiful  lake,  126  miles  long  and  on  i 

a  mile  to  IS  miles  wide,    Mountain   ranges  and 

hills  encircle  it -the  Adirond  h    York, 

en  Mountains,  of  Vermont.    Its  depth 

large  tonnage,  and  its  surface  is 

dotted   With   titty    islands,   large  and    small.     The 

i-  diversified,  exhibit  ing  orchai  d 

of  grain,   farm  us  and 

-  ami  i-  described  I 

s  length  by 

Steamer.      It    den\.-    its    name    from    Ctuunplaln, 

the  French  Governor  of  Canada,  who  tlrst  brought 
Lt  to  public  notice  in  1600.    Whitehall  and  neon- 
ate from   which    the   lake  may  be 
navigated. 

Lake  George,  X".  V.-  \  short  distance  from 
Lake  Champlaln,  and  near  Whitehall,  N.  Y 
well  is  the  headquarters  for  tourists  to  tin 

tiful  sheet   Of  water,  which  is  rich   in  bisl 

ts  well  as  in  its  attractions  a-  a   -uiiinier 
gthis36  miles.  Its  width   from  \ 
to  4  miles,  and  it1-  beauty  is  heightened  bj 

-■islands  scattered  over  it.-  surface.    The 
shores  and  some  of  the  islands  are  r 

nal  hotels  and  pn  tl 


:::;! 


Notable  Places  in  the  United  States  Frequented  as  Pleasure  Resorts— Continued. 


i  I..      tt  very  enchanting,  especially 

.  northern  end  of  1 
Lake  >•*'  j»  Tkossasuid  i»tai»d»— See"Alex- 
andris  . 

I.aki-  ssTohonst,  x.  v.    IntheShawangunk 
Mountain-  Ulster  County,  with  its  hotel  on  the 
summit  "i  sk>  Top,  the  highest  peak,  at  bj 
ti..n  of  1.243  feet.    Thi   ■■■■  ib  i    ol  the  lake,  which 
.  long  and  '.  mile  clear, 

an,l  t(,,  i  Lful,  including 

views  >'f  in.iiint.il n~  in  four  different  stab 

LasTeiaiHol  Spring*,    >-«    Mexico 

.,.!.'.  a<  i  r  the  mm. nth  of 

l  extends  to  the  Rod  ■ 
tains,  Introducing  the  tourist  to  much  tw  a 
and  romantic    i  !2  hot  springs,  similar 

to  the  sol   irk  int  as ,     Located  at   inelevs 

6,400  reel   th ic  pfa   n  I    admirably  fitted  for 

the  relief  of  pu  ';li''  the  waters 

i  useful  remedy  for  neuralgic  and 
rheumatic  comp]  dni 

I.nrn>    <  Javerns,    V  a.— Pago  County,   v.., 
.  -  [es  of  cavern  .  rli  i 
dimensions,  and  equaling  Lngrandeui  and 

u.i,  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Ken- 
tucky. I  ■■  ■!'  than  the  Philadel- 
phia i  ,  ,,-.  onial  buildings.    Tin;  roof  of  th< 

i  [pi [  !■-  100  feel  high  and    uppoi  I    b  giant 

■  te,  which,  it  la  si  ited   It  unequal!  d 
other  now  known.    This  natural  wonder,  which 
red   bj     io  Idi  nl     everal  yeai 
i  Idence  ol  greal   antiquity,  and  presente 
,  , .  |  ]  form  ol  noi  iii  |  obsen  sd  In  othei   i  i 

:  interesting  forms  peculiar  to  Itself 
te  mile  from  Luray  station. 

MiM-kinar   Island      Xacionai    Park  — 
Mackinac  Is  located  at  the  northern  end  ol  the 

.l.i    nl'    MirlUk'.MI,    111    til.'  SUM  Its  .if  MiH'klllllf, 

.     ■  .    ■  r  vessel 

Tin-  Island  Is  now  a  national  park,  reserved  for 
t)ll.  ben,  i     and   rlsltoi   .    tnd   offer . 

during  in.-  warm  b 

in,  m  from  sultry  air  and  crowded   thorough' 

I  . ,  ,.,,.,    ..i    ::-■'  i    :i.  i  ■ 

miles  long  by  -  miles  wide,  with  an  elevation 
above thi  Straits  i  trying  from  200  t.>  320  feet. 
Xhe  water  surrounding  the  island  Is  onsurpa  i  I 
for  pin  ' 

lent  Bporl  for  fishing  tourists.    The  beautj  ol  the 
...  .         ■  .     I 

,  i,  to  Interesl  them  In  Old  i  oi  I   M 
-  times,  the  arch<  ;   Ro<  !      i  natural  bridge 

I I  ,  fe.  i  high  and  not  I  "■<  I  si  l<  Fairj  ^rch,  the 
i,,,\ ert  !  cop,   Robin  i nd  thi     Devil' 

i  which  tradition  has 

peclal  legends.    A  week  can  be  spent 

i  Uyand  profitably  at  this  grand  Bummer 

Uammnlh    <  a\e,      Ky.         I  D 

■  ■ 

■  mty.  about  73  mllea  southwesterly  from 
iir.    A.  wild,  rocky  ravine  denselj  shaded 

■  ,  . .  leads  to  it-  •  Dtrance.    H 
underground  Is  9  miles,  and  the  height  of  its  roof 
.  ,■  .      ■  ■      i  50  .  -     ..  [nl 

,   are  congreg  i  i  ous  chambers, 

lakes,  rivers,  cataracts,  grottoes,  domes,  avenues 

and  other  wonders  which  charm  the  visitor  by 

■ 

i    i  ppearance  of  the  natural 

geological  formatloni  which    abound    In    every 

it  requires  a  journey  ol  from  150  to  200 

milec  '■■  

the  various  apartments  ol  1 1 
Bteptbi  ■    omethingtoadmiri 

in*  nt  points  of  interest  are  Echo  River,  the  Bot- 
tomless Pit,  the  Maelstrom,  Side-saddle  Pit,  Gorin'8 
uammoti     Dome,    Lucy  ■ 

(300   feet    high),   the    Temple,    Proctor1.-* 

,  Cleveland's  Cabinet,  and  the  eye] 


This  care  wasdl  covered  in  1806    Several  smaller 
i  . . ,  Inlty. 

Maiiltoii   Springs,  Colo.— Among  the  at 
.    mine]  bJ  spi  bogs.     Pike' 
Peak,  in  this  locality,  is  2     miles  high.  Thi 

id  leading  to  it-  top  is  12  miles  long,  and 
the  Pike's  Peak  railway  is  SO 

frfstrtha's  Vineyard,  Moss. —See  "Oak 
Bluffs." 
Mariposa    Tree*  —  Bee    '•California    Big 

!      ■ 

Itllddle  Park,  Colo.    Forests  and  meadow 

o  the  extent  ol  about  3,000  square  miles, 

and  situated  7  iOO  feel  above  the  ocean  level,  con- 

Btltute  tin    I  ne  1 1  tort    1 od  it-  ample  grounds 

are  tall  mountains,  whose  pi  i  altitude 

of  from    13,000  to   14,500  feet.     Fish  and  game 

iih.uiiut.    li"!  sulphur  Springs,  Grand  Lake  Gh  a 
fount   Lincoln  and   Long's   Peal  are  also 
ol  the  Middle  Park. 
Monument      Park,    Colo.  -  About     eight 

miles  In  .hi  «  oli.r.L.lo  Spring       i  -   ■  ■  ■ '  J  J  ■ 

hi  n  in-  wlii.-li   have  I  lit-  appeanu ol   linv 

bag  been  worn  bj  the  action  ol  water  or  ti nd 

from  these  the  place  derives  Its  name.    They  are 
quite  Irregular  In  form  and  rice,  general] 
bllng  sugar  loavi    .  and  i  mglng  from  fi  to  50  fei  I 
In  height,  and  each  is  crowned  with  a  dark  colon  d 
me     Thej  are  si  i  mgi  Lj  gi  ouped  along  the 

sides  "i  the  park,  upon  the  lov  i  ■  ■   bj session. 

aUj  are  found  standing  upon  little  knolls. 

Mi.  Desert   Island,   Me.— In  Frenchman's 

i:.n    on  I  tie  coast .  i1 1  miles  southee  it  ol  Bangoi . 
,    Mount  Desert,  an  Island    M   miles  long  and  8 

wide,  co ited  with  the  main  land  by  a 

bridge.    The  Island  Is  partly  covered  with  moun- 

Ehibiting  13  peaks,  the  highest  of  which 
Qreen  Mountains)- rises  2,000  feet.    Among  other 

kritiesof  thl    n   ortla  Somes* Inlet,  running 

the  i  land  7  miles;  stupendous  cliffs,  sev- 
eral  mountain  lakes  and  streams,  abounding  In 
trout,  thn  e  bsxbon  and  numerous  hotels.  "  The 
i  ,%  en  ■  are  s  srii  ol  cai  H  les  «  orn  Into  the  cliffs 
by  the  sea,  and  used  for  picnics;  Eagle  Clifl  rises 
perpendicularly  1,000  reet,  and  the  seem  i 
ally  is  rugged  and  picturesque. 

Mount    Washington,    -\.   H.  —  This  cele- 
brated  peak  of  the  White  Kountains  has  an  eleva 

,-.  293  feet .  and  m  o  be  s  cended  In  various 

irk,  on  foot,  or  by   the 

Bit.  Washington  Railroad,  which  climbs  (by  cog 
wheels)  sn  upward  grade  ol  3,695  feet  within  3 
miles.  The  air  is  very  bracing  and  very  cold  at 
this  lofty  summer  1 1 
Narragansett  pier.  It.  I.— This  pleasant 
1  and  quiet  resort  1  B  miles  soul  bwi  terij  ft  »m 
Newport,  on  the  western  shore  ol  Narra 
Bay.  Excursions  to  the  numerous  Islands  In  the 
bay,  to  Providence  and  Newport,  with  othei 

meats,   maintain   the    popularity    of   the 

Xalural  Bridge  of  Virginia      lb 
i    crosBed  by  the  bridge  (which   is  a  rock,  covered 
with  earth)  Is  estimated  at  a  depth  of  from  205 
to  290  feet.    This  flssure  is  shout   IS  feet  wide  at 

the    bottom    unil    about    1*1    let    at    the    top.      The 

length  of  the  bridge  Is  about  90  feet;  Its  breadth, 

in  the  middl rthlnnesl  part     Is  about  90  feet; 

and  at  the  summit,  about  10  feel  thick,  a  por- 
tion of  this  thickness  Is  composed  of  soil,  on  which 
large  trees  have  grown.  Tin-  view  from  the  top 
of  the  bridge  Is  quite  extensive  and  very  pli 
Including  North  Mountain  and  the  Blue  Ridge. 
The  stream  passing  under  the  bridge  Is  a  branch 

of  the  i  k- 

New  Pallas.  X.  "IT.— Little  Lake  Minnewaska, 

.,   Oountj    "niv  '.  mile  long  and  3t?  niile 

so  eligibly  situated  amidst  fresh  motuv 

i.iin  breeze-  and  delightful  s ery,  that  it  offers 


tntege    to  rammer  tourists.    At  an  els* 

-  ...  hotel,  from  srhli  i 

seen  the  Budson  High  "1  ork,   the 

.,11-.    of    Kew    Jersey,    the    Qreen 

it ,  and  the  Berkshire  inn-* 

and  Sousatonic  Uountains  of  Bfassachusetts. 

hTewporti  K.  1.     rhis  well-1  nov  n 

,.i  ,.■    ■..■.  ls  settled  in   1637    and  I     Intimately  con- 
nected with  stirring  events  In  old  Colonial  and 

[me       iii'  beauty  of  the  < 
Its  surroundings  render  it  highly  esteemed    i 
pleasure  resort,  and  Its  religuea  jot  form* 
Invest  It  with  great  Interns!      Here!    ii^  mj   terl 

..ii-  (  nd  Stone  Hill,  s  b i  Igln  and  d< 

wti.-iK  unknown    s  Baptist  church  built  In 

the  Hanging  Rocks,  Purgatory  ami  Touro  Park. 

(i I  taste  an.!   lavi-h  expenditure  have    made 

New  port  b  gem. 

_%  e  v\  port  Xew«,  Vii.    -Situated  on  B  u 
Roads,  12  miles  from  Norfolk,  this  favorlfc 
Invites  visitors,  who  enjoy  Its  sandy  beach,    ii  I 
bathing  and  plea  lant  drli  es. 

BTlagara  Falls,  BT,  A'.— By  act  of  Congress, 
In    i B85,  'ii  ■    -i eal   ■  i 

public  park.  The  river  Is  33  miles  Long.  Lake 
i  .i  ie  i  ■  334  feel  bighei   I  ban  Lake  Ontario    Into 

which  the  rivei  empties.    Within  i Ie    ibovi 

the  falls  the  de  cent  Is  52  feet     I  be  <■  tal  width 
of  the  river  at  Goat    Island   is  4,760  feet.     Tim 
height  of  the  waterfall  on  the  American  aide  is 
164  feet,  and  on  the  Canadian  Bide  about  I  >"  fi  i  I 
The  new  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge  It   I  800  I 
long,  and  190  feel  above  the  i  Iver.    Itstowi 
each   100  feet   high.     The  Btalrwag     be  Ide   the 
inclined  railway  has  290  -i<  i1       Goal    I  Land  was 
so  named  from  goats  placed  there  about  th<    yt  ix 
i7!»)  I  i.i  Mi  .i   hn  sti  .iin.'n  ■■'.  ho  left  1  bem  i  o  nncar 
■o  Lng  one  s  Inter  thai  Qu  j  died  ol  •  spo 
are.    There  are  17  islands  in  the  river,  near  each 
■  uove  the  Falls,  all  owned  bj  t  hi  >■  tat     of 
Peb  i ■  ]■  Poi  ter,  to  w  bom  the  propel  t>    a  i 

tateof  Ni  n  1  ork  In  1818.  The  helghl  of 
the  river-bank  at  the  Btddle  Stairos  elslSS 
The  old  Buspension  Bridge,  2  miles  below  the 
Falls,  has  n  floor  for  the  railv,  ay  80  feel  ale.  anil 
the  tracs  Is  ~~^  feet  above  thi  rivei  Thi 
of  the  brldgn  i  rom  the  centei  of  thi  towei  a1 
each  end  I  822  feet.  The  helghl  ol  the  towers 
on  the  A riean  side    Ls    88   feet,   ami   on    tho 

I'ana.lian  side,  7H    feet        The    width    of   the    river 

at    the  whirl] i   Is  '■■<*<  feet,  and  Its  estimated 

depth  Ls  250  feet 

North    Park,    Colo. —  This   park,    esteemed 

portsmen,  is  located  a 
little  west  of  the  oentral-northern   pari   of  the 

st.it.',  and  hfl      an    eleva  ti >(   neiirlj    M.i  x  hi    r,  ■  ., 

above  the  ocean.  It  embraces  sn  area  of  about 
2,500  square  miles,  and  abounds  with  antelopes, 
bt  bj  -,  deer,  a  oil  •■-  and  fish. 

Oiifa.  in  mi-  (BCartha's  Vineyard), 
M»h.  —This  religious  summer  resort  is  con- 
trolled by   Bap! 

5,000  persons     The   lurroundlng    trsounds   have 

ractivejj   Improved,  and  it  Ls  estimated 

that  ir>,i>""  visitors  arrive  and  depart   dui lng  the 

as  on     Martha's  Vineyard  Is  an  I  Land  21  miles 

long  by  <  between  which  and  the  main 

I    land  Sows  Vineyard  Sound,  4  miles  n  ide. 

Ocean  llt-ach,  X.  J.  -Eight  miles  souih  of 
Long  Branch,  near  Shark  Kiver,  and  half  a  milo 
from  the  ocean,  is  I."  i 

to  the  waterini  Hew  Jersey,   which  is 

principally  remarkable  for  good  Ashing  facilities. 

Ocean    <'Ily.    ST.   J.     Sot   many  years    ago, 

ne: ..t    I  Ik'tf   Hrirl.oi  ,  Soinrrs   Point, 

t  lie  sfethodists  established  a    pleasant    religious 

resort,  bearing  the  above  name.  It  has  a  beach  7 
miles  long,  smooth  and  hard,  and  handsome  reid- 
i   i         abundant  flowers  and  local  celebrities,  for 

attractions. 


Notable  Places  in  the  United  States  Frequented  as  Pleasure  Resorts— Continued, 


Ocean  Grove,  X.  J.— See  "  Anbury  Park." 

Old  Orchard  Reach,  Huco  Buy,  Me.— 
Fifteen  miles  west  from  Portland,  Me.,  I  >M 
Orchard  Beach,  the  summer  resort,  extends  from 
the  Dnnstan  River,  on  the  north,  to  the  Saco 
River,  on  the  south,  a  distance  of  6  miles,  with  a 
solid  sand-beach.  In  Saco  Bay,  in  that  vicinity, 
are  the  following  islands,  which  add  to  the  pictur- 
esqueness  of  the  scenery:  Stratten's  Island,  about 
half  a  mile  long  and  containing  a  few  houses,  but 
no  trees;  close  by  is  Bluff  Island,  about  450  feet 
long,  with  a  cluster  of  trees  near  the  center; 
Wi  "'1  Island,  off  the  mouth  of  the  Saco  River,  is 
nearly  half  a  mile  long,  covered  with  trees,  and 
contains  a  lighthouse  and  fog-bell:  Stage  Island 
is  nearly  ,'4  mile  long,  and  has  no  trees,  but  a 
graystone  monument  .40  feet  high;  Basket  Island 
is  about  400  feet  in  diameter;  Ram  Island  is  oval- 
shaped  and  about  450  feet  long;  Eagle  Island  is 
about  430  feet  across,  with  foliage,  but  no  trees. 
There  are  8  hotels. 

Old  Point  Comfort,  Ta.  —  This  favorite 
Southern  bathing  and  pleasure  resort  is  three 
miles  each  from  Hampton  and  Fortress  Monroe, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  James  River  as  it  empties 
into  Chesapeake  Bay.  Near  by  is  the  Government 
Home  for  Soldiers.  Surf-bathing,  steamboat  i 
cursions,  etc.,  enter  largely  into  the  recr*jations 
of  visitors. 

Petrified  Forest,  CaJ.  —  About  80  miles 
from  San  Francisco,  in  the  Napa  Valley,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Calistoga,  is  situated  the  Petrified  For- 
est, one  of  the  most  remarkable  of  wonders  in 
California.  Within  a  tract  of  3  or  4  square  miles, 
the  tourist  finds  portions  of  nearly  100  trees 
turned  to  stone.  Some  project  from  the  sides  of 
the  mountains,  while  others  are  found  upon  the 
Burface,  Their  condition  is  attributed  to  the 
action  of  silica  held  in  solution  in  the  hot  alkaline 
waters  discharged  by  the  neighboring  Mount 
St.  Helena. 

Pictured  Rocks,  Mich.— On  the  shores  of 
Lake  Superior,  20  miles  from  White-Fish  Point, 
on  the  steamboat  route  to  Point  Au  Sable,  Michi- 
gan, the  traveler  is  shown  the  famous  Pictured 
Rocks.  For  about  5  miles  along  the  coast  these 
rooks  rise,  often  abruptly,  from  the  water's  edge 
to  a  height  varying  from  50  to  200  feet*  They 
present  numerous  marks  and  figures  in  colors 
upon  their  surface;  which  the  fancy  may  weave 
into  representations  of  numerous  things,  creating 
much  wonder.  It  has  been  decided,  however,  that 
they  have  been  formed  by  the  action  of  water 
and  the  stains  imparted  by  certain  minerals. 

Rangeley  Lakes,  Me.— This  group  of  6 
lakes,  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  is  connect- 
ed by  streams  passing  from  one  to  the  other, 
until  an  unbroken  water-route  of  about  GO  miles 
is  formed.  Their  names  are  Umbagog,  Lower 
Richardson,  Molechunkamunk,  Mooselucmagun- 
tic,  Cupsuptic  and  Rangcley.  The  surrounding 
scenery  is  extremely  picturesque  and  grand,  and 
the  entire  resort  presents  many  attractions  for 
artists,  tourists,  hunters  and  fishermen.  Indian 
Rock  is  a  favorite  camping  ground  for  sportsmen. 
Near  by  la  Dixville  Notch,  from  one  point  of 
which  portions  of  Canada,  Vermont,  New  Hamp- 
shire and  Maine  may  be  seen. 

Rawley  Spr  ing<«,  Va.— Nestled  in  the  midst 
of  delightful  scenery,  in  Rockingham  County,  11 
miles  from  Harrisburg.  not  far  from  the  Luray 
Caverns,  these  5  fine  mineral  spring-,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  2,000  feet  above  tide-water,  invite  the 
tourist  to  a  pleasant  retreat.  The  waters— strong 
chalybeate— possess  tonic  properties,  which,  with 
the  bracing  mountain  air,  invigorates  the  visitor. 

Ked  Sulphur  Springs,  W.  Va. -These 
mineral  waters,  found  in  Monroe  County,  are 
recommended  for  the  relief  of  sufferers  from 
bronchitis,  asthma,  chronic  pneumonia,  conges- 
tion and  phthisis.    They  occupy  a  space  « •  j  1,400 


acres  in  a  verdant  glen  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, 1,300  feet  above  the  sea,  and  are  surround- 
ed on  all  sides  by  rugged  mountains,  with  every 
variety  of  scenery. 

Richmond,  "Va.  —  Like  ancient  Rome,  the 
beautiful  capital  of  Virginia  laye  claim  to  seven 
hills.  The  city,  besides  all  its  natural  and  archi- 
tectural advantages,  possesses  numerous  objects 
"'  especiaJ  interesl  to  i  Is&tors,  including  the 
grave  of  President  Monroe,  the  famous  Libby 
war-prison,  the  equestrian  statue  of  Washington 
by  the  sculptor  Crawford,  as  well  as  Houdon's 
statue  of  Washington  in  Revolutionary  uniform, 
the  elegant  State  House,  and  St.  John's  Church, 
where  Patrick  Henry  delivered  his  memorable 
and  eloquent  speech  on  the  eve  of  the  Revolution- 
ary War,  in  which  he  said  with  fervent  patriotism  ; 
"  There  is  no  retreat  but  in  suomission  and 
slavery ! " 

Roanoke  Red  Springs,  Va..— The  water 
of  these  springs  differs  little  from  that  of  the  Red 
Sulphur  Springs  of  W.  Virginia,  noted  above,  and 
the  place  is  made  attractive,  also,  by  the  neigh- 
boring forests,  streams,  mountain  scenery,  pure 
air  and  genial  society. 

Rockbridge  Alum  Springs  and  Rock- 
bridge Baths  —  In  Rockbridge  County.  V a., 
near  Goshen,  there  are  5  fountains,  brick  cottages, 
a  hotel,  with  fine  grounds  and  beautiful 
Chronic  dyspepsia,  irritation  of  the  stomach, 
scrofula  and  skin  diseases  are  relieved  by  the 
waters.  Near  the  springs  are  the  Baths,  on  the 
shore  of  North  River,  amid  pleasing  scenery. 
Iron  and  carbonic-acid  gas  enter  largely  into  the 
waters,  which  are  recommended  as  a  tonic. 

Rye  Beach,  X.  H.— Seven  miles  from  Ports- 
mouth, on  the  sea-shore,  and  popular  as  a  water- 
ing place  on  account  of  its  safe  and  excellent 
bathing  facilities.  The  scenery  is  fine  from  the 
neighboring  Straw's  Point,  covering  views  of  a 
long  sea-coast  and  the  Isles  of  Shoals. 

Sagnenay  River,  Can. —The  mouth  of 
this  river  is  120  miles  below  Quebec,  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  River,  into  which  it  empties.  The  river 
is  about  100  miles  long,  its  upper  part  being  dis- 
tinguished for  cataracts  and  wild  waters.  T<  iws  rd 
its  mouth  it  becomes  extremely  deep,  so  that 
large  vessels  ascend  it  for  65  miles.  The  river 
flows  through  an  immense  chasm  in  the  rocky 
cliffs  which  tower  above  its  surface  to  a  height  of 
1,500  feet,  and  its  depth  at  its  union  with  the 
St. Lawrence  is  more  than  2.000  feet.  The  scenery 
is  sombre,  with  scant  vegetation,  and  is  remark- 
able for  the  absence  of  a  river  beach,  thi 
rising  quite  perpendicularly,  generally,  from  the 
edge. 

Salt  Lake,  T'tah— The  Groat  Salt  Lake  fs 
126  miles  long  by  4">  miles  wide,  bounded  bg 
mountains,  and  is  remarkable  for  it-  placid  sur- 
face  and  saline  taste.  Salt  Lake  City,  th  bead 
-of  Mormonism.  is  situated  at  its  southern 
end  About  3  miles  distant  from  the  city  la  the 
military  post  of  Camp  Douglas.  In  the  city  is 
the  famous  Mormon  Tabernacle,  seating  15,000 
persons,  the  new  ami  costly  Mormon  temple  and 
b  Citj  Sal]  which  cos1  >7".->m>.  besides  numerous 
Mormon  churches  and  a  few  of  other  denomina- 
tions, 

San  r.uls  Park,  Southern  Colorado. 

\  tiit     .1    land  containing  nearly  18,000  square 
miles  <•!'  land, bounded  on  the  west  bj  the 

Himbres  Mountains,  and  on  the  east  by  the  Cor- 
dilleras  Mountains,  from  whose  mi 

I  hn    35   rivers  and  rivub  ts,   19  oi    which 
empty  int. >  San  Luis  Lake,  while  the  ethers  flow 
"ii  to  the  River  Del  Norte,    Immense  for 
hemlock, cedar, pine,  spruce,  Or,  oak,  a>i ■■  a 
i -i it.. ii  at i. Mir i,i    n  rtile  meadows,  which   . 

form  extensive  cattle  resorts  from  year's  end  to 

1      The  climate  is  moderate,  and 
tion  luxuriant. 


Saratoga  Spring*.  X.  Y.— These  celebrat- 
licinal  waters  were  known  to  the  American 
Indians  350  years  ago,   or  more,  ami   the    (irst 
white  man's  house  (Sir  William  X 
built    in    that  vicinity   in    177:;.     Thi 
Plains  were  the  scene  of  a  great   battle 
the  French  and 

more  famous,  between  Generals  Burgoyne,  of  the 
English,  and   Gates,   of  the    American    Colonial 
troops,  in   1777.     As  a  summer   r- 
stands  high  in  public  estimation,  from  th 
lence  of  the  waters,  which  flow  fi 
(6  of  which  are  spouting  fountains*,  and  which 
are  valued  for  their  tonic  and  caths  i 
Saratoga  Lake,  8  mile-  long  bj    -■_.   mile 
nearly   4   miles   from    the   village,  is  a    t 
resort  for  visitors.     Hotels  are  numerous  at  the 
and  during  the  season     <  which   is  very 
gay  ,  from  Jum     15  to  September  15,  each  year, 
are  liberally    patronized.     The   Saratoga   battle- 
ground is  at  Stillwater.  15  miles  southeast  «-f  the 
Springs.     The  local  surroundings  of  the  springs 
add,  also,  to  the  pleasure  of  the  gu< 

Seneca  Lake,   X.    Y.— In  s.en.-ea   Comity, 

and  adjoining  Ontario,  Yates  and  Schuyler  Coun- 
ties. Its  length  is  36  miles,  but  its  width  varies 
Prom  2  to  4  miles,  and  it  is  elevated  about 200 
feet  above  the  surface  of  Lake  Ontario.  Its  depth 
is  630  feet,  and  it  seldom  freezes  over.  It 
tion  amid  beautiful  scenery  renders  it  very  attract- 
ive to  tourists.  From  it,  by  the  Oswego  and 
Rivers,  the  waters  flow  int..  Lake  Ontario. 
At  its  north  end  is  the  pretty  villa, 
at  its  s.mth  end  is  the  village  of  U'atkins,  and  at 
the  beginning  ,n.,i   is 

the  village  of  Seneca  Falls.     The  lake  is  ua 
by  st.'ainhoats. 

Sharon  Springs— Howe's  Cave,  X.   V. 

1  in  Schoharie  County.  210  mi;. 
New  York  City.     Five  springs,  one  each  of  pure 
water,  chalybeate,  magnesia,  white  sulphur  and 
blue  sulphur,  fli  ubining 

their  waters  beyond,   empty   into  a   n-i-hboring 
stream,  in  their  course  over  the  dirts  fa 
distance  of  <;">  feet     Water-baths  are  furnished. 
as  well  as  a  hath  in  which  the  patient  Is  plastered 
over  with  sulphurous  mud,  heated  to  110  let 
for  the  relief  of  rheumatism.      Much    beauty   is 

d    in   the   local   walks  and   drives  in     tin- 
neighborhood.     Near  by.  also,   is    Hon 
subterranean    wonder,    having    .  it    is    stated  I    a 
depth  of  1 12  miles,  brilliant  with  thousands  of 

tes,  which  reflect  the  gas: 
illuminate  the  cavern    for  SOmi  beyond 

ir-  entrance. 

Sho»hone   Fall**,    Idaho  — On  the  Oregon 
Short  Line  Railroad,  tmiri-ts  can  make  an  excur- 

Ith,   by   stajre,    from    Shoshone    station    t,. 
niflcent  cataract.  w)i  Kiver 

pours  an  immense  volume*  of  water  through  .» 
narrow  canon,  orer  a  precipice  210  feet  high,  to 

e  to  a  per- 

pellicular  b  The  walls    of   the 

>n  are  formed  from  lava,  curiously  mottled 

■  i    the    elements. 

miles  above  are  the  Twin  Falls,  the  passage 
from  one  to  the  other  being  made  in  a  sail-h 

1.     The  place  is  being  fitted  up  for  a  pop- 
ular resort. 

South  Parle,  Colo. -South  of  Middle  Park. 
described  above,    is  another  natural    park 

Ocean  level,  entirely  surrounded 
by  mountains,  and  embracing  an 
Bquare  miles.     The  mildness  of  the  climate  invites 
Invalids  to  Visit  it.  and    tourists  and   hunters   tind 

interest  them  in  its  scenery  and  game. 

Spring    Lake,   X.   J.— Ten   miles  south  of 
inch,  on  the  Atlantic 
to  pletui  aequo  f  ■  pleas. 

ant   fields,   groves,  orchards,  and    the    beautiful 
little  lake  from  which  it  derives  its  name.     Fish 


336 


Notable  Places  in  the  United  States  Frequented  as  Pleasure  Resorts— Continued. 


Ing,  boating  mil  the  kindred  enjoyments  of  out- 
od  bote!  life  abound. 

N\\   .1  llip*.<<itl,       Mil**-         I       ' 

...hi-   i     i    mill    beyond  the  village   of 
Lynn,    it  ba 

enl  bath* 
,■  re  Indicative  "i  wealth  and 

D 

caught  i  >  warded 

!  ki'I. 
Sw  .-«-!   <  hnl>  l.e;ile  *  print;*,    \V.     Y:i. 

predominance 

which  nave  a  temperature  'causes 

them  to   produce    '    peculiar   effect     misnamed 
sweet)  ujnin  th  > palate  when  swallowed;  anil  as  a 

loqutred 
a  celebrity  that  raiders  thla  r.-.-..tt 
tive  one. 

Trenton  Falls,  N.  V.  s.  v. ■m.-.-n  milts 
from  Utica,  '  'iM  nil  County,  where  Kanata  Creek, 
within  a  distance  o(  2  mil* 

H2  ....     i  ,.  B        Pall     leaps 

■  ■  .  t  high.  The  Bcenery  is 
romantically  beautiful,  and  delights  Dumerous 
\  uriton 

\\  aahlngton,  1».  O-.— The  District  <>f  Colum- 
:  the  Cation,  originally 

i tained    i"1   square    mtlee,    bul    part   of    the 

grounds  idered  to  Virginia  . 

Its  present  sixe  Is  64  squan    i  bington 

City  i-  4'-,.  miles  long  greatest 

breadth.    Itslocatton  i  tern  bank  of 

the  Potomac  River,  1634  ,lli;'  nth.  and 

lea  from  the  sen      Georgetown,  a  suburb 
of  Washington  '  In  1731,  but  th 

Lpltal  "a-  do!  decided  until 
a  ol  I  !'■■  i  itj  h  u  di  a*  n  bj 
L"Enfan<  andi  i   thi 

,,t  prej  &  first  public  sale  of 

■  •■-<    it   1791 .  bul  thi  i 
slowly.     The  transfer  <>f  tin-  gOTernment   from 
Philadelphia  to  Washington  was  made  In  <  October, 
:  tie  gorernmi  at  51 

e  bamlet,  and 
most  of  its  houses  were  small  hut*.  Bul 
l>egan  t<>  Increase  in  population  al  I 
-.mis  ji  year.  August  24,  1814,  the  British  invaded 
iment  buildings, 
and  destroyed  *  huge  number  of  the  public 
Inflicting  ■  loss  estimate  I 

tok  upon 
it  a  new  growth,  arid  many  Important  Improve- 
ments wire  made.     The  reconstruction    of    the 
gun  in  1815,  and  finished  ba  iv_'T. 
: !.  ua-  352  feet; 
8,  70  feel .   t-i  top  i  ■■ 
cost,  $2,433,814'    Tin-  coi  in 
subsequent  enlargement   was  laid  July  4,    1851, 
and  the  work  waa  finished  In  1887.    The  material 
i-   white  marble  tinged  with  blue,  with   I 
umns,    it-  entire  leng 

breadth,  with  steps   and   p<  K8   feet; 

total  area  of  Its  site,  more  th  Each 

wing  is  1423    feet  long,  and  238      feel  wide.    The 
aside  ol  the  dome  bj  180  feet;  b  tal  height 
ol    Freedom  by 
Crawford,  on  the  top  of  the  di  reetnigh. 

- 
The  total  cost  of  tin  •■■■■  and  old— was 

nearly  $13,000^000.  contain 

■ 
and  BOJtf  feet   wide. 
The  HaU  of  Repri  I  -ng  and 

93  feet  wide.    Th*1  Supreme  Court 

lt,  45  feet  high,  and  75  feet  long.  The  old 
Bail  of  Representatives,  boh  Statuarj  Ball,  is  also 
semicircular,  57  feet  high  and  96  feet  long.  The 
Library  of  CongTest*.  main  room,  is  i'lV,  feet  long, 
34   feet   wide  high;  the   two  annex 

lung,  20H  feet 


wide,  and  S8  feel  high.    At  the  main  enti 
untie  allegorioaj    gr 
figures,  designed  bj  John  Qulncy  Adams,  entitled 
oius  of  America."    U  represents  Liberty, 
mi  Bope,  m  sand* 
cost  $1,500;  beside  the  entrance  doors,  In  niches, 

■  ...-lit    in 
■ 
$12,000,    Above  the  door,  in  stone,  bj   Cap 

■  Washington.    The 
ue  ottwogrea)  . 

in  marble,  on  the  grand  portico 

bus  in  armor  and  an 
Indian  maiden     Near  by  la  another  huge  group, 

called  "  Civilization 
an  American  pioneer,  in-  wife  and  child,  attacked 
by  an  Indian.    The  two  groups  cost   M8,000,    On 
this  port  *'f  office  was  administered 

ti>  new  Presidents    of    the    United 
Jackson  to  Cleveland.     Tin-  nine  panels  of  the 

J     Randolph    Rogers,    at    the 

at  ranee  i  the  n  ■■  11  In  sculpture 

the  follow  Ing  scenes:  "  Examination  *>i  Columbua 

•'i  iolumbu  ' 
are  from  the  Convent,  on  going  to  Court;"  "The 

•  ting  of 
Columb  First  Landing 

at  San  Salvador;"   "First    Encounter    with    the 
Indians;"   "Triumphal  Arrival    of   Columbua  at 
Columbua  In  Chains,"  and  "Death 
Along  the  Bides,  and  at  Un 
In 
■  nt ing  the  cotempoi  ■ 

bus  and  (1 f  his  historians;    on  the  transom  a 

bust  uf  Columbua  nboi  i-    the    American    Eagle. 
i  ,i-t  in  Munich,  by  F.  Von  Mull.  i.  is 
19  feet  ■  w<  ighs  20,000  [I 

■  00.    The  Senate  portico  Is  adorned  with 
:i  group  In  mai  American  Civil 

■ 
designed   bj    Thus    Crawford,  containing    many 
figures,  and  oostlng  $50,000.    "Historj   and  Jus* 
.■in  the  group  over  the   3t  nab    door.    At 
the  enl  i  aate  extension    la  a 

door,  designed  bj  Crawford  and  cast  by  J.  T.  Ames 
:it  Chicopee,  which  cost  nearly   $57,000.    it  con- 

■  . 

War  and  our  early  national  history.    The  statue 

nting  the  dome,  modi 
Crawfot 

bington 
seated  In  a  Roman  cbalr,  fronting  the 
portico,  executed   In   Italy,  about  1840,  cost  more 
than  *l  aval  Ifonument 

oration  <>i    membt  i  -  of  the  navy  who  fell  In   the 
■ 

b,ol  pure  Italian  marble,  with 
tal,  From  which  (Iowa  ;i  fountain 
of  water.    Statues  ol  "  America  and  Peace,"  and 
others,  i  nd  Peao  ."  a  Itfa    lm 

igricultural  Implementa   and 

products,  form  the  attending  ornament, i; 

.  and  dome,  charming  ba  themselves, 
h  in  historical  Lutings. 

That  of  "The    Apotheosla   ol    Washington,"   by 
i  iopy,  cost  $39,500,  an 

The  eight  historical 
around  the  rotund  i 
being  12  by  18  feet  squan    are  by  various  artists, 
t   $74j000.      Over  thi  ire    baa 

I  head-,  in  medallion,  of  Columbus, 
uod  LaSalle,  costing,  In 
• 
of  the  rotunda,  cut  in  ent  well-known 

In    American  eai  :>   blstory.    Tin  j 
1 1 1,000.    The  I 
in  the  sunken  space  encircling  the  rotunda,  which 
t    wide,   were  executed  by  Rnimidi  and 
l  v  Hall,  under  the  an 
figures  of  Liberty  s-urmounting'  a 
Over  th<  tue  of  Blstory 

recording  events  in  a  winged  ear.  the   w] 

Ck  dial.     Tins  i-  .-ailed  "  Fran- 


lonlii  Historical  Clock."    In  accordance   with  a 

noft    tigress ,  -  ech  State  baa  been  Invited 

Unite  the  statues  ol  i«-'  "i  in  i   | 

i  Lsens,  in  mai  I  to  thia  ball, 

■  an    quite    unanimous,    and 

Rhode  Is)  '  ni"  and 

■ .  ttout,   Jonathan    Trumbull 

fork,  Geo,  Cllnl 
■ 

and  Bam  ^en t.  Etfa 

M  dne,  W  in  King    Pei 
i  d  Ohio,  J 

nlpture.    Vinnle  Ream  contributes 
le  of  Lincoln,  and  there  la  plaster  modi  i 
■  ■r    RoudonV    Washington    at     Richmond.      The 
i 

and  more  than   100,000  pamphlets,     it^  ■•  i 
Immense.     Tin-   Pn  White 

i    17"  f.-*-i  I'm.  wide,  occupj 

Ing  grounds  containing  about  75  acres,  20  ol  which 
■  ii  the  * '  ipitol. 
altogether  It  baa  cost  the  Government  i  i    ; 
HOOjOOO.    The  State,  War  and  Bai 
Building,  ^  it  boo 

feel  i"n-r.  253  feet  wide  and  138  reel  high;  with 
td projection     ■         i67  feet    ton]    and  ;ii- 
rectwide.    Its  cost  was  9l2fiOOfiQ0     The  J 
mint  of  the  Interior  Building   (often   called   the 

75  feet   high.  o.t»n.     The  -.. 

[■■  iioiih.  Is  a  finely  designed  Ice,  two 

stories  high,  30  ld<  .  and 

tent       i  ■    o    I    thi    G 
menl    nearly    12,000,000     In    tii.     Cnited    Btates 
67,000  persons 
in  post  office  employ,  and  tii"  annual  revenue  la 
more  th  0     The  Department  i 

culture  Building  la  *>i  brick,  with  stone  trimmings, 
170  feet  long  and  61  feet  ■  Ide  and  3  stories  high. 
.    ■  he  Goi 
ernment  BotanlcaJ  Garden,  valuable  and 
.hi-  u  nh  more  t  ban  2J0O0  rai  tetiei   ol  planl 

besid 

and  iron,  are  n  nig,  and 

filled  with  choice  tropical  and  "tin  i 

2,001 pack  ■  n        |    7<»."" 

plann* are  here  distributed  annually    '■>  sections 

.  tpted  to  them.     In  tin-  building  Isa  library 

of  10,000  agricultural  bo*  i   One  museum 

<if   agi  '■■■ 

plants,  minerals  and  rarioi 

Building  is  constructed  of  freestone,  on  Pennsyl- 
rania  Avenue.    It  was  completed  in  1841,  and  im- 
proved In  th  granite  from  Mann-     It- 
length  i-  ^,^|  feet,  it-  breadth,  364  Feet,  and  portl- 
■   di  adorn  LI  1 1  three 
ement,    and    hat    cosl    over 
17,000,000.    The  Governmenl  Printing  Offl 
four-storj  brick  edifice,  employing  from 
3,ooo  persons,  running  over  100  pre 
nearly  •S.OOOjOOO  annually   for  expenses.    Every 

known  in  the  art*  of  printing  and  binding 
is  adopted  in  its  operations.     The 
Institution,    named   after   its    English    founder, 

mithson,  is  an  educational  college.  In  his 
will  he  bequeathed  for  its  benefit  $515,169.  It  is 
Hi  ti,,-  cot  '■  ■"*■  was 

laid  In  1847  and  the  building  was  compl* 

■ 
laid  out  asa  public  park,   The  total  length 
of   the   main    building    la  426  feet,     its    liberal 
endowment  enables  it  to  devote  $70 jOOO  per  annum 
to  Invest  i        eum 

goi  ei  nment,  forma  a  part  ot  I  be   instil  u 
tion,  and  is  rich  in  n 
ties.      There  are  many  other  public   and    | 

building  ruble  Interest,  and  th*-  city 

in  parka  and   pub!  'i  my  .if 

a  adorned  with  costly  statuary,  as  follows: 
Dupont  I  Itue  Of  Admiral 

Dupont    Thomas   Circle—Equestrian     statne    of 

rge  II   Thorn  •  Army  of  Cum- 

berland Society ;  modeled  by  J.  Q.  A.   Ward;  lrt 


Notable  Places  in  the  United  States  Frequented  as  Pleasure  Resorts— Continued. 


: 


feet  high;    'ost,  with  pedestal    and    lamp-poets, 
$79,000.     Washington    Circle — Equestrian    statue 
of  Washington,  in  old-style  military  co-* 
Clark  Mills:    erected  by  Congress 
Judiciary   Square   i  10  acres)— Pension    Bn 
District   Court    House,   and    Lot    P'lannery'3    full 
length  >tatue  of  Lincoln,  surmounting  a  marble 
column.    Greene  Square  (3J£  acres)— Equestrian 
statue  of  Gen.  >"ath'I  Greene,  by  H.    K.    Browne; 
with  pedestal.  850,000.    Lin- 
coln Square  (6  acres) — Bronze  Group.  "  Emancipa- 
tiun."  representing  Lincoln,  with  the  Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation,  protecting  a  crouching  slave, 
whose  fetters  are  broken;  designed  by  The 
and  cast  at  Munich.  Bavaria;  cost  817,000,  contrib- 
uted   by   freed  negroes   at    the    South.     Rawlins 
Square— Bronze  statue  of  Gen.  Jno.   A.   Rawlins, 
Sec'y  of  War  un   er  Grant,  by  J.  Bailey;    height, 
with  pedestal,  20  feet:    cost,  $10,000.     M    i 
Square— Equestrian  statue  of  Gen.  Jas.  B.  McPher- 
son,  by  Jas.  T.  Robisso;  erected  by  Army  of  the 
Tennessee  Society,  from  cannon  donated  I 

figure,    14   feet  high  823  500;    with 

pedestal,  $-18,500.  Farragut Square  (about  1  acre) 
— Bronze  statue  of  Admiral  Farragut,  by  Vinnie 
Ream;  metal  taken  from  Farragut's  ship,  the 
II  art  ford -.30  feet  high;  cost,  $20,000.  Scon 
i  acre  —Equestrian  statue  of  Gen.  Winfleld  Scott, 
by  H.  K.  Browne;  cast  from  cannon  captured  In 
Mexico;  29  feet  high;  cost,  $45,000.  Lafayette 
Square  (7  acres)  — Equestrian  statue  of  Andrew 
Jackson,  by  Clark  Mills;  erected,  1853;  made  from 
cannon  captured  by  Jacksun;  li- 
the Senate  staircases  are  Hiram  Power?'  Btatue 
of  Franklin,  costing  310.000;  Powell's  painting  of 
Perry's  Victory'  on  Lake  Erie,  costing  $25,000; 
Stone's  statue  of  John  Hancock,  cost  i 
Walker's  painting  of  "The  Storming  of  Chapul* 
costing  $6,000.  At  the  staircase  of  the 
Representatives'  Hall  are  Powers*  statue  of  Jeffer- 
son, in  marble,  costing  $10,000,  and  Carpenter's 
painting  of  "  Lincoln  Signing  the  Emancipation 
Proclamation,"  costing  825,000.  In  the  Represen- 
tatn  es*  Hall  are  Bierstadt's  two  paintings  of  "  Set- 
tlement of  California"  and  "Discovery  of  the 
Hudson  River."  costing,  together.  $20,000.  The 
city  contains  6.111  acres;  has  100  streets  and  20 
•  of  which  Pennsylvania  Ave.  and  Massa- 
chusetts Ave.  are  each  4)£  miles  long.  Total  popu- 
lation over  200,000,  including  about  20,00 
eminent  employes.  Washington  Monument  occu- 
pies a  space  of  20  acres ;  its  corner-stone  -■ 
in  1848,  and  the  structure  was  finished  in  1884;  Eta 
foundation  is  80  feet  square,  set  in  solid  rock;  the 
>5  feet  square;  at  the  top  it  is  about  30 
feet  square:  total  height.  555  feet:  built  of  gran 
ite  and  marble;  cost  about  $1,200,000.  Long 
Bridge,  over  the  Potomac  River,  is  one  mile  long. 


Naval  Observatory  grounds  contain  19  acres;    the 
Navy    Vard,   27    acres:     the   Arsenal    ground-.    45 
acres.     Total     value    of    Government     property. 
7    ill. 

Watkins  Glen,  X.  X.— Eighty  rod-  from 

Watkins  Station,  near  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake,  a 
vast  gorge  in  a  tall,  rocky-  bluff,  500  feet  high; 
through  which  flows  a  noisy  mountain 
forms  the  glen,  extending  a  distance  of  about 
3  mile-.  The  scenery  is  rugged  and  romantic  La 
the  deep  gorge,  with  cascades  and  towering  rocks, 
a  dark  pool,  narrow  footpaths,  hemlock  trees,  dif- 
ficult stairways  and  a  balcony  overhanging  the 
gorge;  solitude  and  grandeur  distinguish  the 
place,  and  the  admirer  of  nature  may  here  view 
it  in  its  wildest  phases.  Prominent  objects  are 
the  Mountain  House,  a  chalet  Cottage,  an  iron 
ion  bridge  across  the  gorge,  an  art-gallery. 
Glen  Cathedral  amphitheater  1,000  feet  longs 
Rainbow  Falls,  Pluto  Falls,  Omega  Falls,  etc. 
Other  glens  in  the  vicinity  present  additional 
charms  for  the  tourist. 

West  Point,  X.  Y.— The  early  history  of 
the  Union  i-  intimately  connected  with  this  beau- 
tiful place  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson  River, 
52  miles  north  of  New  York  City.  In  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  the  neighborhood  bristled  with  forts 
built  by  Colonial  troops.  Above  the  river  at  an 
altitude  of  600  feet  may  still  be  seen  the  ruins  of 
Fort  Putnam,  and  from  that  deserted  fortress  the 
tourist  may  view  some  of  the  finest  scenery  in 
America.  The  Government  Military  Academy 
and  grounds,  where  so  many  great  warriors  have 
been  educated,  are  finely  located  and  ably  main- 
tained. Kosciusko's  Monument  is  a  prominent 
feature  at  this  delightful  resort. 

Weyer'i  Cave,  "Va.—  Not  far  from  the  fam- 
ous Luray  Caverns,  the  visitor  to  Augusta  county 
meets  with  another  remarkable  cave,  called 
Weyer's,  of  considerable  extent,  and  rich  in  nat- 
ural and  strange  creations.  Several  chambers  are 
ed,  in  which  much  of  phenomenal  beauty 
and  grotesque  formations  are  revealed.  The  pas- 
sage-ways and  halls  glisten  with  snowy  drapery. 
Near  by  is  the  Cave  of  the  Fountains,  which  also 
serves  to  charm  visitors  with  its  beauty. 

White     Mountains  —  View    from    the 

Glen  House— On  the  eastern  side  of  Mt.  Wash- 
ington, at  it-  base,  a  visitor  at  the  Glen  House 
may  have  a  clear  view  of  five  notable  peaks: 
Mt.  Washington,  Mt.  Adams.  Mt.  Jefferson.  Mt. 
Clay  and  Mt.  Madison,  which  rise,  respectively, 
6,293;  5,800;  5.700;  5.400.  and  5.361  feet.  Tucker- 
man's  Ravine  is  an  immense  rift  on  the  south  side 
..I  Mt  Washington,  the  walls  of  which  are  1.000 
feet  in  height.    Several  interesting  cascades  are 


found  in  the  vicinity,  one  ("Crystal"!  havinga 

White    Sulphur    Spring,  W.  Va.-With 
et  above  the  ocean,  and  but- 
I  by  groves,  streams,  forests,  lai 

g  been  a  most  popular  resort.   Thi 

.  which 

uf  indisposed  persona  to  it. 
its  virtues  have  been  known  for  a  century-. 

Yellowstone     National     Park,     A\  v  ... 

Ter.— Length  of  Park.  65  miles;  width.  55 

I  .are  miles,  or  .     38 
lowstone  Lake  is  22  miles  long  and  15  mJleti 
The  park  contains  from  5,000  to  10,000   - 
and  50  geysers  that  throw  water  from  SO 
feet.     The  yxeat  falls  of  the  Grand  Canon 
feet  in  height. 

The  Tosemite    Valley— Reached  by  four 
Situated  on  the  Merced  Rivei 
posa  County.  Cal.,  220  miles  (by  road)  ft 

CO.     The  Valley  contains  a   level    plateau 
about  6  miles  long  and  from  J^  to  1  mile  wide,  and 

nided  by  granite  cliffs,  rising 
pendicuiarly  to  a  height  varying  from  3 
6,000  feet.     From  the  tops  of  these  cliffs    spring 
magnificent  and  beautiful  cataracts.    All  through 
the  valley  flowers  abound,   relieved   with   plants 
and  shmbs,  and  their  varied  hues  and  odors  are 

il  to  the  senses.  The  valley  has 
known  since  1851,  and  Is  the  property  of  thi 
set  apart  for  a  public  resort.  The  name  Tosemite, 
given  to  it  by  the  Indians,  means  "  Large  Grizzly 
Bear."  "ElCapftan"  is  a  solitary  stone  pillar 
with  a  perpendicular  elevation  oi  3,300  feet  The 
"Bridal  Veil."  a  cataract  of  great  beauty,  falls 
over  a  cliff  900  feet  high.    Opposite  to  it  is  "The 

I  reek."  with  a  faU   of   1,0  • 
"  Cathedral  Rock  "  is  a  granite  pile,  2.660  feet  high. 
"The  Spires "  are   two   graceful    columns.     'The 
Three  Brothers"  is  a  triplet  group  of  rocks,  the 

i  eak  of  which  rises  3  630  feet.    "Sentinel 
Rock  "is  3.043  feet  high.     "The  Tosemite  Falls" 
is  a  grand  piece  of  scenery,  broken  into  ca 
the  first  having  a  fall  of   1,500  feet;    then  shorter 

*  depth  of  626  feet,  and  finally  a  pi 
400  feet  into  the  valley.     East  of  the  F 
bold  peak,  rising  3.030  feet  above  the  valley.    The 
"Half  Dome."  in  the  vicinity,  is  a  granife 
rising  nearly  5/100  feet  above  the  valley.    "  North 
Dome"  Is 3,568 feet  high.    "Vernal  r 

about  4O0  feet.     The   "Cap  of  Liberty." 

rock,  is  2.000  feet  high.     *•  Nevada  Fall  "  is 
nearly  GO  »  feet  high.     The  views  from  the  various 
reached   by    travelers    are 
among  the  sublimed  in  the  world. 


'.  -f , 


22 


LOCATION  AND  SIZE  OF  SMALL  LAKES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

Many  of  which  are  Prominent  as  Summer  Resorts. 


Lakes  iii  Arizona. 

Heckei  sCo 

Hi  \  I.  .1,.-    Ipache  Co.  i     2. . 

I .  }4 

Lake  Selado    Vpache  Oo  H   if 

\l 

O  Lake,  Apache  Co 1 

■  o '4 a 


Lakes  in  irluuu 

Atkins  I. :ik.-    I,    i iCO      3 V 

It       i  HJ  IK if 

Big  Lake,  J 12 

Bin  Ho         i   ill       I    till  l  I  o     1X....*H$ 

Blanton  Lake,  Hlller  Co  •_'..  u 

2, 

Buford  Laki     tUssli  [ppl  Co  i    2.. 

<  \)i \f 

i      I.. 

I  i ii  Co  ...  I.. 

Her  '  ,.  

-  i  ike  Mi    i    ipi e    i.. 

Coffee  I  ake,  \  hli  -  l  o  \ 2Hr 

Cottonej    uid  B  ikes,  lrk's.2  if 

.    auieri 

pi        i  iki    Puis  kl  Co 1 yt 

Ii  i    X 

Fish  Lake.  Hemp  V  id  Co  I ii 

I  I 1    . 

<■  >ld<  n        ,i       HI     i    Ippl  Co 4...  i 

'■>  md  Lake  i  ihlcol  Co        7 \ 

Hi  mp  lead  Co l1; yt 

ftaanabi  rryLaki     Irkai 

Jacob's  T.ik.-   Arkansas  Co HJ -'or 

K.  in  l.  ike,  Mill,  i  i',,  .5  X 

Lake  i', ,ini, ,.i    ■> ir  Co  ....         I 

Mississippi  Co 8     '■!.. 

ilkei    Mississippi  Co :i'.. 

i  ike   Mllli  i  Co 2 % 

Hip    Co  l~     X 

M  ison     Lake,  I  bicol  Co  8  1.. 

Hod  Lake,  Arkansas  Co     * H- 

Noble  Laki     leffoi     nCo  M 

Oakl 

Old-Town  ..,.,.      i  iki     i i   Co  X 

It-  ,i  Lake,  Willi  i  Co  1'-. 

id  Co  H 

I:, .ii  n, I  Pond.  Phillips  Co H X 

Bcotl  Lake,  Miller  Co \vt X 

SlWer  Laki     Bi    ,;  , 

Walnut  Laki    Desha  I  8 

i  hi.   i  o    v a 

V, Mine's  Lake, HI    I  ripplCo :i 2.. 


AJkaU  i  i  ..18 8.. 

i       •  i a 

Bhjler   orTa  er  Co. ..22   12. . 

Bli -i  Lake,  Santa  Barbara  Co 

ike,  Lake  i" 8 I.. 

eLaki     i'  mil, -Mi  -  o     V, \< 

.      1,1.,  9,    M| CO IX \ 

IX v 

12 

i    Laki     Mp' I y 

Canon  Lake,  Mono  Co IX M 

IK l.. 

'     y 

.1       Kern  Co 1!-.  I 

35 in.. 

Clear  La  II 14.. 

I   Hi X 

Donnei       iki     I '  icer  Co 2 I  . 

I  i  i 

i    ,        I,,     ;   ■  2  . 

|  o     :i % 

Lake,  TnolnmneCo  i   v 

i  ■  esO  1. . 

Kill  Ii  i     M 

.  ke.  KMoradu  Co :t I 

Qold  i  1 V, 

i. ,  Lake,  Kern  Co 4 2., 

80    12.. 

Lake,  Tuolumne  Co '.. 

i     '  ik 

i  k,'.  Amador  Co  I 

,  Lake,  Banl  .  ..2K X 

■  i  .,  ' , 

ii         -.ii.  ,!,,■    \i|,i.i,   Co  IX.. 

11, ,11. -v   I 

I     3.. 

Independence  Lake  Pli rCo I....        l   . 

Independence  Lake.  Sierra  Co 2 if    j 

Karman  Lake   M Co IX H    I 

8    4.. 

i  Los  Angeles  Co 1 if 

ira  Co IX Si 

I    hi -i..  I   . 


Lake*  In  California.   , 

.  :i 2.. 

Lake  Tahoe  (or  Blglet  i,  Placer  Co 

Little  Lake,  Inyo  I  o ix \f 

l Lake,  PlacerCo  2. . 

Lower  Laki         .12  2'.; 

Clamath  Laki    Siskiyou  Co  12 

l  iin,i  v  Lake   M Co  2       1. . 

Head,  iv  Laki      '] IU 

Middle  Lake,  M Co 

Modoc  Lake,  Modoc  Co ■<"  ".. 

ike   Mono  I  lo  IS II,, 

Co    2 p. 

>  in  i  Lake  Tuolumne  Co i y, 

i»  Lake,  Inyo  Co 22 18. . 

Saline  l.  Jci    Inyo  l  lo IJ IX 

-I     ■ dot  Co  \. ...... .Hi 

loCo  I     Iii 

SllTer  Lake,  Mono  Co ' 

i'      i   ■  '     IN  I    |       ' 

i  ike  i  iki  Co        2 1.. 

Tulare  Lake,  TulareCo 24....     18.. 

Tule  Lake,  Sonoma  Co  ' ', \ 

in!,-  Lake  SI  kit ■■  2S     I  tolO.. 

Twin  Lakes,  Alpine  Co 2 if 

I  i'i"  i   l   'I.,     Modoc  Oo  18   8.. 

\\  i  'i i  y, . .        i ! . 

West  Twin  Lake,  Mono  Co 4 8.. 

Ztica  Laki',  Santa  Barbara l  o X X 


Lake.  In  Colon. 

»  [O  Lake^Clear  Creek  Co X X 

Hlnsd  lie  '  "  X  ...    84i 

<^ i  i  'i i Co  \y,  . .      i 

ii  i.  ike  I  lear  l  reek  I  .- %.. 

I  ''ii     I.'    ui'l    CO 2    M  , 

Lowei   i  ■'■  "i  Lake,  Laki  Co 2 I 

Sal  I iki    ii'i'  'i. 'i'    Co  r  .  ...     if 

s.ii  I. H,  i Co     IX 1.. 

I'o 2 if 

Ti  "I'I"  i       I  "I  ■     '  ■  Mi'., 2.  .  .  I 

I  I  I    'I        I  ..!  ,     .   ., 1 1., 


Lakes  In  Connecticut.    jJJ 

Ball's  Pond,  Fairfield  Co i  v 

B  intern  Lake,  Litchfield  Co xy,....    I 

ii,  nedlcl  Lake,  Llti  hfleld  Co  '.  . 

■.  Lake,  Litchfield  Co if x 

ii,  ,1  Lick  Laki    Lite i.i  Co k « 

...    M.  ..I  -  '•  l.  .1."    Lit  l.n.  M  Co       y X 

Blakelj  Lake,  Litchfield  Co J< x 

Bolton  ii.   ervo  I  Co :i w 

iii....  ,i  Lake,  Litchfield  i  lo u 

Burr's  Lake,  Litchfield  Co.. y i* 

i   i  Mi.  Lake,  Litchfield  Co I.' 

Catlin  Lake,  Litchfield  Co ' 

i  i  ml   Lake,  Lltchfii  M  Co  V, 

Cob  Lake,  Litchfield  Co    J< jf 

Columbia  Etesorroir,  Tolland  Co Iu f 

...    i, ii.  i, ii, .Li  I',,       i". 

. ".  im  ii.ii  Laki    Lit  hfleld  Co v « 

II.  .,i  Swamp  Lake   Litchfield  Co M 8 

Doollttle  Lake,  Litchfield  Oo 1...  .       X 

l  i  ,1."   i  iii  im.  Id  Co  X X 

CJardni-i     Laki     Sen  London  Co n 2.. 

< ■  "  -     i  ike   Lltchfii  'M"     i y 

Hatch  I. nk,' ,  i     i. ii.  iin.  i.i  Oo 

Hatch  l.ik,'  (2).  Litchfield  Oo ! 

Humlston  Lake,  Litchfield  Co K. 

Indian  Lake,  Litchfield  Co IK V 

i  '  I  Co, v, i , 

Lane  Lake,  Litchfield  Oo X X 

i,',,ku i    Lake,  Litchfield  Co y,  u 

I. ..hi:  Lake,  Litchfield  Co     2X X 

y. x 

Long  Meados  Lake    Litchfield  Co IX X 

.■.  ,  '  I  ake   i  Itchfleld  Co. IX X 

m  ■  ".I   Toll  ind  Co  -'  i 

m  Lake,  Litchfield  Co I x 

Mount  i  "in  Lake,  Litchfield  Co X X 

Mudge  Lake,  Litchfield  Co IX X 

North  Lake    i     i  Itchfleld  Co 1 I   . 

North  Lake  (2),  Litchfield  Co X X 

olebrook  Lake,  Litchfield  CO....X X 

pectacle  Laki    I  Co...  .1 X 

Phelps  Lake   Utchfleld  Co X X 

i       hfleld  Co X X 

Plstebaugh  Pond.  Ne»  Baron  Co IX % 

>i  ugh  I'm,  i   \.  ".  ii  ,'.,  ii  r., X X 

It  ..ii-  -I  i  ii-     I  Itchfleld  Oo  X X 

Round  HUH  ike  Litchfield  Co X X 

■«  ike.  New  ii  ,■..  ..  Oo  :i X 

Shenipt  11  '  3X 5C 

Mm  ill,  rd'sl  II  - I X 

Smith's  Lake,  Litchfield  Oo X X 

■mm    i"ii  .."I  .  -  i  ■, X 

Smith  s, tacle  Lake,  Litchfield  Oo       .' 

Thompson,  Lake  Litchfield  Co X X 

Tobey  P !  Litchfield  Co    X X 


Lakes  In  Connecticut. 

Tvler  Lake,  I. ii i  '         x X 

Iii-'    i' .■    i'i-    i  "■ Id  Co.]  i 

W. ,.|li. in,     Lake    Lltchfii  Id  Co 
Waremaug  Lake,  Utchfleld  Co 

n  Lake,  Lll ild  Oo.  j  .  3 

Wiuiiiiiriniihii.ir  Lake    i. .hum i  Co 2 y 

Won,  hi pontile  Lake.  Lltchfleld  '"    i  i 

reek  Lake,  Utchfleld  '  " i 

Lakes  In  Dakota. 

A  taohua  tsftke,  Alacl So 

Ubeti  Lake,  '  Irani  Co  :\  i 

Andes  i.i    ■    ■                tflxOo                    10  v. 

tVntelope  Lake,  McHonrj  Co........        .  .% 

Arroww I  Lake, SI nCo  .  2H..  ■      V 

IE      ■        Lake,  I  i  u  i.  Oo      g... 

Big  Stone  Lake,  Qran.  I  So.      \u 

Blackwater  Lake,  Stevens  Co i  j/ 

Branl  Lake,  Lake  Co  i\  . 

Budge  Lake,  Kli  i        4 2'.] 

Byron  Lake;  Beadle  Oo         ;. u 

Cnandlt  1     1  ik<     Ban v 

fin  iii  Lake.  Brown  Co 2      ....!'k 

Cottonu 1  1  aki    Burlelg .  ...:i 2% 

Crystal  Lake,  Aurora  < '" %...       \4 

Dakot  <  Lake  Brown  Co i 

Dei  11*8  Lake,  Ram    ly  Co       .">: '» .  1  1 

Di  \  W 1  Lake,  Bfsseton  Resei 

Duck  Lake,  9t-  ^  ne  Co       1      ...      X 

Vsland  Lake,  Rolette  l  to :t. . 

•Jessie  Lake,  Oris;g  Co 1 . . 

.inn  Lake,  Btuteman  < '" 3#- -•••'■' Mi 

Jones  Lake,  Aurora  O  % 'j^ 

K  "    1..'  1  ake,  Codington  Co 

Koch'    1  Co v  u 

Lake  \iim  ii,  Granl  Co l»«,  i 

1.1 1.'  1  Sottonvi 1. « rOdtngton  Co...       S  1 

1  ike .'■■  1  Ihai  Ii     Klx  Co    .  .  ,   ...  -i -\ 

Lake  Hei  1n.u1.  Lake  Co » 

Laktj  Mi 'h- hi .  ]..  1 1,*  Co    7 ••'•3H 

Lake  \i  ixeppi at  Co    'i 1 .. 

LakeNorden,  Hamlin  Co \y2 1 .' 

Laki    1.'"  '■    Rolette  Co 2.. "   \ 

■ Im   mIm    I  '■  ■  .  \% 

I..'-'    Foster  Co 3U  1 

Long  Lake,  Burleigh  Co [3 

I,- mil-  Lake.  Rolette  Co 2.  u 

Lord  Laki  -    Rolette  Oo \yt j^j 

Ulnnewaukan  (See  Devll^  Lake] 

Minnie  Lake,  Barnes  Co yK 10  r 

I*  h  Icer  Lake,  lui  ora  *  '•• y,, .  .        •  l 

Pelican  I^ake,  Codington  Co ;.  "  \y. 

Pi  .ti  1  ake    1 -  1  1  0       \y. 1.. 

.   \...        Ce 

Polnsetl  Lake,  Hamlin  Co 5j? .'.3.. 

Preston  Lake,  Kingsbury  Co, 7, 2. '. 

■     G o  2  1 , . 

Punched  Woman's  Lake,  Codlngt'n  Co  1  v 

Red  Lake   Brule  Co  5u...    i>W 

Red  Willow  Lake  Grigg  1  - iv  3 

1.1  ake.  Burleigh  Co 1  '        "\'y\ 

Bibles  Lake,  Grigg  Co  % ^ 

Silver  Lake,  Kingsbury  <'" % u 

Silver  Lake,  Turni  rCo       1,  1 

siniiiL.'  i.;> !-'■.  Walworth  <"'• 2  .     ...  1 

k       h  im..- 1  iit  v  :  .   .:  1 

Spirit  Lake,  Kingsbury  Co  .    1'  \% 

spirit  W 1  Lake,  Stutsman  Co  1    ■  1 

MM,,  1   Lake,  Roll  tteCo  .:      2.'. 

Bi  "i  Lake  Tumi  1  Co 2 u 

Swan  Lake,  Walworth  Co....     '•  2.. 

I  blcaha  Lake,  Brown  Co 3Ji 2. . 

Thompson  Lake,  King  bury  Co 

■    1   1  Im    Slsseton  R<  lei  ■■ 25 2. . 

Twin  1  ike,  < '<"iniu:!"]i  < lo <;       ...  IK 

Turn  Lakes,  Rolette*  0  ... \ % 

White  Laki  .  am  ore  1  '<■  5,  .^  to  \yM 

Whiten 1  Lake,  Kingsbury  Co B \y. 

Willow  i^ik.-.  Clark  Co \yt \ 

Lake*  i  ti  Florida.    P 

JU>nB.  Wld 

Ahnpopk.i    I,.ikr    Minif.  1   i'.i 1H....       15V 

Alllgatoi    Lake,  Brevard  Co 5  2 

Ullgatoi   Lai      I  \\ ij^ 

tmter  Co \ '.-M 

Apopka  Lake,  Orange  Co i  . 

.pthorpi   I  ik<     danateeOo ;i... 

Lake, R>lk  c<>    ty, 1^ 

Arbuckle  Lake,  Polk  Co o iw 

Ashby  Lake,  Volusia  Co iy. 1' 

Bartletl  Lake,  Putnam  Co % y, 

Beresford  Lake,  Volusia  Co 2 .yt 

Big  River  Lake,  Washington  <'<> 4' ..  1  1 0  - 

C'lt  Western   Lake.  Wiisliin^rtou  Co, .  .  :i     2. . 

Bradford  Lake,  Leon  Co 1 1. . 

ke,Washing?on Oo \yt l  . 

Blui   Lake,  Washington  *■■> :i  '....      2. 

Borum  Lake,  -i.i--k-.ni  Oo yt % 

Brooklyn  Lake,  Clay  Oo 4 \% 


LOCATION  AND  SIZE  OF  SMALL  LAKES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES-CONTINUED. 


Lake,  in  Florida.      "J        »£ 

Euffum  Lake,  Polk  Co 3 ly 

Butler  Lake,  Bradford  Co v. 1.. 

Cedar  Pond,  Jackson  Co i X 

('halo  Apopka  Luke.  Hernando  Co. . . .  15. . .  1  to  3. . 

Chlpola  Like,  Calhoun  Co 16.. .1  to 3.. 

Compass  Lake,  Washington  Co.... :< 2.. 

Cowpen  Lake,  Washington  Co 2 % 

Crescent  Lake,  Putnam  Co i  *    4.. 

Crescent  Lake,  Sumter  Co \ 'V 

Crescent  Lake,  Volusia  Co - l.. 

Cypress  Lake,  Jackson  Co 2., 

Cypress  Lake,  Polk  Co 4 3.. 

Crystal  Lake,  Sumter  Co , X 

De  Lance}  Lake,  Marion  Co i   .   \% 

Dexter  Lake,  Volusia  Co 5 1 . . 

Dimple  Lake,  Sumter  Co \i }£ 

D.na  Lake,  <  'range  Co 0 3.. 

Dry  Lake.  Washington  Co 1 1.. 

East   L..\    Lake.  Calhoun  ('.» I.'....  1   to5.. 

Eustis  Lake,  Orange  Co '? 5.. 

Ferra  Pond,  Bradford  Co 1  V % 

Florence  Lake,  Sumter  Co 1 X 

Forsba-lee  Lake,  Leon  Co iy '•■ 

Francis  Lake,  Manatee  Co  4 3. . 

Front  Lake, Sumter  Co ...» % 

Chip  Lake.  Washington  Co -'  !.. 

George  Lake.  Orange  Co 12 8.. 

Grand  in   Lake.  Put  nam  Co. 5 2. . 

Green  Lake,  Washington  Co i ' l .. 

Griffin  Lake,  Sumter  Co :>  3* 

Hamilton  Lake,  Polk  Co %X 3.. 

Hamoc  Lake,  Washington  Co "_' 1  .  . 

Hancock  Lake,  Hernando  Co  I  "4 1 . . 

Hancock  Lake. Polk  Co i  .  . 

Harney  Lake,  Volusia  Co 4 3.. 

Harris  Lake,  Calhoun  Co 1 IX 

Harris  Lake.  Sumter  Co 11... 

Hatchensaw  Lake,  Polk  Co 7 2y 

Hawkins  Lake,  Orange  Co y X 

Heron  Lake,  Sumter  Co 1 X 

Hi\  Lake,  Washington  Co 2 2.. 

Iamona  Lake,  Leon  Co 8 2J-6 

island  Lake,  Washington  Co l 1.. 

Istakpoga  Lake.  Manatee  Co * (i.. 

Jackson  Lake.  Leon  Co .9 3.. 

Jesup  I, .  I. re  en Li. .  4  d.  41,, 

Katrine  Lake.  Sumter  Co  '_. "4 

Ker  Lake,  Marion  Co 4 *±% 

Cissemee  Lake,  Polk  Co 14 6 

Lafayette  Lake,  Leon  Co <: 1 . . 

Lake  Bryant,  Marion  Co 4 4  . 

Lake   Broward,  Putnam  Co 2 1.. 

Lake  Charm.  Orange  Co 4 '2y 

Lake  Como,  Putnam  Co 3...&tol.. 

Lake  Dunham,  Sumter  Co. '{ 2. . 

Lake  Geneva,  Bradford  Co I % 

Lake  George,  Putnam  Co 18   10.. 

Lake  Helen,  Volusia  Co '■ X 

Lake  Jumper,  Marion  Co 2X \X 

Lake  Louisa,  Sumter  Co '•  3.. 

Lake  Luffman,  Brevard  Co 4 l  . 

Lake  Marguerite,  Putnam  Co -;- -\ 

Lake  Ma  it  la  ml,  Orange  Co %X 1 

Lake  Hinnehaha,  Orange  Co !* % 

Lake  Sibelia,  Orange  Co i  \ y, 

Levy's  Lake,  Alachua  Co 4 2y 

Little  Lake  George,  Putnam  Co '■< 2  . 

Little  River  Lake.  Washington  Co i ' . 

Little  Sampson  Lake,  Bradford  Co IX IX 

Lit!  I.-  S,m  t  a  FeLake.  Bradford  Co -i\ 1\ 

Livingston  Lake,  Polk  Co 2% ]\ 

Lochloosa   Lake,  Alachua  Co 7 4.. 

Lower  Nyakka  Lake,  Manatee  Co l % 

Lucas  Lake,  Washington  Co 2 ].. 

Marian  Lake,  Polk  Co 3 IX 

Mariana  Lake. Polk  Co i\ 1-. 

Marianna  Lake,  Brevard  Co 8 2.. 

Mlccosukee  Lake,  Leon  Co 7 :{.. 

Minmesla  Lake,  Sumter  Co S 2. . 

Minnehaha  Lake,  Sumter  Co 21 2.. 

Mirror  Lake,  Sumter  Co ■, ', 

Monroe  Lake,  Orange  Co 12 .">. . 

Monroe  Lake.  Volusia  Co 9 3J$ 

Hunson  Lake,  Leon  Co 1 X 

ST  orris  Lake,  Orange  Co 8 4. . 

Okeechobee  Lake,  Dade  Co 4<" 30.. 

Okliakonkonhee  Lake,  Polk  Co 7 IX 

Orange  Lake,  Marion  Co ll 6.. 

Panasofka  Lake,  Burnt*  r  Co •  • 2.. 

Parke  Lake,  Polk  Co  %X 2.. 

pi.  i   e  Lake.  Polk  i  o •".    . 

Pithlachoco  Lake,  Alachua  Co .4J :t. . 

Poinsett  Lake,  Brevard  t  to 3 1 . . 

p  -  Lake,  Washington  Co  4 1.. 

Rattlesnake  Lake,  Washington  Co....l V 

Rosa  Lake,  Sumter  C \X 

Ro  alu  Lake,  Polk  Co 3)  . 2'4 

Rudj  Lake,  Polk  Co %X 2.. 

Salt  Lake,  Brevard  Co W'.  I.. 

Sampson's  Lake,  Bradford  Go 9    2* 

Sam  s  Lake,  Sumter  Co -\ 2.. 

Sandhill  Lake.  Clay   CO 3 2.. 

Santa    Fe   Lake.  Alaehua  CO S 4.  . 

Santa  Fe  Lake,  Bradford  Co  8J :*«. 

Sarah-Jane  Lake,  Sumter  Co i  !<*.., 

Silver  Lake,  Sumter  Co i  1.. 

Sister  Lake,  Volusia  Co 2'_. r  j 


Lake§  in  Florida. 


Mile-  MilM 

Long, 

Smith  Lake.  Clay  Co t; 3.. 

South  Lake,  Brevard  Co 6    % 

South  Prong  Pond,  Bradford  Co 2% 1 . . 

Steames  Lake.  Manatee  Co IX 1.. 

Stella  Lake,  Sumter  Co % X 

Swift  Creek  Lake,  Bradford  Co  i 

Taknp.-kaliya  Lake,  orange  Co 16 

Tahoptalaga  Lake, Orange*  o.  12     2  to  i 

Tiger  Lake,  Polk  Co 3 \y 

Tinoz  Lake,  Hernando  Co , X 

Trinity  Lake,  Sumter  Co y % 

Upper  Nyakka  Lake,  Manatee  Co  i !; % 

AVa-hiii-t'ai  Laki'.  Pi  e\  an!  C<  < 4 1.. 

Weekiva  Lake.  Orange  Co l 'i X 

Weir  Lake,  Marion  Co ;"»;.... 

Weshayakapa  Lake,  Polk  Co 4 

Winder  Lake.  Brevard  Co ,;  -' 

Woodruff  Lake,  Volusia  Ca -"  ■ I1  ■ 

Worth  Lake,  Dade  Co 18.,    IftolH 


Alturas  Lakes,  Alturas  Co each    2 2. . 

Bear  Lake,  Bear  Lake  Co 20 5.. 

Cceur  d'Aiene  Lake.  Kootenai  Co 2."> 4.. 

Pish  Lake,  Kootenai  Co .6 X 

Hayden  Lake,  Kootenai  Co 1 l.. 

John  Gray's  Lake,  Oneida  Co 9  4.. 

K.aiiik-u  Lake.  Kuotenai  Co 30..  1  to  10.. 

Ittarsh  Lake,  Cassia  Co i  '_■ 1.. 

Fend  d'Oreilie  Lake,  Kootenai  Co 65. ,  .4  to  6. . 

Red  Fish  Lake.  Alturas  Co 5 2,  . 

Samaria  Lake,  Oneida  Co bL H 

Spirit  Lake,  Kootenai  Co 5 1.. 

Swan  Lake,  Oneida  Co ■, '. 

Wah-hah  Lake,  Nez  PercesCo       ....2  X 


Lukes  In  Illinois. 


HIIm 

i    ■. 

Bangs' Lake,  Lake  Co 1  % }-< 

Big  >  rrassy  Lake,  Greene  Co 3 Ij , 

Big  Lake,  Jackson  Co 3>  2  ( 

Bluff  Lake.  (See  Lake  Maria) 

Butler's  Lake.  Lake  Co y '| 

Cade  Lake,  Greene  Co 3.. X 

Calumet  Lake.  Co*. k  Co 3'. 1  \ 

Cedar  Lake,  Lake  Co V X 

Channel  Lake.  Lake  Co |J$ % 

Chouteau  Slough,  Madison  Co 5 32r 

Cranberry  Lake.  Lake  Co    \ '■- 

Crooked  Lake.  Lake  Co £ % 

Crystal  Lake.  HcHenry  Co 1^ % 

Deep  Lake.  Lake  Co I J^ 

Deer  Lake,  Lake  Co ', \ 

Diamond   Lake.  Lake  Co y. % 

Duck  Lake,  Lake  Co y % 

Dunn's  Lake.  Lake  Co ', 

Dyson'f  Lake,  I  arroll  Co 3." y, 

Pisli  Lai:e.  Lake  Co ' U 

Fourth  Lake.  Lake  Co I1, • .. 

Fos  Lake.  Lake  Co 2 \ 

Qage'S  Lake,  Lake  Co % % 

Grass  Lake.  Lake  Co y. % 

Grassy  Lake,  Lake  Co 2." '  . 

•ray's   Lake    Lake  Co y, \ 

Hastings  Lake.  Lake  Co i.. 

Honey  Lake,  Lake  Co % \. 

Horseshoe  Lake,  Alexandei  Co 4 y^ 

Hoi  51  moe  Lake.  Madison  Co 10 1.. 

Huntley's  Lake.  Lake  Co ' \ 

Hyde  Lake,  Cook  Co I.. % 

Lake  Breeze,  Madison  Co 3,  I 

i.  ike  i  ■  Ltharine,  Lake  Co \ 

Lake  Lima,  Adams  Co 4', 2.. 

Lakes  Maria  and  Bluff,  Lake  Co i '  _. % 

Lake  Milligan    Lit  xandei  Co ...2 l4 

Lake  Potato  Prs ii  ie,  I ■( eene  Co.,      ..3, 

Lake  Zurich,  Lake  Co  -V % 

Linertvville  Lake.  Lake  Co | % 

Little  Lake,  Jackson  Co 3« y 

Long  Lake,  Lake  Co 1* y 

Long  Lake,  Madison  Co 12 ', 

l n  Lake.  Lake  Co I 

nConaghan  Lake  Lake  Co J^ '-, 

Xippei-Miik  Lake,  Lake  Co 1  !  ■ ' . 

Petite   Lake.  Lake  Co l ij 

Pistakee  Lake.  Lake  Co 2'4 % 

Round  Lake.  Lake  Co \ y 

Sand  Lake.  Lake  Co  

Second  I  ike,  Laki  Co H. 

Silver  Lake,  Lake  Co \ % 

Slocum'a  Lake.  Lake  Co y H 

Slouch  Lake.  Lake  Co ! ', 

Smith's  Lake,  Madison  Co i l. 

Sullivan  Lake.  Lake  CO... 

Sun    Lake.  Lake  •'.. ?4 £ 

swan  Lake,  Jackson  Co l1 3f 

Taylor*8  Lake.  Lake  Co 

Third  Lake.  Lake  Co  '- H 

Turnei  -  Lake.  I  ake  Co  '. \ 

Wauconda  Lake.  Lake  Co 1, 

Wooster  Lake,  Lake  Co  H X 

Lake,  in  Indiana.      | 

Baugher  Lake.  Noble  Co  X v 

:■:■■  i  ii. i  w  ashingtoD  Cos      . 


Lake,  it,  Indiana. 

Beaver  Lakf.  Newton  Co IK K 

Big  Lake,  Noble  Co     l ii 

Eixler  Lajke,  Noble  Oo If 

i:i  uce  take    i  niton  i  o 1 \ 

Cedai   Lake,  81  trke  Co :;' X 

Clear  Lak.-.  l„,  Porte  Co % % 

Clear  Lake,  Steubi  a  Co 

Crane  Lake,  N"  J£ 

Crooked  Lake,  Steuben  Co -i 1^ 

Deer  Lake.  Noble  Co ! « 

Eagle  Lak,.  Noble  Co H X 

Eagle  Lake,  Kosciusko  Co la % 

Eagle  Lake   Noble  Co  1 X 

Snglisb  Luke,  m  ,,  i     Co       l1 

Qordy  Lake,  Noble  Co ' , ii 

ll  Lake,  Soble  Co 

HighLake,  Noble  and  Wasbingt'n  i  H 

Indian  Lake,  Noble  Co % & 

James  Lake,  Steuben  Co 6 -■  • 

I, ake  of  bbe  W 1-.  Harshall  Co W- e. 

Long  (li.  Noble  Co 1 H 

Long   2),  Noble  Co       1 X 

Lower  Long  Lake,  Noble  Co V H 

Lower  Lake,  Noble  Co 1.  .. 

Manitan  Lakes.  Fulton  Co - 1  ■ 

Masinkuel.,  ,   Lata     'I  .,    !     IV 

Mill  Pond,  Noble  Co.  (1) • 

Mill  Pond,  Noblel        -'  3 K 

Mud  Lake.  La  Porte  Co ^ X 

Muncie  Lake,  Noble  Co IX K 

North  Mud  Lake,  Fulton  Co 1 % 

Pine  Lake,  La  Porte  Co 1 X ' M 

Pretty  Lake.  Marshall  K M 

Keservoir  Lake,  I  'range  Co " M 

Rider  Mill  Pond,  Noble  Co X ¥. 

River  Lake.  Noble  Co 1 *A 

River  Lake,  Noble  and  Washingfu  Cos.\ y. 

Round  Lake.  Noble  Co H X 

Sackrider  Lake.  Noble  Co J| H 

Smallev  Lake,  Noble  Co X Vi 

Sand  Lake.  Noble  Co h X 

South  Mud  Lake,  Fulton  Co % X 

Skinner  Lake.  Noble  Co 1 Js 

Ta xack  Lake.  Noble  Co 1 M 

Tippecanoe  Lake.  Kosciusko  Co 3 %toK 

Tippecanoe  Lake,  Noble  Co l X 

Turkey  Lake,  Kosciusko  Co v..  l  to  IK 

Twin  Lake,  ,.'.,,  Mat -hall  Co 3 % 

Waldron  Lake.  Noble  Co \'A % 

Wible  Lake.  Noble  Co H X 

Wolf  Lake,  Noble  Co X X 

take,  in  Iowa. 

Badger  Lake,  Monona  <  !o 6 X 

Bancroft  Lake.  Kossuth  Co IK '-• 

Bass  Lake,  Humboldt  Co 1 X 

Big  Slough  Lake,  Clay  Co 2 X 

Blue  Lake  Honona  ''., 1% X 

Bradley  '  ■  o 1 1.. 

Brightfs  Lake.  Worth  Co 1 X 

Brower^  Lake,  w IburyCo - X 

Brown  Lake.  W IburyCo       -  -'  53r 

Brush  Lake,  Calhoun  Co    If. 

Cairo  Lake   Hamilton  Co 3 >.; 

Centre  Lake,  Dickinson  Co I.. X 

Clear  Lake.  Cerro  Gordo  ('•> 5 2.. 

Clear  Lake.  Des  Moines  Co 2 X 

Crystal  L.ke.  Hancock  Co I', 

Diamond  Lake,  Dickinson  Co X "k 

Eagle  Lake,  Kossuth  Ca  h 

Eagle  Lake,  EmmettCo -     '-. 

Eagle  Lake   Hancock  Co..  - X 

BastOkoboji  Lake.  Dickinson <  XI°X 

ElbOW  Lake.    PalO  Allele - X 

Kit  I.ak,    clayCo       1 -X 

rim  Laki  '    i  2 >•• 

Pour-Mile  Lake,  Kiumett  ('•• IX X 

<.  ,         I  Lake  Hancock  Co ><. 

8  Lake,  Kossuth  Co I  '< X 

, ,   Lake,  Clinton  Co <'j I  '■ 

1 X 

GroTer's  L.ke  Dickinson  Co 1 % 

Lake,  Monona  Co 2 H 

Heigh  Lake,  EmmettCo - ;V 

11,, ll.  Springs  L  ike  Wo  dburj  Co  I6r 

,ke    Dickinson  Co  l'.-.Xto  V 

Indian  I.  it        i    i      

Iowa  Lake.   Kiiine  tt  Co 

Iowa  Lake,  Hamilton  Co    -:. I.. 

Keokukl  ittneOo X X 

Knapp  Lake.  Sac  Co  X 

I.ak.  George,  Hancock  Oo X X 

Lake  Woi  X 

Lard  Lake  Sao  Oo  I 

Little  Spirit  l  ike.  Dickinson  l 

Little  Wall  Lake.  II ilton  Oo 1 1.. 

Little  Wall  I.ak..  Wright  Co 1 1.. 

Marble  Lake.   Dickinson  Co 

i  ake.  Humboldt  Co 1.. 

LltoOO 2 I.. 

Mud  Lake,  Clay  i" . 

Mud  Lake.  Bmmetl  Co i  i-  i 

<«  tCo 

Owl  Lake,  lllllul.ol.lt  00 2 1.. 


LOCATION  AND  SIZE  OF  SMALL  LAKES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES-CONTINUED. 


l.iik.  -  In  loni  ;i. 

P  i IK 

:  ' 

Bueno  Vista  i 

It  ■•••' 

1 '. !•■ 

Rico  Laki  ' 

ike,  Til"  Uto  Co 1 X 

'   . 

snv<-r  Lake,  Palo  Alto  CO  IX 

Bplrlt  I  '       '  '":1'- 

1       "-•• 

..  .1. 
s»an  Lake,  Guthi  I    i 
Swan  Lake,  liiokliwin  I" I...X«>¥ 

Trnmbti  ■••';; 

i  inett  G 

Twin  Lake,  w  right  I  o       V X 

X 

I  Co  \ 

I!  ,,,. ■..,!.   1   0 

Twin  Lai  Call   ion  Co.  ' 

I  i  ike,  Premonl  Co  ' X 

\  ■•■ 

\\  i  -•- '■- 

Wall  Lake,  Wrlghl  Co -  .-■■•'-■• 

Wall  Lake,  Sao  Co... 

Weal  OkoboJI  Lake,  Dickinson  Co •>H-X'o3.. 

Laltea  In  IiodMmu*. 

Arthur  Lake) '        isieuPai  '        i  to  -.. 

Bristineau  Lai  -■  ■ 

BlackBayou,  CaddoPar 45, 

11 X 

Lake,  Orleans  Par 3" !■»■  ■ 

(  - -■• 

Pal 
itahoulal  ■  • 

.     Lake,  i        i         : 

I  ,k,'.  Bt.  Martin's.  Par i  -'•■ 

Par ,; -.. 

,  Lake,  Rapides  Pai                  10 
Cross  Lake,  Caddo  Par 15 l!-j 

I I  —  i !-; 
False  River  Lake,  1'  Inti  ..1 

'  15  :(.. 

«.  25 12.. 

Grand  Lake,  8L  Martin's  Par  .50  20.. 

Gmbb's  Lake,  I  I  ■■• 

Indian  Lake, al    i    :< 1.. 

•lalt  Lak.-, i  12 2.. 

Lake  Arthur,  Par 6 IX 

Par * 2.. 

itharine,  Orleans  Par 3 -!•; 

Lake  V.  I'   X H 

\\  Par 2H IX 

Martin's  Lake,  St.  Mai  I  ,...2H '\ 

Haurenas  Lake,  Lli  Ini  12  10, 

Pai  I  4.. 

- 27r 

\  i  IX 

Nautacl       I  Grant  Pai  ...■* 1-- 

No.  2  Old  River  Lake,  PI  Coupee  Par.  .4 X 

Old  River  Lake,  Point  Coupee  Par... 37 1.. 

Lake,  St.  Martin's  Par - IM 

Pearl  Lake,  Avoyelles  Par '    -.. 

Pelirneur  Lake,  Iberia  Par IX I.. 

nPi 
era]  Par.. .40.  I 

It  ■  lies  Par IX '■■ 

Round  Lake,  St.  Martln'i  Pai  '■' '•<■■ 

s  I  i  .:1 X 

!-• 

''■• 

Bpanlsb  Lake,  Iberville  Par IX '.. 

ike,  Caddo  Par 12. 

N.k--  i  rPal  '-7r 

XasseLaki  Martin     Pa  ■■ -X 

JX I-- 

V/erret  Lake,  Assumption  Pai 1 1 -Vt 

w  .  i  ike.CaddoPar 20 -.. 

White  Lake,  ■■  u 1- 8-- 

Lukes  In  Maine.       »/ 

Alligator  Lake,  Hancock  Co  3X IX 

Barrows  Lake,  Was]  — 2 1.. 

Baskabagan  Lake,  Washington  Co...  3X ').. 

Dam  Lake,  Washington  Co. . .  2 1.. 

1- 2.. 

Big  Wilson  Pond,  Piscataquis  Co 5 3X 

bington  Co 3 IX 

I  CO ■' 3.. 

Cathanes  Lake,  Washington  Co -1 -'-j 


I-'«k Mmloe. 

'  tentre  Pond,  P  2 1. . 

i  ihain  Lakes     I      W  i  lUngton  Oo 

■■    i  '  ,.,!,;,, 

I 
I  i  .       . 

Clifford      i     i  ■      l.    i    '    il|  ■ o  ...'{     2.. 

ini  P  ■-■■'    Pcnol -    .     .  »■. 

. . .  1. . 

Co     •*■ l . , 

Cupsuptl     I  •*.. 

I, 

Bavle  Lake,  Hancock  Oo '-' V 

i  tooki 'ti :  i 

I    i 

Kmlli'v    l  .         i  \ 

Eekulassls  Lake,  Penob  cotOo  I  J 

Fifth  I   il       '  on  Co  i' 

It  Co  i 

Fourth  l  iir   w  a  hlngtou  Co  I  I 

a  imItm  ■     i  ike    i     W  i  hlngton  Co     7 

ton  Co  ...2.. 

i  -i  eat    kSincli  Pond,  Han    ■■  If  l  I      1 . . 

II  i      I.. 

PI  -  al  Lqul    Co :< 1.. 

Highland  Lake.  Cumberland  Co  i     \ 

Hoi  B h  Lai  ■-.,,<,,  I       l,. 

.i  Lak,     p|      ii  ,,(,:,    Co  .  I 

.1  in i  i    i    Penobscot  Co 5.. .....  I.. 

B  ■   ■    Lake    I      Franklin  Co..  1. . 

i  a  Co....  .1 V» 

■ ... k--  i  in  Lwaj  .  Piscataquis  <  !o.  .     . . .     i  i 

Lambert  Lake,  Washington  Oo  2 I.. 

Little  Kenm  b  uro  Laki     I  ranklin  Co..l   H 

Little  tfaohlfl  -  Laki    Washington  Co,    i  i 

Lobstei  I  I.. 

Long  Lake,  Aroostook  Co 

i  kke(  *  iiuiii.  rland  Co 10 1., 

itaquisCo  i  I 

md,  Woshinirton  Co S  y 

L i  Lake,   Plscatai !o 3 1.. 

ton  Co        '-".. 1.. 

\i  ■    Lake,  Washington  Co 9 l.. 

Madenti  ,.  uni  Lake,  Pi  nobscoi  Co...      ' 

i   i  i.i  i,  Washington  Co *'< 1 .. 

Uattaceunl  Lake,  Penobscol  Co ■< I.. 

Mattag-a n  Lake,  Penobscol  Co &H \yt 

etfattomlscontls  Lake,  Penobscol  Co.. .2 1.. 

■iii..     \r itook  Co. ..8..     .  .  .    I   - 

Medj  bemps  l  ake   Wb  ihington  Co.       B     2  , 

Uelnncas  Lake,   kroostook  Co *t. . .         ■ '  ± 

itctt Lakes    r.  nobscol  Co.  ...    9  4!4 

Pond,  li  mcock  Co    $H -■• 

Holechunckami  ■    tfordCo...6 :<.. 

Monson  Pond    PI* iui«  Co  2.,  ' 

Uoosebe  id  I  aki  .  PI  i  H  iqui;  Co      ...40 20  . 

cmaguntlc  I  ike  Oxford  Co.. .12 4.. 

Hud  Pond,  Pise  n  iqui    Co    '2 % 

Mud  Lake,  Piscataquis  Co  I... 

i  ii  Lake,  Washington  Co :(..  i 

\  kautaLaki    Plscal  iqnl    (  ■  1W 

uogas  Lake,  Washington  Co 2..  l 

Newport  Pond,  Penobscol  *'o 4  '2.. 

Pond    Penoh  cot  Co..  .     .         -11  IX 

Co.. ....... ..8     :*-  • 

2     1 . . 

Old  Stream  Lakes   3  ,  Washington  Co. 3$j 1.. 

<  irange  I  - !■• 

P  - lumcook  i .  'i-'-   PJ  tcataquis  Oo    ,;    2. . 

Parmachene  L iford  Co    ...        5    :i.. 

Patrick  Lake,  Washington  Co 1W V 

Pi  .i  ed  m it  iln  Lake,  W  ash.  Co 

Penamaquan  Lake,  Washtngt  in  I  !o,  ..3...         i '  . 

■  .    I    !.■     Plscataqui    Co  ...2 IH 

nl  Lake,  Washington  Co 'iy. 1.. 

, ■  !■  i  ,i,,-.  \\  asbington  Co --  I 

i    Co 3H 2.. 

I  t   .,,1;  CO 5, 

Pusbaw  Lake,  Penobscot  Co 7 r-t.. 

Ragged  Lake,  Piscataquis  Co 8 I.. 

i      nklfn  Co 9 

Reed's  Pond,  H  inc  <ck  Go  9  I 

11    ""'I  Co I" 3.. 

i     cat  iquls  Co :t l.. 

Roach  i  iquls  i   • " -.  . 

k...k\  l^ik.-.  W:,   i.nik'ton  Co 2% 1.. 

P i.  Hancock  Oo iJ-i I.. 

*-  '  ■■ 2 !.. 

3.. 

lie  Laki     w  ■  ihington  Co.   ....  9  % 

Bebttgo  Lake,  Cumberiand  c» 13 11.. 

12 5.. 

i  ■  Lake,  Penobscot  Oo  ....     ...   •   I.. 

nobecotCo..  :;i .  —  I.. 

p  Lake,  Washington  Co 2  2.. 

Shin  Ponds,  Penobscol  Co 3Ji 1.. 

bslsLake,  PenobscotCo 9.% \% 

Bpidei  i  Co 2 \H 

Bquawpan  Lake,  Aroostook  Co 10 3.. 

xelos  Lake.  Piscataquis  Co a -.. 

The  Five  Lake  ' 

'i  in  nl  Lake,  Washington  Oo       '■    [•■ 

Pond,  Hancock  Oo 7J» 1.. 

ton  Co -t 1» 

Twin  Lakes,  Penobscol  Co *  J-- 

\  o '- •*  ■ 


I    ri..  -  ii,  Main**. 

ul  Lake,  Aroostook  <  ■ 
took  Oo 

f>]    i  ., 

\i  J...    i    i  . . . 

Webb's  P i,  M  in,,,,  it    i 

Weld  Pond.  Franklin  Co 
Welokennabacook  Lai 
West  Haguerrowoc  l  a  ke   W  i  h   Oo 
Wet>t  Musquash  Lake,  Washington  •    ■ 

WHi 'ond,  Plscataqui    ■ 

Wltte   di  rguacum  Lake,  Wash.  Co.. .12.. 


1 

a 

...IX 

.:.H.. 

...IV 

.7,... 

i 

1 

1 

a 


8.. 


Lakes  In  kfueaachosette. 

Alum  Lake,  BampdenCo x X 

I 'ond    Worci    terCo      \. . 

Ashley  Lake,  Hampdi  n  Co  I 

Unebumskit Pond   w I ....V X 

It     in  Lake,  Berkshire  Oo 

Berkshln  Lake   Berl    UreOo 

X X 

Brewi  i   Pond,  Berkshire  r,, i  ^ 

,',  ntre  1  ake,  Be       b       '         l x 

Hampden  Co  x 

Chaubuna, ^unau     P i   Wo     Co. a  i ', 

i  lark   bui    h  R*    ervoli    Berl    hire  Co  « 

Coi  hltn  ii"  Lake,  Hiddlesen  Co  i      L'.. 

ick]  .  i  ■     Hampden  Co  :t't ^ 

i  fi  tne  Lake,  Berkshln    Co      X X 

I'M  -t.,t  i  i  i         v 

East  1  ike,  Berkshire  Oo 

Plvi   Mil,   Lake.   Hampden  Co X X 

md    Middle*  i  Oo  2  i 

Prog  P I   Boston  Common k>. 

Glider  Lake,  Berkshire  Co X X 

i   Lake,  Berkshire  Co 2 X 

Qreat  Lake.  Hampden  Co X X 

Great  Lake    Bi  1 1,  I  o        -J...         i 

Qreenw  iterLaki     Berks] \ x 

Hammond  Pond,  Kantui  i    I  l  o         ..'2 X 

Hayes  Lake,  Berkshire  Co  X X 

Hampdi  n  Co  % x 

liin-.l  ill  Reservoli    Bi  i  h  hire  Oo  X X 

Horn  Pond,  Middlesex  Co 1 V 

Horse  Lake,  Hampden  Oo    I  \ X 

Jamaica  Pond.  Suffolk  Co  2  i 

I. iik,.  on. ita,  BerkshlreCo 2      V 

Lllj  Lake,  BerkshlreCo X x 

LongrLake,  BerkshlreCo  X X 

Lonfi/Laki     HampdenO       '2 X 

Long  Lake,  Kantnekei  c.i  '    i,, 

Ludlow  Reservoir, Hampden  Oo IX X 

Mahkeenac  Lake,  Berkshire  Oo 1 X 

Harsh  Lake.  Berkshire  Co  X X 

Mauapoag  Pond   Noi  folk  i'..  :  i 

Ml I   Lake.  Nantucket  Oo r   X 

Miill.it  Lake,  Berkshire  Co IJ, X 

Uountaln  Lake,  Berkshln  Oo  X X 

Mn. I  Lake,  Berkshire  I  k>       X X 

Mvstic  Pond,  UlddlesexCo      't  l 

\iii.  Mile  Lake    Hampden  Oo V X 

North  Lake,  BerkshlreCo X X 

Kortn  Mini.,..  Lake,  Hampden  Co....1 X 

North  Spectacle  Lake,  Berk  bin  ''"....x X 

n.iv...  !.:,k...  Hampden  Co    lx X 

I».iii:i.|ii:itii.  Lake,  11 1. ,!.,ii..    yt y, 

ag  Pond,  Norfolk  Co 1 X 

PI ake,  Berkshire  '  0  X X 

Planl Lake,  Berkshire!  0 1 X 

Pontoosuc  Pond,  Berkshire  Co  l| X 

Pottapogue  Pond,  Worcester  Co X H 

QuaboagPond,  Wor terOo IX X 

Oulnslgam 1  Pond,  Worcester  Oo      7  x 

Kiniil  Pond,  Berkshire  Oo ^x !■■ 

Co  •-' 1.. 

oil  [2),  Suffolk  Co     2 1.. 

Richmond  Pond.  Berkshln  Co  ...I I.. 

Kuilil  Lake,  Berkshire  Co    X X 

BandisBi  Id  Ri  m  rvoii    BerkshlreCo X X 

Bechacha  Pond,  Nantucket  Co . . ..  1 1.. 

Slgourney  Lake.  Hampden  Co X X 

Silver  Lake,  Middlesex  Co X X 

Shaw  Lake,  BerkshlreCo  X X 

SlabLake,  BampdenCo X X 

Slip  Lake,  Hampden  Co    X X 

South  Lake,  Berkshire  Oo  X X 

South  Spectacle  Lake    BerkshlreCo X X 

Bpal  P Ii  Middli   exCo       4 2.. 

Spy  Pond.  Middlesex  Co 3 1.. 

1  .    Lake,   BerkshlreCo X X 

Threi  MileLake,  BerkshlreCo X X 

Wale    1  ake,  11  impd 1 X X 

Watuppa  Pond,  Bristol  Co         9  I.. 

Waiishaciim  Pond,  Worci   terCo  1 X 

v..   1  Lake.  Berkshire  Co.      X X 

Wheeler  Lake.  BerkshlreCo X X 

Wlncbell  Lake,  Berkshire  Co X X 

■  Lake,  BerkshlreCo X X 

locum  Lake,  BerkshlreCo...  X X 


LnkvN  In     Michigan. 


Milr. 


agobeblc  Lake,  Ontonagon  Oi 16., 

1.  Lake,  Henoml] Oo 1 


Milr* 

...8.. 


LOCATION  AND  SIZE  OF  SMALL  LAKES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES-CONTINUED. 


341 


lake.  In    Michigan.      »' ;  '        5|£ 

Augusta  Lake.  Presque  Isle  Co 1 1.. 

Austin's  Lake,  Kalamazoo  Co         - '-■ 

Bald]   igle  Lake,  Oakland  Co l Y 

Lake,  Keweenaw  Co - ii 

Bass  Like.  Mason  Co 2  Y 

Bear  Lake,  Muskegon  Co -  '   . 

Beaver  Lake.  Alpena  Co 1\% % 

Betsie  Lake.  Benzie  Co 2 

Bi     in      Lake.  Oakland  Co % Y 

Big  Lake,  Osceola  Co 2 I.. 

Big  Clam  Lake,  Wexford  Co :* 3-- 

Bip  Portage  Lake,  Jackson  Co 2. 

Big  Sable  Lake.  Mason  Co 7J.J \% 

Black  Lake,  Muskegon  Co  3 V/. 

Black  Walnut  Lake.  Oakland  Co l Y 

Blue  Lake,  Muskegon  Co !  y: 1.. 

Brevoort  Lake,  Mackinac  Co *"> 3. . 

Brooks  Lake.  Oakland  Co Y X 

Brush  Lake.  Montmorency  Co 2 IX 

Buckhorn  Lake.  Oakland  Co X 

Bush  Lake,  Oakland  Co.. 1 Yi 

Campbell's  Lake,  Delta  Co  l I.. 

Canandaigua  Lake,  Oakland  Co \Y & 

Carp  Lake,  Ontonagon  Co 5 1 . . 

«  '.ii|  Lake,  Mark  in  a.-  Co   3 \% 

Carpe  Lake.  Emmett  Co 4 2.. 

Cass  Lake,  Oakland  Co 2 \ 

Cedar  Lake,  Alcona  Co 6. V 

Cedar  Island  Lake,  Oakland  Co X it 

«  hipp<  .1  Lake,  Mecosta  Co H. 1.. 

Clam  Lake.  Antrim  Co ■*}■■■ Y 

I  nark's  Lake.  Jackson  Co 2# Y 

Laki    M.  ■  osl  i  Co  I    V- 

Coldwater  Lake  (1),  Branch  Co..  - X 

Cold  water  Lake    2  ,  Branch  Co 3 2. . 

■  -  Lake,  Otsego  Co 2 Y 

Commerce  Luke,  Oakland  Co % *£ 

Lak.-.  Mackinac  Co.... IJs X 

Cranberry  Lake  (1),  Oakland  Co  ! X 

I  ranberry  Lake    2),  Oakland  Co Jy  % 

Cranberry  Lake    3),  Oakland  Co     J§ X 

Cranberry  Lake  (4),  Clare  Co 2 Y 

i  ro  Iced  Lake,  Emmett  Co 7 2.. 

Crooked  Lake,  Oakland  Co % X 

CrotChed  Pond.  Oakland  Co \% 

Crystal  Lake.  Benzie  Co 9.    2  to  3.. 

I»  ihnfl  Lake,  W<  sford  Co...  j  Y 

Deer  Lake.  Charlevoix  Co 2 1    . 

Deei  Lake, Keweenaw  Co .3  XX 

I 'er,-  Lake.  Oakland  Co 1 Y 

Devil   Lake.  Alpena  Co 4> % 

■  Lake.  Lenawee  Co 2} % 

D  ckinson  Lake,  Oakland  Co ' ■■-'■ % 

1 k  Lake.  Oakland  Co i1 H 

Duck  Lake,  Benzie  Co i>. I.. 

Duck  Lake, Muskegon  <  o  2 l# 

Eliza  Lake.  Houghton  Co  r-  ■ Y 

i  lizabeth  Lake,  Oakland  Co % X 

Elk  Lake,  Antrim  Co 2 \ 

Elk  Lake.  Grand  Trav<  l£ 

Fife  Lake  Grand  Traverse  Co  r_ I.. 

i"i nt  Like.  Ken  aygo  Co .-.  - 1 . . 

George  Lake,  Chippewa  Co ,;  3.. 

GHlett'sLake  Jackson  Co l\ Y 

i  mi.  ise  Lake,  Jackson  ( '"  IJs-. 

Gould's  Lake,  Keweenaw  Co Y X 

Grand  Lake,  Presque  Isle  Co  3...1to  i 

I. ran. I    Sable  Lake,  Scl      ■  U. 

Gi  i  ■  -  Lake,  i  lakland  Co  I     .'j" 

Grass   Lake   Jackson  Co  '  '. % 

Grass    Lake.  Antrim  Co.    . .2 2. . 

Lake,  Keweenaw  Co 2J IX 

Grei  n*a  Laki    OakJ  ind  I  -  %. 

Green  Lake,  Benzie  Co * 

Green  Lake,  Grand  Traverse  Co 3 2. . 

Gull   Lake,  Kalamazoo  Co 4 l . . 

Gulliver  Lake.  Schoolcraft  Co IJ-j IH 

II.ii'.  berry  Lake,  Menominee  Co I \ 

Hess   Lake.  Newaygo  Co P.- 1.. 

Biggins  Lake,  Roscommon  Co 7 5.. 

Hoopis  Lake,  Keweenaw  Co \ X 

Horsehead  Lake,  Mecosta  Co I1. \ 

Horseshoe  Lake,  Ogeman  Co  I      X 

Houghton  Lake.  Roscommon  Co 17 7.. 

Hubbard  Lake.  Alcona  Co 7 2.. 

Indian  Lake,  Schoolcraft  Co. .  ■'■-.■  4.. 

Indian  Lake,  Kalamazoo  Co 

Intermediate    Lake,  Antrim  Co.  . .  6J \ 

KelleyV  Lak.  I  "4 % 

l.i      I    i   Belle,  Keweenaw  Co - 

Lake  Ha  i  lev,   Keureliav.    ......  [', % 

L.ke  Fanny  Hooe,  Keweenaw  Co 2 X 

Lake  Upton,  Keweenaw  Co :. '« 

Lakerille  Lake.  Oakland  Co         .   .        v. ,»-. 

i  ■    '  -  L.ke   Kalkaska  Co  2 l.. 

Lincoln  Lake, Mason  Co 4 '^ 

Little  Clam  Lake.  Wexford  Co 3 1.. 

Loon  L  ike   lo 2 i 

I. Lata    Oal         I  Co        Y \ 

Lake,  Kalamazoo  Co 2."   y. 

Long  Lake   Mi  eosta  i  o         \Y Y 

Long  Lake   Presq  .   i 

Long  Lake.  Montmoi  ency  Co  .     >   . 

Long  l.ak.-.  Grand  Tro  •  ■  ■  <  •  2 

Long  Lake,  Vlpenn  Co        ....  : |„ 

Long  Lak"    Co '.i IX 


Lake,.  In  Michigan.        «£ 

Long  Lake  i  1  -.  Oakland  Co Y  X 

Long  Lake  (2),  <  'akland  Co    \Y Y 

Long  Lake     3    .  I  -akland  Co 1 Y 

Long  Laki      I     i  i  ikland  Co I Y 

Long  Lak«  Oal     ind  G 1... 

Long  Laki    6),  Oakland  Co l Y 

Long  Lake    T.i  lakland  Co 2 X 

Herring  Lake,  Benzie  Co.  '     1.. 

Lower  Straits  (1  ,  I  lakland  Co J£ M 

Lowei   Straits  (2),  Oakland  Co I... 

M  ■     Donald  Lake.  Schoolcraft  Co 2 1.. 

Mad  Dog  Lake.  Oakland  Co 1\ % 

Manganese  Lake.  Keweenaw  Co \ % 

Marble  Lake.  Branch  Co 2 1 . , 

Martin-  Lake.  MecOSta  CO ' K 

Mich.  Centre  Mill  Pond.  Jackson  Co.... 2 1.. 

Middle  Manisti.jue  Lake.  Mackinac  Co  7   4.  . 

Milakokia  Lake.  Mackinac  Co 4 

Mille  i  'oquin-  Lake.  Mackinac  Co ■"■_ 

Mosquito  L.ke    Keweenaw  Co 2 3C 

Hoss   Lake,  Delta  Co 2 1„ 

Mud  Lake,  Alpena  Co ..1 Yi 

Mud  Lake.  Huron  Co \ !  i 

Mud  Lake,  Schoolcraft  Co 1H % 

Mud  Lake.  Chippewa  Co 10 1.. 

Mud  Lake.  Jackson  Co 1 % 

Mud  Lake    l     ■  U 

Mud  Lake  (2-.  Oakland  Co H !*' 

Muskegon  Lake,  Muskegon  Co 6 3.. 

\ an  in  Lake,  Oakland  Co .-Y ?*' 

North  ftlanistique  Lake,  Mackinac  Co.. 2 2. . 

{Rowland's  Lake,  <  !harlevoix  Oo l .  - 

Orchard  Lake.  Oakland  Co 2 I1.. 

i  itsego  Lak.-    Otsego  Co 6 l . . 

oiter  Lake,  Houghton  Co 2L. I.. 

Ox  Bow  Lake.  Mason  Co  1» % 

Ox-Bow  Lake.  Oakland  Co 1 V 

Pagan   Lake,  i  laklai  d  i  •• H K 

Paw  Paw  Lake,  Berrien  Co 

I    rquetteLake,  Mason  Co 2J ; }< 

Pettibone  Lake.  Oakland  Co I V- 

Pine  Lake.  Charlevoix  Co 15  3.. 

Line  Lake.  Oakland  Co lJi H 

Pipestone  Laki    '  a*    ■  l M 

Platte  Lake,  Benzie  <    i   5 3.. 

wn  Co 1 Yi 

Pleasant  Lake.  Wexford  Co 5C Y3 

Pond  i  ake,  Oakland  Co % X 

eLake,  Houghton  Co 5 2. . 

i  Co % % 

l     o  pect   Lake.  Van  Buren  Co \% % 

iC  50  Co 1 V. 

Co 2 I., 

Round  Laki     Kalkaska  Co 3 2, . 

Round  Lake.  Lak.   Co \\ % 

Round  Lake   Emmett  Co 2 1. . 

Rush  L.ke.  Huron  Co 2:\ I.. 

Sage  Lake.  Ogemaw  Co :*...- -\ 

St.  Helen's  Lake.  Roscommon  Co 7 2.. 

Sand    Lake.  [OSCO  CO 1'j 1-. 

Sand    Lake.  Lenawee  Co I  '* I.. 

Schlatter-  Lake.  Keweenaw  Co I 

u  Lake,  Oakland  <'■• , X 

Siscofl  It  Lake.  Isle  RoyaleCo 7 \% 

Smith  Lake.  Berrien  Co -U L- 

Soutb  inn  Pine  Lake,  Charlevoix  Co 

South  Manistique  Lake.  Mackinac  < 

Lake,  1  lakland  Co '. X 

Star  Lake    1   ik'   Co  2=j'  1.. 

Stony  Lake.  Oakland  Co % X 

Strawberry  Lake,  Osceola  i  ■• r;. % 

lake,  Ontonagon  Co 5 2. . 

Tan   Lake,  Oakland  Co        H ,^- 

Tawaa  Lake,  Iosco  Co 2l; 1.. 

Thayei '    Laki    I  2 \: 

1  hn  e  Mile  Lake,  \  an  Buren  Co 1-. 

Three  Mile  Lake,  Oakland  Co 3.. 

H  1  Lake,  <  lharlevoix  Co 2.. 

:  ike,  Houghton  Co 5 \yt 

Ight  Lake.  Antrim  Co 18 I 

2K -,4 

Turtle  Lake   Montmorency  Co :* 2.. 

■  to v. m 

Twin  L.ke     I       0  IM \ 

Twin  L  ■.:.  Co 1. 

Union   Lake.  Oakland  Co IX H 

Upper  Herring  Lake,  Benzie  i  I.. 

i  ...ire  Lake,  1-  nzie<  ...  .2 \Y 

Upper  Straits  Lake.  1  'akland  Oo - H 

Upson  Lake,  Kew<  enawCo t, 

Van  Auben  Lake,  Van  —  1 l . . 

Ml    Lake.   [OSCO  CO -'  j IX 

i~    Lake.  Oakland  Co 1 .  . 

Walled    Lake.  Oakland  Co 1', I.. 

Waller's   Lake.  Oakland  Co \ X 

a  Lake.  Charlevoix  Co 10 1 . . 

Co 2 1 . . 

\\e ■  t  Platte  Lake.  Benzie  Co l  I.. 

Oakland  Co 1. 

White  Lake,  Muskegon  Co G 1>4 

White  Lake  i  i  l Sf 

William 

Wing  Lake,  Oakland  1 

w i..rd  Lake.  Wexford  Co 


Lake»  In  Mlnneaota.    [ 

Albert  L*a  Lake,  Freeborn  Co. 8 1.. 

Alexander  Lake.  Morrison  Co "» 2.. 

Allej  Lake,  Renville  Co :t 1.. 

Amelia   Lake.  Pope  Co 2 \ 

Annie  Lake,  Belti  ami  Co      '3 \Yt 

artichi  I  4 2.. 

Bald  Eagle  Lake,  Ramsay  Co 3 2.. 

Ball-Club  1.  iki  7.., 

Bass  Laki  *  <• 2.. 

1 

Battle  Lai 

.    .  ■ 
Bear  Lake,  Mnrraj  Co. 6 2. . 

Bear  Laki  -  ...AY 

Lake.  Beltran  i  Co 

1  iive.ui  Lake,  Kandiyohi  Co...  :*»  ■ :*Y 

Big  Mamie  Lake.  Washington  Co...      -t  2X 

Big  Stone  Lai,.  2.. 

Birch-Bark-Fort  Lake.  Todd  Co 2}.; 1.. 

Birch-Bark  Laki 

Black  Loon  Lake.  Jackson  Co \% \% 

Boon  Lake,  Renville  Co. ..... .   4 \y\ 

Bowstring  Lake,  Itasca  Co 

Boy  l.ak.  ,  Cass  Co  -        ...:(.. 

Buffalo  Lake,  Becke!  K 

Buffalo  I  \X 

Lull  Jo   I  1 Y 

Call a  Lake,  Hennepin  Co 1 V 

Camp  Lake    Swift  Co 1!~' \ 

Cannon  Lake,  Rice  Co -Y ]  ■  ■ 

Carlos  Lake.  Douglas  Co 5... 1.. 

1   1      1  ake,  '  lass  Co l">. 

1  ike,  Hennepin  Co Y 

1  t  in  Co 3 1. . 

e  ■  0 2., 

1  0 2 2.. 

Chippewa  Lake    1  5 \Y 

Chisago  Lake.  CI  5% 

■  ma  Lake.  Douglas  Co ....2 

Circle  Lake,  K|ee  CO 

Cleai  Lake  Ji  1  '■  •■  ■■  1 

11.  ai    Lake  St<  arns  Co 

Clear  Lak.-.  Siblej  Co -  _ Y 

atei   Lak.,  Stearns  Co 

5.. 

ill  Lake,  1. it,.,  Tail  Co..     ... 

Cora  Bell  Lake,  Murray  Co 

Cormorant  Lake    Beck)  I   Co.. 

at  Co 

<'. aton     1  2. 

1  L.k.    Lyon  Co 1 V 

■    ■       - 

Current  Lake   Murray  < 
Darling  Lake    | 

Dead  Lake.  Otter  Tail  Co - 

Dead  Coon  Lak*  I.. 

Deer  Lake.  Itasca  Co 5 i!-.. 

Lake,  Becker  Co...  4 2.. 

Diamond  Lake,  Kandiyohi  Co 

Dora  Laki  ....!.. 

i  i   ike,  Kandiyohi  Co 

■ 

Bast   Battle  Lake,  Otter  Tail  1  3.. 

litis  Co I.. 

Y 

Elbow  Lake,]  % 

Elk  Lake.  Grani  Co  3. 

- 

Pah   1   iki    1  2 \ 

3  I.. 

Flaherty  Lake    1  . 

— 1  }j| 

...2 1., 

1.. 

.    ■ 
Forest  Lake.  Washii 
.     11  irtin  1  0 
Fox  Lake.  Murray  Co - 

Frank    1  V 

2... 



G 

Geneva  Lake   '•  1 . 

■ 

Grand  I 

lira—  I 

Green  Lake    B 
Griffin  Lake.  BI 



■ 

11  ike,  Martin  Co 

■   ■ 

I.. 

Height  ol  i  ind  Lake,  B-  1  kci  1  0.......4 2.. 


342 


LOCATION  AND  SIZE  OF  SMALL  LAKES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES-CONTINUED. 


I...U.-.  In  Ml.,.,, 

Heni  y]  i 

tloron  I  <  'i 

How.  I  iddCo 

Il.'i-.t Lake,  Rico  Oo 1  ■, 

R. 
Howard  Lake,  Wright  I  o 

Hummi  Brown  Co  i     :i. . 

■da  Lake,  Douglas  Co  2.. 

Indian  i.  ik,    S     ■!     • 

K  2.. 

....  1 1 . . 

Koi '  I 

I  [-Parlo  Co  i  . .   r  . 

1  oe  Lake    Lyon  Co 

Lyon  Co  i 

L'Hommedleu  Lake,  Douglas  Co :i 2. . 

ii.i.  Pope  Co 2., 

Benton,  Lincoln  Co  9  i 

Lakcl  l        I 

| i  ' 

i  ] 

i    na,  Popel  2 X 

even,  Pope  Co  2  !-j 

Lake    .ilium.  Kandiyohi  Co 8  2.. 

i  trshall,  Lyon    i  o 

llinnetonka    Hennepin  Co  11        I  to5 

i  aki   Honson   Sv.  [ft  Co  1  1.. 

i  ik<   Reno   PopeC       - M 

..      r 

fi  i    L] 0  i  i 

Lake  Shaokatan,  Lincoln  Co 5 2.. 

in 2.. 



e  :iv, 

Lightning  1 l 1.. 

Lime  Lake,  Hurray  Oo  \i 

Little  K  in  llj  ohl  Lake,  K  wdlj  ihl  ■  2.. 

Lull.  R  nl  m  Co  i 

.  i  ike    Blue  i  hi i :  1.. 

ike,  Chippewa  i  '.; 

Long  Lake,  Crow  Wing  Co 8 4.. 

Long  Laki     Grant  Co 2 ^ 

Long  Lake,  Kandiyohi  Co  - !-i 

I l'  Lake,  Mori  2  . 

2 V 

Long  Lake,  Todd  Co 2 i 

\*j 

\l  2'. 

M  nil- ike    Blue  Earth  i  I........1.. 

Maple  Lake,  Polk  Co         B    .  .',  t,,  ■ 

' i  Co        

l i. 

Lake,  Beltran  I  Co :i i ' 

KtolM 
Mill,  Lacs,  Mil  ■    i   .      •  0.......1S.. 

U Lake,  Horrtson  I  o 

Don  :j. . 

Carll -", V 

...2yj ik 

Laki    ■    'i  i.  '  \<  4 1'.j 

Morg  Lake,  Kan  2 1.. 

Mountain  Lak.    Cook,    i       7 

Mud  Lake,  Kenrllle  Co 1 K 

Mu  ILal  i     1.. 

\  i  ke   Kondij  "in  <  '■• I1 1. . 

Ne«  auburn  I  1.. 

North  Fowl  Lake,  Cook  Co J'v IV 

Noi  way  Laki    Ca     Co  I , . 

Kandiyohi  i'" i  2' , 

,»  I'!'        Noble      'i'  I  I1:. 

SJ y, 

Lake,  Mill,  l 

Osakls  Lake,  Todd  and  Dou|  ...3.. 

Lake,  Douglas  Co  i  3.. 

■  Toll  Co.        ..  ..9 :<. 

Pearl   Lake,  Ste  i lit I.. 

Pelrce  i  I.. 

in 
- 

1  y, 

Pelican  Loke.Qranti 

ilk-.  Otter  Tall  i  ••  

Co      1. . 

Pepin  Lake,  0 Ihue  Co :«> 

1. 

\\ 

2.. 

nt  Lake,  Stearns  Co       i  y, 

12 

.   :  ;  '  II 

itCo  I   . 

right  Oo  1.. 

Red  Lake.  Bell  ,...85.. 

Bed  Rock  Lake,  Douglas  .'" :.  2.. 

Rice  Lake,  Freeborn  Oo  :i  I.. 

:i I.. 

. .  Beltrami  Co i  .  4.. 

]' 

Lyon  Co  1% 

i 

Round  Lake,  JackMon  Co  1J4 

Km, ml  I  ike,  Becker  '  "  i     I& 

Round  Lake,  Orani  Co 

ke.ChlsagoCo 5M  3.. 


'">- *l -<••>■ 

RushLake.OI  2^ 

8ng-a  ii.,    ,i,i,i,,  i  .,  k.  . 

Laki  •  i ', ,v 

0  ■  2K 

i  I.. 

■ 

O  i 

2 >, 

Slink,.),.       : 

ike,  Becker  l  I 

Bhlble  i  ake  Swlfl  .'.. it., y, 

.1  i    i; i 

Sllvi  i   i   ,■.,., 

'I'l'     Martin  Co  2,.  i 

Silver  Lake,  Stbl,  y  Co  i 

skui.k  Lake  Jack  .......I 

si ana  Lak.    Uo n  l  o.  2.. 

siinil.  Lake,  Stoi  cnaCo  r 

South  Pow  i  Lak.  ,Cook  Co 

Spld.  i  I.  ik.    Itasca  Co  i 

Spirit  Laki    .  mi.  |  Tall  Co    ..S..  i 

si.iink  Lake,  Steal  n    Co       4 l , . 

Stalkei  Laki    OtterT ."     I,. 

State  Line  Lak  i 

Stutg Lake.  PineCo         2  i 

Sti I  Lak.     S    i,:,     i    ,         ;, 

si.  in  l.  ike   Lyon  Co    i  i 

Sn  in  Lak.    Uli  oil.  t  Co 

in  Laki     i  odd  Co..... i 

s.i  mi  Lake,  Itosc  iCo  4. , 

Tal i  ike    U y  Co      .....2  i 

■  i  U      '  irli   "  i  " 2 y, 

i  ■  i"  '  i  -   i  ik<        '  ' 4 i 

T,  ii  Mile  Lake  Cass  Co  10 

i-  i   M  Ii   Laki    '  'ii.  i  t  ill  Co i  i- 

Ten  Mu-  Lake    l  u  qui  Pal  I.   .  o. 

iLak.    i  i  Sue ..  i  i 

'  i.  ike,  Beltrami  Co       9 

T »  i    i  iki  2.     I  to  1 

Tltlow  Lake.  Blblej  I  o  i     X 

Toad  Laki    Be  Iter  Co  I.. 

Toqtu  Lake,  Big  Stone  Co 8 1.. 

rraverseLak.     1 1  averst  C  . . .  2 

Trent  Lake    i     Ita  ii  Co  •  I  ... 

II  ,,,,,,  IU 

ike   I) IK \y, 

Turn,  Laki    P  i-    Co  ...)<■, ^ 

Turtle  Lake  Ottei  T !o  .'> 3y. 

•l  mil,   Lake,  Mai  tin  Co  :;!  ,  i 

i'" i  .     i     Freeborn  Co  !         ..   i 

Tw  In  Laki     '     Freel Co  2 i 

ke,  ii,iii Co       2., , 

!  I '  2  I 

V n  Lake,  Polk  Co ■    ...  ■ 

Union  Lake,  Rice  i  t\ I.. 

Upper  Laki    B.  Iti  iml  Co  % 

\  i  Kandiyohi  Co  *  l 

■'■■I  i  I   i  ike    Dougl  is  Co  I.. 

Wahbynev  Lake,  Its  m  Co      \y, 

Washington  Laki    LaSu I       4.. 

■  i      -  Ibl.  ■    '  I- X X 

«  averlj    Lakes,  Wright  Co  3...1  to  1J< 

WestportLak.     Po] 2...         i 

Whlpph    l  aki    Pop.  '  19       ....2. 

ir  Lake,  Ramsay  Co  I 

H  bite  Bear  Lake,  Washing! 2)4 

l'   ...      l, 

h  i   i), 12 I" 

i'- I   .1  .    Plni   i  o        IX X 

Willou  l  ik.    Redv i  •  -  H., 

Willow  Lake  i  h iws  Co 2', y, 

Cass  Co  12       .I" 

'   -    2 I', 

l  i  IK 1  ■  - 


I    ii.i  -  In  Mls*lMMi|,|,i. 


Un(. 

\\,  1. 

1.... 

....Ji 

2.... 

.1.... 

....X 

Baj  Lake,  Sunflow.  rCo       

D  i      ■  n  i   1 1  i       inflo 

B  anflower  Co 


Lakei  in  Hluoarl. 

Big  Lake,  Peml  i    t<  6... 

Coopi  i  i.  ike,  Pe '  (  <■■       ......   i 

I  4 

N i  ni\  Lake,  Dunklin  Co  8...         i 

Pemiscot]      ■  otCo...     ......8    .  .   .   i '  . 

i'  Lak     Pen tCo 3. . . 

Lakes  In  Montana. 

i  \\ 

Ashley  Lake.  Missoula  Co 5., 

Bodv    i.  i    i„.k,    Ueagbei  \ u 

Flal  H( 

i  IH.-XtoUC 

Mason  La)       tfeaffhi  l 

Uodlson  Co  i ',  i   ' 

Mi.  K<li th  Lake,  Heairhei  Co \ k 

It   d  i:  ck  Lake  Madison  Co i 

Twin  Lakes,  Meagl \ % 


Lakes  in  Nebraska,    j 

'  i  ij«j x 

i  Cottonwood  Ii      1 1.       i  i ^ 

l»         i  >i ty  Co  i  ■ 

PreshwRter  Lak<    Cherry  Co  I.      ...  .W 

>\  ii   i,  Laki    Cherry  i  ..  ... 

Uoon  I  ■•  k.    Brow  n  Co...,,  i       l 

I*.    lc  .ii  i  .,!:..■   Cherry  Co  .          ,.   I 

K'-i  Deer  La  ...i 

H  1 1  ■ ,  i  i   I  .  ■  \\ 

i  .■  n  ■  ■  j j^ ,.u 

\^            Law     Brov I     y, 

Luke*  In  .\i\ailn. 

A ikiiii  Lake,]  80     ,...10 

Alkali  Lake,  Esmeralda  Co if....      \k 

i  i.i,     Roop  Co  I    ' 

Duck  Luke.  Roop  Co  .  .  .1 

1  w... 

1  ortj  Sn,.    Lake    Roo 10 

«.  [loop  Co 

llv-h  |{,„  k   Lake,  RoopCo.  7  i   " 

Humboldl   i  aki    nidi  Co  I  7 

Mu   mere  L  ik*    Roop  Co.  1 

Middle  Lake,  Roop  Co.  t 

I*\  i  amid  Lake,  Washoe  Oo,  ........     K)  i  ■ 

l'v  i  ..miii  Laki    Roop  *  ■■. 

.Sinn. mi  Lake,  Humboldt  «  -  1 

Sum m  11  Lake,  Roop(  o  i        ....... 

W  ■    i    kke    !     ii diiCo.,      .         39 

w ■  i  ake   w  asl 8.. ......8 

West  Lake,  Roop  Co..  i     8.. 

Wlnnemuccs   Lak*    Roop  Co  3S 

\\  mu' cc  i  Lake,  H  i  I  i  ...  in. . 

Lake*.  In  BTew  Rompshlre. 


Connect  icut  Laki    Coos  Co 
Crystal  I  ;ik.    Belknap  ■  o 

Echo  i.  ike,  Carroll '  '•■ k\. 

i. i  'ond  Oral  I !o, 

Muscoms   Laki    Qraft< 

Second  Lake  s  i  o :. 

Tarleton  Lake  Grafton  Co 

i  hint   Lake,  Coos  i  i 

W  Mm.  |.i  .  ..;■,  .    i   iki     Belknap  Co  -.!!-' 

roam  Laki    Belknap  i    ■       7 


..1.. 

1 


..1H 


Lakes  In  Nen  Jersey* 

Sudd's  i.  Lki  .  Mi  n  h  Co  \yt., 

Denham  Lake   Moi       i  %., 

Dundei    I  iki    P  i     ■  ■  Co       2 

a Pond   Mori  IsCo 

Qreenwood  Lake.  1  9 

Hopatcoue  Lake  Morris  Co  .  ..7 

Split  rock  Lake,  Morris  Co 

Bprlng; Lake,  Monmouth  Co .....%.. 


M     .  ■ 

% 

H 

...i.. 

...8  . 


Lake.  In  \e\v  Mexico, 

It  i  ,l.  I   >l,  ■     tfora    I"  

K i"  Lake,  Mora  Co  

I . .  Cuera   Laki    Uora  O         

Bebolla  Lake,  N 


i 


I.i..-  In  .New  York. 

1 

A  lulu  r  Lake,  Hamilton  I  o      ■_'  yt 

It  >  ii  ton  La  Lee,  Baratof :t i. , 

Bi   ivei   i:  1 1 1  i   i  aki     i  '  ■'  '    Co  i: i. . 

Black  Lake,  St    Lo  ■■  n i  20         ...2." 

Blodgett'e  Pond,  Wj Ing  Co......  -,  .    .    % 

Blui    Mountain  Laki    Hamilton  I  So 

Brant  Lake   Warren  Co .'> j^ 

Buonaparte  Lake,  Lewis  Co 

CanandaJgna  Lake,  Cansndal    i        \  tolj^j 

i  ,   .    ,  ,  .  .. 

i  'i.i: mi  i  ake  St   I  .."i  ence  Co,        Ij  i 

l  'iillin   I.il'  ,  Essex  Co  8       JaJ 

« !hautanqufl  Lai ■..,,.,,.,         j         , 

ii    I  I  in  ton  Co 8     Ij^ 

\yt 

Cranberry  Lake,  St.  Lawrence  C 

Cro       Laki     Ononds jf 

Eagle  Lake,  Hamilton  Oo  . .'_' % 

Pern  Lake.  *  !llnton  Co i     )*; 

Greenwood  Laki     jeCo        ...     12     1. . 

u  Laki     t  2 ^ 

boe  Pond,  SI   Lawrence  Co \yt % 

Indian  Pond,  St.  Lawrence  Co l % 

.1  i    ■■  Lake,  Wyoming  Co  \ % 

■    Lake,  St    Lawrence  Co  2       . . .  t . . 

Lake  Chant)  tern  N.  Y...     .  125,  '.  to  15. .' 

i  'i  i  i ge  Warn  nCo..     ... 

Long  Laki    Han  >, tolj^ 

Loon  La  I    ■ 2% l. . 

i  gay  ]  tke   >  ran  kiln  Co  2J  | \ 

Lower  Lake  St  Regis,  Franklin  Co       2      1.. 

i  .  Lake   Pranklln  Co      .  ,6 2.. 

Massewepfe  f*ake,  Bt.  Lawrence  Co. ..2 % 

Hlnnewaska  Lake,  Ulster  Co J< % 

Mi, I,,. nk  Lake,  Ulster  Co  % % 

Mud  Lake,  St    Lan  pence  Co     \% % 

Oneida  Lake,  Oneida  Co  20      it..?! 


LOCATION  AND  SIZE  OF  SMALL  LAKES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES-CONTINUED. 


341 


takes  In  New  York,      gjg        $j£ 

Onondaga  Lake,  Onondaga  Co 5 l . . 

Oswegatchie  Lake.  Lewis  Co 2-Sf.Jrftol.. 

Otisco  Lake, «  niondaga  Co 7 % 

Otsego  Lake.  Otsego  Co ~iYi *Y 

Owasco  Lake,  Cayuga  Co ll 1J4 

Owazena  Lake.  Madison  Co :* '■• 

Rich  Lake,  Bases  Co '  V Y 

Round  Lake]  Saratoga  Co I *■■ 

St.  Regie  Lake,  Franklin  Co * M 

Saratoga  Lake,Saratoga  Co 7 :(- 

Schroon  Lake,  Essex  Co 10 i  '_• 

Schuyler  Lake,  Otsego  Co 5 IJi 

Seneca  Lake.  sru>r,i  Co :i1, -■■ 

Silver  Lake,  Wyoming  Co 3 1.  - 

Silver  Lake,  Clinton  Co - \ 

Skaneatelea  Lake,  I lags  Co 15... 1Y 

Spitlire  Lake.  Franklin  Co *Y 1« 

Sylvia  Lake,  si.  Lawrence  Co 1% X 

Taylor  Pond,  Clinton  Co Wi Y 

Topper's  Lake,  Hamilton  Co 6 2.. 

Trout  Lake.  Warren  Co 2 Y 

Trout  Lake,  St.  Lawrence  Co 2 % 

Upper  Chateaugay  Lake,  Clinton  Co.. 3 Wi 

Upper  SaranaO  Lake.  Franklin  Co 7 1.. 

Utawara  Lake-,  Hamilton  Co 3 1- . 

Yellow  Lake,  St.  Lawrence  Co 4 Y 

takes  In  North  Carolina.     J^       $£ 

Alligator  Lake,  H vile  Co 7 'AY 

Mattamuskeet  Lake,  Hyde  Co 20 .«.. 

Pum^o  Lake.  Washington  Co 3Y -. . 

Scuppernong  Lake,  Washington  Co... 8 6.. 

Lakes  In  Oregon.      gg       «£ 

Albert  Lake.  Lake  Co 12 fi. . 

Christmas  Lake,  Grant  Co 4 \% 

Crater  Lake,  Lake  Co 6 5.. 

Goose  Lake,  Lake  Co 4  J ». . 

Guano  Lake,  Grant  Co (i *.. 

Harney  Lake,  Gram  Co 40 20.. 

Juniper  Lake,  Grant  Co 15 3. . 

Magoon's  Lake.  Grant  Co 5 3. . 

Malheur  Lake,  Grant  Co 3U 15. . 

Olive  Lake,  Grant  Co 3 2. . 

Silver  Lake,  Lake  Co 6 4. . 

Sumner  Lake,  Lake  Co 15 6Jj 

Tule  Lake,  Lake  Co 16 6. . 

tipper  Klamath  Lake,  Lake  Co 26 B.. 

Warner's  Lake,  Grant  Co  30 8.. 

Whatuinka  Lake,  Grant  Co 3 2.. 

Lakes  in  Pennsylvania.    «'£      JgJE 

Conneaut Lake,  Crawford  Co 4 \y. 

Conneauttee  Lake,  Brie  Co l H 

Crystal  Lake,  Susquehanna  Co X Y 

Elk  Lake.  Susquehanna  Co    1 % 

Elk  Lake.  Sullivan  Co \ % 

Gayuga  for  Long)  Pond,  Sullivan  Co,  .1 Y 

Grant's  Lake,  Sullivan  Co % Yi 

Hunter's  Lake,  Sullivan  Co .  Hj H 

J  one!    Lake,  Susquehanna  Co % » 

Lake  Pleasant.  Erie  Co H lA 

Lake  William.  Sullivan  Co Y !j 

Lake  Winolio,  Wyoming  Co lfc Y 

Lake  Cory,  Wyoming  Co  3 1-. 

Lake  of  Meadows,  Susquehanna  Co ■'. U 

Lewis  Lake,  Sullivan  Co \% ;'i 

Long  Pond,  Susquehanna  Co l Y 

Lopez  Fund,  Sullivan  Co ..1 H 

Low  Pond,  Susquehanna  Co 1 H 

OkeBo.-  Pond,  Wyoming  Co & H 

Oil  Creek  Lake,  Crawford  Co 2 l.. 

Pickerel  (or  West)  Pond,  Sullivan  Co..-}* Yi 

Presque  [sle  Baj  .  Erie  Co  4 \y. 

Quaker  Lake.  Susquehanna  Co 1 Y 

Silver  Lake,  Susquehanna  Co .% Y 

Sugar  Lake,  Crawford  Co    l Y 

Tj  ler  Lake,  Susquehanna  Co X Ss 

Wrighter  Lake,  Wayne  Co Y Y 

Lakes  In  Rhode  Island,    gjjj      $£ 

BahcoclCs  Pond,  Washington  Co 1 H 

Beach  Pond,  Washington  Co  l X 

Belleville  Pond,  Washington  Co  M Y 

Chapman's  Pond,  Washington  Co l I.. 

Boston's  P i.  Newport  Co  ijtf % 

Grassy  Pond,  Washington  Co l Y- 

Georgiaville  Pond,  Providence  Co \Y Ui 

Greenhill  Pond,  Washington  Co Y Y 

Heiring  Pond,  Provide Co  \ % 

Hopkins'  Pond,  Washington  Co 4 2. . 

Juniper  Pond,  Newport  Co % 64r 

Keeek  Pond,  Providence  Co i% Yi 

Long  Pond,  Newport  Co .'.. Y 

Mnsw  in-iiellt  Pond.  Providence  Co 1     »■-, 

Nonguit  Pond,  Newport  Co \h H 

©lnej  Pond,  Providi  ace  Co Y Y 

point  Judith  Pond,  Washington  Co.,  .5 l.. 

Quicksand  Pond  Newport  Co  IX X 

Sherman  Pond,  Washington  Co l 1   . 

Sachem's  Pond,  Newport  Co 1& Y 


Laken  in  Rhode  Island.    jjjj      Jfjjl 

Salt  Pond.  Newport  Co \% 1.. 

Sneecb  Pond,  Providence  Co Y Y 

Stafford's  Pond,  Newport  Co \y. 

Sucker  Pond.  Providence  Co Y Y 

Tucker's  Pond,  Washington  Co l '.. 

Wollum  Pond.  Providence  Co  i'( Y 

Woideti's   !'•  .nil,  Washington  Co 2 1 .. 

Yawroo  Pond,  Washington  Co l 1.. 

BESEKVOIKS. 

Almy.  Providence  Co 1 Y 

Bowditch,  Providenee  Co 1 Y 

Diamond,  Providence  Co IY X 

Harris,  Providence  Co \Y Y 

•lilUon,  Providence  Co i>4 Y 

Poscoag,  Providence  Co 2 % 

Place,  Providence  Co 1 \ 

Poiii'i_Mu-c(t,  Providence  Co \Y I 

Saunders,  Providenee  Co % Y 

Simmons'  Lower,  Providence  Co y< Y 

Simmons1  Upper,  Providence  Co Y '* 

Slack,  Providence  Co 1 ', 

Smith  and  Sayles',  Providence  Co 2 Y 

Stiltwater,  Providence  Co 1\ Y 

Waterman,  Providence  Co VY '■■ 

Wenscott,  Providence  Co % Y 

WestconnaUg,  Providence  Co 2 Y 

Wilson,  Providence  Co % Y 

take,  in  Texas.      gj        {fjg 

Austin  Lake,  Matagorda  Co 6 1  .'.' 

Caddo  Lake.  Marion  Co 25   .15. 

Cedar  Lake,  Matagorda  Co 2Y3 1 Y 

Ferry  Lake,  Marion  Co 5 'A.. 

Grasmever's  Lake,  Favette  Co 2y, Y 

Green  Lake,  Calhoun  Co '-i 2Y 

Kranover  Lake,  Fayette  Co 1  % % 

M  Ission  Lake,  Calhoun  Co 2% 2. . 

Moon  Lake,  Marion  Co ...3 lj-f 

Nowhere  Lake,  Fayette  Co \Y Y 

Oyster  Lake,  Matagorda  Co W> '-• 

Powder-Horn  Lake,  Calhoun  Co .r> I., 

Sllipp's  Lake,  Bastrop  Co '2Y Y 

Lake,  in  titan.      gj|        ^ 

Alkali  Lake,  Iron  Co ys V, 

Bear  Lake,  Utah  and  Idaho  Co's 21 7.. 

Clear  Lake.  Millard  Co  4 2.. 

Finn  Lake,  Millard  Co 4 I.. 

Funk  I...k<-.  San  lvt.-  (.'■> 1 V 

Greal  Salt  Lake,  Salt  Lake  Co 83  40.. 

Hot  Spring  Lake.  Salt  LakeC *-'  -. . 

Kittl.-  Salt  Lake,  lr.mCo 8 1.. 

Panquitch  Lake,  Garlield  Co \% 1.. 

Rush  Lake.  Tooele  Co- 2 \y, 

lii^h  Lake,  Iron  Co 1M Vi 

Sevier  Lake,  Millard  Co 20 1".. 

Utah  Lake,  Utah  Co 30 12. . 

Lake  in  Vermont.      ££        %>£ 

Bomoseen  Lake.  Rutland  Co 8 2. . 

BriBto]  Lake,  Addison  Co 2 1.'. 

Caspian  Lake,  Orleans  Co 3 1 . . 

Crystal  Lake,  Orleans  Co 2Ji yt 

Cake  rii. in i|. inn   l  astern  vt I25..)gto  I  •  . 

Lake  Dunmore,  Addison  Co ■"■..  I    . 

Lake  Hemphremagog,  Orleans  Co S3...  2  to  4., 

s.\  mi  hi  i  Lake.  Orleans  Co 4 2. . 

Silver  Lake,  IddisonCo % V, 

Willuughby  Lake,  Orleans  Co 6 \y. 

Cake,  in  Virginia. 
Drammond  Lake.  Xorfolk  Co 8 5.  . 

Lakes  In  Washington  Ter.   fl ,  ;     J' ';, 

A  in.  1 1.  an  Lake,  Pierce  Co 5 1 . . 

Bearer  and  Pine  Lakes,  King  Co y. it 

Black  Lake.  Thurston  Co -"  •, 

Crooked  Lake,  Thurston  Co 2\, M 

<. a  Lake.  Bang  Co i;.. i;.. 

Cake  Terrel,  Whata Co l \ 

Lake  Washington,  King  Co 22>>; 4.. 

Lake  wilderness,  King  Co '-.. ', 

Long  Lake.  Thurston  Co 2 y, 

Owhap  Lake.  Pierce  Co 3 1  . 

Paililen  Lake,  Whateoiil  Co ;V % 

Quinalull  Lake  '  Ihehalla  Co 14 4.. 

Rock  Lake,  Whitman  Co 8 M 

Sammamlsh  Lake,  King  Co 7'  l!.j 

Samlsh  Lake.  Whatcom  Co '.■ 

Spanawaj  Lake,  Pierce  Co  '■ '  ■ J4 

Steilla m  Lake.  Pierce  Co — 2 Uj 

Tanw  i  *  1  oki    Plen  eCc  2 , 

Tapp'a  Lake  Pierce  Co 2 

I' a  Lake,  BUng  Co 2 1.. 

Whatcom  Lake.  Whatcom  Co 11 1 .  . 

Lake-  In  Wyoming  Ter. 

Battle  Lake,  Carbon  Co 2 1.. 

Separation  Lake,  Carbon  Co ly 1.. 


Lake.  In  Wisconsin.       g£      »£ 

Ammison  Lak>\  Douglas  Co \Y *•■ 

B  Lake,  Sawyer  Co 2 Y 

Bass  Lake  Sawyej  Co 4 i.. 

Bear  Lake,  Barron  Co 4J< 1. 

Leaver  Lake.  Oconto  Co IJj 1.. 

Beaver  Dam  Lake,  Barron  Co 5    Y 

Beaver  Dam  Lake.  Dodge  Co 10.  ..1  t<»  '■'•'. 

Big  Lake   5a 1 l.. 

Big  Lake,  Lincoln  4  o 2 \y 

Big  Sand  Lake,  Burnetl  Co .'i. . . 

Bircli  Lake   Forest  Co 

l: lad. ler  Lake,  Ashland  Co IJ«j Y 

BlaisdelPs  Lake,  Sawyer  Co ' :. . .        i 

Butte  des  Murt-  Lak<    Winnebago  Co 

Cedar  Lake,  Barron  Co 7 

Chaqua  Lake,  Sawyer  Co 4 3.. 

Chetek  Lake,  Barron  Co 2y._  i 

Chetek  Lake,  Sawyer  Co l 

Christie  Lake.  Oconto  Co l ', I.. 

Clam  Lake,  Burnett  Co '■'.'   2.. 

Clam  Lake,  Sawyer  Co ly Y 

Connor's  Lake,  Sawyei   Co 2 l 

Connell  Lake,  Chippy  wa  Co 2 1. . 

Court  Oreilles  Lake,  Sawyer  Co 7 

Crab  Lake.  Lincoln  Co 2y 2.. 

Crystal  Lake.  Barron  Co i Y 

Bead  Lake,  Pepin  Co \y. Y 

Deer  Lake,  Sawyer  Co i Y 

Desert  Lake,  Wisconsin  and  Mid  3.* 

Devil's  Luke,  Sawyer  Co 1 1.. 

Eagle  Chain  Lakes.  Lincoln  Co  ..    ..25 

Echo  Lake.  Barron  Co \.,~ Y 

English  Lake,  Ashland  Co i  \ Y 

Enterprise  Lake,  Langlade  Co I  \ l. . 

Fence  Lake,  Lincoln  Co BY -Y 

Fish  Lake.  Sawyer  Co 3. 

Fish  Lake.  Waushara  Co 2 y± 

Fisher  Lake,  Florence  Co \% ] . . 

Flambeau  Lake.  Lincoln  Co 2\ \Y 

Flat  Lake,  Sawyer  Co 3 1 . . 

Fox  Lake,  Dodge  Co 3.., 

Geneva  Lake,  Walworth  Co 8 2. , 

Granite  Lake,  Barron  Co .."  ■ \Y 

Green  Lake.  Green  Lake  Co i* \Y 

Grindstone  Lake.  Sawyer  Co 4 3. . 

Gussie  Lake,  Green  Lake  Co 

Hiifh  Lake.  Lincoln  Co \% % 

Hunter's  Lake,  Sawyer  Co 1 Y 

Island  Lake  Ashland  Co \y, 1.. 

Kelly's  Lake.  Oconto  Co \y   1.. 

Koshkonong  Lake,  Jefferson  Co it. . 

I^.ikc    Ki-Lfonsa,  I  >.  i  ne  CO 4 2Y 

Lake  Labelle,  Waukesha  Co sy \Y 

Lake  View,  Lincoln  Co ijj % 

Lake  Emit]    Ige  Co l i.. 

LakeMendota,  Dam    i  ■         9 5.. 

Lak.-  Winnebago,  Winnebago  Co 29 \2. . 

Lake  Wa  ubesa  .Dane Co - l.. 

Lake  Pepin,  Pepin  Co 20 3.. 

Lake  Monona,  Dane  Co       .....  i     2.. 

Lake  Poygan,  "Wi bagoOo 9 5.. 

Laura  Lake.  Lincoln  Co I', 

Lilv  Lake.  Langlade  Co i'4 l. . 

Little  Chief  Lake,  Sawyer  Co., .  i  i 

i.ii  tie  Duck  Lake,  S  iwyei  Co.,  _'....   i 

Little  Green  Lake  Green   Lake  C  < 

Little  Butte  des  Horte  Lake   W  in   i  ■  i 

Little  Pahquawong  Lak<  Y 

Long  Pake,  Chippewa  Co. 6       . . . .  \y 

Loon  Lake.  Shawano  Co 1 % 

Loon  Lake.  Barron  Co ^ Y 

Loss  Lake,  Dodgt  Co l J£ 

Lost  Lake.  Sawyer  Co  3 

Lower  Turtle  Lake,  Barron  Co  I     % 

Maria  Lake,  Green  Lake  Co I. 

Mindemoga  Lake,  Sawyer  Co 3 l.. 

Minnesuing  Lake.  Douglas  Co  i ' V 

Moon  Like,  Barron  Co l j* 

BIoosi   Lake,  Ashland  Co  -' l. . 

Mud  Lake,  Dodge  Co  3J4 1.. 

Mud  Lake.   BU]  in  It    CO  4 2„ 

Mudhen  Lake.  Burnetl  Co i Y 

Mulier's  Lake,  Langlade  Co       i ', Y 

Nebogamain  Lake,] glasCo         .. % 

Nokwebay  Lake,  Maiinett    Co  2. . 

North  Pelican  ;    ■  i  i'4 

Pahquew  ong  Lake,  Sawyer  O 

Pelican  Lake   I  in  o 

Pewaukee  Lake  Gre<  n] 

Pickerel  Lake,  Langlade  Co...  ... 

.    ,  :  Lake,  Sawyei   Co 

Pine  i  ike,  Ishland  Co      i  K X 

Pine  i.  ike  Foresl  Co 

1  ike,  Lincoln  Co 3£ H-. 

Post  Lake  I  inglade  Co 4. 

Prairie  Lake,  Barron  Co.. 

PuckoM  «\  Lake.  Green  Lok<  I  ly 

K  il    !   ■        I     rest  Co 2 V 

i:  .,    In. 

Kiel,  Lake  Langl  ide  Co       .... 

2 1.. 

R    ckl  ....2.. 

Rush  Lake.  Winnebago  Co 

•*>  in  Lake  Lincoln  >  ■  \y 

S  in.i   !   -  2        ....2.. 

Sand    Lake.  Ban  on  Co I'1-.- Y 


34  l 


LOCATION  AND  SIZE  OF  SMALL  LAKES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES-CONTINUED. 


i.i.k.-  i..  Wisconsin.  ££     $£ 

Sand  Lake,  In.  i       ..   ..p  . 

:t  * 

. 

i  ike   »'m-li:ii  1C0  .     I.. 

B Lake,  I in  I,.  :t I  j 

Spider  i  4  i 

spirit  Lake,  Burnett  Co    l1.-. . ...  .1 . . 

...'i.* 1. . 

Squirrel  Lake,  Lincoln  Co 4 1U 

. 


I.i.kc.  In  Wisconsin.  [ 

swamp  Lake,  LI  'J,1-..         i1, 

Tomabawk  Lake,  Lin    

Co 2  I 

Trout  Lak<     is  i     l. . 

i  2y x 

i.  Co 

ike,  Lli In  Co  1 l   . 

,-lilanil  Co 2 X 

Twin  Lakes,  Foree!  Co 5 lw 


Lakes  in  Wisconsin. 

I'm  ■  i  si   i  ,,.,    r  .4 % 

.2H yi 

Webbs  Lake,  Burnett  i  £ 

iltel  sno  Co.,  I  >J 

H  bite  '  ilaj  Laki  i  x 

wi.it,  ii-ii  Lake  DouglasOo  '  .  X 

White  Potato  Lake,  ■ '  154 

Wlngra  Lake,  Dam    Co  .IV V 

Wlnneconne  Lake,  Win 

Wood  Lake,  Burnett  Co \% X 


Losses  in  Great   Battles  of  the  World, 

lii'-lmtin'i  I  Htm, 


Oct...  lsl2     ..JOO.000 

1815 53,000 

.       , Feb...   1806 50,000 

Austerlits,  Horavla Di 

It.  I' 413....  40,000 

Hastings,  England 1088 30,000 

Towtown,  England i  ii  

ermanj  i  ■ .  -  -        I 

Bannockbum,  Scotland 1814.. 

|su7  ....25,000 

Hohenlinden,  Bararl 1800 

Jane 1815  ....19,000 

o,  Italy 1800..   .   18.000 

1781, 

New    Or! 1815 2,000 

177:.  1,503 


Losses  in  Battles  of  the  Civil  War. 


Wilderni  U  I  |    I     II     I"     I 

,    lu..     I 

Richroon 

Chlokamauga.  Tenn..  Sepl    19  34.000 

ill. hi,-,   .  i  27.  i"  Baj  5,  1883  ....30,000 

Second  '  in    u  '  30    1862.  ..     28,000 

Sni    ol   Vlcksburg.  Miss July  4,  I8U3.27.0IIO  Prs 

1865.27,000  Pn 

Pittsburg  Land  1862 22,916 

Stone  R 

ini,  M,l   Sept.  17    i 

..  iksburg.  v.i Dec,  II.  1862  ....18,798 

Kidge,  r.  i.ii    ..Sot. 24  26,  ls.;:t  ....15,600 

i.  , iii-mII...  V,. lugust  29,  1862. 

iks,Va Ms  12,500 

II  ,722 

Winchester,  Va Sepl    19,1861 11,000 

Corinth,  Mis, .Oct.  :n,  ls.;2 11,000 

, Inu  30   1864     ...10,268 

Fire  Forks   Va Vt.nl  I    186  i 

i  reek,  Va 

Franklin    I So*    80    1864      .     -   .78 

n   Feb  6-7,1865 

Nashvll! 

Peach  Run  Creek,  '.  .  In        0,  1864 

,nd,  V.i  .        Api  ii  3    1865 

Mnv  15,  1864. 

burg.  Va Jo 

Firs!  Bull  Run    '  Iuly21,  1861....     I  M  • 

ross  Run,  I-.  I  700 

Ream's  Station 

Yorktown,  Va May  l~:.' 4,800 

XV hi  '    1883 4.i««i 

Ian    15    1865    ....3,500 

South  Mountain,  Va Bept  14, 1883  1,100 

Wilson  10,  1881. .....3.024 

Ark Dec   7,  1882 3,000 

i  i  b   20,  1864  ...     3.000 

June  27,  1864 3.000 

... .i.  Oa I  '•'>     '    1882  2,700 

Cedai  Mi    v.i  Mi-'  9,  1-;.'.. 

Is* 

.  Mill.  Va Sept.  22,  Is., I  I  7'"' 

...  Kv M  -         ..1,500 

Va Bar    1864 1.831 

m    Va May27,  1862..' ...1,330 

Inly  5,  1861. 

Mill  St. lines  Kv 

...April  12    1884 


War  of  the  Rebellion. 

IrimVs 

I.  -  ,../  /.'.  ports. 

UNION  AIOIY. 


of  Death 


"_'J1  Tfl     2  795 

Killed,  01  Dl<  i  ol  Wounds  I  1)0,088 

12,098 28.. .12,121 

Drowned 4,888. ..  .106. 

B]    accidents 3,972.. ..142 4.114 

Other  Known  Beans i  i..   ,.2,022 

Murdered 587. 

26   391 

troke 308 5 313 

executed 207 — 267 

!  nil. «« 14 ion 

Executed  by  Enemy 00 4 64 


.! 350,002.. .9,582. 

Number  taken  prlsonen 

who  deserted i 

whodli  28,258 

i       IIIMV. 

,i.m1' [ncludj      i  .  ■     . .  .i  ,      176,168 

Dli  .i  ..i  Wounds  and  Disease 181,648 

I ■    S3 

i  Ightlng i  .  i-j 

26,774 

TOTAL   I.KAT1IS    IS    BOTB    AltXIKS. 



Confederate  181.075 

Total 540,659 


Fastest  Speed.  DiHerent  Alphabets. 

r,.i     i                      ..."  The  number  of  letters 

Ing   was    the    shortest  In  the  alphabets  ol  dlff 

nsumed  Ingoing  erent  nations  is  as  fol- 

one  mile  lows 


Locom.it. 

Skating l  ""•', 

Running  I 

Skating n  00 

Man    .   I  1614 

Snow  si s 5  aox 

Swimming 12  42J< 


Xalion.    No.  of  /-•  !'•  n 

I    35 

28 

2S 

Qerman 20 

Kriwll-ll 

Spanish 25 

French 25 

24 

Latin 

Hebrew 22 

22 

Italian 2IJ 


American  Wars. 


Hen 


ReTolutlonary  War..       .......  ... 

1812    108  i 

War i"i  -  :  >  ""  101,282 

Civil  We  959,182 


Portraits  on  U.  S.  Postage  Stamps. 

imp     Benjamin  I 

Two  Cent  Stamp Qeorge  Wash! 

FourCenl  stamp \, 

imp lam.  -  a  i. mil. -l.i 

six  Cent  stump Abraham  i 

1  Stamp Thomas  .1.  . 

Portraits  on  U.  S.  Currency. 
110,000  Bold  Notes In 

"  "       Jan..-  Mi.ii i 

[,000 "       "     ..  .Alexander Hamilton. 

"       •■     Abraham  i 

i"i •'       "     Thorns    ii    : 

1      ,...."       ••     siias  Wright 

....    •■        "     James  v  Garfield. 

81,000..    SHrer O  rtincates... William  L 

Charles  £ 

100....    "  "        "    James  Monroe. 

50 "  "        "     Edward  Kv.-rett. 

20....    "         "       "    .Commodore  Di 

1".... Robert  M..I.1- 

110/300      Greenbacks AndrawJs 

i,000  ...      "         "      Jam.     Madison. 

1,000  ...      "         "      DeWItt  Clinton. 

"      

100...,     "        "     M.iaiiaiii  Lincoln, 

Ben jainin  Franklin. 

Uexander  Hamilton. 

10 —      '  "      Daniel  Webetei 

5  ...     "        M     .Andrew -i . 

2 —     "        "     Thomas  ■'.  if 

1....     "        "     Qeorge  Washington. 

Famous  Tunnels. 


Where. 


Feet 

i  .  , 


Thames London.  Eng 

Blalsy 

Nerthe  

i 

Sutro Nevada 

Nochistong 

Huosac Mass.  and  N    Y, .  . 

HI  < '.ins  France  and  Italy. 

mi  st.  Qothard.  ..Hungary   . 


n 

.18,623 
.21,120 

-l'i 
4S.H40 


SIZE  OF  ANIMALS.  LEGAL  HOLIDAYS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  Etc. 


345 


Size  of  Animals. 

Man— i  to  5  feet  in  Lapland  and  Lab- 
rador;  h%  to  6%  feet  in  Europe 
and  Asia;    5  to  b%   in  Aft  i 
America;    and  6  to  8  feet  in  Pata- 
gonia. 

Name  of  Animal. 

Fox 114  to  2  feet 

Mole .6  inches 

Stag i  to  5  feet 

Wolf 2%  to3  feet 

Lion 6  to  8  and  9  feet 

Otter 2%  feet 

Lynx *  feet 

Civet 2  feet 

Sable 11  inches 

Lama..  6  feet 

Tapir 6  feet 

Hyena 3  feet 

Jackal 2#feet 

Ferret U  inches 

Ermine 10  inches 

Polecat 17  inches 

Weasel 7J-;  inches 

Badger 2%  feet 

Gi i'ii tie 15  or  16  feet  high 

Marmot 10  inches 

Roebuck 32C  feet 

Raccoon 2  feet 

Vampire 6  to  12  inches 


Samr  of  Animal.  Size. 

Wild  Cat 2  to  5  feet 

Antelope Z%  feet 

Chamois 3  feet 

Opossum 15  to  18  inches 

Dormouse 6  inches 

Kangaroo 3  to  4  feet 

Hedgehog 10  inches 

Poi  rapine 2%  feet 

Musk-Deer 3^  feet 

Ichneumon 15  inches 

Maned  Seal 10  to  14  feet 

Pigmy  Apes 2  feet 

Barbary  Ape 3H  feet 

Common  Bat 4  or  5  inches 

Spectrum  Bat 7  inches 

Common  Seal 4  to  6  feet 

Hippopotamus 12  to  20  feet 

Fh  log  squirrel 6  inches 

Ourang  Outang 1)4  to  5*4  feet 

Great  Ant-eater 4  feet 

Pigmy  Antelope 10  inches 

Walrus  or  Horse 15  to  18  feet 

Vaulting  Monkey 13  inches 

Bottle-nosed  Seal 11  to  18  feet 

Ordinary  Squirrel 8  inches 

Dog-faced  Baboon 5  feet 

Armadillo  and  tail 5  feet 

Elephant 10  or  11  feet 

8  to  11  feet  high 

Lioness 5  to  6  and  7  feet 

Tail  3  feet,  height  3  to  5 


.Yame  of  Animal.  Size. 

Tiger. 

Tail  3  feet,  height  4  feet 

Ant-eater 1  foot 

Spin- 
Dromedary 6  or  7  feet 

9  feet  high  to  top  of  head 

Rhinoceros 

ft  or  7  feet  high 

Legal  Holidays  in  the  U.  S. 

Fourth  of  July  — in  all  the  States 
and  Territories. 

Chrlfttma*  Bay— Dec.  25— in  all 
the  State?  and  Territories. 

Thank-glvlng  Day—  usually  the 
last  Thursday  in  November*— when- 
ever appointed  by  the  President  of 
the  United  States  or  the  Governors 
of  States— in  all  the  States  and 
Territories. 

Fast  Day*— whenever  appointed 
by  the  Presidents  of  the  United 
States  or  by  the  Governors — in  all 
the  States. 

Xew  Tear*i  Davy— Jan.  f— in  all 
except  arkan 
Georgia,  Kentucky.  Maine,  Massa- 
chusetts, New  Hampshire 
Carolina,  Rhode  Island  and  South 
Carolina. 

WuNhinfflon'K  Birthday— Feb. 
22— in  all  States  except  Alabama, 
Arkansas,  Florida.  Indiana,  Iowa. 
Kansas.  Maine,  Missouri,  North 
Carolina,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Tennessee 
and  T' 


General  Election  Da] 

on  Tue&lay  after  the  first  Hominy 

■  ntoer— in  Californl  - 
Illinois,  Missouri.  New  Jersey,  New 
York,  Oregon,  Bout! 
Wisconsin 
Decoration    Bay  —  May  30  —  in 
Colorado,      Connecticut. 

.-in.   New    Hampshire.   New 

New    York,    i 
Rhode  Island  and  Vermont. 

Good     Friday  —  / 

Easter  Sunday— in   Florida 
I 

ter  Sunday  is  | ; 
■.   after  the  full   moon   which 
:.-   on   or  after  Man 
If  full  moon  happen-  on  Sunday, 
Easter  Sunday  is  the  Sunday  there- 
after. 

Shrove  Tuesday  —  the    J 
preceding  the  first  day  of  Lrnt — in 
Louisiana,  and  the 
Mobile,  and  .Montgomery*.  Ala. 

Memorial    Bay  —  April  26  —  in 
Georgia. 

March    3  —  Anniversary    of    the 
Independence  of  Texas,  in  I 

April    31  —  Anniversary   of    the 
Battle  of  San  Jacinto,  in  I' 

January   8— Anniversary  of  the 
Battle    of    New    Orleans, 
1815,  m  Louisiana. 

February    13  — Lincoln's  Birth- 
day, in  Louisiana. 

March  4—  Firemen's  Anniversary, 
in  Lou;- 


Different  Nations,  the  Name  of  their  People  and  the  Language  they  Speak. 


Country. 


e  of  Pwple. 


l-tngw-ge  ihej  Speak.  Country. 


N_m«  of  People. 


L_crn  v  ' 


Austria 

Arabia 

Afghanistan.. 

Algeria 

Abyssinia 

ilasia... 

Brazil 

Bolivia 

Belgium 

Beloochistan . 

Canada 

Chili 

China 

Denmark 

Egypt 

England 

East  Indies, .. 

France 

Greenland 

Germany 

Greece 

Holland 

Hindoostan. .. 


.Austrians German,  Hungarian  and  Slavonic. 

.Arabs,  Arabians Arabic. 

..Afghans 1'ersian  and  Hindoostanee. 

.Algerines Chiefly  Arabic. 

Sinians Abyssinian. 

,      . ,     .  S  Dutch  and  English.     Various  native 

.Australasians. .  j         languages  are  spoken. 

..Brazilians Portuguese. 

.Bolivians Spanish. 

..Belgians Flemish  and  French. 

..Beloochees Beloochee  and  Hindoostanee. 

..Canadians English  and  French. 

..Chilians Spanish. 

.Chinese Chinese. 

..Danes Danish. 

..Egyptians Chiefly  Arabic  and  Italian. 

..English  English. 

f     ►  i   jt™  S  Hindoostanee,  Bengalee,  Siamese, 

..East  Indians j        Malay,  etc. 

..French French. 

.  .Greenlanders Danish  and  Esquimaux. 

..Germans German. 

..Greeks Greek, 

..Dutch Dutch. 

..Hindoos Hindoostanee  and  others. 


Iceland 

Ireland 

Italy 

Japan 

Mexico 

Norway   

Poland 

Peru 

Paragua> 

Prussia 

Portugal 

Persia 

Russia. 

Sweden 

Switzerland.... 

Spain 

Siberia 

Siain 

Scotland 

Turkey 

United  States. . 

Venezuela 

West  Indies 




. .  Icelanders Icelandic. 

.Irish English  and  Irish. 

,  .Italians I tahan. 

..Japanese Japanese. 

.Mexicans Spanish. 

.Norwegians Danish. 

.Pules Polish. 

..Peruvians Spanish. 

g  l.iyans Spanish. 

.Prussians ■ . .  .German. 

. .  Portuguese Portuguese. 

.Persians I' 

.Russians R,: 

.Swedes Swedish. 

German,  French,  and  Italian. 

..Spaniards .Spanish. 

..Siberians Kussian     DO 

..Siamese 

..Scotch English  and  Gaelic. 

..Turks Turkish. 

..Americans En* 

Spanish. 

..West  Indians Spanish 

..Welsh English  and  Welsh. 


MULTIPLICATION     TABLE. 

For  the  convenience  of  those  who,  though  once  familiar  with  the  Multiplication  Table,  may  have  forgotten  portions  of  it,  or  may  not  at  the 
moment  be  able  to  recall  the  amount  which  results  from  one  number  being  multiplied  by  another,  this  table  is  given.  The  x  signifies  multi- 
plied by,  ami  «  signifies  equal  to. 


IX  o-  o 

2X   0-    0 

3X0=0     4X0=0 

SX  o=  o 

«X  0=  o 

IX  0=  o 

SX    0=    0 

9X    0=     0 

10  x  o-     0 

ii X  o=    o 

12  X    0=     0 

IX  i-  i 

2X    1-    2 

3X    1=    3 

IX  1=  f 

SX  l-  5 

6X    1-    6 

;x  i-  i 

SX    1-    « 

9X    1=     « 

10  x   1  =   io 

u  X  1=  ii 

12  X    1  =    12 

IX   2-    2 

2X   2-    * 

IX    2=    6 

IX    2=    S 

.-■X    2  =  10 

6  X    2  =  12 

"X    2  =  14 

8  X   2  —  16 

9X    2=     18 

10  X    2  -    20 

ii  X  2  =  a 

12  X 

IX    3-    3 

2X   3-    6 

3X    3=    9 

*X    3=12 

SX    3  =  15 

SX    3  =  18 

7X    3-21 

8X    3  =  24 

9X    3=    27 

10  X    3—    30 

11  X    3=    33 

12  X    3-    36 

IX    *-    « 

2X    *-    S 

3X   4-12 

IX  4-16 

SX   4  =  20 

6X    4  =  24 

:X  *-M 

"X    4-32 

»X    4-    36 

10  X    4=    40 

ii  X  i-   '< 

12  X    <         - 

IX    5-    5 

2X   5  =  10 

SX   5  =  15 

IX   5-20 

5X   5-85 

«X       -30 

7X   5 -S3 

IX    S-  40 

•  X  5-    - 

10  X    5-    M 

11X   5 

12  X    5  -    60 

IX    •-    « 

2X    6=12 

3X    6  =  IS 

4X    6  =  21 

5X    6  =  30 

BX    6-36 

7X   6  =  42 

SX   6  =  48 

9X    6=    54 

10  X    S-    60 

11  X    6  =    6f. 

IX    •-   » 

2X    7  =  14 

3X    -=21 

4  X    7  =  28     5  X   1  —  SS 

SX    7-42 

7X    7-49 

8X    7  =  56 

9X    7=    63 

10  X    : 

-X  8  =  s 

2X    8  =  16 

3  X    8  =  24 

IX    8  =  32 

SX    8  =  40 

IX    8  —  48 

IX    8=56 

SX    8-64 

9X    8-    72 

10  X    8—    SO 

11  X    *                                •  —    96 

IX    »-    9 

2  X   9  =  18 

SX    9  =  27 

IX       -36 

5  X   9-45 

6X    9=54 

"X    9  =  63 

S  X    9  =  72 

9  X    9  =    81 

10  X    9-    90 

11  X    9  =    99      12  X    9  =  108 

i  X  io  -  io 

2X10  =  20 

S  X  10  =  so 

4  X  10  —  40 

5  X  10  —  50 

S  X  10  -  60 

7  X  10  -  70 

S  X  10  =  80 

9X10-    90 

10  x  10  -  100 

11  X  10  -  1 1"      12  X  10  =  120 

1X11-11 

aX" -22 

SX11-33 

4  X  11  =  44 

5X11 

6  X  11  =  66 

7  X  11  -  77 

8X11  —  88 

9X11  =    »9 

loxii-  no 

11X11-1-1       12X11-1S2 

1  X  12  -  12 

2  X  IS  =  21 

3X12  =  36 

4X12-48 

5X12  =  60     6X12-12 

7  X  12  -  84 

8  X12  -  96 

10  X  12  —  120 

11  X  12  =  132     12  X  12  -  144 

346 


MODERN  FASHIONABLE  CARRIAGES  AND  VEHICLES  IN  GENERAL  USE. 


Backboard  V 


Doable  Suspension  Brougham. 


■»   J 


albu    oi  i  lurney. 


Whltechapel  Buggy. 


alet  Boi  Icavraj 


Spider  Phaeton. 


Body-Break  Wagon. 


Physicians'  Phaeton. 


Spin-Ik-  Wa^on. 


Dog  Cart. 


Elprht-Sprlng  8plder  Cart. 


Two-Wheel  Sulkv. 


Ladies'  Phaeton. 


JiL 


Dos-A-Dos  Cart. 


347 


LATE  STYLES  OF  FASHIONABLE  CARRIAGES  AND  SLEIGHS. 


f?r-r"^ 


Jump  Scat  Phaeton. 


Tandem  Dog-Cart. 


Goddard  Buggy. 


Physicians'  Rockaway. 


Brougham. 


Dos-a-dos  Wagon. 


Village  Cart. 


Vis-a-vis  Phaeton. 


Canopy  Top  Phaeton. 


Surrey  Wagon. 


& 


Four  Passenger  Wagon. 


Top  Surrey. 


Side-Bar  Buggy. 


d 


Corning  Buggy.  Concord  Spring  Buggy. 


Depot  Wagon, 


Square  Body  Sleigh.  Shell  Body  Cutter.  Pony  Sleigh  with  Rumble.  Victoria  Shell  Body  Sleigh.  SLx-Passenger  Shell  Body  Sleigh. 


Russian  Cabriolet  Sleigh.  Cabriolet  Sleigh. 


Russian  Vis-a-vis  Sleigh.  Victoria  Sleigh.  Leather  Top  Landau  Sleigh. 


Portland  Cutver. 


Jump  Seat  Sleigh.  Curricle  Sleigh.  Russian  Sleigh.  Albany  SweU  Cutter. 


:;is 


Leading  Events  Which  Happened  on  Every  Day  of  the  Year  for  the  First  Six  Months. 


pay.     NotableEvents  in  January.    Year. 

1 .  Unerlcan  Blavea  Emancipated 

displayed i",; 

B  B  iV  i  ■  I  Pi  In©  ton,  N.  J 1777 

4.U.  8.  Treaty  with  Great  Britain  ratified.     1784 

.".  co  irracked 1854 

i;  Qi      '  i   trthquake  In  New  England 1663 

T.Ubi  I B22 

g         ■  .■  ,,i  n.u  Orleai      I  ighl   1815 

\t         it  Library  opened  in  New  York. . , 
lO.Pem 

11  '   ...  v 1  91  I  1 

IS  Battle  of  Wetumka   I  lorlda ixw 

13  Patent  i"  Plymouth  colony  Lamed. . . 
ii                                             i  against  U.  S. ..  1847 
i .-,                                                        Cook.. ]"h 
i  <;                                 for  State  Independencel777 
17. Battle  of  Falkirk,  Scotland i~4fi 

1  s  R  [111am  1  of  Prussia    Emp.  "t"  Germany  .  1871 

i  •->  l  rered  In  California  1848 

SO.Pria  I  m  In  Spa  In  ended 1888 

21  .Louis  XVI.  ol  i  ■  ■ 1793 

08. Ami  i  Frenchtown,  Canad 

88        uner  Pacific  lost 

2  i  aal  al  augn  '■  bj  I  tonfd  1861 

•-J."*  ani  ■ '"'  'i  ■"  C.  X 1785 

2*1  a ■  Hi  Income  tax  repealed 1871 

27   Indication  Ring  ••(  Poland... 1736 

2h  Pari    Surrendered  to  the  Germans 1871 

2tt.K.ii)   i    admitu  <i  to  the  Union 

SO  &    I  i  bim<     In   •  nted 1487 

81. ■  i  ■■  II  hed 

Day.        Notable  Events  in  April. 

1  .First  Hon  i  ,  ■  i   ■    ■  ■     .  .1 

2  i     -    Mim  ■  BtabUshed  al  I 

8.J<  ■  atlaw,  shot 1882 

4. Adoption  of  pre*  nt style  of  0  S.  Bag.  ...1818 
5  Eclud'd  from  Union  army.  1862 

8.1  Irst  D  s.  Senate  1788 

T/.Ohl  I  '■•>  colony  al  Marietta  .  .1788 
8. Brig.  Young  re-elected  Mormon  l<  ader  ..  1872 
9. Am.  Anti-Slavery  Societj  dissolved 1870 

LO  I    B   Ban!  U  d 

11  .Surrendi  rol  I  orl  Burnt  ■  i-(|i 

I  8  i         nrrendei    1 1 ;     Lrmy  to  i 

13. Kurt  Sumter  surrendered.      186 I 

II  Pn    I  I  mi  LI In  assassinated 1865 

15  rii   I  i     B.  Pat  atLawpa    cd 1790 

18  S  "i  Bali  odor  de  :  ■  earl  hquake. . .  1854 

17  Qn  .1  Battle  ol  H  igbt.1793 

18.  W II Ices'  Expedition  to  the  S.  i 

1  '.*  !  Lexington  and  .   .  177'' 

80  begun 1775 

81. Houston  Defeats  Banta  Anna  In  Texas,  ..  1886 
88. Texas  Becomes  Independent  of  Mexico...  1836 
83.Fi]  irter  granted  by  Eng 1662 

2  1  paper  in  1  nited  States 1704 

85    fa.  voted  1  om  the  Union 1861 

88  lied     1865 

87. Fin-  In  ill.,,  ie  ton  bui  a  ty...l838 

88.Sur  ol  y>  '  Bl    Philip 1862 

89.1*.'...                     i  ngland  and  Ru  ' 

SO.  Washington  Inaugurated  1st  Pres 1789 


i'«>      Notable  Events  in  February. 

1  .Mi. irman  -  March  through  B.  I  arolins ...  1865 

2  Peace  between  the  U.  8.  and  Mexico. . ,      L848 
:t         rman's  March  through  M i^- 1    Ippl 

I  i><  i   vj.i+  i  lean  Pp      lent        ted...  1789 

."•  i    rthquake  In  Canada,  lasting  6  montb 

«.  mce  betwi  i  n  I  rano  and  the  U.  B 1778 

7. Death  ol  P  I  Rome 1878 

B  ts  beheaded 1587 

*►  i  ■  ■  .]  Abstinence  Boclel  yi 

in  m.i m  lag)  ..i  Quo  n  Victoria 1840 

1 1  .Shipment  ol    Um  i  It  an  beel  to  Engl  ind 
18  landed  by  tin-  English.. .1733 

13.  Will  lam  in  and  Hai  i  S  I  »g.i680 

ii;  i  bllshei  Tui  Id  tan  Ld 

15  ii    torlc  Elm,  at  Boston,  blown  down 1876 

I «•  !    .ii ilson  capl  ured  by  1 1  rs  a1 1862 

17  Congress  asked  to  abolish  Slavery 1790 

18. Treaty  with  England  procl'md.  .1815 

19. Papal  doma third  ci  ded  to  Pi  ance  L797 

80  '  oncep-  I  <i    i  ■  ■.  i  dby  Eai  th'ke.  1835 

21  .Invasion  of  New  Mexico  by  Texan  Rang.. 1862 
28. Florida  ceded  to  the  U.  B  bj  Spain.., .      L819 

88  Battle  of  Buena  Vista,  Mexico 1847 

84. Santiago,  Chill,  f i<-.)  by  Valvidia 1541 

25.  Km  it  United  States  Bank  chartered 1791 

86  1     mce  1 claimed  a  Republic 1848 

27  Ki  ■  ■■  ■  Llabama  "  1  lalmt  Com,  .1-71 

88. Yellowstone  National  Park  established.  .  1*71 
88,  I''  11i.mtd.l8GO 

Notable  Events  in  May. 

l.Hud  01      1  I         agefordls.  of  Polar  Sea.  1607 

■J         tli  -I  1  1 

.1   dJ  ■  ■■  'i  ed  by  *  lolumbus 1794 

1   1  restored  to  France 1814 

attai  b  1 tai  lo,  .it  Oswego  N.  v  .1814 

8. Lord  Cavendish assas  al  Dublin,  Ire'd 1882 

T.Colnm.  Rivt  r(On  ..1792 

B. Treaty  of  Waah'ton  bet,  U.  S.  and  Eng is7i 

9. St.  Domingo  bei 11    n  Ere*  Republic 1801 

lO.Phila.  Cento  nnlaJ  I    bibltlon  opened 1876 

1 1. Attempted  assast  ol  Emperor  of  Ger 1*7* 

L8.Paclfl<  B   B   1   ■  bu  Inesa 1869 

18  1  Irsl  Settlemeni  at  Jamestown,  Va 1607 

II  Qai  Ibaldl  di  1  lari  d  Dictator  of  Italy I860 

15. First  Trial  by  Jury 970 

III  \hii  Rim  1  ■  m.i      ■  floodi  di   rroys  towns.. 1874 

1  7  1        .  nexed  to  France 1809 

IS.Wai  dec  1  nance 17."j<; 

19. Lincoln  and  Hamlin  nominated 1860 

24)  M.Tiiju.     Petersburg,  Va 1781 

21  .Lawrence,  Kansas,  captured  and  acked..l8S6 
88.  Ecuador,  8    \  .  deel  ired  Independent    . .  .1822 

88. War  declan  istU   S 1846 

8  1    I  a  j  of  famine  In  Jamestown  Colony 1610 

25  Virginia  Provincial  Assembly  organised, .  1774 

-.*»;         tty  with  Sweden  and  Norway 1869 

87 .Prof.  Morse  compl'ta  i-t  telegraph  line..  .1844 
88  !"  t  Baptist  Cn  organized  in  Boston....  1664 
2»  Maximllia]  ■  ra  Cruz,  Mexico.  1864 

SO.Treats  ol  Pari  1814 

81. Battle  of  Fair  1  lake,  Va 1862 


D*y-      Notable  Events  in  March,     Year 

1  N)  1  1  .  1  .  admltfc  d  Into  the  L'nion 

2  orl  ■'  Ion  ol    lavi    foi  blddi  a  by  1 

8.  Idaho  Tenitorj ed 

l.Waahln    ton  Inaugi Pr      of  1  . .  1798 

5.B  :  ii  troops i77't 

8. Ms     .....ii.    .-.    it  Fort  Alamo 

7. Ports  of  Bos  ton  closed  to  all  commerce... 1774 
8. Queen  Knni    Bovarelgn  -.f  England...  ....1702 

9  Navi  [en  Imac  and  Monltoi  .  1 962 

10  Mi  1  lellan^  troops  adv.  on  Han 

ll.Fli  tl  ondon  daily  new  ipap«  >  I    ued....,  171 'J 

1  8.4 

IS.Capt  -I  Ni  1862 

1 4V. First  train  over  th<  ■    brtdgi    I    ■  ■ 

15.  Maine  admitted  Into  thi   1  nlon 

18.  First  Indian  ippeared  ttPly ath,  Mass.  162] 

17  in  1  Pn    Idi  Hi  ..1  ]  ■■  ..    .  lected.  . .  1836 

l  9  \  era  1  1 111  M<  dco,  besieged  bj  U  li  ami  ■ 

L9        ton,  Mum.,  Incorporated  as  •>  city   . ...  1822 
8O.Gr  1  it  in.  .  B01  ton,  846  b 
81. U.  s.  Extradition  Treaty  with  Sweden..  ..I860 
"-"-'  .      1    ■    .         .,,..  [022 

2ii.  Patiick  Henry's  famous  speech  177"> 

84.Biiti  -uiik.  :kkj  lost.. .  1^7*- 

2.V  Boston  c merce  Buspended 177 1 

8B.Bomi'.i\ ,  India,  tran  ferred  to  England...  1668 

87.  Florida  discovered 1512 

2**  in   in  ood  m  1  u   Mi  dean  war 1846 

99. Vera  Crux,  Mexico,  taki  ti  by  inn  1 1    in       1    17 
8O. Fifteenth  amendmenl  de-    ■  1  ,.1870 

81.  United  States  Treaty  with  Japan I    A 

Day.       Notable  Events  in  June.      Year. 

1 .'['  inn    iee  admitted  to  the  Union 17:«; 

8-NavaJ  Battle  on  Lai  1  1  b  unpl  Lin 1813 

8.0en  Lee  succeods  Johnston  In  command.  .1662 
4. Ft.  Pillow,  Tenn.,evactedby  Bi  auregard  1862 

5.FI    I  ba  11 1  b  cension  In  Francs  1783 

8  .Surrender  of  H<  mphli 1862 

7. Independence  proposed  by  It.  H.  I-ee 177*; 

S.Roanoke  Colony  return  to  1  ngland 1586 

O.Wai  declared  by  Franc*  agalnsl  Eng 1756 

IO. War  declared  against  U.  S.  byTrlpo 

l  1   B  itUe  of  Sauchieburn,  Scotland  ..1488 

12.  New  fork  Lnoorporated 1 

18. Hurricane  In  Labrador  de  tn      90011ves.l871 

14. American  Flag  Adopted   1777 

15. Washington  command     Um  rl<  an  army..  1775 
IO. Battle  of  Kellogg'a  Qi  .ve  in.  .      .....       1 

17.  Bat  tie  of  Banker  Hill 177:. 

18.Bat.tlr  of  Waterloo 1815 

19.  War  declared  with  Engl L 1812 

SO.Battle  of  Stone  Ferry i77:< 

21   McCormick1    B>  iperflrst  patented 1884 

2J2t.Fir*t  Continental  I  Currency  Authorised. . .  itt.'i 

88  Battl*  "i  1  and  hut   BU*   1 1         1760 

24.1  ianada  discovered  by  tt  . .  1 197 

.i.->  Custei  defeated.  1876 

88. Usurpation  of  BJchrad  III.,  of  England...  1  183 

27  Que*  ft  Vlcl  'i 1838 

99. Battle  of  Mom th 1778 

99. Grand  Trunk  R'y  accident— 100 killed. ...  1864 
30.  Buttle  of  Fori  Reoovi  ry,  Ohio 1794 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS. 


Bffnrr  Christ. 

Th.'  Delugi 334  8 

D  built 2217 

tham 1  ■•■.  ; 

ph 1835 

born 1571 

founded 1  ■"»•"»  «t 

The  Pyramid  ibuill 1850 

Solomon's  Temple  Onished HMH 

753 

587 

- .~t:t* 

Death  of  Sot-rates 400 


lirffr 

Rome  taken  by  the  Gauls 

Paper  Invented  In  <  lulu  1 
Carthage  destroyed 

tided  In  Itritain 

11 1<  .1.  

Birth  of  Christ 

■ 

Death  of  Augustus 

Pilate,  governor  *< f  Jttdca 

icifled 

dn 

Bl   Paul  pul  to  death 


3H5 
170 

.14:0 

.55 
...44 

O 


.14 
27 
33 


After  I  ■ 
Death  of  Josephus »3 

Jerusalem  rebuilt 131 

. 

.   ,i    I  h.      ,  .      t     1  >  ■  ■  r  r  j    .1    ....   ..  1  35 

.    .ii  '.  'thli        373 

Boi   1    '■■"     1 laof  Iron <Hi 

Latin  tongue  c<  1  poken 5  ho 

Pena  made  of  Quills 635 

used ooo 

Glass  In  England 0«3 

Bank  of  Venice  cetabllshed l  157" 

Indou  -  Oral  used  for  lights 1  iho 


Leading  Events  Which  Happened  on  Every  Day  of  the  Year  for  the  Last  Six  Months. 


S49 


Day.       Notable  Events  in  July.       Year. 

1.  Battle  of  Malvern  Hill ■  '  Sl  '-' 

2. Partial  Emancipation  of  Russian  Serfs.. ,  1858 

3. Battle  ol  Gettysburg,  Pa 1863 

4. Declaration  of  Independence 1776 

5.  Battle  of  Buenos  Ayres 1808 

O.Capt.  Wm.Kidd  arrested  in  Boston 1699 

7. March  of  Gen.  Haveloek  for  Cawnpore. . .  1857 

S.Dec,  of  Ind.  first  Read  in  Public 1776 

«.»   Ai-.'rssi..n  of  Ferdinand  VI  King  of  Spain.  1746 
lO.Ten  Senators  expel'd  from  U.  S,  Senate.  ..1861 

1 1  .British  Evacuate  Savannah 1782 

l».Battleofthe  Boyne 1690 

IS. Ordinance  of  1787  passed  by  Cunt'l  Con.  .1787 

14. French  Revolution 1789 

1  5 .  Napoleon  Bonaparte  Captured 1815 

1«.  District  of  Columbia  Established 1790 

1 7 .  $7,200,000  appropriated  to  buy  Alaska. . .  1868 
18. Battle  of  Blackburn's  Ford  or  Bull  Run.. 186] 

19.  League  of  Augsburg  against  France 1686 

2©.  First  Pub.  Fast  held  in  New  England 1775 

2 1 . First  Battle  of  Bull  Run 1861 

23. Battle  of  Atlanta,  Ga 1864 

03. Robert  Emmett's  Insurrection  in  Dublin   1803 
24. Mine  under  Ft.  at  Pet'sburg,  Va,,  comp'd.  1864 

25.  Battle  of  Niagara  Falls 1814 

26. P.  O.  Dep't  est.  by  Continental  Congress. .  1775 

27.  Bank  of  England  Chartered 1694 

28.  Confederates  deffd  at  Mo  re's  Hill,  Mo — 1862 

29. Treaty  with  Japan 1858 

SO. First  Colonial  Assembly  at  Jamestown...  1619 
31.Plattsburgh  N.  Y.  Invaded  by  British 1813 

Day.     Notable  Events  in  October.  Year. 

1. Treaty  with  Winnebago  Indians 1837 

2.N.  Y.  City  Anti  Slavery  Soc'y  Organized.  .1833 

3.  Whisky  Riot  in  Philadelphia 1867 

4. First  Code  of  Law  for  Plymouth  Colony..  1636 

5.  Bat  tie  Of  the  Thames  in  Canada 1813 

6. Boulogne.  Fran.,  Besieged  by  Henry  VII.  .1492 

•7.  Battle  of  Stillwater 1777 

8. Hill's  Manual  First  Issued 1873 

9 .  Chicago  Fire,  Loss.  S290.O00.000 1871 

lO. Naval  Academy  Established  at  Annapolis.1845 

1 1.  Slavery  Abolished  in  Maryland 1864 

12. Columbus  Discovers  America 1492 

1 3 .  Battle  of  Queenstown  Heights 1812 

14.  Daniel  CConnell  Arrested  for  Consp'ey..  .  1S43 

15. Hill's  Album  First  Issued 1881 

16. Portland,  Me.,  Burned  l>y  the  English 177". 

17.  Battle  of  Saratoga 1777 

18. Napoleon  Commences  his  Retreal 1812 

19. Surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown 1781 

20.  Kingdom  of  Westphalia  Abolished 1813 

21.  A  "Dark  Day"in  New  England 1710 

22.  Edict  of  Nantes  Revoked  by  Louis  XIV. . .  1685 
83. Meal  Tub  Plot  Against  James  II  in  Eng.,.1679 
21.  Mob  in  LosAngeles.Cal.,  hung  isrhi  nm 'n  ,1871 

2.1. Battle  of  Agrneourt,  France 1415 

86. Massacre  of  ('apt.  Gunnison  and  Party.  ..1853 

27. Cuba  Discovered 1492 

28. Harvard  College  Founded 1636 

29. Severe  Earthquake  in  New  England 1727 

30 .  End  of  the  Crusades 1270 

31.  Execution  of  the  Girondists  at  Paris 1793 


Day.      Notable  Events  in  August.   Year. 

1 . Battle  of  the  Nile 1798 

2. Close  of  IstSession  13th  Congress 1813 

:t.<  iolumbus  tirst  Sailed  for  America 1492 

4. Order  by  Pres.  Lincoln  for  300,000  men..  ,1862 

5. First  Atlantic  Cable  Landed '.1858 

6.Ar.  of  "Mother  Ann"  in  N.  Y.  from  Eng. .  .1774 

7.  War  Department  Established L789 

S.Elbr'g.  Gerry,  U.  S.  Envoy  in  Fran,  depts.  1798 
9.Tr'ty  defin.  bound.  bet.U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  1842 

lO.  Missouri  Admitted  as  a  State 1 M—  1 

1  1  .  Free  Soil  Nat.  Conv.  at  Pittsburg.  Pa 1852 

12. Com.  Hardy  sails  from  Stonington,  Conn.  1814 
13. Great  Earthquakes,  last'g  3  d'ys,  in  Pern.  1868 
14.  Fort  Oswego  N.  V.  taken  by  the  French..  ,1756 

15. Fort  Dearborn  Massacre  at  Chicago 1*12 

16.  Battle  of  Bennington 1777 

17. Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  taken  by  I".  S. 1846 

18. First  Am.  child  born  of  Eng.  Parents 1587 

19. Peace  of  St.  Ildefonso 179S 

2«>. Atlantic  Sunk 1852 

21. Slave  Insurrection  in  S.  Hampton,  Va 1831 

22. Gold  Fields  Discovered  in  Australia. .  I 

23.  Fort  Morgan  Surrendered 1864 

24.  Washington,  D.  C,  Burned  by  British. ...  1*1 4 

25. Montreal  taken  by  the  Iroquois 1689 

26.  First  American  Pension  Granted 1776 

27.BattIeof  Long  Island 1770 

28. British  Slavery  Abobshed 1833 

29. Haverhill,  Mass.,  des.  by  Fren.  and  Ind's.  17' is 

30.  Treaty  of  Peace  bet.  Dutch  and  Indians...  1645 

3 1 .  Martial  Law  Proclaimed  by  Fremont 18GI 

Day.  Notable  Events  in  November.  Year. 

1 .  Great  Earthquake  in  Lisbon 1755 

2.  Battle  of  Leipsic,  Saxony 1642 

3. Great  Patent  Granted  to  Plymouth  Co 1620 

4.Venetia  Annex'd  to  Kingdom  of  Italy 1866 

5. Gun-powder  Plot  Discovered 1605 

6. A.  Lincoln  First  Elected  President I860 

7. London  Gazette,  Oldest  Living  Journal. .  .1065 

8. The  Trent  Affair 1861 

9. Battle  of  Piketon,  Ky  [861 

1  O.Louis  Napoleon  Banished  to  America 1836 

11. Pilgrims  Cast  Anchor  in  Cape  Cud  Haxb..l620 

12.  Panic  in  England Is"' 7 

13. Remarkable  Display  of  Shooting  Stars 1833 

14.  First  American  Episcopal  Ordained     .....  1784 

15.  Explosion  of  Powder  at  Inkerman,  Russia.  1855 

16. Capture  of  Fort  Washington 1776 

17. First  Meeting  of  Congress  at  Wash 1800 

18. Cape  of  Good  Hope  Discovered 1497 

19.  1-1  Proti -slant  Mis'n'ry  Sor'v  in  New  Eng..  1  <VH 

20.  War  Declared  Against  Holland  by  G.  B...17SH 
21. The  Phunix  was  Lost  on  Lake  Michigan..  1S47 
22. 1 1  rand  Duke  Alexis  Arrives  inWashton..  .1871 

23. Battle  of  Chattanooga,  Term 1863 

24. Destructive  Eruption  of  Vesuvius 1759 

25  New  York  Evacuated 1783 

26. Treaty  with  Sardinia.    1838 

27- Cracow  declared  a  free  Republic 1815 

28. Three  hundred  Africans  landed  in  Ga 1858 

29. <  >hin  admitted  to  the  Union 1802 

SO. Peace  Treaty  bet.  U.  S.  and  Eng.  signed. .  1782 


"ay.  Notabfe  Events  in  September,  v.- u 

1. Napoleon  III.  Captured  at  Sedan 1870 

©.Treasury  Department  Established 1789 

8. Definitive  Treaty  of  Peace  with  G.  B... 

4. French  Republic  Proclaimed 1870 

5. Pacific  Ocean  Di  covered  by  Balboa 1513 

6. Great  New  York  Are;  Los*    810,000,0 

7.  Independence  of  Brazil 1822 

**  Lo     ol  thi   it  imer  "Lady  Elgin" I860 

9. California  admitted  to  the  Union 

lO. Perry's  Battle  on  Lake  Erie 1813 

11. Battle  of  Brandywine ]~7~ 

12.  Hudson  Discovers  Hudson  River 1609 

18. Capture  of  Quebec— Wolfe  Slain 1759 

14.Sal.rn.  Uass.,  Founded  

15.  Uoscow  Burned 

16. First  Overland  Mail  for  Calif  ornia 

17. Battle  of  Antk-tarn 1862 

lS.Waahington  Laid  Corner  Stone  oi  Cap! 

19. Battle  of  Chickamauga,  Tenn 

20.Paoli  Massacre YTVi 

£1      .it  Fire  in  New  York 1776 

22. Post  Office  Department  Established 1789 

23.  Andre  Arrested  1780 

24. Battle  of  Monterey '"  ''' 

85.12tb  Amendm't  to  the  Con.  of  TJ.  S 1804 

26.  Battle  of  Silstria,  Turkey 1809 

27. Steamer  Arctic  Lost 

28.Explos.  of  Str.  Adelphia— 12  Lives  Lost 

29.  Great  Auroral  Display  in  U.  S 

30. Siege  of  Yorktown  Begun l"sl 

Day.  Notable  Events  in  December.  Year. 

1. Portugal  Becomes  Independent  of  Spam    ,1640 

2.  Battle  of  Ansterlitz 1805 

3. Illinois  Admitted  to  the  Union l*ls 

4. First  Gen.  Assembly  in  Pa.  at  Chester 

5.  Iinl.  of  U.S.  Acknowledged  in  England  ...    L782 

6.Hayti  Discovered  by  Columbus 1492 

T.Delaware  Ratifies  the  U.S.*  institution.  .1787 
S.FireinSanriago,  S.  A— 2,000  People  Burn'd.1863 
9.S.  A.  Becomes  Independent  of  Spain.. 
lO.lst  Pat.  for  Locomotive  Steam  Engine...   1828 

II   v.  iahington'3  Army  at  Valley  Forgo  1777 

12. Treaty  with  Brazil 1828 

13,  Battle  of  Fredericksburg 

14. Charleston,  8.  C,  Evacuated  by  British 
15.  Patent  Office  Burned  at  Wash.,  D.  C. 

16.iMvadtiri  Earthquake  at  Naples,  [talj 1851 

IT. Violent  Bread  Riots  at  Montreal,  Can 1875 

in.  American  Slavery  Abolished 

I  ©.Battle  on  the  Black  Water 

20. South  Carolina  Secedes 

21. Tlu-  Pilgrims  Lauded 1620 

22.  Plymouth  Settled 1620 

23. Wash.  Resigned  hi 

21. Try  of  Peace  B<  ■■  0".  S.and  Eng.  Sig*nd..l814 

25.  Merry  Christmas _  '■ 

26. Expulsion  ol  Cea  Ships  from  Phila 1773 

BY. First N<      ro  Insurrection 1522 

28. Iowa    Admitted -I84e 

29. Terrible  R.  Tt.  Accident  at   lsb.1 
3©.Banks  Generally  SuspM  Cash  Payment 

31.  Battle  of  yuebee *"5 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS. 


sifter  Christ. 

Mariner's  compass  used 1200 

Coal  dug  for  fuel 1 2!J4 

Chimneys  first  put  to  houses 1  2U6 

Spectacles  invented  by  an  Italian 1240 

The  first  English  House  of  Commons 125S 

Tallow  candles  for  lights 121HI 

Paper-  made  from  linen 1302 

Printing  invented 1  4  HO 

Gunpowder  invented 1340 

The  first  almanac 1470 

America  discovered 1  41)2 

First  book  printed  in  England 1507 


After  Christ, 

Luther  began  to  preach 1517 

[uteres!  fixed  at  ten  per  cent. in  England...  1647 

TeleSOOpee  invented 1541> 

First  coach  made  in  England 1564 

Clocks  Brst  made  In  England 156(4 

Bank  of  England  incorporated 15114 

Shakspeare  died 1616 

Circulation  of  the  blood  discovered 16  lO 

Barometer  invented 1623 

First  newspaper 162W 

Heath  of  Galileo 1643 

Steam  engine  invented 1641> 


After  Christ. 

I  re  in  London 

Cotton  planted  in  the  United  States 

:  mcement  of  the  American  war 

Declaration  ol  American  Independence  — 
Recognition  of  American  In  I 
Hank  of  England  suspended  cash  i  i 

Napoleon  E.  crowned  Emperor ■ 

Death  of  B  ipoleon 

.ph  invented  by  Moi  

First  daguerreotype  in  France 

fting  of  the  American  civil  war , 

End  Of  the  Allien. 'an  eiwl  WBT 


1666 
1750 

1  7  7  -"i 
1776 
17*2 
17tfl 

1804 

1*21 
1832 

1  *:i!» 
1*61 
i  *t\r* 


350     TABLES  OF  DISTANCES.  EXPECTATION  OF  LIFE,  INFLUENCE  OF  THE  MOON,  Etc. 


Expectation  of  Life  and  Present  Value  of  Widow's  Dower. 


Ex- 

1    x 

, 

Ex- 

Ex- 

}..-.-- 

!><'!- 

pec- 

po  - 

pec- 

Age. 

t.i- 
tion 

V) 

ta- 
tiun 

*    ■ 

1  ,- 
don 

l.l- 

don 

Vge. 

ts- 
tion 

in 

in 

in 

in 

in 

years. 

years. 

■ 

years. 

o 

38.15 

20 

34-" 

40 

60 

\s& 

So 

5-S5 

i 

21 

1' 

35.61 

61 

2 

18.74 

22 

42 

... 

1  (.-•'> 

Si 

S.n. 

3 

40.01 

»3 

a 

-1-77 

63 

8* 

4.87 

4 

■•"•M 

-■1 

3*7° 

H 

M-35 

64 

1305 

84 

I 

I** 

40.69 

25 
26 

£ 

33.9a 

0.83 

-■->.-*7 

::, 

11.43 

:; 

4-57 
4.21 

I 

+0-47 
40.14 

s 

31.08 

9 

% 

11.48 

11.01 

3 

3-9o 

9 

39 

.p.66 

49 

.'1.7.' 

69 

10.50 

89 

IO 

30.33 

30 

SO 

11.17 

7° 

10.06 

90 

3-73 

1 1 

3" 

5' 

20.61 

7' 

9.60 

9' 

3-3» 

la 

38.0s 

;- 

S» 

20.05 

7- 

leg 

9* 

;.'- 

•3 

37-4' 

.« 

20.03 
2S.62 

•a 

19.49 

73 

93 

3.40 

M 

3679 

34 

« 

74 

8.35 

1.98 

■  s 

3<5-'7 

59 

9 

7? 
79 

<K 

1.6a 

16 

35-76 
35-37 
31-0 
34-59 

30 

U 
39 

-7-  it 
26.91 

»  i.  (7 

■7-7^ 
17.20 

16.04 

7.40 
6.99 
6.59 
6.11 

;• 

'9 

In  the  settlement  of  estates  where  the  widow  is  entitled  t<>  a  third 
interest  in  the  real  estate,  or  a  "  dower  "  interest,  its  it  is  termed,  as  long 


as  she  may  live,  it  bt  essarythat  some  definite  calculation  be 

tn  how    Ions   the  widow  will  probably  live  to  n  \ 
1  tatter  being  determined,  .1  1  ah  illation  can  readily  be  made 

as  to  how  much  she  vhich  betas  ascertained, 

■  be  --.iti'-i.i.  toi ill  settled.    1 
is  generally  adopted  m  the  settlement 
ih.u,  If  the  widow  oe  6b  years  of  age,  she  will  probably  live  15  and  45-100 
or  until  her  age  is  75  and  45- 100  j 

By  the  following  table  Es  given  the  value  of  an  annuity  of  ont 
.m  1  to  35  years  -it  5  percent   per  annum.     Thus  for  15  yeai 
valueol  one  .iuli.tr  will  be  $10.3796.     Suppose  the  widow's  dower  in- 
terest in  the  estate  to  be  $100  per  year.     '1  o  find  the]  e  of  the 
,  multiply  the  $100 by  10.3796,  and  the  result  is 
-  ,  v.  in.  it  is  the  amount  that  the  widow  is  entitled  to  in  1 

tleineilt. 


Years 


Dollars, 

Cents 
and 

looths. 


.9523 

-.;-.<-• 

3-5459 
4-3* 

7.107S 


Dollars, 

Cents 

and 

tooths. 


7  T-'T 

as 

10.370 
10.8377 
1 1.1740 
11.6895 


Years 


»3 

-> 


Dollars, 
■ 

and 
looths. 


12.0853 

tauoaa 

12.821 1 
13.1630 

'4-"939 
14-375" 

14.(430 


■ 


aS 
29 
50 

13 

34 
3S 


Dollars, 
Cents 

and 

tooths. 


14.S9S! 
15.1401 
1 5-37*4 
"5-59« 
15.8036 
i'».'.i.'; 

16.3741 


Annual  Salaries  of  Principal  United  States  Civil.  Military  and  Naval  Officers. 


Legislative. 

President 850,000 

Vice-President 

rj  ol  state .    B.000 

■ 
Secretary  of  Interior 

iv  ..r  Navy 

B.000 

Postmaster-Genera] 

Attorn. • 

Speaker  House  Replaentatli  1 

United  - 

Representatives  In  Congress  ...5,000 


U.  S.  Minister  to 

England 817 

03 l" 

Prance l" 

Etussla 17 


China 12 

Brazil IS 

Spain 1-' 

Japan i- 

112, 

Central  America 10, 

10, 

Pern 10, 

Venezuela 

Turkey 7 

Sweden  and  Norway 7, 


,a  ■ ' 

,.i 
ou 

000 
100 

ooo 
rj  o 
pooo 

,000 

ooo 
ooo 

■  a 

500 


7    ."i 

trk 1,000 

Qro  5,000 

Uruguay 5,000 

.1 5,000 

Switzerland 5,000 

4,000 

Judges. 

Chief  Jus.  U.S.  s.tp.  Court...  $10,500 
Assoclati    ''  i 

r,  s  en-. -nit  Judges 6,000 

i    s  Dls.  Judges.. from  3,500 1 

I   .  .i 

Heads  of  Departments. 

Director  of  Qeolog  Surveys  196,000 

■■ ts.  .5,000 

Buperinto  ndi  nt oi  <  •  tunu 5,000 

ival  i  ^''i  v&torj 5,000 

Commit  ,..  ,4,5i  0 

Director  Oi  the  Mint 4,500 

i  ..mini    ol  Qen.  Land  i  ifflee  ,    4,000 

Superintendi  nt  Signal  Service.  1,000 

1  ■ 

snp't  Nautical  Almanac 3,500 

rof  Marii rp 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture.  .3,000 
vim-   ...  3,000 
of  Education. 


Army  and  Navy. 
Military  On  ' 

GenersJ  of  the  Army f  13,500 

Lleutenant-General 11,000 



Brigadier-Generals 5,500 

Colonels 

Lleuten  inn 

Majors 2,500 

Captains,  Mounted  2^000 

i  !aptalns,  not  Mounted  .... 

First  Lieutenants,  Mounted 1,600 

.  ate.  ,nol  Mounted 1,500 

Second  Lieutenants,  Mounted..  1,300 

Se<  ond  Lit  uts    no!  Mounted. . .  1,400 

■      dna 1,500 


Naval  Ofticebs. 

«13 

\  i.  e  Ldrali  sli   it 

Etc  li   Ldmlrala C 

< ' loreS 5 

Captains 4 

i    4 

Commanders 3 

nl  <  lommanders 3 

- 

l . 

Bnslgna I 

Midshipmen 1 


INN) 

ooo 
ooo 
ooo 

500 

200 
51  - 1 
BOO 
HW 
900 
,200 
,UO0 


Distances  by  Water  From  New  York  City  to 


Miles. 

Amsterdam 3»5"0 

Barbadoes 1,9061 

Batavia 13,066  1 

Bermudas 660  I 

Bombav 1 1,574 

Bordeaux 3,310' 

Boston 310  ! 

Botany   Bay 13,294; 

Buenos  Ayres 7.110 

Calcutta i-.*-^ 

Canton ,3'90°  i 

Cape  Horn 8,115  ! 

Cape  of  Good  Hop. 


Miles. 


Chagres 2 

Charleston 

Columbia  River 15, 

Constantinople 5 

Copenhagen  3 

Dunlin 3 

Gibraltar 3 

Halifax 

1  [amburg 3 

Havana 1 

3 

on 1 

Lima n 


JOS 

065 

140 

no 

.775 

,4*0 

,310 
,6*0 
310 


Miles, 

Lisbon 31*75 

Liverpool 3,310 

London 3»37S 

Madras 11,050 

Melbourne -u 

Monrovia 3»8sj 



n       <  Orleans 

Panama 

Pekin 

PtTimmhuco 

Philadelphia 240 

Qjiebec 1 ,400 


Miles. 

Rio  Janeiro 31S40 

11  it  Islands..  1 5*300 

San  Francisco 

St  Petersburg 4,420 

Singapore 12.710 

Smyrna 5»00O 

Stockholm 4.050 

Tahiti 12,225 

Trieste ;,  1  :  1 

Valparaiso 

Vera  Cruz 

Washington 400 

Round  the  Globe.. .25,000 


The  Influence  of  the  Moon  on 
the  Growth  of  Plants. 

Does  tin-  light  Of  the  moon  affect 
the  growth  of  plants?  Does  it 
make  any  difference    in  the  growth 

of  a  plant  what  time  in  the  moon  it 
is  planted?    Undoubtedly  it  does. 

Light    is   a    great    prom 
growth,  and,  the  more   brilliant  the 
light,  the  stronger  and  more  vigor- 
ous the  growth,  all  the  other  con- 
ditions being  favorable.    It  i 
also,  with  certain  plants,  that  when 
young  they  require,  Like  young  ani- 
l«  !<>r  rest  and 
sleep.     To  have  this  skip  1 
them  ultimate   strength    and    vigor, 
which  is  essential   to   their    subse- 
quent complete  development 

To  illustrate:  The  seeds  of  cer- 
tain vines  and  other  plants  sown  in 
the  new  of  the  moon  will  \  1 
and  the  plants  are  likely  to 
above  ground,  near  the  old  of  the 
moon,  at  a  time  when  the  moon's 
radiance  is  so  brilliant  that  they  arc- 
compelled  to  grow  under  its  strong 
light  Upon  the  rising  of  the  sun, 
the  growth  is  still  forced  forward, 
and  the  tender  plant,  thus  in  its  in- 

(ancy,  gets  no  rest. 

The  seed  sown  in  the  old  of  the 
moon  will  bring  forth  the  plant  in 
the  new  of  the  moon,  or  during  the 
dark  nights;  at  which  time  it  ob- 
tains the  needed  rest  and  sleep,  in 
the  darkness,  which  is  essential  to 
its  future  productiveness. 

That  the  light  of  the  moon  has 
thus  a  very  perceptible  and  impor- 
tant influence  upon  the  growth  of 
plants  when  very  young  and  tender, 
is  a  fact  which  thousands  have  veri- 
fied, though  few  understand  the  phi- 
losophy of  the  same. 


■■*; 
■    i 


FOREIGN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES.         <^  ■* ■•• 

>c $»£<—.  ;©s »>£~4 »£  l@ 


351 


LATIN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES. 


J-/  captandum,  For  the  purpose  of 
captivating. 

4d  tnjinttum,  To  an  unlimited  ex- 
tent. 

j./  libitum)  At  pleasure. 

Alias,  <  otherwise. 

Alibi,  Elsewhere. 

Alum  mater,  Gentle  mother;  often 
applied  to  the  institution  where 
one  is  educated. 
!//<<</■  patriot,  Love  of  country. 

Analice,  In  English. 

■  -.  \ '.  ear  of  wonders. 

.  i  jii-h-n.  Beforehand;  from  previous 
knowledge. 

Bona  fide, in  good  faith;  genuine, 
i  .1  it'  blessed  memory. 

Cocoathes   seribendi,  A  ridiculous 
fondness  for  writing 

'    ■■■    .-  &(  11%,  A  case  for  war. 

Caveat,  Let  him  bewar  -. 

Conira,Ou  the  i>tlu*r  hand;  against. 

De  facto.  In  fact. 

Da  jure,  By  right. 


■  v  persona,  Chara< 
the  play. 
Ergo,  Therefore. 

/•:.' ,./  J,  n  u  to/n ..,. .  Lndallofthat  sort. 
A'*-  officio,  Bj  \  irtuc  of  I  tie  office. 
/•''v7.  He  (or  she)  goes  ont. 

.  They  nil  go  out. 
Ex  parte,  On  one  side  only. 
A'  r  tempon  .  <  m  the  moment. 
WoJ\  •  Hoi,  Witl  i  sayings. 

die,  An  exact  copy. 
Fiat,  Let  it  be  done;  a  command. 
//'.  Let  justice 
be  done  though  the  heavens  crash. 
Finis,  The  end. 

loci,  The  genius  of  the  place. 
In  person. 
<  in  the  way. 
Imprimis,  In  the  first  place. 
Impromptu,  Off-hand. 
Interim,  In  the  mean  time. 
Item,  Also. 

£ap£iM  liuiiu-i .  a  slip  of  the  tongue. 
Mwj'/ii  charta,  The  great  charter. 


:'  i  ttest  quantity. 

U  a  sound 

mind  in  a  healthy  b 

Mine  and  thine. 
Minimum,  The  least  quantity. 

.  The  greatest  extent 
attainable. 
A'-v  despt  randum,  Never  despair. 

.  Willing  or  nol . 
Yon  compos  mentis,  Not  of  sound 
mind. 

'-.  Not  to  be  found. 
2fonseq«-  I  ifi  not  follow. 

flTofa  &(  ...  Mark  well. 

icitamor.  Love  conquers 
all  things. 

■■'•',  Burden  of  proving 

Orator  JU,    poeta     nascUur,    The 

orator' is   made,  but  the   poet  is 

horn. 

Otium   cum    dignUate,    Ease    with 

dignity. 
Par  nooi  A  noble  pair 

of  brothers;  two  alike. 


Passim,  Everywhere. 
Pater/au  r  of  a  familv. 

'.  By  the  head. 
day. 
i    .rough  right  or 
wrong. 

.  By  itself. 

I  in  the  first  view. 
Pro  eti  ust. 

•  ike. 
</      For  the  time  being. 
am,  Former. 

now? 
i  be  country  in  town. 
Semper  idem.  Always  the  same. 
:' 
is,  Of  its  own  kind;  unique. 
Time  flies. 
ire  well. 

K  I  came,  I  saw,  I 
conquered. 

\  word  is  enough. 
■■•>■•,  By  the  living  voice. 
Viceversa,  Thecase  being  reversed. 


FRENCH  WORDS  AND  PHRASES,  With  Pronunciation. 


.-1  bos  (ah-bah),  Down  with. 

A  bon  fnarche  (ah-botig-i/hi  r-shai),  Cheap. 

A  ckeval  (ah-sfieh-vaf).  On  horseback. 

Affaire,  d  amour  (a h-fa ire-da h-moor),    A  love 
affair. 

Affairt     Whonm  ur    (af-faire-don-ai-vf),     An 
affair  of  honor. 

A  la  modi  (afi-lah-moil).  In  the  fashion. 

.1  Vimprovtste  (aJirlam-pro-visf),  Unawares. 

Amateur  (ak-ma-tair\  An  admirer  of  and  un- 
professional practitioner  in  any  art. 

Amour  i  ah-moor),  l.<  ive. 

.1  Voutrance  (afo-loo-trangsst ),  To  the  utmost. 

A  propos  {ah-pro-poe),  By  the  way;  to  the  pur- 
pose. • 

A  tout  prix  •■'  At  any  cost. 

.1  eontrairt  [p-kong-trayn  >,  On  the  contrary. 

Aufait  (ofay),  All  right;  instructed. 
Lu  r<  VOtr  {0-ruhrQOO-ar),  Till  we  meet  again. 

Avant    coureur    {ahrvang-koo-rayre),     Fore- 
runner. 

:•    sante    (au-voltr-sang-tai),    To    your 
health. 

Bos  bleu  {oah-bluhe),  Blue-stocking. 

i;,ii>i  inoi.il.  <>.■■  /,,■..■■'!■<■  '.  The  ga\  world. 

Belles-lettres  {bell-la y-tr),  Polite  literature. 

Blase  (blah-zai),  Time-worn,  faded.  . 

Bijou  {be~joo\  a  jewel  or  gem. 

Billet-doux  (be-yay-doo),  a  love  letter. 

Bongre  malgre  {bon-grai-mai-grai),  Willing  or 
not. 

Bonhomie  {bun*io-mee\  Goodnature. 

Bon  jour  (bong-joor).  Good -day. 

Bon-mot  (bong- mo).  A  wir 

Bon  soir  (bong-sooar).  Good  night- 

};,:,>  ton>(pong-tong),  High  fashion. 

lion  vivantCoong  vi  vanq\  A  high  liver. 
<,  A  t  id-bit. 
Good  faith. 

famuli,  {kan-ayh  I,  The  rabble. 

Carte  blanche  (kart-blansh  k  Full  power. 

Chacon  a807i  goitt,  Every  one  to  his  taste. 

C/ulfeau  ■  'i  E.y/ag  ■■■ ,  Air  castles. 

Cktfd  .  \  masterpiece. 


Cher  ami  [shair-ah-me),  Dear  friend  (male.) 

[shayre-ah-met  \,    Dear    friend. 

(female.) 
Ci-di  vant  (st  duh-vang),  Formerly. 
Comrm  ilfaut  {kom-iU-foh  I,  Ae  it  should  be. 
Compagnon  tit  voyag*  (kong-pai 

vehne  companion. 
t  'ontretemps    (kongtr-tang).  Disappointment, 

accident. 

lih-tah),  A  stroke  of  policy. 
Coup   <le  grace  (koo-de-grass),  The  finishing 

stroke. 
Coup  tVce&l,  A  glance. 
Couteq><  oot-key-koot),  Cost  what  it 

may. 
VSbut  (dai-boo),  First  appearance 
Denoui  ment  (dai-noo-i  Solntion;  result. 

Di*  •>•■'-  ■  rod  ana  my  right. 

Dot  [doh  ),  A  dowry. 
Double  entendn    [doo-bl-ang-langdr),  Double 

meaning. 
Qoux  [h  "■'■  {dooz-yuhi  ),  Tender  glances. 

fclal  [ai-kl  ih  i,  Splendor;  brilliancy. 
ii-lit£),  i  Ihoice  .  Belcct 
Embonpoint  (ong-bong-poo-aing),  Plumpness, 

fatness. 
En  ami  (ang-ah-mt  I,  As  a  friend. 
Encore  (ong  tcor).  Again. 
Enivrt  (ai-ne-vrad,  Intoxicated. 
En  masst  (png-mass),  In  a  body. 
ti  \ah-noo-e),  Weariness. 

I,  In  return. 
/-/„/,  nit    cdrdtale  {ong-tangle-koi 

understanding^. 
Entrii  .  Entrance. 

Entre  n<  oo),  Between  onrsel 

Esprit  de  corps  [es  pra  duh-kor),  Pride  of  asso- 
ciation. 

'.False  step;  misconduct. 
A  festival. 
joie (fuhrdh-joo-au),  Bonfire;  illumina- 
tion. 
',,  nsdarmes  i  jang-darm  i,  Soldier  police. 
il-nit  tot  Highest  fashion. 

SPANISH  WORDS  AND  PHRASES. 


Honi  soil  qui  mal  y  pense,  Shamed  be  he  that 
evil  thinks. 

tots,   \  play  upon  words. 
Jeu aV esprit {juh-des-pra  .  \  witticism. 
Le  bon  temps   viendra  There   is  a   good  time 
coming. 

7M  propose  et  Dieu  dispose,  Man  pro- 
posee  and  Qod  die] 
"  \    davtime   entertain- 

ment. 
Ifise  en  s  -ang-seyne),  Puttingon  the 

;  getting  np. 
Nom    de '  plume    (nong-du-ploom),     Literan' 

nickname. 
Nous  >-•  rrons  ■  .  H  ill  see. 

i 
i  gant;  outlandish. 

per  pulp 
prepared  for  use  and  ornament. 
Par  ■  xempli .  For  example. 
in  upstart. 

Small,  little:  (feminine, 

ted     by 
another;  | feminine, 

■  .  (On  the),  On  the  alert. 

i  >f  rare  attraction. 
RisutrU  \  summary. 

I  'art  in  a  drama  or  performance. 

.  Without  formality. 
.  Without  fear  arid 
w  ithont  reproach. 

without  care. 
Si  :ince. 
I  breeding. 

S  If-styled. 

ntertainment. 
U)  face. 
\\  BOlly  yours. 

•  •  male  (too-ang-sangbl),  The   whole 
-  her. 

\h-ve<  i,  Op] 
I  rot  {t>ivv4vK-r00~ah),    Long   live   the 

king. 
Voita  tout  (coo-ah-lah-too),  That  is  all. 


A  DtOS,  Good-bye. 
Adobe,  A  sun-baked  brick. 
Alma  mia.  My  dear. 
Canon,  A  deep  gulch  or  gorge. 
Carrai/     Zounue ' 


Cantatricet  A  singer. 

tazione.  Social  gathering. 
Dilettante,  A  lover  of  the  fine  arts. 


■  ■ ',  \  thicket  of  shrub  oak 
'.    \u  inclosure  for  horses. ete. 
la,  A  firm. 
Hidalgo,  An  aristocrat. 

fa,  An  Incongruous  mass. 


Poco  tempo,  In  a  little  while. 
POCO  dinero,  Little  money. 
Prontm*  \  declaration. 

Quiensabt?    Who  kn 
.  Mr.  or  Master. 


ITALIAN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES. 

■- .  Pleasant  idleness.  I  Primad  I      r  lady, or' 

Impresario,  A  theatrical  proprietor)     in  an  opera, 
or  manager.  Si         .  Hr.  or  Master. 


t,  Mrs.  (     U  Btress. 

■.  M 

Chain  of  mountains. 
Vamos!    Let  us  go. 


Signora,  Mrs.  or  Mil 

Miss. 
Vtrtu,  Carious  or  fine. 


352 


LIST    OF    MODERN    AISISKKVIATIONS. 


Vf __^. 


■  v.     '  -   •  j$ 


ist  of  Modern  Abbreviations. 


mM 


0mk 

85 -lOOjOO-oo^Si 


s-*; 


'-y?^- 


G^ 


Abbreviations  Alphabetically  Arranged 

For   use   in   Writing. 


a.  — In  commerce,  to. 

@.—  In  commeroc.  at. 

A.A.G.  —  Assistant  Adjutant-Gen- 
er&L 

a  .  \  i '  s     Ann 
the  PromotloD  oi  Science 

A.A.S.—Acattemice    Americana:    So- 
Fellow    of     the    American 
Academy  (of  Arts  and  Sclcni 

A.  ft  s.  s       Imerieana  Antiqi 

Member  of  the 
American  Antiquarian  Society. 

A.B.— .-irfiniH  Baccalaureus,  Bache- 
lor ol 

A- B.C. P.M.  —  American  Board  of 
Com miss! oners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions. 

Abp.  — Archbishop. 

Abr.  — Abridgment. 

Abbr.  — Abbreviation. 

Bible  Society. 

A.C.— Ante  Vliriitt urn,  before  Christ; 
Arch-Chancellor. 

Acad. —Academy. 

ftCCOUnt;  Accent. 

A.  C.S.— American  Colonization  So- 
ciety. 

A.D.—  Anno  Domini,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord. 

A.  D.C.—  Aid-de-camp. 

Ad.  —  Advertisement. 

Adj.— Adjective. 

Adjt— Adjutant 

Adjt  -Gen.— Adjutant-General. 

Ad  lib.— .Ad  Itbttwm,  at  pleasure. 

Adm.—  Admiral:   Admiralty. 

A'im.  Ct.—  Admiralty  Court. 

Admr.  —Administrator. 

Admx.  —Administratrix. 

Ad  v. — Ad  valorem,  at  (or  on)  the 
value. 

Adv.— Adverb;  Advent:  Advertise- 
ment. 

AZt.—  AStatis,  of  age.   Aged. 

A.F.    &.  A.M.  —Ancient     Free     and 

Accepted  Hi 

A.  F.  B.  S.  —American  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society. 

A.G.— Adjutant-General. 

Alaska— Alaska  Territory. 
Agr.  —  Agriculture. 
A.  G.  S.  S.  — American      Geographical 
and  Statistical  Society. 


Agt.—  Agent 

All.  Inno  Begirce,  in  the  year  of 
the  Begin. 

A .H.M.s  -American  Home   Hisslon- 

U.i  VI   ,  ■ 

Aid. — Alderman. 

A.L.   of    II.  —  American    Legion    of 

Honor, 
Alex.— Alexander. 
Alg.— Al| 
Ait.    -Altitude, 
AM       4nno   Miiwli,  iii  tin-  year  of 

tin-  world.  Ariium  Magi$ter,  Mas 
terof  Arts.  Antemeridttm,  before 
noon;  morning. 

Ami.      Ambassador,      Bee  Emb.) 

Amer.    American 

VMM       Aninl-jnnia,  amalgamation. 
Aint-—  Amount. 

An.  \ .('.      Anno     ante    Ctiristum,    in 

the  year  before  Christ. 
Uiatomy. 

Anc       \tn ■].  ol .    \rn'imtly. 
And.— Andrew, 
Ang.  -Sax.  —Anglo-Saxon. 
Anon.  —Anonymous. 
I  newer. 

Ant.  — Ant  i-puty. 

Anth.  —Anthony, 

Aor.  or  11    i       \ ...i  i -i. 

A.O.S.S.—  Americana  OrientaUs  So- 
ofefatfs  Socfus,  Member  of  the 
American  Oriental  Society. 

a  0  D.W. —Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen. 

Ap.—  Apostle;  Appius. 
Ap.—Apud,   in  the  writings  of;   as 
quoted  by. 

Apo.— Apogee. 
Apoc. — Apocalypse. 
App.  —Appendix. 
Apr.— April. 

I  v  M  <;.—  Assistant  Quart*  rm  as  ter- 
neral. 

A.  R.—  Anna    Regina,    Queen    Anne. 

Anno  regni,  year  of  the  reign. 
A.R.  A.  —Associate    of     the    Royal 

Academy. 
Arab.— Arable,  <>r  Arabian 

Ariz.  Ter.— Arizona  Territory. 

Arg.  —  Argumento,  by  on  argument 


drawn  from  iucn  s  law. 
Arith.    Arithmetic. 

Ark.  —  Ai-kiui  i 

a.  U.K.  Anno  reoni  regis,  in  the 
yearol  the  reign  of  the  king. 

An         \i  n\  ed.      Airs. .   Arrivals. 

A  l;  n  s      AnUquartorum  !■■  ■   i 
eietaHa     8oeiu»,     Fellow    of    the 
Royal  Boclety  of  AntlQuarta 

Art.— Article. 

A.S.  or  Assist.  Sec. —Assistant  Secre- 
tary. 

ana.    American  statistical  Asso- 

a  B  B  i       American   Sunday-School 

Union 
Astrol.  —Astrology. 

Astronomy. 
at.-  Arch-Treasurer. 
A. T.S.— American  Tract  Society. 
Ats.-At  suit  of. 

Atty.     Attorney. 

'  .en.— Attorney-General. 
A.TJ.  A.— a  in'/ 1  lean   Dnltarian    Abso- 

.     J  .  ■  T   I  ■  ■  I  A 

Aub.  Theol.  Bern.  —  Auburn  Theo- 
logical Seminary. 

A.U.C.-  dnno  urbt»  eonditoe,  or  ab 
urbe  oondita,  In  the  year  from  the 
building  of  the  citj     ' 

Aug. —August. 

Aur.—Aurum,  gold. 

\'nh  Ver,  Authorised  Version  (of 
the  Bible.) 

Av.—  Average;  Avenue. 

Avoir.  —Avoirdupois. 

a  v  M      ancient  York  Masons. 

b.  — Born. 

B.A.— Bachelor  of  Arts. 

Bal.— Balance. 

Bait.-  Baltimo 

Bar.  — Baruch. 

Bart  "r  Bt.—  Baronet. 

Bbl.— Barrel. 

B.C.— Before  Christ 

B.C.L.— Bachelor  of  Civil  Law. 

B.  D.  —  Baccalaureus  Divinitatit, 
Bachelor  of  Divinity. 

Bds.  or  bds.— Boards  (bound  in). 

Ben  j.— Benjamin. 

Bk.  —Book. 

B.LL.  —  Baccalaureus  Legum,  Bache- 
lor of  Laws. 


B.M. — Bacoalaureta  Medicine?,  Bach. 

elor  <if  Hediclne. 
B  It.- Bills  Receivable. 
B.P.-Biii-  Payabli 
Bost— Boston. 
Bot.— Botany. 
Bp.— Bishop. 
B.  R.—  Banco  Regis    or  Regina-,    the 

King's  "i  Que*  n*i  B>  nch. 
Brig.— i.i  Igadi     i    igadier. 
Brig. -Gen,     Brig  idli  i  Gi  neral* 
Biit.  Bins.— British  Museum 
Bro.— Brother. 

Br.  Univ.  -  Brown  University. 
B.S.— Bachelor  in  the  Bclem  I 

B.  V.—Beata  i  !  \  Irgin. 
Bene  vale,  farewell. 

b.v.m.— Blessed  Virgin  Mary. 

C,  Ch.  or  Chap      i  b  ipter. 

C.  or  Cent.—  Centum,  ■  hundred, 

ca?t.     par.  —  CVrf e ris    pa 
things  being  equal. 

CaJ.— California;  Cab  i 

Can.— Canon. 

Cant.— Canticles. 

Cap.     or     c.  —  Caput,     eopituium, 
chapter. 

i    .  i         l    ipitals. 

Capt.—  Captain. 

Capt. -Gen.— Captain-General. 

Cash.— Cashier. 

ca.  v  -]■      Qapiat  ad  n 
a  legal  w  rit 

ca.    sa.—  Capias  ad  satisfaciendum, 
a  legal  writ. 

Cath.  -Catherine. 

C.B. — Companion  Of  the  Bath.     Com- 
munis Bancus,  Common  Bendi 

CXC— Cains  College;   Account  Cur- 
rent.     Chancellor      Commander; 

County  Commissioner. 
C.C.C.— Corpus  Christ!  College. 
C.C.P.— Court  of  Common  Pleas. 
C.E.— Canada  East;  Civil  Engineer. 

<vi    or  Celt.— Celtic. 
Cf.  or  cf. —Confer,  compare. 
C.G.— Commissary-General;  Consul- 
General. 
c  BL-aCourt-hoase. 
Ch.— Church;  Chapter. 
Cnanc. — Chancellor. 
Chap.— Chapter. 
Chas.— Charles. 


LIST    OF    MODERN    ABBREVIATIONS. 


Chem. — Chemistry. 

Chic— Chicago. 

Chr. — Christopher. 

Chron.— Chronicles. 

Cin. — Cincinnati. 

C.J. — Chief- Justice. 

Clk.— Clerk. 

CM.— Common  Meter. 

C.M.Q.— Companion  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Michael  and  St.  George. 

Co. — Company;  County. 

C.0  1 1.— Cash  (or  collect)  on  de- 
livery, 

Cochl.— A  spoonful. 

Col.— Colonel;  Colossians. 

Coll.  —  Collector;  Colloquial;  Col- 
lege; Collection. 

Colo.— Colorado. 

Cum.— Commerce;  Committee;  Com- 
mentary; Commissioner;  Commo- 
dore. 

Com.  Arr.— Committee  of  Arrange- 
ments. 

Comdg.— Commanding. 

Coinin .  —  Commentary . 

Comp. — Compare;  Compound;  Cora- 

posttor. 
i  i. in    Ver. — Common  version  (of  the 
Bible). 

Con.  —  Contra,  against;  in  opposi- 
tion. 

Con.  Cr. — Contra,  credit. 

Conch.— Conchology. 

Con  g.— Congress. 

Conj.  or  conj.—  Conjunction. 

Conn,  or  Ct. — Connecticut. 

Const.— Constable;  Constitution. 

Cont.— Continent;  Contract;  Con- 
tinue.t, 

Co  r . — Corin  t  h  i  ans . 

Corol.— Corollary. 

Cor.  Sec. — Corresponding  Secretary. 

C. P.— Common  Pleas;  Court  of  Pro- 
bate. 

C.P.S.  —  Custos  Privati  Sigilli, 
Keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal. 

C.R.— King  (Rex)  Charles. 

C.R.— Custos  Rotulorum,  Keeper  of 
the  Hulls. 

Cr.— Creditor:   Credit. 

('run  Con.— Criminal  conversation; 
Adult'  11 

C.S.— Court  of  Sessions.  Custos  Si- 
gilli, Keeper  of  the  Seal. 

Ct.,  cU.— Cent;  Cents. 

C.  Theod. — Codice  Theodosiano ,  in 
the  Theodosian  Code. 

C.W.— Canada  West. 

Cwt.  — Hundredweight. 

Cyc—  Cyclopedia. 

d. — Denarius  or  Denarii,  penny  or 
pence;  Died. 

D.— Five  hundred. 

Dak.— Dakota. 

Dan.— Daniel;  Danish. 

V.C.—Da  Capo,  again;  District  of 
Columbia. 

D.C.L.— Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 

V.D.—Divinitatis  Doctor,  Doctor  of 
Divinity. 

Dea.— Deacon. 

Dec— December;  Declaration.  Dec 
filiation. 

Deg.— Degree  or  degrees. 

Del.  — Delaware.  Delegate. 

Del.  or  del.— Delincavit,  he  (or  she) 
drew  it. 

Dep.— Deputy. 

Dept.  — Department. 

Deut.— Deuteronomy. 


D.F.  —  Dean  of  the  Faculty . 

Dft.  or  Deft.— Defendant. 

D.G.—  Dei  gratia,    by  the  grace  of 

God. 
D.G.— Deo  gratias,  thanks  to  God. 
Diara.— Diameter. 
Diet  —Dictator;    Dictionary. 
Dim.  — Diminutive. 
Disc— Discount. 
Diss.— Dissertation . 
i'i  I      District. 

Dist.-Atty.  —  District- Attorney. 
Div.— Division;  Dividend. 
D.M.  — Doctor  of  Music 

Do  —Ditto,  the  same. 

Dols.— Dollars. 

D.O.M. — Deo    Optimo    maximo,    to 

ie  best,  the  greatest. 
Doz.— Dozen. 

D.P.— Doctor  of  Philosophy. 
Dr.— Debtor;  Doctor;  Drachm. 
D.S.—  Dal  segmo,  from  the  sign. 
A.a.b.— Debit  sans  breve. 
D.T.— Doctor  Theologies,   Doctor  of 

Theology. 
D.V.—Dea  oolente.  Cod  willing. 
Dm  t.  — Penny  weight. 
E.— East. 
ea. — Each. 

E.  by  S.— East  by  South. 
Eben.— Ebenezer, 
Eccl. — Ecclesiastes. 
Ecclns. — EccIesiasticuB. 
Ed.— Editor-  Edition. 
Edm.— Edmund. 
Edw.— Edward. 
E.E.— Errors  excepted. 
e.g.— Exempli  gratia,  for  example. 

Ejc  grege,  from  the  tlock;  Among 

the  rest. 
E.I. —East  Indies,  or  East  India. 
E.I.C. — East  India  Company. 
Elec.—  Electric;  Electricity. 
Eliz.— Elizabeth. 
E.  Ion. — East  longitude. 
Emb. — Embassador. 
Encyc. — Encyclopedia. 
E.X.E.  —  East-Northeast. 
Eng.— England.  English. 
Eut  —Entomology. 
Env.  Ext.— Envoy  Extraordinary. 
Ep.— Epistle. 

Eph.—  Ephesians;  Ephraim. 
Esd.— Esdras. 
E.S.E  —East-  Southeast. 
Esq.  —Esquire. 
Esth.— Esther. 
et&l.—Et  alii,  and  others. 
Ot   Beq-  —  Et    sequentia,    and     what 

follows. 
etc.  or  &c.  —  Et  cceteri,   et  ccctera, 

et    ccelera,    and    others;    and   so 

forth. 
Ex.— Example.  Exodus. 
Exc.—  Excellency;  Exception. 
Exch.  —  Exchequer. 
Exec.  Com— Executive  Committee. 
Execx.— Executrix. 
Exr.  or  Exec. —Executor. 
Ez.  —  Ezra. 
Ezek.—  Ezekiet. 

E.  A:  o  E.— Errors  and  omissions  ex- 
cepted. 
F.iln    —Fahrenheit. 
i    a  M  —Free  and  Accepted  I 

Far— Farthing. 

Fas— Fellow  of  the  Antiquarian 

Society. 
fc*p.  or  fop.— Foolscap. 

Y.D.—  Fidei    Defensor    or    ft 


trt'x.  Defender  of  the  Faith. 
Fe. — Ferritin,  Iron. 

Feb. —  February . 
Fee. —  Fecit,  be  did  it. 

Fern.  — Feminine 

F.E.S.— Fellow  of  the  Entomologi- 
cal Society;  of  the  Ethnological 
Society. 

Ff.— The  Pandects. 

F.6.S.  — Fellow  uf  the  Geological 
Society. 

F.H.S.—  Fellow  of  the  Horticultural 
Society. 

fi.  fa. — Fieri  facias,  cause  it  to  be 
done. 

Kid.  Def.— Defender  of  the  Faith. 

Fig.— Figure, 

Fir. --Firkin. 

Fla.—  Florida. 

F.  L.S.  —  Fellow  of  the  LinniEan  Soci- 
ety. 

F.  O.  B.  —Free  on  Board. 

Fol.— Folio. 

For.  — Foreign. 

Fort.— Fortification. 

F.P.S.— Fellow  of  the  Philological 
Society. 

Fr.— Franc;  francs;  French.  Frag- 
menrum,  fragment.    Francis. 

F.R.A.S.— Fellow  of  the  Royal  As- 
tronomical Soci<  '  y. 

F.R.C.S.L.— Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  London. 

Fred.— Frederick. 

F.R.G.S.—  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society. 

Fri.— Friday. 

F.  R.  S.—  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
Frs.  — Frisian. 

F.R.S.E.— Fellow  of  the  Royal  Soci- 
ety. Edinburgh. 

F.R.S.L. -Fellow  of  the  Royal  Soci- 
ety. London;  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Literature. 

F.S.  A.—  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Arts. 

1  S  \  i;.— Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  Edinburgh. 

Ft.— Foot.   feet.   Fort 

Fur— Furlong. 

F.Z.S.— Fellow  of  the  Zoological 
Society. 

G.  or  g.— Guineas. 

G.  A. —General  Assembly. 

Ga. — Georgia. 

Gal.— « rain  Q  Jlon. 

G.B.— Great  Britain. 

G.C.— Grand     Chancellor;      Grand 

Chapter. 
G.C.B.— Grand  Crossof  the  Bath. 
G.C.H.— Grand  Crossof  Hanover. 
G.C.L.H.  —Grand     Cross     of     the 

Legion  of  Honor. 
G.E.— Grand  Encampment. 
Gen.— Genesis;  <  lener&L 
Gent. —Gentleman. 
Geo.- '  '  k'ia, 

Geog.  ■     Si 
Geol. — Geology. 
Geom.  —Geometry. 

!  man. 
G.  L. — Grand  Lodge. 
Gl. — Gtossa,  a  gloss. 
* ;  M      I  .rand  Master. 

G.O.— General  Order. 

Goth.— Gothic. 

Gov.  —Governor. 

Gor. -Gen. —Governor-General. 

G.R.—Georgiu»  Rex,  King  George. 
Gr.—  Greek;  Gl 


Gram.  —Grammar. 
Gro.— «-■ 
Grot.  —  Gl 

h.a.  — //  year. 

Hab.  — Habakkuk. 

Hab.    corp.  —  Habeas     corpus,    you 
may  have  the  body. 

Hai».  fa,  pom.— Habere  facias  po»- 

mem. 
Hab.  fa.  seis.—  Habere  facias  seisi- 

■   ■ 
Bag.— Haggai. 

Ham.  Cull.— Hamilton  College. 
H  B.I  '.—Hudson's  Bay  Company. 
H.  B  M.  —  His    (or     Her)      Britannic 

Majesty. 
H  ('.  —House  of  Commons. 
Hdkf.- Handkerchief. 
h.e.—  Hoc, at,  that  is,  or  this  is. 
:   brews. 

Her.  — Heraldry. 

Hf.-bd.—  Half  bound. 

Hg  —Hydrargyrum,  mercury. 

Hhd.— Hogf  be  id. 

I!  H.s, -Fellow    of    the    Historical 

E  eiety. 
Hist.— Hi 
H.  J.  S.  —Hie    jacet    seputtus.     Here 

lies  buried. 
H.L.—  House  of  Lords. 
H.M.  — His  (or  Her)  Majesty;  Hill's 

Manual. 
H    Sd    I'    -Hoc    monumentum  posuit. 

Erected  this  monument. 
H.M.S.— Hi-,  or  Her)  Majesty's  Ship. 
Hon.— Honoi  i 
Hon'd.— Honored. 
Hort.  —Horticulture. 
Hoa. — Hi    ■ 
h.  p.— half-pay. 

H.R.— House  of  Representatives. 
H.R.E.— Holy  Human  Emperor. 
H.R.H.— His  K 
H.  K.  1. 1*.   -Hie  requiescat    in   pace. 

Here  rests  In  peace. 
H.S. — Hie  situs.  Here  lies. 
H .  S.  B.  Co.  —  Hill     Standard     Book 

;  any. 
H.S.H.— His  Serene  Highness. 
h.t.—  Hie  titulus,  this  title,  hoc  tit- 

ulo,  in  or  under  this  title. 
h.v.—Hoc  verbum,   this    word;    his 
-.  in  these  words. 

Hand.— Hundred. 

I.   II.  III.— One.  two,  three,  or   first. 

1  i  r  ^ t .  Becond,  third. 
[a.— Io  ■ 
lb.   or  ibi&,— Ibidem,    in    the  same 

place. 
Ich.— Ichthyol 
Ictus. — Jurisconsultus,  Counselor  at 

Law. 
Id.— Idem,  the  same. 
Idaho.— Idaho  Territory. 
I.e.— Jitesf,  That  is. 
I.H.S. — JeSUS     haminum     Salvator, 

I  be  Saviour  of  men. 
ij.— Tw- 
ill. —  Illinois,      Illustrious;       Illus- 

■ 
Imp.— Imperial. 

In.— Inch.  Inches. 

incog.  —Incognito,  unknown. 

lud      Indiana,  Index. 

Iiul.  Ter.  — Indian  Territory. 

[ndef.  —Indefinite. 

Inf.— -tnfnt.  beneath  or  bt ■!■ 
in  t.— In  fine,  at  the  end  of  the  title, 
law.  ur  paragraph  qu 


LI8T   OF    MODERN    ABBREVIATIONS 


hi  lltn.   -In  limine,  at  the  OUtMt 

In  hi.  place;  on  the 

in  the  begin- 
ning  and    before  the    Brat    para 
graph  "t  !\  law. 
I,  N  R,  I.  —Jetua      -V  i    i 
Judcrorum,    Jenu    ol     Nazareth, 

ol  this  i 'Ik  butl- 

tutee 
in   Mim.  -/n   enema,  In    the   rom 

Int.— In' 

int!  i  i      int.  rjectlon. 

.   (he  pas- 

Introductlon. 
1  ii  Q  t.       tndependenC    Order    pf 

'      ;    .: 

Independent  Order  of  Por- 
ters. 
1  i  •  0  K    —  IiHlepi-n.ii 

Odd-Fellows. 
I.O.U.  —I  owe  you. 
I.q. — !•>•  "i  quod,  the  Bame  as. 

■ 
i  -:      Island. 
1.8  M  -  Jeaua  SaJvatoi 

ioar  "f  the  world. 
UaI.— Italic:  II 
it  in.  — Itinerant,  or  ll  Lni  rara 

Fourth. 
IX. —  Nine  or  ninth 
j.  —Justice  or  Judge.    JJ.— Jo 
J.— One  {medical  i. 
J.  A.— Judge-Advocate. 

jao.  — Jacob 
jitin    -Jamaica. 
Jan       i  inuary. 

■  ■ 

Juris  Civilis  Doctor,  Doctor 
of  Civil  Law. 
J.  D.  —  Junim     Doctor,     Doctor    of 

Jer.—  Jeremiah. 
Jno.— John. 
Jona.  — Jonathan. 
Jos.— Jl 

Joshua. 
J.  P.— Justice  or  the  Peace. 
I 

JR.-  J 

Jr.  or  Jim  — Junior. 
j  I'D.    or  J.V.D. — Juris    utriusque 
■  ir  -  ■  t    both   La 
the  < 'anon  and  the  Cii  II  Law). 
J  ud.— Judith. 
Judg.—  Judges. 
Judge-Adv    -Judge  Advocate. 

Jul.  —July,  Julius. 
Jul.  Per.— Julian  Period. 
Jun.— June:  Junius;  Junior. 
Jus  P.— Justice  or  the  Peace. 

Just  —Justinian. 

J.  W.  -Junior  Warden. 

K       King. 

K   v  -Knight    of    St.    Andrew,    In 

K  A  V  -  Knight    of   St.   Alexander 
NeTskoj.  In  Russia. 

Kas  —  K 

KB— King's  Bench;    Knight  of  the 

Bath. 
KB  a  — Knight  of  si    Bent 

In  Porl 
KB  i:  the  Black  Ragle, 

in  Re 
KC—  King's  Council.  Knight  of  the 


n|    in  Turkey. 
i    ■    i       Kn     ■ 

Bath. 
k  c  H        Knight     Commander     ol 

Banover. 
K.C.8.— KnJghl  ol    -  harh  -  in.  oi 

Bpaln. 

K.  E.  — Knight    0 

ink. 

K.F.— Knight  -1  Ferdinand  ol  Bpaln, 
k  i    m        Knight  "i 
,  (icily, 
tof  the  i  ■ 

K.G.C.—  Knighl  Of  

!        ■         .  !. 

i  the  Bath. 

i,  i.  i        Knight    of     the    Ooldi  a 
■  ■  .  hi  Spain. 

Knighl  of  the  Qui  ' 
Sana 

K  «•  \        Knight  of  QOBtAVUfl  Vasa, 

eden. 
K.H.— Knight  of  Hanover;  Knlghta 

nor. 
Ki      Kings. 

Kll.  or  IrJl.-  Kilderkin. 
Kingd.     Kingdom. 
KJ— Knighl  "i  St  Jo 
K.L.  or  K.L.A.— Knight  of  Leopold 

Ol    \.<  i  ria. 
K  i.  ii     Knighl  «>f  the   Legion  of 

ii ,    Knights   and    Ladies    ol 

II:        ■ 

K.M.— Knighl  of  Malta. 

i.    .i  i, M,  -■  i  Messenger, 

K  U  B      Knight    of    Hi  rit,    In   Hoi 
stein. 

KM  .1  Knight      of      Maximilian 

Joseph,  In  Bavaria 
KMT  — Knight  or  Maria   i ; 

in  An 

K  N— Know  Nothing. 

Kniek.— Knickerbocker. 

K.N.S.— Knighl  ol  the  Royal  North 

star.  In  Sweden. 
Knt.- Knight 
K  P     Kmght  of8t  Patrick;  Knight 

K  i.  C      Knight  of  the  Red  Cross. 
I    ;■  i       Knight  ol  the  Red  Eagle, 

III     I  ']      . 

K.S.  —  Knighl    of     th 

■  len. 

K  B.A.        Knight     Of     3t,     Anne,     in 

:.   . 

K.8.E      Knight    ol    81     Bam  K,    In 
Prance 

i  .  .,i  sr    pern  i 

K-S.G     Knighl   of  l 

K.8.H     -Knight   of   St.    Hubert,    in 

K.8.J      Knight   ••(  st.  Janauriua  of 

K  s  i.    —Knight   of    the    Sun    and 

Lion,  in  Penda. 
K.8.M     ft   Si!.    -  Knight 

Michael   and  st.   George,   In  the 

Ionian  1-1  •■■ 

K  s  p     Knight  of  st.  Stan] 

Poland. 
K  s  s      Knighl     "f     the    B 
i  ■ 
■  I 
K.8.W.      Knight    of    Bt.    Wladlmfr. 

in  Ro 
K.T.— Knlghtof  the  Thistle;  Knight 
Tempi 


Kt       Knight. 

i      I  Knight    of    the    Tower  and 

Bword,  m  Poi  i 
K.W.     Knight   ol    William,   In  the 

Knighl  ol  thi 
hi  Poland 

r,    book. 
iii  in 
L.  £.  <>r  I.— Lfoi  pound 

or  pound      :  ■  ling. 

i-narfi. 

Pounds,  shillings,  pi  ■ 
La.—  Louim.hi  i 

i,oii      i  on 

Lat— Latitude;  Latin. 

1,1,    or  lb  Pound 

or  pounds  In  weight 
L.I       LordCfa  incellor;  Lord  Cham- 

i, .  Lower  Can 
I.e.  — I.' 

Lord  Chief  B  ■ 
L.C.J  I  '  (  I  i  I  ■'  ■ 
1      ■ 

Ld,  Lord. 
Ldp  —  Loi 
Leg.— I.' 

i  Legislature. 

Lev.— Lei 

I     ,  I    ■     Ml'. -II 

L.  I.  —Long  Island. 

Lib.— /.  ■"■  -■    i i- 

i  ,.  i,r      i  i.  utenant. 
i   .        Col      i  Ii  ■    i  i  i ■>'  l  olonel. 
mi  leneraL 
■  oi      Lieutenant  Governor. 
i.mii.     Linn  a  i 
Llq. — 1  I 

Lit      Literally;  Literature. 
Llv.  — Lime,  !».>«. k. 
LL  B.— Leffum  Baccataureua,  Bache- 

|01    Ol    Laws. 
LL.  D.  —Legum     Doctor,    Doctor    of 

i    l 

in  the  place 

Lon.-  l 

L.S.—  Locus    gigtlti,    place    of    the 

■ 
Lt— Lieutenant 
LX.— Sixty  or  sixtieth. 

I .  \  \         gi  1 1  mi  j  ,.,     rventieth;    The 

Beptuaglnt    <  Version   ol    I 
i ,   tan 
LXXX.— Eighty  or  eightieth. 

M       Hi  ■    ■ 

M  —  MiiU  ,  a  thousand. 

H.  or  Hons.  -  tfi 

H    A         H 

■  bees. 
Mid      Madam. 
Mad.  Dnlv.— Madison  University. 

M  ,  i   Gen     Major-Generel. 
Mai.— M  d 
Man 
Mar.— 3d 

March.  —  Marchioness. 
Margin. 
i    an     Marginal  Translation. 
Marq.  —Marquis, 
aline. 

M   i  -i   i 

Hath        Mathematics;     Mathemati 

new. 
Max.— Maxim. 


MB.  —  Mfiticitur         Raccalaureun, 

Bachelor  ol  Medicine 

■ 
lo^oi  Music. 

...  ,.  ■■  ■       : 

■ 

France,  and  Ireland. 
M.C.— Membi 

i 
m  1 1.      h    ■  i  >octor  "i 

Medl<  in. 

.  |  I. ni<!. 
Mdlle.— Mademoiselle. 
Mdse      U 

[i  thodl  I  i  i"  COpal]  Military 

or  Mecl  

Me  —Maine 

.   Mechanical. 
Med.     Mi  : 
Hem      Memorandum.    Afemi 

member. 
Merc      Mi 

or  MM .—  Messieurs,  Gentle 
men. 

Met— Metaphysics. 
Hi  tal      Hetallui  gy. 
Hi  b  or     Meteorology. 
Meth      Methodist 

or  Mexican. 
m    Goth      ftc    o  Qothli 
M.ii.s.                          i      id  torical 
I he  Mi  ' ■■'! 

:    ■    ,1, 

Michigan. 
Mil       Mil 
Mil    Acad.— Military  Academy. 

Mm  —Mineralogy:  Minute, 

Mom. —Minn. 

Min.  Plen.  —  Minister      Plenipoten- 
tiary. 

Miss.  -  Mississippi. 

M.L.  A.  —  Mercantile  Library     Asso- 
ciation. 

MM       Tin  h    H  ■    asfnir*, 

men,    Two  thousand. 

mm  8-  — Moravian   Missionary  Soci- 
ety. 

M.H.S.8       Ha  IfedV 

ritifp  Societatia  Sociun,  Fellow   of 
the  Ma  '■  dlcal  S*  tcfetj , 

i  M  i:  i     Month. 

Hod      Modern 

Hon.  —Monday. 

Mons. —  Jfhnsfeur,  Sir. 

Hos.  —Months. 

Hont  Ter     Montana  Territory. 

M.  P.—  Mi  nt     Mem- 

ber "f  Police. 

M  P.P.— Member  <>r  Provincial  Par- 
liament 

M  K.  —Master  of  th.   I 

Mr.— Mister. 

M  r  A  8      Hembei 
v-i  iti,    Bodel ( .    Membei  <>f    the 
Royal  Academy  of  Bdenoe. 

M   Kef         M-inh.r    ..t     tlo-     K-iyal 

College  of  Chemistry. 
M  R  C  B-— Memberoi 

Member  <>f   thi 

Geographical  Bocietv 
M.K.L— Member  of  the  Royal    Insti 

tute. 
M  R  I  A.  —  Member    of    the     Royal 

Irish  Academy. 
Mrs.  —Mistress. 
M  R.8.L.  -    Member  of    the   Royal 

Society  of  Literature. 


LIST    OF    MODERN    ABBREVIATIONS, 


M.S.—  Memories  sacrum.  Sacred  to 
the  Memory;  Master  of  the  Sci- 
ences. 

Ms.  —Manuscriptum,  manuscript. 

MSS.  —Manuscripts. 

Mt. — Mount,  or  Mountain. 

Hus.  I'  —  Bachelor  ot  Music. 

Mus.  D.— Doctor  of  Music. 

M.W.—  Most  Worthy,  Most  Wor- 
shipful. 

Myth. -Mythology. 

N.  —  North;  Number;  Noun;  Neuter. 

n.— Note. 

N.  A.— North  America. 

Nan.  — Nahum. 

Nat  —Natural. 

Nat.  Hist.— Natural  History. 

Nath  —  Nathanael,  or  Nathaniel. 

N.  B.— New  Brunswick:  North  Brit- 
ish. Nota  Bena,  mark  well;  take 
notice. 

N.C.— North  Carolina;  New  Church. 

N.E.— New  England;  Northeast. 

Neb.— Nebraska. 

Neb.  — Nehemtah. 

n.e.  i.—  Nan  est  inventus,  He  is  not 
found. 

nem.  con.  or  nem.  diss.—  Nemine 
contrndicente,  No  one  opposing; 
unanimously. 

Neut.— Neuter  (gender). 

Nev.— Nevada, 

New  Test.  orN.T.—  New  Testament. 

N.F.— Newfoundland. 

N.G.— New  Granada;  Noble  Grand. 

N.  H. — New  Hampshire;  New  Haven. 

NH.H.S.— New  Hampshire  Histor- 
ical Society. 

Ni    pri  — .Visi  prius  (law). 

N.  J.  —New  Jersey. 

n.l.—  Non  liquet,  It  does  not  appear. 

N,  lat.  —North  latitude. 

N.  Hex.  —Sew  Mexico. 

N  N  K  —  North-Northeast. 

N  N.  W.—  North-Northwest. 

N.O.— New  Orleans. 

No. — Numero,  number. 

Nol.pros. — Nolens  prosequi.  Unwill- 
ing to  prosecute. 

Nom.  or  nom.— Nominative. 

Non  con.— Not  content;  dissenting 
(House  of  Lords). 

Nun  eu\.—NoncuipabiliBt  Not  guilty. 

Non  obst.—  Non  obstante,  notwith- 
standing. 

Non  pros.  —  Non  prosequitur,  He 
lines  not  prosecute. 

Non  seq.— jVoti  sequitur.  It  does  not 

follow 
Nos.  — Numbers, 

V>\    -November. 

N.P.  —Notary    Public;    New    Provi 

lll'llr-C 

N.S.— New  Style  (after  1752);  Nova 
Scotia. 

N.T.— New  Testament. 

N. it, —Name,  ornames,  unknown. 

Num.— Numbers;  Numeral. 

N.  V  M.  —  Nativity  of  the  Virgin 
Mary. 

N.  W     -Northwest. 

N.  W.T.  —Northwestern  Territory. 

N.Y.  -New  York. 

N.Y.  U.S. —New  York  Historical  So- 
ciety 

O.— Ohio. 

Ob.—  Obiit,  He  (or  she)  died. 

Obad.— Ohadiah. 

Obj.— Objection;  Objective. 


O.K.  — A  slang  phrase  for  "All 
correct. " 

Obt.  orobdt. — Obedient. 

Oct.— October. 

O.  P.  —Odd-Fellow,  or  Odd-Fellows. 

O.F.P.— Order  of  Friar  Preachers. 

Old  Test  orO-T.— Old  Testament. 

Olym.—  Olympiad. 

Ont. — Ontario. 

Opt.— Optics;  Optical;  Optional. 

Or. — Oregon. 

Ord.— Ordinance;  Order;  Ordnance; 
Ordinary. 

Orig.— Originally. 

Ornith.—  Ornithology. 

O.S.—  Old  Style  (before  1758). 

O.S.F.— Order  of  St.  Francis. 

OT— Old  Testament. 

O.  U.  A.  —Order  of  United  Americans. 

Oxf.—  Oxford. 

Oxon. — Oxoniensis  Oxonii,  of  Ox- 
ford, at  Oxford. 

Oz.  — Ounce. 

P. — Pondere,  by  weight. 

P.  or  p. —Page;  Part;  Participle. 

Pa.  — Pennsyl  vania. 

Pal.— Palaeontology. 

Par.  —Paragraph. 

Par.  Pas.  —Parallel  passage. 

Pari  —Parliament. 

P.. tin. 1— Pathology. 

Pa  yt.— Payment. 

Pb. — Plumbum,  lead. 

P.  B.  —  Philosophic  Baccalaureus, 
Bachelor  of  Philosophy. 

PC.—Patres  Conseripti,  Conscript 
Fathers;  Senators. 

P.C. — Privy  Council;  Privy  Coun- 
cilor. 

P. D. — Philosophies  Doctor,  Doctor 
of  Philosophy. 

Pd.— Paid. 

P.  E.  —  Protestant  Episcopal. 

P.E  I.— Prince  Edward  Island. 

Penn. — Pennsylvania. 

Pent.—  Pentecost. 

Per  or  pr.— By  the. 

Per  an.— Per  annum,  by  the  year. 

Percent.—  Per  centum,  by  the  hun- 
dred. 

Peri. — Perigee. 

Pet  —Peter. 

P.  G.— Past  Grand. 

Phar.— Pharmacy. 

Ph.  B.— Philosophies  Baccalaureus, 
Bachelor  of  Philosophy. 

Ph  D. — Philosophic  Doctor,  Doctor 
of  Philosophy. 

Phil— Philip;  Philippians;  Philoso- 
phy;  Philemon. 

Phila.  or  Phil.— Philadelphia. 

Philom.  —  Philomathes,  Lover  of 
Le  tl  ning. 

Phtlomath. — Philomathematicus,  A 
lover  of  the  mathematics. 

Phil.  Trans.  —  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions. 

Phren.  —Phrenology. 

l'.ll  s  —  Pennsylvania  Historical 
Society. 

Pinx.—  Pinxit,  He  (or  she)  painted  it. 
pk  —Peck. 

PI.  or  plur.  —  Plural. 

Plff.— PlaintilT. 

P.M.  —  Post  .^f^•ritht>m,  Afternoon. 
Evening.  Postmaster;  Passed  Mid- 
shipman. 

I'  m  i;  —Postmaster-General;  Pro- 
fessor of  Music  in  Gresbam  College. 


P.O.— Po^t-Offlce. 

Poet.—  P  ■•>  tii     i 

Pop.— Population. 

Port— Portugal;  Portuguese. 

Pos.— Position;  Positive;  Possession. 

P.P.—  Pater  Patr»r.    Father  of  his 

Country;  Parish  Prii  »1 
P.  P.  C.  —  Pour  prendre  conge,  to  take 

leave. 
Pp.  or  pp.— Pages. 
Pph.—  Pamphlet. 
Pr.— By. 
P.R.—  Populu.i  Romania,  the  Roman 

People;  Porto  Rico;  Proof-reader; 

Prize  Ring. 
P.R.  A.  —  President    of    the 

Academy. 
P.R.C.  —  Post     Rornam     conditam. 

After  the  building  of  Rome. 
Pref.  —Preface. 
Prep.  —Preposition. 
Pres. —President. 
Prin.  — Princi  pally. 
Pro. —For;  in  favor  of. 
Prob.— Problem. 
Prof.  —  Professor. 
Pron.— Pronoun;  Pronunciation. 
Prop.  —Proposition. 
Prot.  — Pro'estant. 
Pro  tern.—  Pro  tempore,  for  the  time 

being. 
Prov.  —  Proverbs;   Provost. 
Prox.—  Proximo,  next  (month). 
P.R.S.—  President  of  the  Royal   So- 
ciety. 
P.S.—Post  scriptum,  Postscript. 
P.  S. -Privy  Seal. 

Ps.—  Psalm  or  Psalms. 

Pt—  Part;    Pint;     Payment;    Point; 

Port;  Post-town. 
P.Th.G.—  Professor  of   Theology  in 

Gresham  College. 
Pub.— Publisher;  Publication;   Pub 

lished;  Public. 
Pub.  Doc—  Public  Documents. 
P.  v.— Post-village. 
Pwt. — Pennyweight;  pennyweights. 
Pxt— Ptnxit,  He  (or  she)  painted  it. 
Q.  —  Queen;  Question, 
q.—  Quasi,  as  it  were;  almost. 
Q.  B.  —Queen's  Bench. 
Q.  C.  —  Queen's     College:      Queen's 

Counsel, 
q.  d.—  Quasi  dicat,  as  if  he  should 

say,     quasi    dictum,     as    if    said; 

quasi  dixtaset,  as  if  he  had  said. 
<\.e.—Qi"it  est,  which  is. 
q.e.d. — Quod  erat  demonstrandum, 

which  was  to  be  proved, 
q.e.f. — Quod  erat  faciendum,  which 

was  to  be  done, 
q.e.i.  —  Quod     erat     tnvenien&um, 

which  was  to  be  found  out. 
q.l.—  Quantum  libet,  as  much  as  you 

please, 
Q.M. — Quartermaster, 
qm.  —  Quomodo,      how;      by     what 

means- 
Q  M.G— Quartermaster-General. 
q.p.    or  q.pl.—  Quantum   placet,    as 

much  :i 
Qr. —  Quarter. 
Q.S.  —Quarter-  sessions;     Quarter 

section. 
q.a.— Quantum  sufflcit,   a  sufficient 

quantity. 
Qt.— Quart. 

qu.  or  qy.  —  Quarre.  inquire;  query. 
Quar.—  Quarterly. 


Ques.— Question. 

Q.-V.—  Qu  hlch   see;   quan- 

ti'ni  vis,  ;i-  much  ■ 

R.  —Recipe,  take.      Si 

King.      River;     Rod;    Rood; 
Ri-es. 

R. A.— Royal  Academy;   Royal  Aca- 
demician;     Royal      Arch;      Royal 
turn;  Royal  Ai  1 1 

RC.  —  Reseriptum,  a  Rescript,  re- 
written. 

R.E.—  Royal  Engineei 

Rec— Re<  ipe,  i  i  Ri  corder. 

Reed.  — Received. 

Rec    Sec  —Recording  Secretary. 

Rect— Rector;  R<    ■  ipt 

Ref.— Ri  fei  Rel  irm. 

Ri  I    i  ii      Ri  roi hurch. 

Reg.  —  Ri  g  iiar. 

Reg    Prot.— Regius  P><>f>>ssor. 

Regr.— Registrar. 

Regt— Regiment 

Rel.— Religion. 

Rep.  —  Representative:  Reporter, 
Republic. 

Rev.— Reverend;  Revelation  (Book 
of);  Review;  Revenue;  Ri 

Rhet  —Rhetoric. 

R.  I.  -Rhode  Island. 

Richd.  —Richard. 

R.I  M.S. —Rhode  Island   His 

Society. 
R  a.— Royal  11  .  m  .ii. 

R.M  S— Royal  Mail  steamer. 

R.N. -Royal    Navy. 

R.N.O.  —  Riddare  of  Nordstjern* 
Orden,  Knight  of  the  Order  of  the 
Polar  Star 

Ro.  —Recto,  Right-hand  page. 

Root—  Robert. 

Rom.  —Romans  (Book  of). 

Rom    Cath.— Roman  Catholic. 

R  P.— Regius  Professor,  the  King's 

Professor. 
R.R.— Railroad. 
R.S.— Recording  Seen  I 
Ks.—Responsum,     answer;     respon- 

dere,  to  answer. 
R  S    v         Royal     Society     of     Anti 

quai  i.  ttish  Academy. 

R.S.D.— Royal  -  iblln. 

R.S.E.— Royal     Society     of      Kdin 

burgh. 
R.S.L.— Royal  Society  of  London. 
R.S. V.P. — Repondez  a'fl  vous  plait, 

Answer,  if  you  please. 

Rt  lion.  —Right  Honorable 

Rt.  Rev.— Right  Reverend. 

Rt.  Wpful.— Right  Worshipful. 

R  W       Right  Worthy. 

B  W  I  v       /.'   rd  ■  Orden, 

Knight  of  the  Order  of  Wa    i 
S.— South    Saint;    Sc:  ibe     Sulphur; 
Sunday .  Sun:  S 

•;.  a  shilling. 
S.A.— South  America:  South  Africa, 

ii  Australia. 
9.0,.— Secundum  artem,  accordlngto 

art. 
Sam— Samuel. 

-Sanscrit. 
S.  A.S.  —  i  ■itiquariorum 

Fellow  of   the   Society  of 
Antiquaries, 
turday. 
■  uton. 
i  ihron.— Saxon  Chronic 
S  C  —Senatus  Consult  um.   A  decree 
of  the  Senate:  South  Carolina. 


8c— S(-iW;».iirtif(..r  the  I  •  tik-ravcd  it. 

I 

Scan.  Mag.— Sea  minium   mfjutttum. 

scandal;   or  Beandahtm    magnum, 

great  seandal. 
8.  cap-  itals. 

Schol. — Scholium,  a  note. 
Schr.  — Bchoonar. 
Bel  ftu—  s.-irr  facias,  make  known 

I  lIi. 
Sclav.— Sclavonic. 
Sculp,    or   sculp.—  Scutptit. 

■ 

i  nple> 

sends  health. 

S.E  -   - 

See.— Secretary;  Second.   S. 

Sec.  Leg.— Secretary  uf  Leg 

ig  —  Secundum  legem,  accord- 
ing to  law. 

Bee.    rag.— Secundum   regulam,    ac- 
cording to  rule. 

Sect. — Section. 

Sem.—Semble,  it  seems. 

Ben.— Senate;  Senator;  Senior. 

Sept.  int. 

Seq.—  Sequent  ia,    following;     scqui- 
fur,  it  follows. 

Ser.—  s> 

Serg.  —  Sergeant 

Serg.  -Maj.  —  Sergeant-Ma  jor. 

Serv.  — Servant. 

S.G. —  termL 

Shak.— Sliik-i 

B.H.B.     Soeietatit  Btttorttz  Socius, 
Fellow  of  the  Hlatoi 

Sing.— Similar. 

S.  In!.— Sandwich  Islands. 

S.  J.— Society  of     Jesus;    Society   of 

Bupreme  Jndl 

- 

.t  Law  (Scot). 

B. at— State    Militia;    Shor' 

Sergeant-Major;  Sons  of  Malta. 
S.  M.    Load.    B 

■ 
. 

of  the  Lond 
p.  n.  —  Seruntittm    naturam,    accord- 
ing t«i  nature. 

.:■[>*  bland*. 

Sol.— Solomon:  Solution. 

SoI.-Gc-il  iur.il. 

Sp.  01  nlsh. 

Bp.—  Special. 

8.  of  Sol.— Song  of  Solomon. 

S.P.  —  Sine  prole,  without  UBU0, 

S.P.A.S.  —  Societal  is     Philo 

Amer<  ■<  r  uf  the 

American  PbilosophJ 
S.P.G.— Society  for  the  Propogation 

of  the  Gospel. 


Sp.  gr.— Specific  gravity. 

s  1'  Q  \l.  —Senatus  Pr<ij»tlii<-/us  /,*■>• 
mum.     the     Roman     Senate     and 

people. 

Sq.  ft. — Square  foot  or  sipi.f 
Sq.  in. — Square  lneh  or  inehi 

S.)     in.  -    -   | 

Sq.  r.— Square  i i  oi 

S-l     m! 

Sr.—  Sir  or  Senior. 

S.    K.    I.  —Sacrum     Romanttm     Im- 

"i.  Holy  Rom  I 
B.R.S.—  8  nieSocius,  Fel- 

low of  the  Royal  Society. 
S.S.— Sunday-school. 
SS.— Saint.-. 

-Srilicct,  to  wit. 
SS-—  Semi*,  half. 

■  ibefore  the  Supreme 
Court   Scotland 

>  s  u  .     South  Southwest 

St.— Saint;  Street;  Strait;  Stone 

S.  T.  D.  —  5a.-'  ■  Doctor, 

Doctor  of  Sacre  I  Tic 
Jtg.— Sterling;. 
ST.  P.  iffte  Professor, 

PrOfl  1    Theology. 

Su.— Sunday. 
SubJ— Subjunctive. 

Sul.-t— Sub-tantive. 

thic 

Sun.  or  Sund.— Sun<!  i\ 
Sup.— Supplement;  Superfine,  Supe- 
rior. 

iperintendent. 
Surg.— Surgeon;  Suiy 

leneral 

.  ■. .  .r. 
Surv.  ^it-n.  — Surveyor-General. 
Sus.  —Susannah. 
s.  v.—  Sub  verbo,  under  the  word  or 

title. 
S.  W  — Southwest. 
Switz  —Switzerland. 

m;  Synonymous. 
T.  —Territory;     Town;     Township; 
Tutti,  all  togl 

hi— Tome,  volume. 
Ta.— 7om'  .i'liiin). 

T  E.—  Topographical  Englm 
Tenn.  —Tennessee. 
Ter— Territory. 

i 
Text.    He-v  —  T>:xt  it  I     fc-rtptus,     the 

Received  Text. 
Th.  or  Thurs.— Thursday. 
Theo.— Theodc 

Theol.— Theology;  Theological. 
■ 

i  ■  rbessaJonlans. 

Tho'.— Though. 
Tho-.—  1 
Thro".— Through. 


Tim      Timothy. 

I  <  I      Turn  over 
I  iblt, 

Topography;     Topograph- 

Tr.  — Transpose.  Translator,  Trans- 

latlon :  Tin  U  ■•■     Trs.     Ti  i 
tr.— Trill",  a.  shake 

Translation, 
Transacl 

irer. 
!    inity. 

Toes,  or  Tu  —  Tuesday. 

iptier 

U.C.—  DrMs  corr*/i(<r,  year  of  Rome. 

—  United    East  India  Com 
pany. 

-  1'triunque    Juris 

■■■    of    both   Laws    (Civil   and 
■ 

0  K      i  nited  Kingdom. 

nit,- Ull  :  r  he  hut  month 

I  nitarlan. 

1  ; 
U.S.— United  B1 

u.s.  —  Vt    supra    or   uti    supra,    as 
aboi  ■■ 

1      s     \ 

•f  America. 
D  B  M       Unit    ■  ,    United 

Marino. 

\     -  rjnltod     State-    Military 
Acad*  I 
T  s.  X.  -United  Slide-  Navy 

1    —  United    States 
academy. 
V  .  s.  s  —United  States  Senate. 
i  i  iii    UtahTi    ■ 

■  or  fifth;  Violin. 
VV  -V. 

v>-le.  see. 
v.    or  vs.— Versus,    against 

culo,  in  such  a 
Va»— Virg 

Vat.— Vati.-  ill. 

V.C.— Vice-Chancellor. 

V.D.ll    -Verbi   Dei    Minister,  Mm- 

Isterof  God'i 
Ven.  —Venerable. 
Ver.  —Verse. 

V.  G.  —Vicar  General. 

v  g.  —  Vrrhi '/fi'ta,  as  for  example. 

\  1        Six  or  sixth. 

VII. — Seven  or  seventh. 

viii.— Bight  or  eighth. 

Vioe-Pres.  or  V. P. —Vice-President 

i  -count, 
viz.     or     Ti.  to    wit; 

namely:  that  Is  to 

■  ■-<■>.  left  hand  page. 

Vol.  —Volume. 

V.R.    —Victoria      Regina.      Queen 
Victoria. 

•  terinary  Surgeon. 


Vul.— Vulgate  (Latin  version  of  the 

W.— Wi 

Wash.  Ter.  —Washington  Territory. 
Wed-  - 

.  i  -  Western  Reserve 
Coll'- 
w  f.— Wrong  font. 
Whf.  -Wharf 
W  L— Wast  Indies. 

wis  — wiscon 

wi-j— Wisdom  (Book  of). 

Wi  —Week. 

w   ion.  —West  longitude. 

w.m.- Worahlpfal  H 

Wm  -v. 

W  Ms   -Weeleyan  Missionary  Sc- 
ent y. 

W.K.W  hwest 

w.p  —Worthy  Patriarch 

Wp.— Worship 

wpful  —Worshipful 

W. 8. —Writer  to  the  Signet 

W.  8.  W.— West-Southwest 

Wt— Weight 

W.  Va  ■  Weal  Virginia, 

Wyo.  Ter.  —-Wyoming  Territory. 

L— Ten  or  tenth 

XI  —1 

XII  -T 
XIII.  — Th. 
XIV  — Fourti 
xv  -Pii 

[teen. 

XVII. 

X  VUL— Eighteen. 

XIX.— Hi] 

xx  —Twenty. 

XXX. -Thirty 

XL. -Forty. 

tlnety. 
x.  or  \i.    Christ 

Xmas  or  Xm.  —Christmas. 
Xn.  or  Xtian.— rhr  i 

Xnty  ..r  Xty.— Christianity. 
XperorXr  —Christopher. 
Yd.  -Yard. 

The. 

y* Them 

y- — TI. 

y — Their.  Your. 

y-This. 

yt — That. 

-Young    Men's   <  . 

Yrs.— Years;  Vonrs. 
Zach .  —  Zachary. 

Zech.  — Zechariah. 
Zepb.  — Zephaniah. 
Zool.  —Zoology. 

Zn.— Zllle. 

&.—  And. 

&c.—Et  cetera,  and  the  rest;  and  so 
forth. 


CAD8E8    OF    Til?:    WAR    OF    THE    REBELLION. 


®*r-«r 


THE 


r*--i 


THE 

VICTORIES 

WON. 


^ 


DEFEATS 
SUFFERED. 


THE  BATTLES 


OP  THE  LATE 


*  "       -:  If   CIVIL  WAR. 


The  Causes  of  the   Rebellion. 


[EAVTNG  DESOLATION  in  its  track,  throughout  many 

parts  of  the  South,  was  a  four-years' 

war,  waged  between  the  people  of  the 

Northern    and    Southern   portions   of 

the  United  States,  extending  over  a 

c.         period  of  time  from  April    12, 

1861,  to  the   surrenderor  Lee, 

April  9.  1865. 

Among  the  causes  that  pro- 
duced the  war,  briefly  - 
were  these:  The  staple  produc- 
tions in  the  South,  prior  to  the 
war.  were  cotton  and  \ 
To  sell  these  productions  in  the 
markets  <>f  tin-  world  at  the 
highest  figures,  and  purchase  the  necessaries  of  life  at  the  lowest 
price,  was  regarded  by  the  Sonthern  people  as  legitimate.  To  have 
unrestricted  commercial  intercourse,  therefore,  with  the  people  of 
all  nations,  being  free  to  export  their  productions  without  hindrance, 
and  import  goods  from  abroad  free  of  duty,  was  considered  for  the 
best  interests  of  the  South. 

lh  !    in.  rence  of  opinion  between  the   people 

of  the  Northern  and  Southern  States  on  this  subject  A  large  body  of 
people  at  the  North  believed  that  home  industries  conld  best  be  built 
np  through  the  shutting  out  <>f  Foreign  production  by  a  high  protective 
tariff.  This  party  favored  the  placing  of  a  high  tax  on  all  goods 
from  abroad. 

Protective  tariff  against  free  trade,  whirl]  :.  ctional  issue, 

was  one  of  the  causes.  Another  was  the  black  man.  For  genera- 
tions the  colored  people  had  been  regarded  by  most  persons  at  the 
South  as  property  that  conld  be  rightfully  bought  and  sold. 

In  many  parts  of  the  North,  in  the   early   history  of  the  country, 
shivery  was  common.      Washington  was  a  prominent  owner  of  slav.s. 


as  were   many  other    great    and   good   men;   and   the  institution   of 
slavery  having  for  generations  been  protected   by  legislation.    . 
body  of  people  at  the  South  regarded  it  as  perfectly  right  to  buy,  sell, 
and  own  slaves. 

Gradually  a  public  sentiment  grew  up  in  the  North  antagonistic  to 
the  idea  of  one  class  owning  another  class.  This  feeling  extended  into 
the  halls  of  national  legislation,  and  in  time  developed  very  bitter 
sectional  feeling. 

The  final  result  was  that  the  Southerners,  thinking  of  the  triumph 
of  the  United  States  when  they  cut  loose  from  England,  and  that  the 
people  of  the  South  should  have  the  right  to  make  such  laws  as  they 
deemed  best  for  their  own  interests,  inaugurated  the  work  of 
separating  the  South  from  the  North  by  tin 
by  the  legislature  of  South  Carolina,  in  which  that  SI 
from   the  Union.  Decern' •  This    example  was   followed 

by  others  of  the  Southern  States  in  the  following  order.  • 
passing    ordinances    of    secession     between     the    fifteenth    day  of 
December,  1860,  and   June   10.   1861:    Mississippi,  January  9 
Florida,  January  10,    1861;    Alabama.   Janu  :      :     Georgia, 

January  19,  1861;   Louisiana.  January  26,  1861;  Texas,    February  l. 
1861;   Virginia,  April  17.  1861;   Arkansas    M 
lina.  May  oi.  1861  :  Tennessee, 
The  Western  portion  of  Virginia  refns 
admitted  into  the  Union  as  th<  IS  :  nia. 

The  people  of  the  South  were  then  deslrons  of  having  the  authorities 
of  the  United  States  withdrawn  from  the  -reeded  States,  and  in  order 
La  hasten  and  compel  this,  an  attack  w    •  Sumter,  April 

I.     This  precipitated  the  war  of  the  Rebellion — a  four 
struggle — that  caused  a  loss  of  I  lives,  and  fastened  upon 

the     United     States    a     debt,    at     the     c'ose     of     the    war,    of    near 
$3, 000, 000, 000. 

An  outline  of  each  prominent  battle,  the  numbers  killed,  wounded 
and  taken  prisoners,   are  given  in  the  succeeding  ; 


THE  BATTLES  OF  THE  FIRST  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR. 


Battle  of  Fort  Sumter      Fort    Sumter, 
irleston  harbor,  S.  c. .  occupied  by 
Robert  Anderson  ■•■■  I 
effective  United  State:  1 64  other 

persons,   and    mounting   52  cannon,    was 
bombard. *H  bj  Gen<  i  i 
7.000  Confedei  i  April   IS   and 

13.  1861.      The   t  if)   tin-  by  the 

erates,   and  evacuated,   after  u  fair    defen*      i  /> 


Major  Anderson.     His  loss  was  only  one  man,  who 
was  killed  by  the  burst  inside  the  f>>rt: 

Tally  known. 
Skirmish    at    Fairfax    Court    House, 
Va.  —  Foucht  Hay  81.  1881.  between  4:   <  ■ 

under  Lieutenant  Tompkins,  and 
of  1,500  Confedi 

Battles!  Phllllppl    Fough^JuneS 
Philiipni.  \v.  \,i  .  between  2, Confederates  and 


several  n 
Kelly  an  I 
of  tti.-  1 
number  wound* 

worth  of  arms  mel  Kelly  was 

tnded. 
Battle  of  Bis  Bethel 
Big  Bethel,  Vb 
under    G  ind     1,800    Confederates. 


BATTLES    DURING    THE    FIRST    VKAl;    OF   THE    LATE    CIVIL    WAR. 


Tin-    Unl 

killed,  -u  wounded,  tad  5  ml 

Bkirmtsb    al    <  Ole  Camp         \   I  ■■■  ■!■■ 

i 

imp,  Mo. .  J  urn    i"    1861      rbc  I  i 

inded,  mid 

Mklrmi.1i    at    Falling    Waters    -Fought 

■ der 

■  nionfsts 
r  a   sharp 

"Vht    U  to  Martinsburg. 

led.    The 

Unionists  had  3  kllli 

Battle  of  <  art  base 

M..  .  Jd 

■ 

nlsts  were 
;.-t  ii  killed  uid  SI  wounded.    The 
Confederate  loss  was  estJm  BOO. 

Battle    of   Rich    Mountain      Po 
Bleb    Mountain,    Vs.,  July   II,    L881,   between    ■ 
i    Unionists,  undei 
andabonl  l,000(  onfi  d 
1  [lerate«  l"-t    ISO  ki 

The  Unionists,  during  thai  and    the  su< 
■ 

woundt  ;  i  .i.  and  :  guns. 

Battle  of  Carrlck's  Ford      Fought  July 

-    foi  d,    \ a. .    t»  tw«  n    L0,0M 
1 

column    of    in i«. in  i  teneraJ     Morris, 

afu  i-  .  sharp  action  the  roi  no 

killed.    The  ' 
Skilled 

SklrmUh  al   Smvlnun     Fought 

tow  ii.  v.i. ,  Jul]  ween  a  bodj 

r  Colonel 
ter  were  defeated  « iih  a  lc 
i  ad  10  wounded  and  ml 

Battle  of  Blackburn  Ford     Fought  July 

kburn    rord,    Va.,    between 

ids  <>i  Unionists  and  ■ 

Ived  the 

\.    The 
: 
1 

Their   loss   was   It   i 
missing;  th  ii  i  so. 

Flrai  Battle  of  Bull  Run    Fonght  July  81, 

Bull  Run  t  h  ■■!'.  in  North 
■ 
■ 

■ 
E.  Johnston.     The  Unionists  fougbl  well  at   ftrst, 
but.  tie  ■  being  reinforced,  a  panic 

in  the  Union 

ird   Washington.      Th.-  Union    loss 
i   killed.  1.011    • 
1 

ami  3o  missing.     The    Unl   i  «t  4  000 

muskets  .,,  nto,   20 

i  considerable  quantity  of  ammuni- 
tion. 
Battle  «r  Diil-  Spring.  Mo.  -  a 

rates,  undei  i  defeated 

w's  command,  Augusts,  1861.    The 
latter  lost  t  killed  and 

Halt  it-  of  Wllaou'a  Creek     Fought  angusl 
Creek,  Mo. ,    between    5,000 
ind  about  twice 
aa  mani  I  .■■<  Bulloch 

and  Price.     Al  b  ird  lighting 

which  General    Lyon   was    killed,  the    Unionists 
The  Union  loss  in 
killed,  wounded  and  missing  was  1,256  men;  that 
•.•I  the  Confedi  rs  •  nun. 

SLirmi»h   at  Charleston,    Mo. 

■ ..  with  900  Mi Is 

sing   l    killed   and  o 
wound 

Battle  ;ii  Summers,  me,  Va.    The  seventh 

1  while  at 

under  Gi  tught    their  way  out, 

with  the 

Capture  of  Fort*  Hatteraa  and  Clark 
—These  of    Rattens 

In'.et,  N   i  i.  by  a 

Union  ns  i    String- 

ham,  U.  8.  K 

Butler.       Th- 
officers  and  men  tela  n\ 
wounded  tand  "f  armt 

i  none 
killed  and  but  lew  wounded.  The  fort?-  were 
commai  nmodore     Bs 

Martin  and  Ma 

Battle  of  Boon  wl  lie    i  ought  at  Boonville, 

I  tember  1,    i-  i rnlonlsts  and 

eratea.    The  former  wi  irs,  with 

a  loss  of  6  wounded,  and  they  destroyed  the  town. 


Halt  lr  of  <  iirnlfex    Fought  near  Caniif.x 
■     1861,    between    1,600 
i  nlonlsts,  undei  Qeneral  Rosecrans,  and  -i\  regi- 
ments ites,   with  16  cannon,   under 
eral   hours'  lighting, 
darkness  came,  and  the  contest  ended      The  Con- 
federate antlti  "i 
rid  ^  u-  matei  lalln  the  bauds  ol  th< 

n  ba  the  Unionists  was  15  killed  and 
10  wounded;  I  bui  ..  few  men. 

Skirmish  al   Blue  Mills.  Mo.     September 

17,  1861 

ol    I  tonfedei  ites,   and    was   compelled    to 
Receiving   reinforcements,   tbi  i 
m  hen  tbe  I  <i        ■  ■     .■  ed.    The  i  oion 

loss  was  is  kllli  inded. 

Battle  of  Cheat  Mountain 

tember  U-iI, 

between  9  000  Confederate  Qenei  .<)  Lee, 

and  the  Unionists  under  Go  Is.  « ho 

held  the  Pass, 

a  number  of   i tc 

without  dislodging  the  Unionists.  Theli  loss  was 
i.  Including  Colonel  John  A  Washington; 
inlsta  lost  S  killed  and  IS  won 

Siege    of   Lexington       Lexington 

the    .Mi-- -in  i    river,   about   300   miles   a  I 
onists,  undi  i 

1 1  thworks.     '  hi 
ittacked 
I  mi.  -  tneli  number  ■  I  i 
■■    Price      Foi    several    days    Mulll{ 
fended   his  position,  bul    no)   receh  Ing  expected 
i  elnfoi  cements,  and  being  w  ithoul 

iroled,  bul   ■■■ 
muvkets  and  rifl  horses, 

I  belonging  to 
Missouri  banks,  fell  int.'  the  bands  of  the  enemy. 

onists  bad  also  3B  men  kll 
ISO  worn  :,  .,  few 

Lfterwmrds. 
Skirmish  at  Paplnwllle  —  September  Si, 

v>  lib    a    bod}    "t     i  . 
encounb  force   it  Papinsvllle, 

Ho. .  losing  11  men,  b  I 

Flieht  at  Chapman  vllle,  W.  Fa, 

S,  1861,  between  a  party  ol  Confederates 
and   Colonel    Envarts'a  Kentucky  volunb 
which  the  former  were  defeated,  wltha  lo 
prisoners.     The  Union    loss   was  i  killed  and    8 
wounded. 
Flieht  at  Greenbrier,  W.  Va. 

Reynolds,    with    9  into    Unionists, 
■    I  he    position    .  hill,  Va-, 

to  15  000  I  ton 

I  on  «  nil  artll' 

■  dri*  en  i  r ■ 

and      lost 
prisonei 

mi  Reynolds 
then    returned    to   Cheat    Mountain,    his    head- 
Battle    of   Chlcamacomleo  —  Poughl    al 
-■'  i.  bet  a  een    i 
mel  Barlow,  and  the 
Twentieth  Indiana  regiment  1 1  eated, 

leaving  their  wounded  In  the  hands  of  the  enemy, 
the  Union  steamer  Monticello  shelled  the 
-  and  drove  them  to  their  boats. 
Skirmish  al  Flemlngton.W.Va.— Fonght 

B  1861,  between  the  Unionist  H 

ami   a    band   "i    Confederates,   the   latter  beins 

Fight  at  Santa  Koea  Island     Fought  al 

1861,  where  ■ 
Confede  I   the    Unionist 

pants,  bul  was  defeated.    The  Union  loss  waa  13 

Skirmish  al   Big  River  Bridge,  Ho. 

Poughl  '  ■  n  federates,  tinder 

rbompson,    and    a    Union    Guard    ol    BO, 

tost,    Mo.,   October    IS,   1861;    tin-    Con- 

troj  ed  the 

Battle  •■■  Ball's  lliuir     r 

bluff,    \  I  I  WW,   hetw.-.-n     l.'.MM 

)-(-,  undi 

light,  in  which  Colonel  Bal 
killed,   the    Unionists,   not    being   reinfo 

having 

■ 

-t     about     360    kill)  ■■■ 

Fleht  al  tamp  Wild  Cat     Poughl  October 

;■  v.  Ky.  .  bel  v 

■ 

ind  '  far- 

rard.     The  appr :h   --f   the   Confederates   waa 

points,   and  tt. 

i  the  country 
and  the  '  The  Confedi  i 

about  1,000 men,  with  Ihelrcampeq 
etc.    Tii-  is  1  killed  and  ','i  wo 

Mklrml*he«    In     Missouri  — At    Pn 
■  her  SI,  1*61.  a  body  of    Do 


:  |  ■ 
lost  Old]  ii. hi. 

1  i    a  -km. hi.  :   Buffalo 

■     ■ 
an  i  BO  prisoners      The  Unlo  i  ■  Lted 

Flarhl  al  B nej  t  Romnei    W7, 

■  1861,  between  a  partj  ■■'  i  nionist#, 
under  General  Kelley,  and  a  fo  lerates. 

i  ter  were  van- 
i  snnon. 
and  their  camp  eqolj  i 

Z agony I* a   Chargi tober  S6,  1861,  Hsjoi 

■  ■'  l  lenei  aJ  Fi  t ■ 

"i  ' he  latter*!  bodj  gua rd   ch  u ged  upon 

ol  some  '■  000  mi  n   near  Springfield, 

i  outed   wiui  1 1 

lied  and  87  pi  tgonyl  hrought 

i  men  out  of  the  charge  unfaon 

Capture  of  Beaufort       In  expedition  of 

nd    military    forces,  under  the   Unionist 

Qenerahi     Sbt  rman, 

\  ieli  .  Stevt  n-  and  Wright,  with  aboul  15,000  men, 

■  mber   7,  1861,  attack*  d   and 
■ 

at  Tort    Royal,  s  r  ,  both   mounting  moi 

10  cai n.      Before   the   superior    I    I    the 

assailants,  the  I  treated.    Thi  - 

attacking  force  al*o  took  poH»e*alon  of  I  . 

infort,    s    C  .  nd       The 

i  ■  losl  B  men  I 

believed  to  have  bet  n 
Thej  kit  most  ol  the  military  equipments  In  the 
. 

■tattle  of  Belmont  —  Fought  nt  Bel nt, 

nion^ts, 

. 

Polk.    The  latter  receiving  rein 
ngemeni     the 
l  -  retired,   with   ■ 
wounded,  and   S35    missing.      The    Confederates 
ibly  lost  about  1,000  men. 

Skirmishes, lu  Vlrsrlnla— Onyandotte  was 

iber  n>.  1861    hiit 
:  i    repulsed    bj   the  Unionists,  the  latter 
havins  several    nun   Killed,     The  next   daj  the 
Unionists  burned  the  town. 

At  Hunter's  bill,  November  y.  :■  sharp  Bkirmish 

I  between  Unl its  and  Confedi  i 

which  the  rormer  had  S8  killed  and  wo led. 

Flghl  al    Peneaeola     i  ort  Pickens  and  the 

I  nlted  States  wt 

i>  .1    the  Com.  <i-  rat* 

■  Pen  ocola,  i  la.     The  pot  t  ol  War- 
renton  was  burned. 

Skirmish  in  Missouri     \t  Warsaw,  Novem- 

and   Unionists,  and  u  port <>r   the  town  was 

red. 
Flghl    at    Salem.    Mo.— Fought    between 
Unionists  and  Coi 

which  the  latte  ed,  with  a  lot       I     i 

nd  wounded, 
it i.:  1 1  time  nt     of     Freestone    Point, 

shelled  by  Unionist  gunboats.    The  Confederate 
batteries  were  silenced,  and  the  building* 
■  desl  n>_\  ed. 
Flu-ht  at  Camp  kllesrhaay,  Va.    Fonght 

between     a 
General  MUroy,   who  defeated    ■  part]  of 
rebels,  under  I  Solonel  Johnston.    1  hi 
21  killed  and  107  wounded. 

Flaht  at  Munfordsvlllei  Ky.       a  drawn 

_  hi  at  Munfordsville,  December  17, 

i  Si  i      bi  '■■'■  a    -i    poi  i  Ion    ol     the    Thii  t  ■■    ■ 

-■HH.-ni .  under  * iolonel  Wil- 
ni  m~  and  a  battel  v  of  t  lon- 
federetes,  undi  ndman.  In  which  the 
-mi  i.  wounded.    Th<-  Con- 
lost   6^   killed,   and  number 
wounded.     The   rout   ol    thi 
« plats. 

General  Pope  In  Missouri 

■    ■ 
and  Jeff   C    Davis,  December  11  and   is.  1861,  sur- 
bel  camps  at  Osceola  and  Mllford,  Mo., 

ites,  ^  ith   1,001 

i  I  camp 
equipage  and  stores  :it  Mllford.     1 1  ■ 
\s.i-  2  killed  and  ir  wounded. 

Battle  of  Dralnrvllle,   A  a.       Poughl  n 

poi  i  Ion  ol  '  len 

a  Force    ■  Stuart, 

■  r  20.  1861.    The  <  Confederate    ios 

tnd  14S  wounded;  that  ol  the  Unionists  waa 
ind  61  wounded.    It  was  a  victory  for  tbe 
Ists- 

Flirht  of  Mount  Zlon  -  Fonght  in  Boone 
county.  Mo  .  December 88  1861  between  Unionists 
and  Confi  .-i  aritb 

;    ■ 

while    thi  l    waa   only  3  killed   and    n 

wounded. 


BATTLES    DURING    THE    SECOND    YEAR    OF    THE    I. All,    CIVIL    WAE. 


BATTLES    OF    THE    SECOND    YEAR    OF    THE    WAR. 


Fight  fn  South  Carolina  —  In  a  c  inn<  n 
fight   at   Fort  Pickent  General 

Stevens,    commanding'     a      Union      land 
advanced  from  Beaufort,  ami.  with  tin.-  assistance 
of    the   gunboai-.    captured     thi 

I'ltu-ries.  held  by  Uenera1    I 
killed  and  8  wounded. 

Flight  at  Huntersville,  TV.  Va.— January 
4,  1862,  the  Union  troops,  under  General  Uilroy. 
defeated  a  Confederate  force  at  Hunter^villc,  and 
captured  880,000  worth  of  stores. 

Battle    of    Prestonburs,    Ky.  -  Fought 

January  10,  1SC2.  between    about    3, i  nionists, 

under  General  Garfield,  and  about  2,500  Confeder- 
ates, with  three  guns,  under  General  Humphrey 
Marshall.  Garfield,  after  fighting  for  several 
houi>.  and  then  being1  reinforced,  finally  ' 

the  Confederates,  whose  loss  was  about  6u  killed, 
besides  prisoners,  horses  an  I 

A  River  Combat- Fought  January  11,  1882, 
between  two  Union  su  ■ 

boats,  about  20  miles  south  of  Cairo,  111.  The 
latter  were  compelled  to  seek  refuge  under  the 
Confederate  batteries  at  Columbus,  Ky. 

Battle    of    Mill     Spring*,     Ky.  — Fought 
January  19,   1862,  between  about  8,000  Confeder- 
ates, under  Generals  Crittenden  ami  Zollicoffer, 
and  3.000   L'nion  troops,  under  Generals  Thomas 
and   Sehoepf.      The  Confederates  were   d< 
■with  the    loss  of  Generals  ZollicolFer  ami  ! 
and  192  killed  and  62  wounded.  8  cannon.  1,00 
of  arms,  1,700  horses  and  mules,  a  drove  of  cattle, 
100    wagons,    quartermaster's     stores,    etc.       The 
Union  loss  was  39  killed  and  203  wounded. 

Capture  of  Fort  Henry,  Tenn.— General 

Grant,  with  a  force  of  Unionists,  and  Commodore 
Fooce,  with  7  Union  gunboats    formed  an  expedi- 
tion which  left  Cairo,  111.,  to  reduce  Fort    I 
on  the  Tennessee  river,  then  in  p<> 
Confederates,  under  General  Tighlman.     On  the 
6th  of  February,  1862.  without  waiting  foi  i 

Grant,  who  was  detained  by  bad  roads,  C 

dore  Foote  attacked  the  fort  with  his  squadron 
Within  two  hours  General  Tighlman  uncondition- 
ally surrendered  the  fort,  mounting  20 
with  barracks  and  tents,  and  about  130  prisoners. 
The  Union  loss  was  2  killed  and  37  wounded;  the 
Confederates  had  6  killed  and  10  wounded. 

Battle  of  Roanoke  Island,  X-  C.  — 
F. hi  — ht  Februarys,  1S62,  between  a  Union  expedi- 
tion by  land  and* sea.  and  the  Confederate  fortill- 
tions  on  the  islands  held  by  2.000  men.  The  Onion 
force  consisted  of  more  than  100  vessels  and  11,500 
troops,  commanded  by  Commodore  Goldsborough 
and  General  Burnside.  The  result  was  the  capture 
of  6  Confederate  forts,  40  guns,  2,000  Confederate 
prisoners,  3.000  small  arms,  ammunition,  etc 
The  Union  loss  was  50  killed  and  212  wounded,  the 
Confederates  had  5  killed  and  18  wounded. 

Battle  of  Fort  Donelson,  Tenn.—  Fought 
February  IS  and  16,  1862,  between  20, I  Confeder- 
ates, 'inder  Generals  Pillow,  Floyd  and  Bu 
within  the  fort  and  its  outworks,  and  about  20.000 
Unionists  under  General  Grant,  assisted  by  Commo- 
dore Foote,    with  his  rteet   of    gunboats.    On  the 
BCCOnd  i!,u-  General  Buckner  unconditionally  sur- 
rendered the  f'.rt.  with  between    12.000  a:. 
prisonei  -    M  cannon,  and  a  large  amount  ot 
The   Union    losses   included  321    in    killed,    1,040 
wounded,   and   liO  missing.     Floyd  escaped  with 
part  "f  the  Confederate  force. 

Battle    of    Fort    Craig,    X.   M.  —  Fought 
February  21.  1862.  between    Union    I 
< ;-  ii    i  il  Canbv  and  a  Texan  force.     The  1  D 
were  defeated  with  a  loss  of    02  killed    and  162 
wounded. 

Captures    on    the   Sea-coa*t— Con 
Dupont,    comma  Union    fleet   on   the 

Southern  coast,  on  the  4th    of    tfarch,  I* 

I i   Bi  'in-"  ick,  i  fa. .  ami  Forts  Clinch    : 

dlna,  and  St.  Mary's,  Fla. 

Battle     of     Pea    Ridee,    Ark. —Fought 
March    6.   7   and    8,    I86S 
Unionists,  under  General  Curtis,  .'fid  20  0 
■  -.  under  Van  Dorn,  Price  ami  Mi  i 
resulting  in  the  defeat  of  the  tatter.    The  Union- 
ists lost  208  killed,  072  wounded,  and  176  missing. 
The  i"--  Mt  the  I  kmfederates  was  much  gn 

The  Fijsht  at   Hampton  Roads— On  the 
8th  ..r   March,  1862,  tin-  Confederate  steam  war- 
vessels    Men  Imack,   Jamestown   and    York  town, 
attacked  the  Union  Beet  at  Hampton  roads,  Va., 
destroying   the   Cumberland  and   Congr 
damaging    se*  era)     other   i 
Next  day  occurred  the  battle  between  the  iron- 
clad Monitor  [Union),  commanded  by  Lieutenant 
Worden.   and   the   Merrimai 
which  the  latter  was  disabled,     The  Federal  l"-s 
ol   mi  ii.  killed  and  drowned,  besides  the 

w  ji-  224,  and  62  wounded  and  prl irs 

Lte  loss  was  6  killed  and  a  number  wounded. 

Surrender  of  Xew  Madrid*  Mo.  —The 
Confederates  bad  fortified  island  N*>  Ten.  in  the 
Mississippi  river,  a  tew  mi!e>  above  New  Madrid, 

which  was  also   fortified  and    defended   by  0   Con- 


force.     Commodore  Foote.  with  bis 
fleet  of  armed    I  with   a 

land   force,    having  threatened  their  works,  the 

1      New 

Madrid,   leaving  25  cannon,   and   d 

valued  at  81,000,000  in  the  hand-  of   the  Cni 

Capture  of  Xeubern,    X.  C.  —  Newbern 

I      ■  |  he  14th 

ot  March,  1862,  General  Burnside  attacked  the  city 
with  a  Heet  of  gunboats  and  three  brig 
Unionists,     a  four-hours' fight  ensued,  when  the 
Confederates   retreated,  and  the  Unionists   took 
possession  of  the  city,  with  69  hea\ 
Beld-pii  large    quantities    of    ammunition, 

naval  and  military  stores,  steamer- , 
valued  at  32,000.000.     The  Union  los.s  wa-s  in  killed 
and  MS6  wounded,  many  mortally.     The  Confeder- 
ate   los5    was    not    mi    heavy,    they   being    under 
cover. 

Battle     of    Winchester,     Va.  -  Fought 
March  2  n  Union  troops,  numbering 

■ii  and  21  cannon,  under  Generals  Banks 
and  Shields,  and  13,200  Confederate  infantry  and 
mon,  under  Jackson  and 
Garnet t.  After  tive  hours'  fighting,  the  Con 
ate-  were  d»  leated.  and  retreated  to  Strasburg. 
followed  by  their  victors.  The  Un; 
killed.  441  wounded,  and  46  missing.  The  loss  ol 
the  Con!  ■  very  large,  270  being  buried 

on  the  held. 

Battle  of  Pigeon  Ranch.  X.  M.— Fought 
.,    between    3.000    Unionists,    under 
Colonel  Hou^h,  and  1,100  Texan  Confederates-,  a 
drawn  battle. 

Battles  of  Pittsbnrg  Land  in  sr  and 
Shiloh— General  Grant  was  encamped  at  Pitts- 
burg Landing,  on  the  Tennessee  river,  with  45.000 
Unionists,  awaiting  reinforcements  under  I 
Buell-  April6,  1862,  they  were  attacked  by  40.000 
Confederates,  under  Generals  Johnston  and 
Beauregard,  and  driven  back  to  the  river,  with 
-  of  a  number  of  prisoners.  Next  day. 
General  Buell.  with  more  Unionists,  having 
arrived,  the  battle  was  resumed,  lasting  through- 
out the  day.  The  Confederates,  however,  were 
finally  defeated  and  driven  to  their  fortifications 

nth.  Miss.     The  Confederate-   lost  I 

\    s    Johnston.     The  L'nion  loss  is  set  down  at  1,700 

killed.  7,495  wounded,  and    3,022  prisoners.     The 

Confedi  is   reported    by  Beauregard, 

>  killed,  0.OL2  wounded,  and  959  missing. 

Capture    of    Island    Xo.  Teu-T 

s  having  fortified  Island  No.  Ten.  in  the 
ippi  river,  10  miles  above  New  Madrid,  and  so 
commanding   a    strong   position.   General  Pope, 
with  a  force  of    Unii  -  • '_ured  another 

commanding  position,  just  below  the  island. 
After  several  ineffectual  attempts  to  dislodge  him 
by  the  Confederate  gunboats,  on  the  16th  of 
March.  1SC2,  Commodore  Foote  and  his  flotilla 
isist  General  Pope.  The  island  was 
well  fortified  with  earthworks  and  heavy  cannon, 
and  manned  by  20.000  Confederates.  The  bom- 
bardment was  so  hut  and  heavy,  however,  as  to 
seriously    incommode    the    t_  ■  and  on 

April  8,  1862,  the  Unionists  attacked  them  with 
such  vi_-.tr  that  the  works  were  carried.  The 
is  the  capture  of  5.000  prisoners.  121  can- 
non. 5,000  stand  of  small  arms,  2,1 
<>t  sugar  and  a  large  quantity  of  clothing,  tents. 
ammunition,  etc. 

Bombardment  of  Fort  Pulaoki,  Gn.— 
Fort  Pulaski,  twelve  miles  from  Savanna 
pied    by  the  Confede 

cannon  and  mortars,  was  invested  by  H  Union 
batteries,  under  command  of  General  Gilmore. 
On  the  loth  of   April.  1862,   the  bombard! 

he    nth  the  fort  was 
endered  to  the  Unionists,  who 
had   lost  1  killed  and  3  wounded.     ] 

id  5  wounded,  and  386  I  e  taken 

with  the  fort. 

Capture  of  Hnntsvllle,    Ala.  —  On   the 

nth   ot    April,   1868,    General    Mitebel.    Unionist, 

d   Buntsville,  capturing  200  Confederate 

■  ■motives  and  a  number  of  ears. 

Bklrmlnh  at  Monterey,  Va..  and  Cap- 
ture at  Chattanooga.  —  April  12,  LSI 

.    [letal   Miiroy'a  Union  foiYe 
at  Monterey,  but  were  repulsed.     «'n  th< 
Union  general,  Mitchel,  captun 
Confederates  at  Chatt  i 

Second     Siece     of    Yorkdiw  n,     \   • 
Yorktown  was  strongly  fortified  by  the  C 
ates.  under  General  J.  E.  Johnston,  who  • 
it  on  April  17,  1862,  with  53,000  men,  exclu 
cavalry.      The   siege  of   thi 
began  April 

in,  who  had  a  force  ol   118,000  Unionists. 
It  continued  for  a  month.    On  the  ith 
Johnston  and  his  men 

vet   he    could   take,   and    started 

■  nd.      Union   cavalry,  undei     l 

Hooker's  di*  u  ■  i  ol  them  near 

Williamsburg,  and    i  I   ensued.     The 

Confederates  at  length  retired,  but  most  of  their 


trains  had  by  that  time  escaped  beyond  the  lines. 
The  Unionists  lost   1,856  killed  and   wounded  and 

■ 

have  been  at  h-a-t  2,000  killed  and  wounded. 

Bombardment   of    Porta    Jackton  and 
Saint  Philip,  La,     I  omn 
the  Union  ib-et  designed  to  irleans 

from  thi  in  Feb- 

ruary, 1862.     On  the  18th  of  April    ;- 

:  nt  of  the  twi  ■    forts. 

Saint  Philip  and  .lack -'in.  in  the  Mississippi,  below 
■ 

-ed  the  forts 
on  its  W8  -■  ins,  April  24. 

Fights  in    North    Carolina      ipril 
the  Unionists,  under  Genera]   Burn 

th  I  'it;.-     N     <  '. 

The  Union  Loss  was  ii  killed.    On  the  sami 

with  2. 000  Unii  i 
Confederate  troops  at  I  .  in  which  the 

former  lost  99  wounded  and  14  killed. 
<  apture  of.New  Orleans  — Pari  of  Coro- 

■  arra^-ut's  fleet  of  Union  vessels,  nine  iti 

number,  and   a    land    force    ot    Unionists,   under 

Genera!  '■■  ed  before  New  Orleans, then 

held  by  the  Confederates,  April   25,  1862.      Forts 

1    Saint  Philip  and  Jackson,  the  Conft 

capitulated  Api  Gei      al  Lovell,  with 

of   the  State,  and  General   Butler  t. 
'v.    May    1.    1802,        II 

rts,  includeil    ii   gunboats,  M 
Manassas,  and  the  iron-clad  Louisian 

destroyed  immense  quantities  or  i 

■  igar,    and    i  ither    pi  operty 
ll  v.  to  prevent  its  falling  into  the  ha 
the  Unionists.     The  loss  of  the  Unionists  il 

Confederate  forts  was    30  killed   and  110 
wounded. 

Fight  at  Lebanon,  Tenn.— Fought  May 5. 
1   ■ 

Duinont  and  Morgan's  -  v      The 

latter  had  66  killed  and  183  taken   p 
Unionists    lost    10    killed   and   20    wounded    and 
missing. 

Battle  of  We«t  Point,  Ta-F.m. 
7,  1862,  between  a  formidable  force  of  Confeder- 
I  Lee's  army —and  Oem 
divisions  of  about  30.000  Uni 

The  battle  lasted  SIX  ho  UTS,  when  the  Cant.    . 

pulsed.     The  Union  loss  was  194  killed  and 
wounded. 

Battle  at  McDowell'*,  Va.-OntheSth  ..f 
May.  General  '■'  of  Unionists  attacked 

a  body    i  Ltes,  but  after  a  Aght  of  five 

hours,    he    was    Obliged    tC  withdraw,    h.. '■ 
tained  a  loss  of  29  killed  and  about  8QI 

Evacuation   of   Penaacola,    Flu-  —  The 
nfederates,  un  I  ■■■■  ho  had 

fearing 
a  visit  from  Oommodi  Union  mortar- 

fleet,  evacuated  the  city  May  y.  1862.     \V|.. 
in tr,    they    aired     the  ring    the 

extensive   workshops, 

and  Barrancas,  the  lighthouse  and  the  magnificent 
naval  hospital.     The  :  ort  Pickens,  by 

a  heavy  conn  ded   in    driving    the 

Confederate-  from  the  forts  and  buildings,  thus 
arresting  the  work  ol  d 

Capture   "i    Norfolk,    Va. 

k     sur 
i  tiie  city  to  ;  ■ 
Unionists,  without  a  •  . 
ruins,  th<  been  blown  up, 

ii   cannon   and   considerable 

ammunit 

A  Nai  al  Ftehl 

■ 

-'ht.  in  which 

ncr     were     defeated  I     their 

I 

Surrender  of  Watches,   Kloa. 

imraodore      Farragurs     Re 

Natchez,     which    WOS 

by  the  Unionists 
\aval  Fight  in  Vlrsrlnla 

i  Union  war 

encount  i 

on  the  James   i  ninond, 

drew,  having  lost  13  ki 
On    tii<-    Chlekahomlnj 

Clcllan's   left    Wing,  dr. .\ea    i 

the  Chickahominy,  al    Bottom    bri 
■a  Richmond. 

Bat  lie     at     Lew  labnrrfc,     V    i 

■ 

mtest,  were  defeated.    The  Union 

Battle    of     Front     Koyal.     Va.     -Fought 

'otonel  Kenley,  commanding 
a  Union  regiment,  three  companies  and  port  of  a 


\t\it 


BATTLES    DURING    THE    SECOND    Yl\l;    OF    TIM-:    LATE    t'lvii.    WAR. 


battery,  and  *  larva  Force  of  Confederal 

Va       Attn   .1  desperate  defense, 
Kenlej  i  ;  rallied 

again;  but  waa  Snail*  ■  *,  »ith 

lOM, 

\     I  dIob    Delta!        Maj  Uflfl 

Banks,  writli  about  1.000  Unionists,  encountered 
more  tha  ler  Jackson  and 

■.)  stra  bui  g,  \  ■  '■     IgsJn  '  i  ucb  Ddds,  after 
i  be  fti  t  atttvck,  and  bs 

two  hours,  Banks  retreated  (•■  Wllllamsburgh  i<> 
;i«  ut  reinfoi c*  menta. 

Battle  of  Hanover  Court  BCoose,  Vn. 
— Fought  ftfaj  '-'■'    IWS    between  Fits  John  i 

■  i;;  000     '  lOnfl    ■ 

dged  " iiii  Mi*-  i"--  .-I  *1 i 

too  kill'  i  -ii  mi-,  arms, 

in  lose  was  63  killed 
and  3ii  wounded  and  missing. 

Movements  at  Corinth,  Hlaa.     I 

i  oioniste 

under  Qenero      Ho    eel     Poj I  «     1    B 

■ 

hi. i   on    the   31*1  i  lie 
Unionists,  und<  Halleck,  occupied  the 

town,  General  Pope,  with  10,000  unionists,  pur- 
sued the  fugitives  (whose  retreat  had  been 
obstructed    by  another    i  ^nlon   foi 

■ 
rallied  his  forces  at  Okolono,  Kiss. 
Battle  of  Seven  Pine*.  v»     Fought  May 

lerate  -. 

undei   Longstreet,  D,  n    BUI,   md  Smith,  and  the 

division  of  Mel  Hellan's 

army.      Case*  tlon  for  three 

i.i  lly  fell 
back  to  the  Bi  »sn    P 
from   that   position    by   the    Confederates,   and 

driven    i"    ;i    belt    ol    « hi,    where   the    1,800 

indei    Hi  InUelman,  m  ids  ao  strong  .i 

check  the  assault       Both  ai - 

then  separated  and  encamped  i"i  the  night. 
Battle   of  Fair  Oaks,    Fa.  — While  the 

F  thi    ■■  ■ ' i  ■■     i        Ma  <•  ■'■! . 

..  ither   batl  Is    «  ie    fought   al    I  ill    OaA  . 
bardl]   a  between  the  Union 

Uvl  [on    "i  Hot  lellan'a  army  and 

I   Smith. 

The  contest  tlnued  from  fouj   o'clock  In  the 

afternoon    until     twilight    when    the    '  nlonlsu* 
ig  them  back  In  con- 
fusion at  about  the  time  thai  the  struggle  at  the 
Seven    Pines     closed.    Johnston     w  i 

.1     in     the     I  i  armies 

bli  ouacked  on  the  Held,  but  i  short  dJ  I  tnci  1 1  om 
each     other.      Next     morning    hostllltli 

ml    ioI  >■■  l  he  Sei  en  Pine  -. 

Bumner    being    reinforced   by 

.,.--  were  di  Iven 
i 
.  don  i"  Kniiiiiond. 
Lo*«e*  nt    the    Seven    Pines   and   Fair 
Oaks     i  be  log  .  tot  the  Ui  ith  battles 

I,  1,223  missing.    The 
ol    the  *  lonfederates   Is  esttm  i 
6,733, 

Fort    Pillow  Itt'-lt-irtMl     !i    1    il 
in  miles  north  i  i  eted  by 

of  N  days  by 
i  rnlon  gunboats,  nnd<  r  Commodi  n     Pc 

■ 
Villiplg  ■  it  having  b 

i  ...I  .uni  destroyed,  June  ■'•.  L8BS 
Battle  Near  Memphis,  Tenn.  —  Fought 
June  6,  1862,  between  ite  war-vi  isels, 

under  C todore  Montgomery,  and  s  i  nion  fleet 

■  ■mi ded  bj 

:  Pour  of  1  he  i     I 

and  3  v.  i  battli 

<>f  Memphis  « 

was  aim  '  lined  by  thi  m. 

Nklrmi«h    Near    Harrisonburg**  *  :|- 
Fought  June  6,  1862,  betwei  nd  Con- 

federates, undi  bby,  who  was  killed, 

Battle  of  Cross-Keys,   Vn.    Fongbt  June 

ii 

.    . 

Swell,  ;»  contest  that  retarded  Frerai 

was  6M  ;  tha  '  aderates 

i-  unknown. 
it:<  1 1 1.   of  James  Islandt  h.  v.  —  Fought 
'  ilonlsts, 
under 

i  with  a  lossof  86  killed,  172 
wounded,  .»n<t  128  missing 

Battle  at  Sain  I   Charles,    irk. 
June  i.  under  Colonel 

.,mi   ;i   Conf<  hlch    was 

;    gunboat 
killed  125. 
Battles  Before  Richmond 
■ 

hin. .ml. 

ite  capital,  was  in  n 
withstand    a  siege.      Lee,    thereto] 


attack  McClellan  and  raise  the  siege      Hi 
fore,  -U\  Ided  bin  ai  my  and  pa  ted  It  at  si 

points,      n nt.'-t  opened    •<   Mechanlcsvllle, 

wherethe ■ 

wink'-       In    till;.    Hi- f..l«H>    L' Ill 

n  Hi,  i  ■  immi  Confedei  ites  The  latter  were 
M[>.  Hod,  and  fell  b  ick,  having  lo 
\.  bile  i  hi  i  nlon  lo  wa  bi  i  el  i  BOO,  on  Ing 
red  m  tion  I  to  the  87th  i  be  battle 
of  Cold  Harbor wai  fought  with  great  severity, 
between    about    66  000    I  onfedei  at*       ind 

Unionists,     During  this  day's  light  the  I ■  di  i 

ate     i"  i   9,  A0  in   killed  and  wounded,   and  the 
Unlonuttst.OOOklllodand  wounded 

uinon    Dui  Ing  one  skirmish  the  Confeder- 
ates !•■  i  800  ■  >ut  ol  6  0  men     rhe  »  ictoi  >  at  1  hi 
..r  the  da*  wan  appon  e « t i ^  with  Lee,  although  he 

■  H  ed  double  the  losses  that  hi 

and  his  p  I,  a  series  ol 

engagement        ..■.■■■■■  i      ,r     Savage's     Stat 

it    having  fallen  back    from  his  advan. 

.   ■  position       \i    Peacb  Orchard  tl n 

.       attacked     the     Unionists,    but     were 
renewed  the 

■  i  Sa\  age'e  Stat  Ion   w  bich  Lasted  untlJ  nine 
o'clock  hi  Mil-  evening     The  i  nlon  loss  wa 

600;  Ui.u  of   the    <  !onfodei  Ltet    about   100      The 
i  iim.ii  wounded  and    Id  fell  Into  the  hands 

mi   the  i  tonfedei  atea      Juni      0,    Slot  li  Han   con* 

■ 
was  fought  the  battle  ol  Prasler*a  Farm,  b 

the    Hi '  ton     -I    HcCaU,    Hook*  i 

i ■.    and  I  be  i  onfedei  atea  under   \    P    Bill 

i  i. ■  treet.     The  attempt  to  break  the  Union 

tine  failed.     The  Unionists  [osi  about  800  killed. 

■  i.i  wounded ;   the  Confederate        16  killed 
-  w< led.    The  battle  ol    Malvern  inn 

.  .    i     i  ■  ■       Hc<  lelian   bad  about 

'.*i M    Lee  only  about  60.000  with  whli  b  to 

attach  HeClellan'a  position.    McClellan'e  artillery 

and   iketry,    well-placed,    served  to  repel  the 

Confederates'    rep«-at<-»l    charges  upon    hi      lin< 

.i  .i   more  than  28  000 

-t  i  ..iik*       -\t  dark  1 1 '■    i    ceased     I  he  <  Ion 

federate  having  been  repulsed  at  even  point. 
The  i  nlon  loss,  that  'in  v.  was  about  376  killed  and 
rounded;  the  Confederate  loss,  900  killed 
ami  3,600  wounded.  During  the  engagements 
from  June  26  to  July  I.  it  Is  estimated  that  the 
i  in.. in  i  lost  1  682  killed,  .  FOB  wounded,  and 
...'i .'  M,  .  ing;  »  bile  the  <  onfedei  ate  losl  3  160 
killed,  16  866  wounded,  and  about  1,000  prl 

NklrmMi      at     It  ay  oil     Cache*     A  ik. 

i  ■  Julj  7.  1862,  bet  ■■<  i  H  ■■   poi  i  ion  ol  I n  al 

■  nlon  .iini'.   and  the  Confederates  under 

Genera]  Ru  latter  bt  tng  d t,  w  ttb  im 

i  .  ...i     i    irtls  lost  but  8  ldJled  and  46  wounded. 

NkirmUh  ai  Jasper,  Ala.  —Fought July 

. .  i  ■'  !   bet  ween  Un and  Confedera 

former  bi 
Capture   of    Hamilton,    X.   C— July  9, 

Lptured  by  the  Union.  I 
lt:iiiir  of  Bfnrfreesooro,  Tenn.— Fought 
Julj  13,1  ill  force  of  I 

by  whom  It  bad  been  pret  lously  occupied,  and  a 

body  "i  Confedei  ite     undei   I 

i  i  -      and  S3fl,000  worth 

oi  commissar}  -  tores  were  captured. 
Capture  of  Kentucky  Towns  —  July  it. 
te   i  Confederate,  Genera  I  Moi  raided 

burned    part    of    tin'   to'  i 

■  d  the  bans      July  11    bi   captured  <  !ynthJ 
ana,  Ky. ,  and  burned  several  rail  road 

A   Raid  In    Indiana  -    July  18,   1862    B    band 
i  i  Ided  New  bui  gh,  [nd  .  destroyed 
some  be 
and  ret  rented  across  the  <  >h!o. 

***;.  i r  Mi.-u    at    Memphis,  Tonn.       Poughl 
July  19.  1868,  between  Unlonl  dt  rates, 

oi  i"  i  I-  Ing  0  killed  and  S3  wounded. 

Bombardment  or  Vlchsnarar,  Mi*-. 
In    June,    1868,    the   Union    Beets   ol    gunboats, 
respective^  comm  uidi  dbj  i 

f i  below  ,i  Davis  and    Bliet, 

met  iit   Vlcksburg,  which   s 
strongly  fortified  and  occupied  bj 

i    l  [mated  at  10  m  time  to  1  i 

bombarded  the  city  with i  esults. 

J uly  ii  ■  ■  , 1 1 ■.  , 1 1 . i .  i     1 1 

i '.  .i    the  fort  ■  ■  i   he  ivil  y  \ > 

i.i.-:  The  upper  b  ■ 

were   silenced,   and   the  city  waa 

■  • he  bat 
terles  o  n  down    the  river.      1  ■■ 

federates  were  ti"t  dislodged.    On  the  8Sd  of  July, 
abandoned. 
Battle    Jit    Moor.**-    Hill,   Mo.        Fought 
between    i  and    Unionist 

■     !         :    . 

...  t  in  killed  ind  «  wounded. 

Capture  of  Orange  four*  House,  V:i. 
airy,  under  i 
,  Irmish,   drovi 
killing  11.  and  taking 
mers. 
Skirmish     Near     Memphis,     Tenn. 
Fought  August  3.  166S,   between   -^  Confederate 


under  General  Jeff.  Thompson,  and 

i p     in  wbleh  Thompson  waa  nefi  ab  d 

\     Nil-,  al    Fight       Poughl     \i>.M  'i     UK 
iimi, 'i    » lorn  n 

i  nd  the nster  nun  arkarn  a     bi 

to    the    '  They    met    abovi 

oi UU    Ii  dppl   m  •■'■.   and  on   being 

attacked  with  In  elia  the  bj  lean    i 

sel  "ii  Dre  and  destroyed. 

Buttle  at    Baton    Rousjre,  La.  — Fought 

August    B     1862,    between     Confederates,    i«'i" 

General    Breckinridge     I    ■     una  II     for©     ol 

Unionists,  lei  <  leneral  Williams     <  tonfi 

i  gunboats  wen  I  ndi  i  s 

-I.  ii  p  ihelling  !■>  the  '  <  he  '  tonfedei 

re  repulsed      fhe  Unli  I    killed. 

Including  General  Williams,  and  L76  wound 
missing 

Battle  Oti  filar  Mounlaln,  t'a.  Fought 
august  9,  1869,  between  the    Confederate    irmj 

numbering  al t  21,000,  under  Genei  i      lach  on 

Swell  and  Longsl  reel   and  about  7,000  Unl 

■  neral  Hunk-.    The  tattei    wa     foi  ced  to 

retire  about  i1..    miles  from    bis    Brsl    po  Itlon 

Hunk-  being   reinforced,   the  Confedera  tea  next 

day  tin  back  two  miles,  and  on  the  llth  retired 

i:. ibei  i -I'll  rfvei      'i  be  '  nli >n  losi 

kllh-il,    tii'.o    wounili'tl,    find 

\  ■ :  ge  auantll  i  of  ammunition     i  he 
Confederate  lo  i        as  heavy  In  killed, 

wounded  and  missing,  Including  Generals  ^  Inder 
and  i iiii' 

Fight   at    I  oil  Donelson,  Tenn.    August 

'-'"-    186  '.   the  I  '■  infedei  ites  le  a  n  unsui 

attack  on  the  Unionists  al  Fort  Donelson, 

t  i- hi*  ai  Hanauau  and  llavmarkct, 
Va.      Lugust   "'■     1869     the   Conl  ■  under 

Genera]  I  portion  ol  the  I  nlon 

army,  under  Popt     it  Ma  as    ■     and  di  oi  •■  them 
unt.     Next  day  rope  fell  back  toward  Warrenton, 
and  was  reinforced  i>v  Sookei     command 
tnknik'  the  >  onfedei  i  tea  ai   Haj  ma  rket 

i  bet  ween  Hooker  and  Ewell    In  which 

the  Confederates  were  vanquished,  Ewell 
his  camp  with  300  killed  and  wounded 

KcdtM-lioii  ol' City  Point.  Va.  On  the 
97th  ol  hugu  t  I-...  ■  !  bi  Union  runboal  di  troyed 
i  in  i  lonfederate  t.'i  title  itlon    at  Cltj 

SklrmiMli     Near    Centervllle,     Va. 

Ilbbon     bi  Igade 

of  UcDoweU'i    Unioi        rp 

federates  under  Stonewall  Jackson.     The   light 
■  ■  ei  i     but  ended  *■■  Ith   the  coming  on  "f 

,l.i  :   I    im 

Battle  ofdaluavlUe,  Va.— Fought 

■     mm!  i:,  ynolds1  divisions  ..f 
■i   i  ■      ell's  Union  corp     reinforced  1 

H.-iiit/-  i ii 1 1  Ion  ■     and    the    Conf  lera 

in  iu>   hi  ,  i  Jackson,    s  Ith    reinforce 

ment  arriving.  The  battle  raged  furiou  I)  foi 
■  ■■ill  houi  in  which  the  enemy  ».,-  dni en 
back    leaving  hi    di  od  and  woundi  il  on  the  Beld 

i  larknest  put   on  end  to  the  contest    1 1 1 

Pope  claimed  a  victors      Hi      ■    i       i  i  ■  i  itlmated 

Ml     l»'l   V.,  ■<■!!     Ii     "Ml.     ..UMl      .-     ■ I      111 t      th, 

i  lonfederatea  much  g 

The    Second    Bait f    Run    Rim 

Fought   August  80,  186  til  Jack- 

son's ent  Ire  army  of  i  i  elnforced  by 

■ .  ii  iimi  th.-  advance  of  Let  at  mj  about 
16,000  In  all),  and  85,000  Unionists  under  Pope 
The  contest  wa  .t  dark, 

exhausted,  the  Unionists  retired  to  I 

.    Ing  i  be  '  Sonfedei  ates  in  po    e     Ion 

•  ■[  the  field      'I  be  (  nlonist     lost  at  least  1 1. a 

kill--. t  and  ■■■■ Led    ind    perhan     I pi 

al i  -   killed  itml  v.  ■■ 

Battle     al      Richmond.     Ky.  -    Fought 

■    bei ■  under 

ind  1 1 onl  '      mi. i.  i 

The   latter   were  defeated 
"  it  h  i  li  killed,  700 

SklrmUh    at     Bolivar,     Tenn.        Fought 

August  SO    1861   betv rnionisl    and  Confeder- 

tted. 
Destruction    of    Bayou    Mara.    La. 

Ungual   "i     i         Bayou  Sara,  s  prosperous  ship- 

.n  the  MJ         ippi 
miles    from    New   '  irleans,    was   almost    i 

1    ■    ■ '     I  ■  '  ■      td ■   i ' 

being  fired  np.ni  b 

■ 

Battle    at     Brlttou's     Laae.    Tenn.  — 

■  i  i  n  een  I  'nlon 
I  be  latter  retiring!  and  li  ivli 
dead  on  the  field       Thi   I  nloni  I     lostG  bifled,  li 
i  ind  98  ml  sing. 
Battle  at  Chan tl lly,  V a,— Fought  Beptem 
ber  I,  1862,  bet  *  •  ■•  n  th<   unionist    undei   Gi 

i  .  derate 

army    under    Ewell     and     Hill.      General     Pope 

.     :.  ,   ored  to  t ran  fer  hi     foi •■<■-  from  ( tenter 

■  antown,   and   while  doing  bo  «■ ;  i  s 

i      The  fight    lasted    f<>r   several  hours, 

ending  with  the  'ku  kii.-*v    The  Union  generals, 


BATTLES    DURING    THE    SECOND    YEAR    OF    THE    LATE    CIVIL    WAE. 


361 


Kearney  and  Stevens,  were  killed.  Und<  r  on 
impetuous  bayonet  charge  the  Confederated  were 
driven  from  "the  field;  but  the  losses  ol  the 
Unionists  vt  bi  •■  heat  j 

Battle  at  Washington,  Bf.  C— September 

6,  1862,  Hi-.-  i  onfederates  attacked  the  Union  gap 
rison,  but  were  repulsed      The  Unionists   Lost  s 

killed  and  36  wounded. 

Buttle  at     Middletown.     Mil.   —  Fought 

September  IS,    1862,    between    Unionists   and    Con 

federates,  the  former  losing  80  killed  and 
wounded. 

Battle     of     South     Mountain,    Md.  — 

Fought  September  14.  1862,  between  the  Union 
army  under  Generals  Hooker,  Keno,  Franklin, 
Cox  and  others,  and  the  Confederate  forces  under 
Longstreet  and  Hill.  The  engagement  was 
general  and  severe,  and  resulted  in  the  retreat  of 
the  Confederates.  The  Union  general,  Keno,  was 
killed.  The  Union  losses  were  312  killed,  1,231 
wounded,  and  "J2  missing.  The  Confederate  loss 
was  quite  as  large,  including  1,500  prisoners. 

Surrender  of  Harper's  Ferry— A  force 
of  12,000  Unionists,  under  General  Hiles,  who  held 

Harper's  Ferry.  W.  Va. .  was  attacked  September 
12.  1862.  by  a  strong  Confederate  army,  under 
Stonewall  Jackson,  and  after  a  two-days' contest, 
the  place  was  surrendered  on  the  1 5th  to  the 
Confederates.  General  Miles  was  killed,  and  the 
Unionists  sustained  a  loss  of  about  11,000  prisoners, 
73  cannon.  13.000  small  arms,  and  a  considerable 
amount  of  stores  Union  cavalry,  'j.imu  strung, 
cut  their  way  through  the  rebel  lines, and  escaped. 

Battle  of  Miiiifordsville,  Ky.- Fought 
between  about  o.ooo  Unionists,  under  Oolonel 
Dunham,  who  held  the  place,  and  a  strong  force 
of  Confederates  under  Price.  After  three  days' 
fighting.  September  14,  15  and  16.  1862,  Dunham 
surrendered  about  1.500  men  and  their  artillery, 
and  turned  the  town  over  to  the  Confederates 
September  21.  General  McCook  and  a  force  of 
Unionists  recaptured  the  place. 

Battle  of  Antletam,  Md.— Fought  Septem- 
ber 17.  1862.  near  Sharpsburg.  Md.,  between 
65.000  Confederates,  under  Lee  and  Jackson,  and 
s5.i.mki  Unionists,  under  MeClellan,  Hooker,  Burn- 
side.  Sumner,  and  Mansfield  The  contest  was 
severe,  and  lasted  from  early  morning  until 
evening.  During  the  succeeding  oight  the  Con- 
federates retreated,  leaving  in  the  handsel  their 
foes  3.500  prisoners,  39  stand  of  colors,  and  19 
cannon.  Their  total  loss  was  about  9.000  men. 
The  Unionists  lost  2,010  killed.  9.416  wounded,  and 
1, 0i3  missing.  The  Union  General  Mansfield  lost 
his  life  while  endeavoring  to  regain  the  ground 
lost  by  Hooker.     It  is  classed  as  a  drawn  battle. 

The  Evacuation  of  Maryland  and 
Harper**  Ferry— On  the  I8th  of  September. 
1802,  the  Confederate  army  of  Lee  and  Jaeks,>n 
withdrew  from  Maryland  to  Virginia,  after  having 
invaded  the  first-named  state  for  a  fortnight. 
Harpers  Kerry.  W,  Va,,  was  also  evacuated  by 
the  Confederates  on  the  same  day. 

Battle    of    luka.    Miss.  —  <  i.-n.-iMl    In 
with   about    15.000  Confederates,    occupied     luka 
early  in  September,  1862.     On  the  19th  of  Septem- 
ber, Generals  Kosecrans  and  Ord  advanced  with  a 
force  of  Unionists  to  capture  this  point,  and  for 

two   hours  the  contest  was  severe   and    bl iv. 

During   the    following   night    the   Confederates 
evacuated  the  town.     Their  losses  included    more 
than  300    buried  on  the     field,    and    500   severely 
wounded.  200  of  whom  died  within 
The  Union  looses  were  300  killed  and  500  wounded. 

Battle  ol"  AniruHta.  Ky.—  Fought  Septem- 
ber 27,  1862.  between  an  attacking  force  of  Con- 
federates and  the  Union  garrison  of  120.  The 
latter  surrendered  with  a  toss  of  9  killed,  15 
wounded,  and  the  rest  taken  prisoners. 

Battle  of  Corinth,  Mi***.— Fought  October 
3    and    1.    ISC.',    between    85,000    Unionists,    under 

General  Rosecrans,  who  held  the  town  and  11 '■ 

posts,  and  more  than  35,000  Confederate! 
Generals  v.m   Dorn,    Price,  and  LovelL     On  the 
first  day,  the  Unionists  outside  were  dri*» 
the  towrn     The  brittle  was  renewed  with  terrible 
severity  next  morning,  the  Unionists  having  been 

reinfor 1  by  McPherson,  and  the  Con  ■ 

were  obliged  to  retreat,  leaving  in  the  bands  of 
tlie ir  foes  8,248  prisoners,  it  stand  of  ■-■ 
cannon,  3,300  stand  of  small  arms.  a  large  amount 
of  ammunition  etc  The  Confederates  bad  1,423 
men  and  officers  killed,  and  more  than  5  000 
wounded.  The  Unionists  lost  315  killed,  1,813 
wounded,  and  232  prisoners  and  missing. 

Battle    at      l\.avergne.    Tenn.  —  Fought 

October  1'..    IS.;:;,   between  a   Confederate    foi ■-  ■■    am! 

a  brigade  of  Unionists,  under  General 

th'.'  former  were  repulsed,  with  a  loss  to  1 1 

of  5  billed  and  13  wounded  and  missing.     The 

Confederate  loss  was  about  80  killed  and  wounded. 


175  prisoners.  2  cannon,  provisions,  camp 
equipage      1 

Battle  of  Perrvville,  Ky.  —  Fought 
October  8,  1802,  between  15.000  Unionists,  under 
Colonel  Daniel  McCook,  of  Buell's  army,  and  four 
divisions  of  the  Confederate  army,  under  Generale 

Bragg.  Polk,  ami  Hardee.     The  battle  lasted  from 

three  o'clock  in  the  morning  until  after  dark  that 
evening   and  resulted  In  a  victory  for  tbi 
ists.    The  loss  ot  the  latter,  besides  the  killing  of 
Generals  Jackson  and  Terrell,  was  466  killed,  1,463 

wounded  and  160  missing.  The  Confederate  loss 
i?  estimated  at  about  the  same  figures. 

Raid    on    Chamher*burg,    Pa.  —  On   the 

10th  of  October,  1862,  the  Contederate  general, 
Stuart,  with  2,000  cavalry,  made  a  dash  on 
Chambersburg,  seized  a  considerable  amount  of 
clothing  designed  for  McClellan's  Union  army, 
destroyed  property  belonging  to  the  government, 
burned  the  railroad  depot,  captured  fresh  horses, 
passed  clear  around  McClellan's  army,  and 
escaped  without  loss. 

Battle  Near  Gallatin.  Tenn.  -  October 
19,  1862,  the  Confederate:-,  under  General  Forrest, 
were  defeated  by  a  force  at  Unionists. 

Operation!*  in  Florida— During  the  latter 
part  of  October,  1862,  an  expedition  of  Unionist-, 
under  Colonel  Beard,  of  New  York,  destroyed  9 
large  salt  works  on  Florida  rivers,  and  brought 
back  150  good  colored  recruits  for  the  Northern 
army. 

Battle  of  Pocotaligo,  S.  C  —  Fought 
October  22,  1862,  between  about  5.000  Union 
soldiers,  with  three  batteries  and  an  engineer 
corps,  under  General  Brannon,  and  a  force  of 
Confederates.  In  the  struggle  of  nearly  six 
hours  to  gain  possession  of  the  Charleston  and 
Savannah  railroad,  the  Unionists  were  repulsed. 
with  the  loss  of  30  killed  and  180  wounded. 

Battle  of  Maysville,  Ark.  -  Fought 
October  22,  1862,  between  10.000  UnioniSte 
General  Blunt,  and  7,000  Confederates,  after  1 
severe  action  of  an  hour's  duration,  the  latter 
were  totally  routed,  with  the  loss  of  all  their 
artillery,  a  "large  number  of  horses,  and  a  part  of 
their  garrison  equipments. 

Battle  of  Labadie,  La.— Fought  October 
27,  1862,  between  a  party  of  Confederates  ami  a 
Union  force.     The  latter  won  the  field,  with  a  loss 

of  17  killed  and  74  wounded. 

Fight  at  Garrettsburg,  Ky.  —  Fought 
November  11,  1862.  between  Unionists  under 
General  Ransom,  and  Confederates  under  General 
Woodward.     The  latter  were  defeated. 

Battle  of  IviiiMon.  N.  C— Fought  No- 
vember 17.  1862,  between  6.000  Confederates,  under 
General  Evans,  and  a  Union  force  under  General 
Foster.  After  a  tight  of  five  hours  the  Confeder- 
ates were  defeated,  with  the  loss  of  11  cannon  and 
about  400  prisoners.  The  Union  loss  was  about 
200  killed  and  wounded.  This  fight  anil 
other  encounters  of  more  or  less  importance 
occurred  during  a  ten  days'  expedition  ol   1  -- nei  ,1 

Foster  from  Newbern  to  Goldsboro,  for  the  pur- 
pose    of    cutting      off    railroad    COmmun 
between    Kichmond,    Va. ,    and  Charleston,   S.  C. 
He  appears  to  have  been  successful. 

Battle    of    Cane     Hill,     Ark.  —  Fought 

November  38, 1862,  between  2,000  Unionists  (cavalry 
and  artillery  ,  under  Generals  Blunt  and  Heron, 
and  2  regiments  ol  confederate  cavalry, 
sharp  skirmish  the  latter  retreated  to  van  Buren, 
leaving  their  killed  and  some  of  their  woui 
the  field.     Tin-   Unionists  followed  them  to  Van 
Buren,  and  completely  routed   them    then 
t  1 : 1  Eng  100  prisoners,  t  steamers,  a  large  quantity 
of  corn,  camp  equipage,  mules  an  I 
Confederates     retreated,     leaving     behind     BOO 
■    i  and  sick  soldiers. 

Skirmish  near  Charleston,  Va.— Fought 
December:,  1862,  between  Unionists  and  Confeder- 
ates. The  latter  were  defeated,  with  a  loss  of  to 
killed  and  wounded  and  145  prisoners. 

Battle  of  Prairie  Grove,  Ark.— Fought 

December?    1862,  between   about   :   Unionists 

[nfantrj    and    artillery),  under  General  Heron, 
reinforced  by  about  5.000  more  and  21  cannon, 
under  General  Blunt,  and  28  OOOmen  >l  >i 
ixmy,  with  18  cannon,  undei 
Frost,  and  Rains      The  1    ■ 
ates  were  lefeated  with  ;i  loss  of  more  thai 
killed  ami  wounded,   and  during  the  sue 
1  from  the  field.     Thi 

Skilled 1500 wounded,  including  upward 

ol  10  field  and  line  offl 

Fieht     at     Hartsvllle,     Tenn. 
December  3    1862.  between  Morgan's  Confederate 

1  bi  Egade  ol  Unionists  of  Du 
comman 

insisting  of  the  lojth  Illinois, 
the  1  or. 1 1 1  and  losth  Ohio,  part  of  the  Bd  Indiana 


cavalry  and  a  battery,   surrendered   to  the  Con- 
federates  and  were  paroled.      The  Uniom- 
lOSt  .:>.">  killed. 

Battle  of  Frederlckuburtf,  Va.  —De- 
cember 11,  1862,  the  Union  army,  under  Burn- 
side,  began  the  bombardment  ol  Fredericksburg, 
then  occupied    by  the   Confederates  undi 

During  this  bombardment  Burns ide  tron 
100.000  oi  In-  men  acrOSS  the  Rappohonj] 
front  of  Fredericksburg.     !<•  <■■•■  battle 

was  fought,  Burnside  bringing  about  82,000  men 
into  action,  under  Sumner,  Hooker  and  Franklin, 
Lee  had  Ol  his  80,000  troops  only  about  25.000  in 
the  tight,  under  Jackson  and  Longstreet.  The 
Unionists,  alter  a  pevere  contest,  were  repulsed. 
Their  losses  were  1,162  killed,  9,101  wounded,  3.234 
missing.  The  Confederates  lost  only  595  killed, 
4,061  wounded,  and  653  missing. 

SklrmlMh  at  Zurich,  Va.  — Fought  on  the 
13th  December,  1862,  between  Unionists  and  Con- 
federates, the  latter  being  defeated,  with  the 
capture  of  a  portion  of  their  force. 

Capture     of    Baton     Rouge,    La.  —  On 

December  14,  18fi2,  apart  of  General  Bank?'  com- 
mand, under  General  Grover,  took  peaceable 
1  ession  of  Baton  Rouge,  the  capital  of  the 
State,  the  Confederates  having  evacuated  the 
town. 

Capture  of  Holly  Sprint?"*  Mini*.  — 
December  19.  1SC2.  Hie  confederate  general,  Von 
Dorn,  with  several  thousand  cavall  y,  invested 
Holly  Springs,  which  was  then  occupied  by  the 
Unionists.  Once  In,  after  a  feeble  resistance  by 
the  Unionists,  they  destroyed  an 
public  and  private  property  valued  at  nearly 
fo.000,000.    They  then  evacuated  the  town. 

A  Raid  Into  East  Tennessee— A  notable 

cavalry'  raid  was  made  into  East  T>  I 
ning  December  21,  1862,  by  the  Unionist    G 
Carter,   with  about  1,000  men.     They  were  gone 
from    Winchester.    Ky. .    20  days,    during 
without  tents,  they  inarched  470  miles   (170   in  the 
enemy's  country  \;   burned  2  important   railroad 
bridges  across  the  Holston  and  VVautaga  rivers; 
damaged  10  mi  lei*  ol  track;  had  2  skirmishes  with 
the    Confederates,    captured    400     prisonei 
stand  of  arms,  and  a  train  of  cars  with  a  loco- 
motive, besides  a  considerable  quanl 

and  returned  with  the  loss  of  2  men  lolled  and  8 
others  wounded,  captured  or  missing. 

Skfrmitth     at     Dumfries,    Va.  -  Fought 

between    the    Unionists,     under 

General  Sigel,  and  a  party  of  Confederates     The 

latter  were  repulsed. 

Battle  of  Bavin*   Mills,    Mb*.  -Fought 
between  the  Confederates,  under  Van  Don. 
1  in-  mists,  under  Colonel  U 

of  the  25th   Indiana  regiment.  Dee.  1 

After  a  sei  1  re  conttii  ■  ■ 

leaving  their  dead  and  wounded  on  the  held. 

Second  Siece  of  Vi«-k»l>urir.  Ml«.  — 
Decembi  neral  Sherman  attacked  the 

.  .1  works  ol  the  Confederate  defenses, 
about  si\  miles  from  Vicksburg,  on  the  Tazoo 
rivei  At  the  same  time  the  gunboats  attacked 
ihe     1.  batteries    on    Haines'    Bluff. 

December  28,  the  Unioi 
from  'lie  in  bI  and  sei  ■  nd  I 
advanced     to    within     -'-    mil.--   ot"    Vicksburg. 
December  29,  the  Confederates  attacked  G 
Sherman  with  their  whole  force   and  drove  him 
.  the  tirst   line  of  defense.     Deo  ra 

niter  burying  their  dead    and    transferring   their 

pori :-.  the  Union  1 
,  General  Sherman  returning  to  camp  at 
Millikeii's    Bend.      Tl'  mu  about  600 

ounded,  and  1,000  tin 

Battles  of  Stone  River,  Tenn. 

and  62  18  tea  under  Hardee,  Polk,  and 

K11  b\   smith       The  main  all 

nberSl,  on  Gen> 

This 

division  was   driven   back   four    in; 

Lnnon,  but   being  reinforced  from  the  left 

m     turn 

-round  regain- 

ate     attacks     were     mode     on     the     Federal      lines 

.1  mu.i!  v  \  and  J  but  were  repulsed.     On  the  night 
uory  3  the  Confcdei  il  eated.     The 

Union  1  3  killed.  7.0"' 

toners.      The  Confederate  loss  is  estimated 
at   10,000  in  all. 

Ha  I  tie  of  Parker**  «Tr«>%«  Roads, 
Tenn.    Fooghl  December 31,  1882,  betwei 

■  ,ih     10 
cannon  of  Unionists  under  Generals 

Dunham  and  Sullivan.  After  a  sharp  light,  the 
Confedi  ■  ung  their  com 

I  -  .ammunition 

and  more   than   l.OOu  men   killed, 
wounded,  or  taken  prisoners. 


362 


BATTLES    DURING    THE    THIRD    YEAR    OF    'MM     LAT]     CIVIL    WAR. 


BATTLES    OF    THE    THIRD    YEAR    OF    THE    WAR. 


Hat  i  if     of    Gal  t««  ton,    Tex.        Fought 
Janu  "  v    i.  1863    between  ■»  '  tonfedi 
S  000  men,  uml 

\r    thl     -  '  I"" 
time    thl  Hid    2    Si ■ 

■ 
ol  *e\  era)  lioui  b,  th< 
id  the  1 

The 
I'm. .ii  vessel  W  blown  up  i"  i 

■    Ing   Into  the    hand*  ol    the  e i 

bed   w  1th    her.      The 
Confederates  captun  I 
■ 

Fight     at      Springfield,      Mo.        Fought 

i  ce  of  Union 
\\  ho  held  the  place  andd  uderab 

The  plai  intity  ol     ■ 

owned  by  the  Unionists,  whose  loss  In  thi  ■ 
killed. 

Hall  It-      til"       VrkiimiK      Post,       Ail.. 

Fought    January  io  and   n 

river  tleel   under  Admiral   Po  u    Union 

■ ..  neral   Me*  demand,  against 

the  Conf  poet     I  "i  the 

day  ill-'  fortifications  were  carried  by  thu 

I  *as  about  800 

killed    i  l  "  '"-■ 

cannon.      The  Unionists    lout  about    l'*) 

killed  and  500  wounded. 

V    Naval    Haiti. 

indei  i""k    to  bi  e  ik   up  the 
harlcaton,  B    i 
...  .i.  .mil  the  Inner  line 

rbed.    0 
a  foil i 
i  nature  of  Transports     ranq        12    1863 

to  the  i  on  the  Cumberland  river, 

Tenn. 
Battle  ni    Bayou  Teche,  La. 

Januai 

the  Con 

tnd  tli*.*  <  'niil.il.']  .it.-  gunboat 

.     ... 

Battle  at    Sabine  City,   Tex.      Foughl 

i     ■ 

the  b  I 

iyed. 

Third   Siege   of  Vlcksburg    Jane 

.  .[    thi     Union 
Ulna, .  and  work  was.  renewed 

■  in  tin-  tin :  at   that    point     Tbe 

Union  ro  io  West,  ran 

at   Vicksburg, 

iruarj  13,  the 
i  lao  ran    the  block  ■  I 
was  captured  b 

b 
burg,  but  without  accomplishing  anything. 

Fight  at  Fort  McAllister,  Go.  -Fought 
between  the  Union  iron-clad  Mom 

I 

i     ■      ■     Nil     uc 

.  |   Febru- 
>apture  the  Ft 
.   rate  steamer  Nashville,  while  attempting 
i  be  Union  bloi  I  and  was 

i  oyed  by  the  n«-.'t. 

Haiti*-    of    Blaekwater,    Va.      Fought 

.,...,■. 
under  ■  ■■ 
Genera  I  Ifter    '•'    -■■*  ere 

■  i 
\sith  i  Union  loss  of  "i  killed  and  80  woui 
Skirmish    at      Rover,    Tenn.        Fought 
b 
and  an  I  tter  being 

il  is  killed  an  I 

Battle     Near     Klddletown,    Tenn. 

I 

in. 'lit  and  ■  Confederate  camp       The  camp  was 
Fitch  t    at     Brodyi  I  lie,    Tenn. 

under  General  fl  bout  800 

i     . 
latter  were  routed   and  driven   more  than  three 
miles,  some  of  them 

Skirmish  at    Eoglevllle,  Tenn. 
March  8,  1883,  betwi  ■ 

i"t army  mi  a  force  of I  ionfederates,  in  which 

the  latter  wei  •  i  ooted. 

Skirmish    Near  Thompson's   Station, 

Tenn.— Fought    Ha  between   7   regi- 

ry,  under 

■■■  in  ates, 

■ng  30,000  mi  m    Born.     <  Iver- 

come  tor   an    unequal 

le,   CoDurn  surrendered,  part  uf    hi 


mi  aid  escapli         ifelj        I  ■ 

led    and  ab 

led  and 
■ 
Battle    at    Unioavllle,    Tenn.      Foughl 
1883    bj    a    rorce   of    Unionists    under 
i  .... 

......  th  the  loss  ol 

wagons,  id  tents  and  about  I 

Hani*-  of  Fairfax,  \  a.     I        hi 

U   Btoughton,  with   i 

force,  and  a  band  of  i  Phe  latter 

igh  >  he  Unl 

lis  men. 
Flghl  at  Newborn,   N.  C.      Foughl  March 
ttackiug  furc< 
i  the  i  nlonlsts  who  hold  the  place.     The 
I iapi  ure  I  he 

Battle  at    Porl  Hudson,   I, a.     March  13. 

ISO  .  lodoroFarra  Heel  attempted 

the  Confederate  batteries,  but  only  ■*  pari 
nf  the  vi  toceeded     <  me    th 

.'.  ed. 

Battle  Near  Kelly's  Ford,  Va,  -March 

.    [oi  ce   ol    ■-'""    Union   c 
■    ed  th    Kappah 

i  ,  n  could  i1 1      che  ford  ai 
i  id,  notwithstanding  a   galling  Hre   from 
the   Confederate    rifle-pits     and     sharp  hootei 

upon    Hi     i  confederate    tnti em  bmenbs. 
killing  or  c  ipt  urln  --  nearly  the  enl  In    for©    oi 

i  hej  thei inti  red  a  bodj  ol 

under  Stuart,   with   w  bom 

they  ! t-to-hand  encounter  foi  Oi  e  bout   , 

i  outed     with 

i.  sit  of   them 
lers. 
Battle  at  Milton.  Tenn.     Foughl  March 

0  i  ..ni.  derates Lur  Wheeler 

123  mounted  Union!  il  .  under 
Colonel  Hall        Phe  w  ere    totally 

defe  ited,  u  ith   i 

Capture  of  Jacksonville,    Flo.     March 
■■,    i         the  i     ■  ■  were  driven  fi  om   i  be 

Battle     of    st,-«-i<-*»    Bayoa,    Miss. 

uj  ,  i  en  -'    1863    bel  ween  about    i  0 

1 1   Sherman's  dlvl  I i  1 1" 

I'm. mi  Dion   gunbo  its.     The 

■  ■  ntesl    resulted     In    I                       of    the 
Confederated   with  heavy  loss,  while  the  I  cists 

■  one  man,  who  was  kl 

Capture    of    Mount    Sterling,     Ky. 

i    .     i  [86       '    i I    Confed -.    under 

c  ipt  ured  Mount  Bterling. 

The  Brentwood,  Tenn..  Affair     March 

85     i   13,    Brent  ■■■ I    ■■    i     ■  ■■  ■    tpied    bj    1  '""it    900 

Unionists.     That  d  >  y  the  place  »  a    cap!  ired 
sacked  bj   i  bout  I  OOOt  lonfedi  i  atea  Undei  W 

I  ■ ■  Ql 

th  a  body  of  Union  i  |         led  them 

.   i  hi  Ir  spoils  and  pi  I 
In  th.    dJ  I  olumblo       Lbout  nine  miles 

from  Bn  ivertook  t  hem,  chat  ged  upon 

■ ■■    ind   'in i  Ing  1 1 1 1    mill 

The  Confederates  having  b 
i»\    Wheeler's  cava  !,SO0  ug,  t  Jlas  slowly 

■  1 1 head    in    d     foi      ■ 

miles,  when  the  '  ionfedi  rates 

h  i    e  Min.it.  ,i  .,i   ■ 

turn,  man (    i .  ambuls nee  .  etc.    Smith  did 

.i  in  hi  as  prisoner,  but    brought  away  11 

1 1 1 '  1 1 1  V  . 

Battle  of  Somerset.  Kv.     Fought  March 

■ 

:  ite  cav- 
battle  i '■-nit.  .i 
■   ■ 
i  Kentucky. 
Battle  near  Woodbury,  Tenn, 
m  force  undi  i  I 
M  i/.  ii.    and    800  rates,    undet 

smith     The  latter  wi  re  del  i  loss  "f 

i.,.i  see, 
i.  mules  and  was. 

Haiti*-    mar    Nashville,     IVnn. 

between  Qenei  J  Mil    I 

enc  impment  ol  '  kmfederab 
Mitchell   madi 

taking  8  prisoners  and  capturing  all  their 
arms,  tents,  horses  and  equi| 
\ii.m  u  on  Charleston,  B.  « 

c.irri lore   Dupont,    with  nun-   Union 

lI  i  acked  <  lharleston.     The  flght  con- 
tinued for  two  houi 

imter  and  Moultrie,  when  the  Union  Beet 
retired,  five  "f  the  vessels  b<  and  one 

the  Keokuk  lank  al  bet 

..   loss  wa    Ifl      >un  Led    i  fatally. 

Flsht  at  Franklin,  Tenn.— Foughl    Ipril 

■.■  under 
lorn,  and  tli<_-  Union   troops  occupying  the 


■  .   i .  i  uigei       Iftei 

■  i.l   pui 
sued  unl  ii  nightfall. 
Three    Battles  in   Louisiana      Iprillt, 

Ith  the  U 'I  1 1 ....] 

l  Berw  leb    al  the 

mouth  "i    the  Itchafolaya  rivet       I 
. 

Bayou  Teche  region    on   April    i>    Ifl  and   i.     b< 
■    | 

p   ■  i   . 

thali  ■  1 1 1  r  i  >    In   ■ 

.   roo 
Porter's  Fleel    Buns   Past  Flcksbnrg 

Iprll    17,  1883,  in  ded   in 

.  ■    |  . 
the  Confederal*     ■ 

Battle   of  Fayette vll I e.    Ark.     Foughl 

\|m  ,i  18,  1883,  i-t  m  en   :  •»>•>  i  nion  troo] p] 

Ing  party  of  i 
erates.  numbering  3,000,  v^iiii  four  cannon.     1 1"' 
;  ii.     w*  re  '•  pulsed,  the  Unionists  losing 
..  killed  and  il  wound 
Capture    of    a    Union    Steam-Ram  — 

1883,   the    t" n    ram,   Queen    ol     the 

West,  was  captured  by  the  Confederates,  in 
Orand  Lake,  La.,  with  her  commander,  Capi  i  n 
Fuller,  and  all  her  officers  and  crew,  numbering 
90.    The  eneral  Banks  c 

Lngton  and  *  m ii 

Haiti*-    at     Fairmont,  W.   Va.      Foughl 
Apni  30    i-';:.  i»-t vv.'.tt   tin    Union   forces,    under 

■  i  ■ id   i    mfederate  troops      Phe 

■  I    and  the  Ba  n 

at    in nt  and  <  Ibeal    >  Iver 

IV  Q  Up, 

Battle  al    Montleello,  Kv.    Foughl  Hay 

i  ■.,  tween  R.000  ' fnlon  troop 

ind  t  be  •  tonfedei  .it.'  forces ler  Pegram. 

The  latt*  r  ■■'  ere  drii  en  fr the  Held,  with  n  Io 

''nt  he     i  >••■■    1 1 
troop      under  M  n  maduke     ■•■■  ere  tli  Iven  out    "i 
■ii    ..'ii  i  I-',  i  in   i  nion  General  \  andever. 

Battle  of    Port    Gibson,   tClsa.     Foughl 

May  1,  188  :.  bet  »  -  en   the  united  i  nli  n  u w  of 

Q  i (J  rani  ■    ad    and    the   Con  fed 

I'D  ce   ler  '  leneral   Bowen       1  be  latter. 

aftei    i  severe  nght,  were  defeated  with  the  Io     oi 

i   ten  and  B  cannon, 

Grlerson'a  Bald  In  Rflsslsslppl    Colom  I 
b 8th Illinois r  hhls  own 

and  the  7th  [llinoua  cavalry .  BOO  Btrong,  ui  I 

□on,  -t.it  tei Irange  Tenn  ,  April  l 

t arch   ■ in  1 1  v  through  the  i i  i  ol 

sippl      Maj  -.'    :  , 

ing  1 1  aveled  nearh  B les  In  16  days, 

and  I  ivlng  pai  sed  through  11  count  les.      I    the) 
In  \     desti  oyed     i  onfeder  tte     raili  oad  . 
bridgeSi  cars,  locomotives  and  aton 
t.nik'lit  buccosi  lull  v  a  ■    eral  attempts  to 

capture  them,  and  broughl  Into  Baton  Rouge 
more  than  1,000  horses  and  ji  large  number  "t 
cattle,  b  ■  ilored  people  who  followed 

tin-in. 

Battle  of  Chancellorsvillei    Fa.  — The 

\  i  in-,    ..t    the  Potomac,    under   <  letters i   Hooker, 

■         ....   ■! 

crate     foi  I  Va., 

i  ipril  '.'.  and    i  I  >"■  ma  in  bods 

ol     t  he  Unii  >n  o  i  mj   ci  ■  ■--•  d   the  Kappaha  nm  n  h 

rivet    Ipril     '■  Ki  ford,  about    20  miles 

'  i" 

miles  west  of  that  stronghold,  al  Chancel lorsville, 
'i  tie  in. mi  battle    after  i  wo  da  ■     i  Irmlsh- 

i    place   Ms  j   "..  i  >  i  ■■'.  een  i  be  I  ioufederate 
■     and  Hookei 
The  Unionists,  In  this  battle,  were  di  feati  d      in 
the  meantime  the  Union  Qeneral  Sedgwick   bad 

crossed    t  be    Rappahi :k    rivei    and   pied 

i  i  ederick  ibui  -■  *  a     defea  ted    and 

ed  i"  retire.     Bool  ei     at  mj  >•  crossed  the 

■    on   the    night  ol     Haj  Hookei      ■■■•  hole 

effects  i  :  ■       In  all, 

8 10.     The  Union  1  ""  -12,000 

i.OOO  missing .  the  C lei 

;  .  lied  ind  wo ted. 

Stonemnn  In  Virginia.     Dm  Ing  the  battles 

-.1  .  'I  I      !  I     I-  ...I     HI. .11 

■  |  Stonem  m,  wit  h  al 

quantities   <-r 
i  ionfederati    provision 

I  bel    een  G isvilleand 

damaging   one 
.  other  railroad 
Capture  of  Alexandria.  La,     May  5,  [80S, 

Mil       t. 

Btrelght'a  Surrender     liter  effective  ser- 
vice :iini   hard 

1883,    Union    Col I   Btrelght,    «itli   i.Too 

■  pt  ured   by  the  i  onf<  derate  i 
under  Forn  Ua, 


BATTLES    I)L*KIN(r    THE    TIIIKIi    YEAR    OF    THK    LATE    civil    WAR. 


363 


Fltrht  on  the  Cumberland  River— Fought 
Mm   B,   1868,   between   Union   Kentucky  cavalry, 

under  Colonel  Jacobs,  and  ;H  'onfedei  ate  k'uei  nlla 

force,  near  Horseshoe  Bend,  Tenn,  Tin-  tatter 
were  defeated,  with  the  loss  of  a  number  killed, 
8  prisoners  and  the  destrueti I   their  camp. 

it.niii  at  Raymond,  Mi**.— Fought  May 
12,  1863,  between  a  Union  farce,  under  General 
McPherson,  of  Grant's  army,  and  two  divisions  of 
Confederates,  under  Gregg  ami  Walker.  After  a 
fierce  light  of  two  hours,  the  place  was  captured. 
tin-  Confederates  losing  1U3  killed,  720  wounded 
and  prisoners.  Union  loss,  69  killed,  ;fii  wounded, 
and  .i'j  missing. 

Battle  Xear  Jackxon,  Mitts.  —  Fought 
May   la,    1X63,    between    Grant's    Union    army    and 

Confederate  troops  under  Joseph  S.  Johnson, 
The  latter  was  defeated,  losing  the  town.  7  cannon, 

(an    prisoners,    and    large   quantities   of    military 

stores.    The  Statu  House  was  burned. 

FiKht  at  Linden,  Xenn.  -Fought  M.n   t: 

1863,  between  55  men  of  the  1st  TV •-.--•■.'  cavalry, 

under  Colonel  Breckenridge,  and  twice  that 
number  of  Confederates.  The  latter  were 
defeated,  with  the  loss  of  43  officers  and  privates, 

50  (I'"  *es  and  a  quantity  of  other  property. 

Hat  tie  at  Suffolk,  Va.— Fought  May  15, 
1863,  between  a  Confederate  detachment  and  a 
part}  "i  Unionists,  in  which  the  former  were 
defeated. 

Battle    Xear    Holly    Sprinc«,    Miss.  — 

Fought   May  15,   1863,   between    Faulkner      

federate  cavalry  and  a  Union  force,  the  former 
being  defeated. 

Battle  of  Baker's  Creek,  Mies.  — 
Fought  May  16,1863,  between  the  Confederates, 
under  General  Pemberton,  and  the  Union  army, 
undei  Genera]  Grant,  aboul  25,000  men  being 
engaged  on  each  side.  The  fight  ended  in  the 
defeat  of  the  Confederates,  who  lost  8,600  killed 
and  wounded,  2,000  prisoners  and  2y  cannon. 

Battle  of  Biir  Blaek  River,  Mi«s.— 
Fought  May  l?,  1863,  between  the  Confederates 
under  Pemberton  anil  Grant's  Union  army,  the 
former  being  again  defeated,  with  a  loss  of  2,600 
men  ami  17  cannon. 

Destruction  at  Austin,  Mis».-M.n  i 
1863,  I  lolonel  Ellet's  Union  marine  brigade  burned 
the  town,  which  had  been  occupied  by  the 
Confederates. 

A  Navy-Yard  Destroyed— May  25,  1863, 
the  Unionists  destroyed  the  Confederate  navy- 
yard  at  Yazoo  city,  Miss. 

Lonm  of  a  Union  Gunboat-May  28,  [863, 
in  an  encounter  betw een  the  Union  gunboat 
Cincinnati,  on  tin-  Mississippi  river,  ami  the 
Confederate  batteries  at  Vicksburg,  Miss. ,  the 
former  was  sunk,  >roin$r  down  with  llj  ing  colors. 
The  Union  loss  was  25  killed  and  wounded  and  15 
drowned. 

A  Raid  in  South  Carolina  — .Tunc  3,  1863, 
the  second  South  Carolina  Union  regiment 
(colored),  under  Colonel  Montgomery,  numbering 
200  men,  passed  up  tin-  Coosa  river,  landing  in 
full  view  of  two  Confederate  regiments,  who 
retreated.  Penetrating  25  miles  into  the  country, 
Montgomery  brought  away  725  negroes,  a  lot  of 
blooded  horses,  and  Other  property  belon^in^'  to 
the  Confederates,  valued  at  S600,ooo. 

Buttle  at  Triune,  Temi.  —  Fought  June 
li.  1863,  between  5,000  Confederate  cavalry  and 
two  batteries,  under  Forrest,  anda  Forceof  I  nion 
cavalry,  undei  Colonel  R,  B.  Mitchell.  The 
Confederates  were  defeated,  with  a  loss  of  21 
killed  and  70  others  wounded  and  taken  prisoners. 
Mitchell's  toss  was  0  killed. 

Sinking   of   a    Blockade-Runner  — Off 

Charleston,  June  11.   1863,   tiir  Confederate  i 

notorious  blockade-runner,  the  Herald,  wa  n.ii 
i.\   i  broadside  from  the  Union  blockading  fleet. 

Battle  of  Winchester,  Va.  Fought 
June  14,  1863,  between  about  7,000  Unionists,  under 
Mllroj ,  and  the  advance  of  Lee's  army  on  ii  a  ■■'■  I  j 
t-  Pennsylvania,  Besides  a  -mall  number  killed 
and  wounded,  Milroy  lost  4,000  prisoners,  about  30 

guns,  many  small  arm-,  and   300  WSgOnS, 

A  Xaval  Fight  —  Fought  June  k.  1863,  in 
Wilmington  waters,  off  tin1  coast  of  North 
Carolina,  between  the  Confederate  ram  Atlanta 
and  the  Union  war  vessel  Weehawken  com 
monded  by  Captain  John  Rodgers.  The  Atlanta 
w&ddeooyed  and  captured. 

Battle  Near  Aldie,  Va.— Fought    Inn.    17, 

ietween  Union  troops,   under  Colonel  Kd- 

patrick.  and  '.  regiments  of  Confederate  cavalry, 

ter    ritzhugh    Lee,    with    artillery.      Aftei    a 

desperate  h  tnd  to  hand  i  ncounter,  the  Confedei 
ni.'-  retreated,  leaving  100  prisoners  in  the  hands 

Of   the  Unionists. 

Second   Battle  or  Bis   Black    River, 

Miss.  -  Fought  .inn.'  23,1863,  between  ■>  Con 
fedei  ite  force,  under  Johnston,  and  a  division  of 
the  Union  army,  under  Osterhaus.  The  latter 
was  defeated. 


Fights  In  Tennewee  —  June  24.  [863,  the 
Union  general,  Rosecrans,  began  ins  advance 
1 1 . .ni  m  ii 1 1 1  eesboro,  Tenn.  On  tin-  same  day, 
Wi  I  lien's  brigade,  of  MeCook's  division  oi  the 
Union  army,  wrested  Liberty  Gap  from  the  Con- 
federates, sustaining  a  ios>  ■.!"  75  kilted  and 
wounded.  Next  day,  Willich,  Wilder  and  Cai*ter*a 
brigades  of  Rosecrans' armjj  defeated  a  division 
of  Confederates,  under  Claiborm  The  Unionists 
lost 40  killed  and  100  wounded;  the  Confederates, 
who  retreated  in  disordei  uffi  red  a  much  greater 
loss.  June  24,  1863,  Wilder's  mounted  Union 
brigade  captured  Hoover's  Gap  from  the  Con- 
federates,     His   loss  was  53   killed   and    wounded. 

June  26,  1863,  Wilder's  Union   brigade  destroyed 
the  Heche td  bridge  in  the  rear  of  the  Confi  lei 
general,  Bragg,  between  Tullahoma  and  Chatta 
nooga.       Other      fights      and      skirmishes      were 
features   in   this    nine    days'   campaign  by  the 

Unionists  under  Rosecrans,  whose  total  loss  was 
85  killed,  4ti2  wounded  and  13  missing.     The  Con 

trd.iiir-.lo-!  1,364    |ui  t>  and    U  cannon,  and 

were  expelled  from  Middle  Tennessee. 

Morgan's  Raid**  —  June  27.  1863,  John 
Morgan,  with  2, 500  Confederate  guerrillas  ami  4 
cannon,  began  araid  in  Kentucky  On  tie-  3d  "i 
July,  a  sharp  fight  occurred  between  them  and  a 

rec itering  party  of  Unionist.--  under  Captain 

Carter.  The  captain  was  killed,  his  men 
retreated,  and  Morgan  occupied  Columbia.  On 
the    1th    of    .Inly,    Morgan    loiiu'ht    -jilu    Unionists. 

under  Colonel  Moore,  at  Tebb's  Bi  nd,  •"  i  n 

river,  Ky.  For  four  hours  the  battle  raged,  when 
Morgan  was  repulsed  and  retreated,  leaving  his 
dead  on  the  field.  At  Lebanon,  Morgan  captured 
300  Union  militia,  robbed  and  paroled  them. 
Morgan  then  raided  Southern  Ohio  and  Indiana. 
u  Corydon,  Ind..  in  a  fight,  Morgan  had  2  men 
killed  "and  7  wounded,  while  the  opposing 
Unionists  lost  15  killed  and  wounded.  There  and 
at  other  places  large  amounts  of  merchandise 
and  horses  were  seized  by  the  raiders,  money  was 
extorted  as  a  ransom  for  property,  and  their 
ope  rat  ions  created  general  excitement.  In  the 
meantime,  a  pursuit  by  armed  men  to  capture 
Morgan  was  vigorously  prosecuted.  At  Buffing- 
ton's   island,  in   the  Ohio  river,  July   19,  Morgan 

enc itered  a  force  of  Unionists  under  Gem  ral 

Judan,   Lieutenant   O'Neil   (of    the   5th    Indiana 

cavalry),  and  two  gunboats,  and   a   bloody   battle 

ensued",  which  resulted  in  the  utter  rout  and 
dispersion  of  Morgan's  band.  They  left  behind 
them  about  1,000  prisoners,  all  their  artillery,  and 
large  quantities  of  stolen  plunder.  John  Morgan 
and  .>uii  of  his  men  escaped,  but  weir  hotly  pur- 
sued by  General  Shackleford,  of  the  Union  army, 
and  oil  July  26,  at  West  point.  Ohio,  Morgan, 
finding  himself  surrounded  by  a  superior  force, 
unconditionally  surrendered,  his  band  ha%  in:.' 
been  slain,  dispersed  or  captured. 

Battle  of  Grey's  Gap,  Tenn.  — Fought 
June  30,  1868,  between  Union  cavalry  and  Infant  ro- 
under Stanley  and  Granger  and  a  force  oi  Con 
federate  cavalrj  and  infantry.    Tin-  latter  were 

driven    from    point    to    point.    tlOtlj    pursued,   and 

many  of  them  were  killed,  drowned  and  » led 

in  their  flight.    The  capture  of  Shetbyville.Tenn. , 

by  the  Union  i -.is.  with  a  large  number  o  I  pris jrs 

and  a  quantity  of  arms  and  commissary  stores, 
\\  ere  i  he  results  ^\'  tins  days  work. 

Capture  of  Tullahoma,  Tenn.— July  1. 
1863,  Mir  Unionists  under  Brannon,  Negley  and 
Sheridan  occupied  Tulhihoina,  which  the  Con- 
federates  had  evacuated   on    the  previous  night. 

Tin-.  ».is  one  step  in  the  campaign  which  drove 
the  Confederates  from  Middle  Tenm si 

Battle  of  Gettysburg,  Pa.— Fought  July 
l-:i,  1863,  between  the  invading  Confederate  army 
under  General  K.   E.  Lee,  and  the  Union 

the  Potomac  underGeneral  Meade.     The    i. 

engaged  or  near  at  hand,  July  2,  were  about  equal, 
each  numbering  between  70,000  to  80,000  Infantry 
and  artillery.  The  battle,  one  of  the  mosi  ten  ible 
oi  the  war,  resulted  in  the  defeat  oi  the  Confeder- 
ates, their  compulsory  evacuation  of  Pennsylvania 
and  Maryland,  their  «  tthdrawal  from  i  he  \  i 
the  Shenandoah,  and    heavy  lo^se-.  a-  follows; 

5.000  killed.  -ja.iHm  wounded  left  on  the  field,  B, 

prisoners,  Sci a  and  U  battle  flags;  24, 978  small 

arms  were  collected  on  the  battle  Held.     Thel  ni  >n 

(OSS    was    'J.SIU    killed,    13,713    wound. -d.    lin..i    -;.i.|.'. 

missing. 
Battle  at  Helena,    Ark.-Foucrht  July  4. 

1863,  bel  ween  about  4,000  0 ists,  undei 

pi  mi  i--.  and   7,600  I  tonfederates  undei 

lloime-,  the  latter  being  defeated  with  thi 

.,i   i,;.  killed,  681  wounded,  and  776  missing.     The 

Union     loss     did    not     exceed    250    ill    kin 

wounded. 
Stir  render  of  Vickthurtr.  BIlSS. 

'■■  -hi  ins  siege  ol  Vicksbui  g.  Ma}  11 
cutlngit  with  greal  rigoruntil  July*,  1863,  when 
Pemberton,   the  Confederate  General  occupying 
ih.'  place,  surrendered   to   the  Union  arnn    27,000 

pi  i  jonei  -    132  cannon   and    60,1 stand  ol   ai  in 

Thus  the  Mississippi  river  was  opened  to  the  Gulf 

of   Me\  [CO, 


Battle    of    Port    Hndaon«    La.— General 

I  nlouanm  invested  Port  Hudson  In  May, 
1863,    the    pi.o  ,     being  fori  I  fled     and 

di  fended    bj     a    rorce    ol     federal  -    under 

General  Gardner.    Three  Impi  Its  were 

modi    ii| this  stroi  ind  ami  water, 

Maj   '■   ■' LI  and   which    ome  ol  the  l*on 

federate  works  were  captured,  but  the  Unionists 
were  on  both  laj  repulsed  h  ith  tin  lo  sol  about 
3,000  men      Thi  mtinued  until    | 

when  Gardner  capitulated  (owing  to  the  surrender 
oi    \  icksburg),  ami    oi,    the   9th    of  J     \     I  i 
Genera]    Banks  entered    the    town     tal  8.408 

prisoners  2  steamers  31  cannon,  and  a  quantity 
of  miii li  arras . 

Draft  Riots  at  the  Worth.— From  July  13 
to  16,  1863,  New  York,  Boston  and  other  Northern 

cities,  wen   the    ■■■ I  riots  In  opposition  to  the 

drafting  ol  soldiers  for  the  Union  army.  In  New 
York  mobs  hi  id  possession  ol  the  city  for  three 

days;   the  drafting  office  ■   «  ere  de lis]  i 

the  buildings  burned.     \  cc  ■  asylum 

was  pillaged  a  nd  but  rn  d  d<  i»  n.     < 

frequent  between  the  authorities  and  thi 

and  inan\  |..  i   on     were  killed.     These  n 

the  city  more  than  $1  600  000  for  losses  by  them. 

Battle  at    Jackson,   Kiss,        lughf  July 
i . .  1863,  bet  w  een  t  he  i  fnion    in 
and  the  Confederates  under  Johnston      The  result 
occupation  oi   the  city  by  Sherman,  the 
capture  of  a  forge  quantity  of  stores.  40 
i  m  i     nid  the  rolling  stock  of  three  railroads. 

Capture  of  Natchez,  Miss. 

I;  in-. en     ..n.l     Q      part  JT  Of    1  'lH"Ii; 

tured  tin-,  city  from  the  Confed*  :  iking  a 

large  quantity  of   ammunitioi     I  I  i  inni  n,  2  000 

Battle  of  Elk  Creek,  Ark.—  Fought  July 

17,    1863,    betwei  n   2  ■  General 

Blunt,  and    5.) nfi  derates     und<  i     i 

Cooper     The  latter  were  defeated,  with  the  loss 

ol    184  men.      The  Unionists  lost  10  men. 

Union    Co V airy    In     North    Carolina  - 
July  20,  1863,  the  cavalrj  expedition  sent  out  by 

thi   i  n  General   Postet    attacked  thi   I 

ton  &  Weldon   railroad  at   Rock}   M 
the  long  bridge  ovei  Tar  river,  tore  up  two  miles 
of   track,   de  troj  ed    i  he   depot,   a    large  i  otton 
factory,  a  ninplj  train  and  S.000  bol 
belonging  to  thi  Confedera  tes. 

Battle  at  \V.vthe\ille.  Va. -Fought  July 

20.  1863,  betwei       l 

Tolland,  ol  the  4th  Ohio  mounted  infanl  rj  .  and  a 
i  lonfedi  rate    '■  ted,  at  ter  a   severe 

conflict .  In  the  defeat   ol    the  <  ton  I 
burning  of  the  town,  the  sel 
si. uid  >>i  ai  ms  and   120  pi  Isonei  -      The  I  ion  feder- 
ates atSO   lost    Ta  men   killed  ami   many  w< 

The  Unionists  lost  65  Id  ed  and  wounded, 
including  among  the  former  Colonel  Tolland. 

Bombardment   itf  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Julj    22     1863      Colonel    Wdder.    ■ 
army,  shelled  Chattan  idcrable 

agitation  an g  lt«  Confederate  occupants,  but 

w  n  noul  definite  results. 

Recapture   in  Louisiana 
the  Union  gunboat  Sachem  recaptured  Brasbear 
city  1 1  oni  the  i  tonfedi  i  i 

Battle     Xear     Manassas     (Sup,     Va.  — 
Fought  .1'ilv  23    1863,  bi  I  ■■■  ■  enJ  ts,  under 

Splnol  n     nil    tboul   I 
Federate  troop-  from  Georgia  and  v 

The  latter  u  .  ■  i  i-d. 

Battle  In  the  Southwest   -Fought 

1863,  bet  ween  KJl  I  to  i  on's   Unl   n  I  ii   N(  «  Mes  ico 
regimenl    and    d     part;    ol     Navajos,    i 
Canby.     The  Ind 

Kentucky       Invaded  —  The     Confi 
re-im  aded  Kentuckj  .  Julj   23,  1863      Julj 
the  i  nionl  its  in  that  State,  commanded  bj  i 
Sanders,  completely  routed  the  Conn 
undei    Si  '  am,   and  martial  law  was 

Battle      at      Culpcper,      Va.        Fought 

Augusi     .'.    1863     between    Union    cavsdrj 
id  Confederal 

The   bailie  Was    indrei-Lve.   but    100  pn-mn>  were 

taken  b>  the  Unionists. 
Battle  €,i"  Grenada,  Mii».    Fought  17th of 

AUgUSi  a    '   Union  expedition   -ellt   out 

i  neral    Hurlbut,   under   Lieutenant-Colonel 

Phillips,  of  the  »th  Ellin   >    mounted  Inl  mtry,  and 

0  men  under  i 
Slimmer, who  ■■■  a  ida.      The  Confeder- 

i  tacking 
,■  i  hej  lied  In  eonl  usion,  leai  Inu 
an    Immense   quantity  el    ordnance  and 
i  with    the   depot,    the    machine-shop,   the 

■ 
.  ■    were  de  troyed  bj  I  i<  '  nionists. 
The   War   In    4.rkansos— August 
the  Union  fore* 

1,1 .ii'  ■ 

■  oi  per,   in  the  Indian  Territory,  and  con 

the  latfc  i  eat  to  Red  river.    On  the  same 


364 


BATTLES    DURING    THE    FOURTH    YEAH    OF    THE    I. All.    mil,    \\A1 


day,  Union  cavalry  under  Colonel  Woodson,  suo- 

.  *    attacked   i afedei  ate  guer< 

.   ■  |.i  hi  |ng  the  Conf< 

atin     i.'H     i In 
the  '-"'i  h  itearmj  undei 

General    Price,  then   In    Irkanaa 

I  i  ■  |  thi  i  nion  fore*     1 1 1 1  ■  1 1  i  i  ■ 

'Mi.-  same  daj  .  Steele  -  adi  .hut.  undi  i    Qi 

ler  M; H  in. i 

.ink.',  onl  the  Arkansas 

i*  ptember  I,  1863,  i n  al  Blunt  di  fe  ited 

itew  uiiiiiM'  i  'uoper  and  I  label),  and 
■  i   Fori   Smith,    \  rk       I  hi      ami    das    the 
i  lonfeder  ttes  ei  a<  uated  i  il  I  le  Rock,  and  I  teneral 
Steele  occupied  it  September  10,  I  Ml 

(tnantrell'a  It.iiii    a  ioi Confederate 

guerrilla*,    nu  I     coll)  cted     Li 

lp  ol  Quantrell. 
they  urn 

Eusksd    the    to*  n    ol    Law  rence,    In 
1 189  buildings  i"  the 
ground,  desti  i  000  ol  pi  opei  I  j  .  killed 

it.    persons,     Including     helpless     women      md 
children  I  »91  citizens,  man]  ol  them 

mortally,    S t  afterwards,  the  guerrilla    oaring 

mixed  i  force,  com* 
manded  by  General  James  H.  Lane,  and  pursued 
the     marauders    to   Grand    River,    Ho      There, 

when  attacked,  the  murderers  dispersed  In  i  u 

directions,  but  abonl  80  ol  them  wen  slain. 

*  *>  ■  n  i»  .i  i  Inn  of  Knnxvllli',  'IViiii.  —  The 
Confedi  net .  i  <  acuated  Knox- 

villi-,  leaving  behind  ;i  considerable  auantitj   of 
quartermaster's     stores,     with     other 

fironerty,  and  General  Burnside,  with  bis  Union 
orce.  occupied  the  place  September  3,  1808,  to  the 
delight  of  the  Inhabit 

Buttle  at   NuMiir  lily,   Tt\ii< 
Septembei  B,  1863,  betwei  "  the  <  Confederate  force 
occupying th<  <■(  the  town  and  the 

my  corps  under  i  leneral  Franklin, 
with  *    Onion    gunboatt       Tin     light    we     quite 
■i  i  he  repulse  ol  1 I"  '  olonj  I  ■ 
and  the  loss  ol  t  ol  tbelr  gunboats. 

Affairs  at  Chattanooga,  Tenn,  Ifter 
the  battle  ol  Stone  river,  at  the  beginning  ol  1869 
the    Confederate   army    under   Bragg    occupied 


Chattanooga.    Septembers,  1863,  when  Ro 

and  bl    i  arm]  approached!  the  Confederated 

aband d  thi  placi    and,  on  the  9th,  ( 'rittenden's 

)    OCCUpll  'In  B 

j    having    I"- in  forced     i>\     Loni 

l  i..  drive  the   '  Dion!  ts  oul   ol  I  hatta- 
nooga.  w  bile  Row  ci  ana  attempt)  d  to  foi 

i  "Hi'  del  >'<■-  1 1  "in  theii   thire  itening  i 

thai     rlctnitj        rhe    n    ull    wa      thi     bat 
i  !hickaniauga, 

Altalro    al    Cumberland    Gap,    Ti-nn. 
Thi*  narrow  pass,  which    eparab     I 

1 1  nu.  ■■  i  e    undbecai mp nt  point  during 

i  be  civil  wai  upled  early  In  the  i lest  by 

1 1,.     Confederates,    I  hen    bj    thi     Unloi I 

again  bj    the  federates.      Septembei    B    I  0 

Bui  aside's    Onion  arm]    re  ipl  ured    It. 
with  ■-'  000  nil- n  and  m  cannon,  fr ■  •    ■ 

III:' 

Battle  Of  <  lil«  kamaii«a.  Trim.      Fought 

s.  pb  ruber  IB  and  20,  1863,  between  aboul 
Confederates,  undei    Bragg,  «ii"  began  the  con 

teal I    about    i0    I  n     oloiei      besides 

co  v  Jry,    under    R<  >seci  an         '  be    cavali 
aboul  10,000  "i  Bragg**  Lnfantrj   were  noi     bow 
ever,  long  In  the  action      w  the  close  ol  the  Hrsl 

day  hot  ii  armlet  occupied  oe  urly  I  i"     po  Ition 

il.;.!  they  did  In  the  morning.  The  battle  occupied 
the  whole  "i  both  days,  and  resulted  In  defeat 
and  the  retreal  "t  the  Unionists  to  Cnatta 

The  '  i  loss  was  l.6*i  killed,  8,268  wounded, 

and  i  "'i  i  I"  i- -      i  In  '  kmfederate  lo 

mated  ^  not  fax  from  18,000  men. 

A   Cavalry    Defeat    Confederate  - 
under  Wheeler,    which   i'"i    come  north  of   the 
■  ■    i  iv  er    foi    i  he    purpo  e   of   opei  ating 

.■>».•  dnst     Rosecrans1    I  nion    a  rmj      i  i nten  a 

U ii    forces   October   B,    1863,   a)    Farmlngton, 

3  enn.  .  and  near  Shelbj  i  Ule,  k>  . ,  and  was 
di  i"  ated,  with  con&lderable  loss,  al  both  points. 

Battle  of  Missionary   Rldge,  Teun.— 

i ;.  Ti"  i  .i  i     i  in. in. i  -,    who  buci  eeded    Rosa  rans    In 

c nand  <'t    the    I  nion    army,  was    practically 

besieged  b3  the  i  lonfi  derates   it  I  lhatti ga.     A 

battle  was  fought   Novembers!    83  md  86,  1863,  at 

i  in     point,  between  aboul  * I  olonl  ts,  under 

i.  in  ii  i.  who  had  partially  raised  the  siege  and  re 


1  the  garrison   and  aboul  50  <»"»  Confedi  r 
atec  undei   Bragg.     The  tatter's  arm)   occupied 

■l  rang  position  tta  noo|  n    on  i knit 

i,  i  f  \   ridge  on 

■ i      Hooker,  with  10  000  I  i wenl  to 

it  mountain  to  assail  the  <  bnfederati    left 

siiiini  hi  Sheridan,  and  other  i  nlonc anders, 

.'    sveral  dh  talons,  Btoi  mi.  d  and  can  led 

the    "  onfederi doubU  .  ai  did   Book"  i 

on  Li  <okout  mountain.  The  « lonfi  del  ah  Ui  d 
from  a  galling  Are  from  theii    own  cannon,  and 

forousTy  pursued.    The  1       were 

■  ■'.    kiili  >i     i    ■■"."    H I I'  .i      tnd    ■  0 g,      The 

idi  rati    !■■      In  killed  and  w ded  did  not . 

pi  obablj  .  .-,.  ■  Bd  i  000;  but  thej  lo  I  8,  L48 
prhtonen  10  cannon,  and  7,000  stand  "f  small 
anna  This  battle  i  nded  the  wai  In  rennessee  for 
ii  year. 

The   Stornalng  of  Knox vl  He,   Tenn. 

Tinii-i  Instructions  from  mp<  rioi  oflli  i  i  Ui  neral 
Urn  aside   prt  pai  ed    foi    b    vigorou     defei 

Knoxville.     The  bch i  dh  I  armj 

corps   undei    General    Julius  White,  and    other 

i !>        n  "  -     i"     do  opei  ate     with     Bui 

November  14,  1863,  s  Bghl  occurred  In  the  i  icinlty 

between  General  White's  command  and fedei 

»!■■■•  on  Hulls  hill,  In  which  the  Confederates 
were  dislodged  with  considerable  loss  on  both 
sidee.  November  16.  another  Bevcreflght  occurred 
near  Knoxvlile,  between  the  83rd  and  8th  army 
corps,  with  artillery,  and  a  Confederate  force  al 
Campbell's  station,  but  the  Unionists  were  obliged 

to  retreat,  which  they  did  in  g I  order,  although 

hotly  pursued.  On  tne  17th  a  close  uli  gi  ol  Knox 
i  iii.  I-  gan,  which  terminated,  Novembei  88,  In  an 
attempt  ol  the  I  onfedei  ati    tocarrj  the  foi  tIAca 

tlons   by  Btorm,   c landed    by  General   Long- 

Btreet.  The  assault,  however,  was  repulsed  with 
bo  much  vigor,  that  In  connection  with  the 
ii.  teal  "'I  Bragg  al  Iffl  tslonary  Ridge,  I  he  I  on 
federates  deemed  it  advisable  to  raise  the  siege. 
Longstrcet,  therefore,  retreated,  followed  by 
Burnslde's  forces,  while  another  army,  under 
Foster,  started  from  Cumberland  Gap  to  cut  off 

their  retreat.    The  nurabei  ol  f  nlsts  engaged 

in  i  in-  [egi  »  b  ■■  about  18,000  .  their  loss  h  as  (ess 
1 1:  i  n  .ii  .  the  loss  of  the  attacking  party  we  about 
wiu. 


BATTLES  OF  THE  FOURTH  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR. 


Battle* Near  Newborn,  \.  <*.    February 

i.  1864,  .i  <  onfi  del  it)    foro    i  I    it    15,000, 

attacked  s  small  number  of  Onion  troops,  under 
General  Palmer,  ;ii  Bachelor's  creek,  an  outpo  I 
of  thu  Unionists  al  Newborn     The  latter,  finding 

od  order, 
with  only  ■'  Blight   1"--.  aUhougb  the  fight   was 
i  infedep 

atee.     Next  morning  ■>  <  .onfederate  force  In  boat 
i  the  Onion  gunboal   Underwriter,  which 
■   1 1  struggle,  cap 
.■  i  » ill.  about  one-third  of  hi  i 
near  alien  and  pari  ■■!  the  crew  "i  the  gunboat, 
rose  up  against  the  crew  of  the  Confederate  barge 
thai  was  carrying  them  off,  overcame  them  and 
rescued  the  commander  and  crew,  bringing  them 
safely  into  port. 

Battle  at    S(e\  e.i*t>uric.  To, 

bruarj    B     1864,   between   thi    lecond  and 
. 
Sedgwick,  and  a  Coi 

Uts  withdrew,  having  lost  800  men  In  killed  and 
wounded. 
Sherman's   ICald  In   MI«»1«nI|>i>1     Febru 
en<  iii  Sherman,  with  n 

1    d  f rom  Big  Bl ■  ■  i  ■  1 1  .  i 

r.i ill    through    tin-  Confederate   State   of 

Mississippi,  returning  to  Vies  i.  1864. 

..  thi  re  w  i  ■  B    hai  p  sklrml  h 

with  a)  orce,  resulting  Ins  i  nion  loss 

of  18  killed  and  ed,  and    ich  Is  rger 

one  "ii  '  i"  pa  rt  of  the  Confederal  I  i  mton 
Sberman's  troops  captured  artillery,  ammunition 
and  pri 

in  were  visited,  «itii  some  opposition,  but 
with  l"  ; ea      11  Meridian  i he 

Union!  ts  remained  ring  Con- 

lildfugs, 
the  arsenal,  hotels,  etc,     i  M  hei   p  i 
the  Unionists  were  Enterprise   uarion   Quitman, 
Hillsboro,    LsjJce    statl    n 
Lauderdale  springs.     At    these    places    i 
property,  machine  shops,  lumber  and  Hour  nulls 
.    skirmish    oc- 
curred, in  which  the  Confedi 
with  the  loss  of  5  killed  and  three  p 
expedition    marched    more  than  *,NI  mil) 
days,  liberated  10,000  slaves,  and  brought  awaj  an 

Immense unl  i  ii  i tj       I  he  •■  ii  Imab 

of  the   Unionists  during  this  raid   wen 
killed  and  wounded  and  aboul  100  prisoners.    The 
in  killed  and  wounded   were 
considered    much   larger,   and    In  deserters   and 

■i.-il  al  i ■■■  1 1  ■ 

Eseape   of  Vnlon    PrUoni'f 
9,  1864,  a  large  number  of  Union  pi  i 


from  the  Confederate  Llbbj  prisnn,  u  ij  ihuhkI 
■ 

Battle  of  Plymouth,  \.  C.    Foughl  Feb- 

.    L864,  between  aboul  10,000  Confedi 

■  Ii  m  iii     H     !■      Hoke,    and    about     1.1 

undei   I  ■■  M.i  1 1    w  essel,  ^  ii supled 

Fort  Williams,  one  of  the  defense!  ol  Plyi 

Six  times  the  Confederates  assaulted  this  strong 

bold  witl t  capturing  it,  but  on  the  roui 

after  fighting  bui   times    his  own  foro 
gave  hi  ind  Burrendered. 

Battle  of  Olaatee.  Pla.  Foughl  February 
80  [864  between  ■■  '  nion  force  ol  aboul  i.  iOO 
Infanti  j  and  100  cai  0  cannon,  under 

"  lenei  bj  Seymoui .  and  an  estimated  Conf<      i  i 

i under   i  leni  ral   I  Innegln    "i    3  i I  he 

.   nail  in. in  ■    and  resulted 

In  i  he  retreat  ol  thi    Un 1st     before  s     uperloi 

I'M nion  i"      "  ||IMl  men, 

tinltton  hnd  wagon  trains. 

.   oul  1,000  men. 
\    Bald  on  Richmond,  Fa.     Febi 
1864,, a  Ui      a  cs  en  pedition,  under  <  lenei  a  I 

Kllpatrlck,    started     I the    armj     of     the 

ate    Union   prle i     at    Rich 

in. .mi  ...     everal    *ki jlhes.   Mo rch  I,  1864, 

Kllpatrlck    withdrew     ti  om    I  be     raid 
destroyed     n     large     amount     of     Confederati 

nit]     l  !ol il    '  Ii  Ic  1 1 

had  i  oramand  ot  a  bi  ancb  expedition  ol 

cai  dry  ii herdl  ectl   n    which  also  desti*oyed 

li r  ol   propertj     but  on  the  1 1 

Ua  i  en    in  -   ■-■  immand    rel  i    Into    :i     <  font  ■ 
ambush,  and  be  lost  his  life,  an  i  n  large  number 
■  ; .  taken  prison 
Capture  of  Fori  •!«*  Ruaaey,  La.     March 
16   1864    i  large  Union  1 

..i    Smith's    !■■  ■  med   this 

foi  ml  lable   fort  1 1  sa  ot    thi     ■  The 

vet)  ran  >ut  sturdy  fight, 

I  thi    fort,  .  .i  l.i.  i  .-I .    i     ... 
re)a  .>t  powdei  pply  ol  army  stoi 

ammunition,  with  323  prisoners. 
Surrender    of    ETnlon     City,    Tenn. 

(federate  force 
■ 
who  occupied  the  place.     The  latter  repulsed  the 
attacking   party   several    times,    bul    al    length 
Burrendi 
llsittle    at     I'udueali,    K\.     I"    ntrl 
■     ■ 
Buford,    Harris    and    Thompson,    and    I  h 
tllinol  ii  lei  G.    Hid 

numbei  i 

■   .  .    .  . 


and  repelled  several  attacks  and  refused  to  sur- 

rendei      Three  i e  attacks  were  then  made  on 

■    i  ui  were  repulsed  with  heavy  loss)    i  id 
time,  Thompson  being  killed      The  "  ionfi 
r ,  i  ii  i,i   next   daj  .  hai  ing   juffi  red  an  estimated 

■    I  00      i    wounded. 

The  Union  los    was  \t  kfiied  and  46  wounded. 

Battles    In    Arkansas-  Han  i 

-in. ,11     i  in. .ii     i. irce,    i rom    Row  ci ans* 
marched  from  Pine  "'nit.  Ark.,  !<■  Mount    i  lbs 
and  Longview,  on  the  Washita  river,  destroying 
al    tiit-  latter  place  several  pontoon  bridges,  86 
i.  ..ui.  .1  v.  ui,..  i  .  hi  equtpagi 

i mi  tlon,     stores,    e  tc ,    and    capturi  i 

farcfa     :"     1864,    tin-.    I  nion    force 

encountered    1,800    Confederates    al    Monticello, 

routing  them,  capturing  a  large  quantity  ol  arms, 

ind  300  horses  and  mules,  and  losing  but 

16  men  during  Un-  expedition. 

Battle    of    Natchitoches,    I.u.       i 

UarchSl,  1864,  between  a  cavalrj  divis under 

Lee,  ol  Qi  nei  o  I  Ba  nks1  Dnii  m  b  rmy,  a  nd 

federate  force  under  Tityi.n,  istim  ,i.  .i    ,\    u 

al  ter  b  bi  Lsb  but  brief  skirmish  thi  i  ederat) 

were  completely  routed,  with  a  loss  <>t  601  B  killed 
and  wounded  and  26  prisoners.    The  Unionist    lo  I 

ii 

Battle  ol'  Crump's    Hill,    I, a.      Fought 

1     US    1864,  bet? brl    ides  ol  D i p 

under  Lee,  and  a  bod]  ol  Confederates  The 
fonnei  raadi  i  charge  « bicn  caused  thi  i  ■  m 
federate  to  retn  it  and  the  Unionists  pui  ued 
i  ling  and  wounding  a  number, 
rhe  Confederates  made  a  stand,  however,  and  a 
m  ho  '  duration  an  iui  d  Then 
the  Confederati  n  ited.     \  number  of 

prlsonei  he  1  rnionists- 

Fiirhi  Near  Pleaaanl  Hill,  La.— Foughl 
i  r.i  between  the  cavalry  of  Banks  and 
sun  ill's  Union  armies  and  aboul  8,000  Confederate 
cavalry  under  Green.  II  flrsl  II  ".-!-.  a  running 
Oght,  but  t  * i *-  i  Confederates  being  reinl 
i  olonel  Haral  Robinson,  of  Lo   ■    I  nion  i 

dashed  upon  them  with  so  much  vigor 

...  )n|.|..  .i  and  driven  fi  om 

d      This  engagemi  nt  I  i  ted  two  and  b  ha  n 

on  each  side  were  estimated 

:tt  4n  killed  and  woundi  d.     Robinson  pursued  the 

retreating    enemy    until    the    lattei    reached    ■ 

Buperii  0  (      He  t  ben  retired. 

Battle  Near  Sabine  <'rn»»  Road«, 
La  Foughl  April  B,  1884,  between  tin-  advance 
of   General   Banks' Union   army,   ondei    Gi    ■ 

.  ...I    from    18,000   to    - '  •><>»   <  tonfi  d 
under  Kirby  Smith.   Dick   Taylor,   Green,    Price 


and  llouton.  The  Unionists  were  repulsed  on 
that  day,  but  on  the  next,  after  a  severe  conflict, 
the  Confederatea  were  defeated,  2,000  oi  them 
throwing  away  their  arms  during  their  flight. 

Mm    !■■  ■■■•  's  in  killed  and  wounded  were  very  heuvy. 
being  estimated  at  2.000  on  each  side.    Tin    Con- 
e    General    Bfouton    was     >iain,  and    too 
Confederate  prisoners  were  captured. 

Battle  of  Fort  Pillow,  Tenn. -The 
Unionists  occupied  the  garrison  with  L9  officers, 
276  white    infantry  and  262  colored    infantry,    a 

:-..  ,1  inn  ,,1  h_-!it  .u  1 1 II.-  iv  m -..lured),  and  1  battalion 
..I  white  cavalry,  the  whole  being  commanded  by 
Major  Booth.  On  April  12.  1864.  the  Confederates 
under  Forrest  attacked  the  fort,  but  by  the  aid  of 
a  gunboat  thev  were  kept  at  bay   by  the  garrison. 

Major  Booth  was  killed,  and  Major  Bradford  took 

t mand  of  the  beleaguered  fort      a  demand  to 

surrender  from  Forrest  was  refused  by  Bradford. 
New  and  commanding  positions  having  been 
gained  by  the  Confederates,  their  attack  was 
resumed. "and  they  soon  carried  the  fort.  No 
quarter  was  shown  to  its  inmates,  either  black  or 

white,  male  or  female,  and  even  children  were 
slain  by  the  invaders.  Thus  the  Unionists  were 
destroyed 

Gunboat  Battle**  in  Xorth  Carolina- 
April  i;  and  is.  ism.  at  Plymouth,  N.  C,  the 
Confederate  ironclad  ram  Albemarle,  with  the 
aid  of   a  battery,   destroyed  2   Union   gunboats. 

On  May  5,  1864,  an  effort  was  made  by  Union  gun- 
boats  to  destroy  the  Albemarle,  but  the  attempt 
failed.  October  27,  1864.  Lieutenant  Cushing,  of 
the  Union  navy,  succeeded  with  a  torpedo  in 
blowing  this  formidable  craft  to  pieces,  narrowly 
escaping  his  own  destruction. 

Rattle**  of  the  Wilderness,  Va.- May  4, 

1864.  General  Grant,  commanding  the  Union 
army  of  the  Potomac,  about  130,000  ^rong,  crossed 
the  I;  1 1  mi. in  river  into  the  ■ '  wilderness"  of 
Virginia,  to  dislodge  the  Confederate  General 
Lee  and  his  60.000  troops  from  their  position 
between  the  Unionists  and  the  Confederate 
capital  As  Giant  advanced,  Lee  prepared  for 
a  stubborn  contest.  From  May  5  to  May  31 
there  was  fought  a  terrible  series  of  battles, 
unprecedented  in  American  annals  for  their 
sanguinary  results.  During  those  27  bloody  days 
various  fortunes  of  war  were  experienced  by 
both  armies,  and  closed,  leaving  Lee  on  the 
south  side  of  the  North  Anna  river,  and  the 
Union  force  on  the  shores  of  the  Pamunky  river. 
1  q<  1  ttion  losses  during  these  battles  were  5,584 
killed.  28,364  wounded,  and  7.450  missing— a  total 
of  41.398— which  does  not  include  the  losses  in 
Burnside'S  corps.  No  trustworthy  statement  of 
the  Confederate  losses  was  made,  but  they  are 
estimated  at  about  20,000. 

Butler's  Operation**  on  the  James 
River,  Va.  On  Maj  5,  1864,  General  Butler 
aion  force  started  from  fortress  Monroe, 
for  a  cruise  up  the  James  river  in  transports 
toward  Richmond,  destroying  railroads,  bridges, 
etc.  Occasional  skirmishes  were  had  with  Con- 
federates, and  on  the  16th  of  May  occurred 

The  Battle  of  Fort  Darlintr,  Va.  — 
Fought  between  Butler's  Union  army  and  a  force 
of  Confederates  under  Beauregard.  Butler's 
troops  were  forced  to  retire,  with  the  loss  of 
about  5.000  men,  mostly  prisoners,  and  several 
cannon.  The  tight  was  resumed  on  the  19th,  and 
after  a  short  conflict  the  Confederates  were 
repulsed.  Next  day  the  Confederates  drove  the 
Unionists  out  of  their  intrenchments.  Another 
fight  ensued,  and  the  Unionists  recovered  their 
rifle-pits. 

Second  Battle  of  Fori  Darlintr—  Fought 
Hay  21,  1864,  between  the  Unionists  under  Gil- 
more,  of  Butler's  army,  occupying  the  Intrench- 
ments,   and   a   large    fori i    (  Confederates   of 

Beauregard's  army,  who  advanced  upon  the  fort. 
Gilmore's  batteries  opened  upon  them  at  short 
range,  and  the  Beveral  tierce  charges  of  the 
Confederates    were    repulsed,    w  ith    heavy    loss. 

The  1  nlongui ate  also  assisted  in  shelling  the 

Confederates  during  this  battle. 

Battle  of  the  Kulp  House,  Va.— Fought 
Hay  88,  1864,  between  a  force  of  Confed 
under  Hood  and  Hooker,  and  Sehofleld's  divisions 
of  Sherman's  Union  army.  Hood  made  the 
attack,  but  was  repulsed  and  driven  oil",  leaving 
in-,  dead  and  wounded  on  the  field,  and  losing 
many  prisoners. 

Battle  of  Wilson's  Wharf,  Va.  — 
Fought  May  24,  1864,  between  a  brigade  ol  1  ■  □ 
federate  cavalry,  under  Fitxhugb  Lee  and  two 
regiments  of  negro  Union  troops,  under  General 

Wild,  who  occupit-d  i\  strong  position  On  the  north 

bank  of  the  James  river  Lee  demanded  the 
surrender  of  the  post,  which  was  refu  ed  \ 
sev<  it  conflict  followed  for  several  hours,  but  the 
Confederate    attempts    to    capture  the   position 

prove. I  fruitless,  and  they   finally   abandoned  the 

assault 
Battle   of   New    Hope    Church,    ©a.— 

Sherman's  Union  army,  in    pursuit  of  Johnston's 


Confederate  forces  in  Georgia,  after  several 
unimportant  skirmisho,  found  themselves  con 
fronted  with  the  Confederates  about  three  miles 
from  Dallas.  Ga.,  May  85,  1864.  after  ■  gi 
action  the  Confederates  were  driven  three  mllet 
and  into  their  inner  intrenchments. 

Battle      of     Powder     Spring*.     Ga.  — 

Fought  in  May.  1864,  between  McPherson's 
division  of  Sherman's  Union  army  and  a  con- 
siderable force  of  Confederates  of  Johnston's 
army.  After  a  -harp  engagement  the  hit  1. 
driven  toward  Marietta,  with  a  loss  of  2,500 
killed  and  wounded  deft  on  the  field  I,  and  about 
300  prisoners.  The  Union  losses  did  not,  it  is 
officially  stated,  exceed  300. 

Sherman's  Expedition  from  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.,  to  Atlanta,  Ga.  —  In  the 
spring  of  1864,  General  Sherman,  with  a  force  of 
100.000  Unionists  and  254  cannon,  aided  by 
Thorn  1-  McPherson  and  Schofleld, 
commanding  divisions,  started  to  march  from 
Chattanooga,  through  the  Confederates'  country, 
to  Atlanta.  Opposing  this  expedition  was  the 
Confederate  General  J.  E.  Johnston,  aided  by 
Hardee,  Hood,  and  Polk,  with  Wheeler's  cavalry, 
their  entire  force  numbering  about  60. 000  men, 
including  IO.OOO  cavalry  and  artillery.  The  Union 
expedition  began  its  operations  May  7,  1864,  anil 
closed  them  successfully  at  Atlanta,  Ga. ,  Sep 
tember  1,  of  the  same  year,  occupying  Dalton, 
May  8. 

Sheridan'n  Raid  In  Virginia— May  13, 
1864,  General  Sheridan,  with  his  Union  cavalry 
force,  reached  the  rear  of  Lee's  army,  near 
Hanover  junction,  breaking2  railroads,  capturing 
several  locomotives,  and  destroying  Lee-  depol 
for  supplies  at  Beaver  Dam,  containing  more  than 
1,000,000  rations. 

Battle  of  Resaca,  Ga.  —  Fought  May  15, 
1864,  between  General  Sherman's  Union  troops 
and  Johnston's  Confederate  army.  The  battle 
Lasted  two  days,  and  resulted  in  the  evacuation 
of  Resacabythe  Confederates  and  their  pursuit 
by  the  Unionists.  The  losses  were  estim  1 
3,600  killed  and  wounded,  including  among  the 
latter  Generals  Hooker,  WUlich,  Kilpatrick,  and 
Manson.  The  Confederates  lost,  it  is  estimated. 
2,000  killed  and  wounded,  including  3  general 
officers  reported  among  the  former,  several 
hundred  prisoners,  and  7  cannon. 

Second  Battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Va.  - 
Fought  June  3.  1864,  between  the  Union  army, 
under  Grant  and  Meade,  and  the  Confederate 
forces,  under  Lee  and  Longstreet.  Grant  had 
about  150.000.  and  Lee  about  50,000  men.  The 
fight  was  brief  but  desperate,  lasting  les^  than 
half  an  hour,  and  resulted  in  the  repulse  of  the 
Union  army  at  every  point.  Grant's  loss  in  killed, 
wounded  and  missing,  including  3  brtgadier-g.ini- 
al>  killed,  was  about  7,000  men.  Lee's  loss,  includ- 
ing one  general  officer,  was  less  than  half  that 
number. 

Battle  of  Pine  Mountain,  Ga.— Fought 
June  14.  1864,  between  a  bouy  of  Confederates, 
who  held  the  place,  and  a  force  of  Union  artillery 
under  Sherman.  During: this  fight  the  Confeder- 
ate Genera]  Leonidas  Polk  was  killed,  and  on  the 
next  day  the  stronghold  was  found  to  have  been 
abandoned,  the  Confederates  having  intrenched 
themselves  along  the  lines  of  hills  connecting 
Kenesaw  and  Lost  mountains,  this  line  was 
abandoned,  however,  on  the  17th.  Beinj.'  pi  1  -■  i 
by  the  Unionists  under  BfcPherson.  the  Confeder- 
ates took  to  Kenesaw  mountain  and  there  were 
strongly  intrenched. 

Sheridan *n  Raid  In  Virginia— June  7, 
i.si,  1.  1  General  Sheridan  and  a  Union  cavalry  tore* 
set  out  to  destroy  the  Confederate  railroa 
ing  from  Gordonsville.  On  the  Lltb,  at  Buck 
Childs*,  he  encountered  a  force  of  Confederate 
eai  dry,  whiofa  was  driven  back  and  outflanked 
The  result  was  a  complete  rout  "i  the  Confeder 
ales,  who    left    then-  dead  and    nearly  all    their 

inn  the  field,  besides  t  be  cs  pi  u  1 
officers,  500  men  and   300  thi   Unionists. 

About  live  miles  from  Gordonsville  the  Confeder 
ates  had  constructed   rifle-pits,  and  on    tl 
there  was    ica1  tin  engagement  ol  1  msiderable 
importance.     The  confedei  1  oily,  in- 

cluding Beveral   general  officers,     Sheride 

at. out   k;>  killed  and    iW  wounded.     The    raid   was 

successful. 

Morgan's  Second  Guerrilla    Bald—The 

i  !i  .in  edera  te  guei  rills  l  lenei  il  M  rgan 
Invaded  Kentucky  June  7,  1884  liter  pi  n 
Lexington  and  taking  Cynthiana,  he  was  attacked 
and  had  nearlj  all  his  force  captured  or  dispersed 
bj  Mi.  Union  Gem  ral  Burbrldge,  Bj  tin-  17th  of 
June.  Morgan  was  discomfited  and  his  raid  ended. 
Morgan'  ■  illj  endi  d  September 

■ 

A  verill'i      Bald      In      the      Shenandoah 
Valley,    Va.     June    16,    I8l 
w it ii  1  bodj  ' >t  Unioi 

Virginia  and  Bast  Tennessee  railroad.  In  order  to 
cut  otf  Lee's  communications  with  Richmond.    He 


succeeded  in  destroying  15  mllesol  tl 
burned  five  bri  u 

of  '  "lit'  pturedSOO  pri 

and  r.ii  ii"*  sea      His  1 

wounded,  and  14  missing/,  during  his  rugged  expe- 
dition of  3.V)  miles. 

Fir*t     Battle     at     Prl*-r»»Mirg,     Va.    - 
Fought  Jane  IS  and  16,  1S64.   between  th< 
federate  army   under  1  0,000  strong), 

which   occupied   the    I 

.tin. hi  100,00ft  a  -iii.-  ol  engagements  resnltea 
first  in  the  repulse  ol  the  Unionists  under  W,  P. 
smith,  and  subsequently  other  repulses,  which 
'■"-1  the  Union  army  a  loss  of   i.ioj   , 

wounded,    and    2.217    missing.      June   il,     l- 

attempt  was  made  by  the  Unionists 

Weldon    railroad,   which    cost    them    3.000  men. 
Afterwards  this  and  other  roads  were  seized  by 
them,  which  prevented  supplies  reachink'   Lee's 
army   at    Petersburg.     July   30,  1K64,  a    mini 
taining    8.000   pounds    of     powder  was  exploded 
under  a    Confederate  fort  at    Heter>burg  by  the 
Unionists.      The   effect    was    not  so   beneficial  as 
was  expected  by  tin-  Union! 
blown    into    an     Inaccessible    position, 
entrance  to  the  city   was  extremely  difficult  by 
that  route.      The  ConfedeiM  In    -h.il 

upon  the  attacking   party,  and  after   four   hours1 
ineffectual   assault   the  i " m ■  >m    forces  withdrew, 
having  lost  1,003  men  killed,  wounded  and  m 
while    the  Confederate    )■>>-    1-    -■■!    down 
than  1,000.    August  5.  the  Confederates  exploded 
a  mine  in  from  rps,  without    indict- 

ing   serious     injury,    and    considerable    fighting 
ensued,     Without    important    results    or    91 
losses  on  either  side. 

Rattle  of  Rood's  Hill,  Va.  -  Fought  in 
June.  iNd.  between  c  regiments  of  Unionists 
under  General  SIgeJ  ami  about  '..«<»>  Confederate 
infantry,  with  cavalry  and  artillery,  of  Brecken- 
ridge's  army.  1  ,tted  with  the 

about  600  killed,  wounded  and  missing,  and  5 
cannon. 

A  Naval  Victory  — June  19.  1864.  in  the 
French  port  of  Cherbourg,  the  famous  Con- 
federate   ocean-cruiser  Alabama,  commanded   by 

Raphael  Semmes,  was  defeated  and  sunk  m  the 
United  States  war-ship  Kearsarge,  comman 
Commodore  Winslow.    Semmes  escaped. 

Rattle**  of  Kenexnw  Mountain,  Oa.- 
Finding   the    Confederates    strongly     int  n 
upon    Kenesaw    mountain.  June  87, 
Sherman  ordered  his  Union  troops   to  attempt   to 
dislodge    them.      This  assault    was    participated 
in   by  McPherson,  Thomas,  Blair,   D 
and  other  division    commanders    of    thi 
army.     The  assault  was  well   made,  but  the  Con- 
federate intrenchments  could  not   !  1 
flank   movement  was  at  once  made,   with  such 
effect  thi!   early  on  the  morning  of  J0I3       1864 
tin'  Union  skirmishers  appeared  "ti  tin-  mountain 
above  the  Confederate  intrenchments,  which  had 
been  abandoned  on   the  previous    night      In   the 
i  June  27,  the  1  >1   from S, 000  to 

3,000  men. 

Rattle    of  Mooocaei    River,    Mil. 
the  9th  July,  1864,  an 

15,000  1  and    Ricketfs 

division  <■!    the  sixth  Union  army  corps,  under 
General  Wallace.    The  latter  were  outflaj 
forced  to  tall  back,  with   the  loss  of  about  1,200, 
including  about  BOO  pris 

Rattle  Near  Washington,  1>.  <  .     Fought 
Jul >  11.  1864,  .1  DOUl  5  D 
Union    troops,  under  Ken.  ral  Augur— a  brif 

I   Infantry— and  Confederate  skirmishers. 
The  forn  attacking  party.     ' 

i>  derati  leaving  about 

1  I    and  wounded  on  the  field.      The 
Union  ■•!  200. 

Battle  of  Peach-Tree  Creek.  Ga.— 
Fought    Jul  J    SO,    1S64.    bet"  een    Shn  inni 

■  Tate  forces  Under  Johnston. 

: ;        . 

conflict,  but  tin'  <  Confederates  were  driven  I 

I 

killed  and  over  1,000  wounded  "n  tl 
7  stand  of  colors  Their  entire 

estimated  al 
killed,  wounded  and  missing'. 

Battle  or  the   Howard   lloune,   Ga. 

i  1     between  the  Confederate 

armj  under  B !  (who  had  superseded  John -ton  1 

irmy.  t  lie  former  attacking 

iho  latter,    The  conflict  was  gen)  ral  and  stubborn 

Until       the       Colifed.  r  .  iv.      I.  |'lll>ed. 

Sherman's  loss,  including  the  death  of  G 
HcPherson,     w  tilled,    wounded    and 

■-.  it  is  estun.L: 
3.240  killed,  01 

Another  FIkIh  in  Pronl  of  A  Mania. 
Qa,       Fought   July   U,    18*4,    bet» 

army,  under  Hood,  and   a  portion   of 
Sherman's  Union  army,  under  Howard  an  : 
the  former  coining  oiit  oi  their  Atlanta  In 
ments  (■•  attack  the  latter.    This  bloody  conflici 
resulted  in  the  complete  repulse  of  the  attacking 


BATTLES    DURING    THE    FOURTH    YEAR   OF   THE    LATE    CIVIL    WAR. 


party,    with   »   loss   of     about    060    kit:- 

fn  4.300 
than  800  in  1  ■ ded  and  ml 

Battle  Near  Winchester,    \  .*■ 

■ 
I  hi. .11    Balds    iii  Ooorsrla    In  the  Latter 

ii,i y    i  -i,t.    i  )en<  i  ii    shi  rn 

■  ■ 

■    it.'    HUp 

is  ,iiv .  and  ■  leneral  Hd  took   «  Itb 
.  .  Jry,     Anoint  ■ 
i  mi. (i    ;  .  ndei  -i  m\  1 1  if.     in  making  a 

■  lit  upon  Audi 
encountered    i  mpei 

:  blsmen 
prisom  > 

■  ii  Stoneman  falling  I  ■  here,  be 

be  fell  in  with  a 
.   ■ 
Surrounding  M<<  look's  eomm 

Ding  hint   to 
out,  which  he  did  mtb  the  lo 
u.-  then  rel  urned  to  the  main  armj   >'    Mi 

.  id  was  -i  --ii 

<'hiimin-r«t»in .',    Pa,,    Plundered    ami 

Iturni'd    Jul]  inder  the 

<  !onfedi  i  iland,  entered  »  lham 

ItUens,    and    burned 

,    at    an   t-tini  ited 

•1,000,000. 

Battle  of  Kooretleld,  W.  \   »      ' 
August  under 

Averill  indab 

lei  being  defeated  with  the  loss  "f  all  the! 
i  prisoners,  many  wagons  and 

mountains, 

KiirniL'iit'-    Fleet    al     Mobile,     Ma- 
August    >.    ISM,   the   Union   Heel    commanded  by 

■    i  ■  tech  In 
■  t  \  1 1  v  blowing  1 1 1  •  ■  1 1 1 1  i  causl  ng  thi  i 

ni   Powell,  ("■!  mlttlng 

■'  bay.     I 

bad  been  sunk  bj  the  fori  batteries;  i  in-  C 

,.  v, •>-.-!    Tennessee    surrendered    after    a 
imander,   Buch- 
xii.mi    was  allied;  another  Confederate  vi 
■ 

Lgul  opened  flr the  Oon 

i  mi  the  8th  thin 
-  surrendered  by  Itsohlcer.    Aco-op< 
■ 

the   redaction  <>f   another  Confederate    fori    on 
Lugusi  ol  ..t  the 

m  trance  ..f  the  bay. 

Sheridan    In    tin*  Htu-nanihnth  Valley, 
V.i.     From  August  'J  t<.   the  loth    ISM    Genera] 
Iherid  in  -  Union  cs  ■■ 
if  miu-.-  or  less  severity  »itii   thi 
mdet  Early.     Slclrra  red  within   ten 

Sulphur  Springs  bridge, 
«  bereCustei  s  Union  cavalr)  were  repulsed;  near 
White   Post,  the  Conl  tli  Log  after  a  :i 

"■•  »  town,   which    Early  suc- 
ceeded in  holding;  near  Rtrasburg,  I 

and  the  Unionists  occupying  the  tow t   Berry- 

'■'■       ■ 
■apply 

iff  leveral   bundred 
and  beef  cati  Vugusi 

15,  1RM,  retin  town. 

Battle    ut     ii.  .  ,.    Bottom,    V:i. 
August  10,  1801,  betw<  .  -  an  I  .i 

superior    number   ol 
being  obliged   to  retii  e,  though 

Flic  hi*  on  thr  Weldon  Railroad,  Va., 

—August  l'    i  ■■ 

apon  this  road,  iti  order  t>-  cut  "ir  the  i 
but    were  driven   back 
A  sharp  I 
ground  retaken  and  fortified.     Next  day  the  fight 
i ml  tic  Union  line 

i 
the  tlst  the  Confederal  er  rigor- 

i  rora  the 
1  iul  w  ere  repulsed  «  Ith  ■   ■  ■ 

illy  in  compai 

Battle  of  Beam's  Station,  Fa. 

August  85    ISM    between   the   Union  corps  under 

■-;  and  .i  beai  | 
army,  the  latter  being  the  attacking  party.    Both 

Ithdrew 
from  R  I 

:t  ooo  men  killed,  wounded 
■    ■ 
■ 
the  Weldon  I    although    the 

i     by  the 
Union! 

Kllpatrlek's  Bald  in  Qeorsrta 
K U patrfck,  or  Sherman's  Union  army,  with  s.ooo 
cavalr.  ISM,  broke  the  truck  <»f  the 


near   Fairburn,   and    then 
struck  ii  ■  Here  be 

encouni  under 

■ 
Finding  him 
whelmed    by    numbers,    be    retre  tied, 
circuit   and  again   struck   i  be   road  -«'    i  ■■  ■ 

be  was  more  menaced  by  the 

Making  a  ch  «i  -.-•■  op 
turing  *  cannon  and  s   number  <>i    prisoners,  he 
■ 

Battle  or  Jonesborot  Oa,    Foaghl 

:;i    ISM,  between  ■>  t •■  under  Howard., 

man's  i'u army,  and  •»  hi  i  i  Jonfed- 

and  Lee's 

,,i.      The  confl  nenboro 

lasted  two  hou  i  ithdrew 

ir   I---,    .i-  oil 
i  epoi  led  '<■■  Hood    ■■■■  a  -  i  100   killed 
Union  lose  Ight.    ■  'ii  t he 

first  "f  Septemb 
Union  oavalrj ,   attacked  thi  i 

trying  their  fortiflcatloni   and  the 
outhward.    In 
nt  imi    the  Vi 

.  road. 
K:iiii>  i-   in    Qeorsrla,  Tennessee   and 
Kent  n<  u  >       The   <  !onfed< 
Wheeler,  after  breaking  the  Union 

.   n  -\  iii,-  and  ■  '.iiii.-iin. 

i    i  KM,    le d  ■    ndei  of 

then  occupied  bj  Ii  nlonists 

1  olonel  Lalbold.      1  b 

sharply    attacked     Lalbold       p 
but    the    latter    having    bo  forced     next 

morning,    wheeler    was    driven    <>ir. 

.  ■   ■    .    ■  . 

Union    h i'ii     i  other    rald<  i 

lole  were  driven  from  the  State  by  the 
i  nion  fi trees  under  ■  ■  isseau,  Steadros n 

and   Granger.      September    i     ISM     the 
i .   John    Moi  .■ 

i.\    ,i 
Union  force  under  '  leneral  Gllletn,  his  band  being 

(■'. i,    th« 
Confed<  and  too  of   bis  men 

i  pt  wed  at  '  Inent,  In  Kentucky. 

Miirri-nih-r    <>l"     \tl:intii,    Oa.- The    trrjifi*! 

Atlanta 
on  the  night  i .  ISM, 

■  net  <i   M i  and  his  forces 

i  ortiflcatlons      Efc  I  ire 
leaving  teven    trains   ol    cars  and 

■  i  otbei    propert)  cum,  of 

ipled 
,  me  t  in-  he  idauartera 
In  Georgia.     Hood  wnthdrew 
con. 
Battle   of    Winchester,    Vn.  —  Fought 
Septeml  i  heavy  forci 

I   hi  position  ii'n  i  Win  I 
and   Union  troops  under  Averill    and    si 
The  flghi  mtll  Ave  o'clock  In  the 

■ 

■  kl  lied, 
v..  nt  wounded,    and 

■"■ut  fi.000— 2.000  w. .uii  i 

nt    Winchester,  and  aboul  S,000  were 
tsvken  prisoners. 
Battle  of   Fisher's   Kill.   Va-  — Fought 

ISM     betwei  ■  Union 

armj  and  Eai  its  troops,   who  were 

bed  it  thai   point.     \  flanfc 
and    ■    general    cbs  i  federate 

impelled  the  latter  toi 

iilng  them  through 
the  nigh  tied  and 

.   ii.  ^  it  ii 

ln^  camp  equip  ige,  til    arms, 

■ 
:  m  li  of  September,  the  '  !onfi 
had  been  driven  from  the  Shenandoah  valley. 
Battle  <>t'  Pilot    Knob,    Mo. - 

•  ■•-iiiiiat<Kl  at 
,:i.    from    a i 
Septcmbei  I8M      raiding    the    country    with 

ntly  but    little   opposition.      On   " 

■  r  tcked  the  little  town  ••(  Pilot  Knob,  thi  d 

■  ii    brigade 

.;  t«d  ni  all  his  attempts  w  itb 
■    ■  ■  P  ■  ,       .         , 

■  In,  in  that  vlclnltj  up  his 
magazine  and  retired  i  in,  where 
be  i  nt  i '  closelj  pursued  him,  break- 
ing up  I 

vitb    little    I".-',    from   the  dangers  that 
mded  linn. 

Price     Defeated  the   month   of 

i  leneral    Price 
committed    various    depredations     In     HI 

■  i  forces 
when  <in 

the  Fori  Scott    Kas 

■    ■■ 
hi-  Generals  lastrtnaduke  and  *  febell,  with  a  large 
niimbtrof  their  men.  were  c-aptun-*!;  and  he  waa 


■ 
and  on   the  sSth  al    Nes  ton!  led  the 

.  of    Hlssourl.      l'i  i 

■    ■ 
.  led,  s  oundi  tl 
. 

1  •.  tl icertlons  <■>(  7,000  Union  i 

whose  t-tt.ii  losses  m  killed,  wounded  and  missing, 
:  i  :i50. 
Battle    tit'    ailatoona,  Oa,    On    the   Btfa 
ng    force    ol 

I 

"ith   .i   I"--   "i    2,000    n,    ! 

Union  Ic  I  ol  the  entire 

command     Gen  i  sraa  wounded    In   the 

Battle  of  Thorns'    Brook,   Va.-Fouicht 

ISM,  between 

ind  the  i  •■ii'' 

The  i.iti-  :  ted  and  di  n  en  twenl 

■ 
cannon,     The  Union  l<  ban  i"" 

Battle    of  Cedar   Creek,   Fa. 
October  10,  ISM,  between  Bhe  in  army 

i  be    beui  Liily    ahseol .    but     retui  nlng 

mfedei 

■  Bht  n  uidoah      The 
latter  were  the  attacking  party,  bat  their  assault 

by  the 
Unionist 

Dui  rn--  thi  ittlelt  Is 

est  Imated  thai  the  Unli  tl  - 

''. ■'!!  unba- 

lances, wagon  '  ire  the 

i    and    recaptured    the    fo  l,8M 

I  ■/.  ik'"ii-.  10,000 
ammunition,    I  rm       10  bati 

■ 

'i  killed,  a ounded     i 
i     lost  E  800,  Includli 
temporarily  missing,  and  a  I  el  of  "in 

Bui  the  victory,  though  gained   -it   heavy 
for        Unj  mists. 
I'.'.m i.:i i  .inn  >i i    anil  Captors  of  Plym- 
outh, \.  <'.    Commodore  H  icomb   with  I 
gunboats,    beg  i  Ing    the  I  !onf< 

Btronghi  ■■■*,  ism. 

tack   Is  ted   an)  II  the  31st,  ^^  hi  n  s  i  nlon 

■  ite   nugai  ■ 

■  ■  : i  the  Union  o imman  lei  i>>"k  pot> 
Ithout  i'u  ther  resli  I 
Sherman's    March    from    Atlanta    to 
Suva  ninth.  On.    On  the  1st  of  Nbvemb 

the  '  foni  under  H i  b 

and   10  <<••"  c  ■ 
About  thi-i  time  Sherman  arranged  the  dets 

pedltion    from    Atlanl 
througn  the  Confederate  State  ol  Georgia      The 
Union  army  for  this  enterprise  comprised  60.000 
infantry,  .r>..">tMi  cavalry,  anil  betwe< 

i  m  the  nth  of   November 
in«i    machine 
i  the  cltj  "f   I 

■■it  hull'  more 
than  thi  id  churches  "f  the  pi  i 

vlved  the  nun.        On  the  15th  of  November  the 
adi  ance  guard  of   the  expedition    left 

■  day  bj  the  hi.hu  .it my. 

It  ii  (tie     Near     Morrlatown,     Tens. 

■  .  ■  i ; 
Breckcnrldge,  with  n  Confed<      l>  tiroated 

at  3.000  strong  U  Glllem,  with   1,500 

Unionists  and  8  cannon,     The  latter  were  routed 

KveraJ   hundred  prisoners 

then  escaped,  srina  the  remainder  of  his 
force,  t«»  Knoxviiir. 

Battle  or  Hollow-Tree  «.»i».  Tenn.— 

bs  from  Franklin,  Thomas'  Union  i 
d's  retreating    i 
November  17,  i*<'-t    and  attacked  it   in   front  and 
--    *13    prisoners    and    three    battle- 
flags 
Another  Buttle   nt    Franklin,   fVnn. 

Frank- 
lin, i'u'  Johnsc  ion  army 
i   them  "H  the   Barpeth   river  bank,  and 

' 

turing  f  ii'- '  lonfederab 

■  ■  ■   Union- 
ists.     H l    was    -'lit     pursued    after    leaving 

Franklin    but  i 

with  but  Uttle  additional  lose. 
Battle   of  Oris  wo  Id  sil  le,    Ga— Fought 
:  chmenl  ••(  Kil- 
patrlck  on  Sherman's  army) 

withabl  ■  -i '  ry .  and    ;iin»ut  5,000 

Confederates,     mostly    militia,     with     some     ol 
i    were  th<-  attacking 
i  rh»-  tiu'lit  was  brief  b 

t  i   ■ 
left  more  tharSOOof  their  dead  on 
lost   more  than  *,<xm  m  wounded   and   prl 
■ii  loss  was  abcut  to  killed  ami  worn 


BATTLES    DURING    THE    FIFTH    YEAR    OF    THE    LATE    CIVIL    WAR. 


36"! 


Occupation  of  IWllledgeville,  the  Cap- 
ital   of    Georgia  —  Sherman's    Union    array 

occupied  Mllledgeville,  November  23.  I86i.  The 
Confederate  legislature,  in  session  there,  hastily 
adjourned,  and  the  citizens  were  panic-stricken 
The  Unionists  burned  the  magazines,  arsenals, 
depot-buildings,  various  factories,  store-houses, 
containing  large  amounts  ol'  Confederate  public 
property,  and  about  1  100  bales Ol  cotton.  Private 
property  was  everywhere    respected.    Railroads 

were  generally  torn  up  and  destroyed. 
Capture    of      Fort     McAllister,    near 

Savannah,  6a.  -  The  tori  ivaa  manned  by 
about  200  men.  Confederate  infantry  and  artillery, 
and  lay  in  Sherman's  way  to  the  objective  point 
of  his  expedition,  thecityof  Savannah.  Decem- 
ber 13,  1864,  the  fori  was  carried,  in  a  single 
assault  by  nine  regimentsof  Unionists.  On  the 
same  day  Sherman  was  enabled  to  communicate 
with  the  Union  naval  squadron  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Ogeecii.  i-  nv.-r.  under  Admiral  Dahlgren  and 
Genei  al  Foster. 

Capture  of  Savannah,  Ga.-A  demand 
from  the  Union  General  Sherman  upon  the  Con • 
federate  General  Hardee,  who  then  occupied 
Savannah,  for  t lie  surrenderor  t  In-  city  .  No\  ember 
17.  1864,  was  refused,  Sherman,  therefore,  pre- 
pared to  carry  the  place  by  a  military  and  naval 
assault.  Hardee,  recognizing  the  exigencies  of 
the  times,  evacuated  the  city  on  the  night  of 
November  20,  first  destroying  the  Confederate  war 
vessels  in  the  harbor;  and  thus  Sherman's  expe- 
dition successfully  terminated.  Hardee's  com- 
mand moved  toward  Charleston,  S.  C- 

Rexult*  of  Sherman's  Expedition  from 
Atlanta  to  Savannah  —Sherman's  Union 
army  brought  with  them  to  Savannah  pi, mm 
slaves,  more  than  [,000  prisoners.  ISO  cannon,  13 
locomotives  in  good  order.  190  railroad  cai 
very  large  supply  of  ammunition  and  other  war 
material,  three  steamers  and  82,000  bales  of  cot- 
ton, besides  achieving  national  benefits  growing 
out  of  the  success  of  his  expedition. 

Hood  in  Tennessee  and  Alabama— The 
Confederate  General  Hood,  who  had  retired  before 
Sherman's  Union  army  to  Gaylesville.  in  North- 
eastern Alabama,  visited  Jacksonville,  and  theme 
proceeded  northwesterly  toward  the  Tennessee 
river,  watched  by  the  Union  forces  under  General 
Thomas.  The  Confederate  troops  began  their 
northward  march  about  November  20,  1864,  ap- 
proaching Pulaski,  Tenn.  At  this  point.  General 
Schofield  and  General  A.  J.  Smith  concentrated 
their  Union  forces,  on  learning  of  Hood's  ap- 
proach.    The  latter  moved  directly  upon  Gaynes- 


boro,  thus  flanking  Schofield.  who  fell  back  to 
Coin  ml ua,  and  being  pursued  by  Hood,  ret  i  <  .<  '■  i 
to  Franklin. 

Battle  of  Spring  him,  Tenn.  H  I, 
uiTh  his  Confederate  army,  attacked  Schofii  Id's 
Union  cavalry  NovemberW,  is6i.  A  tight  ensued, 
in  which  Schofield  lost  less  than  300  men,  and  then 
he  retreated  to  Franklin,  18  miles  from  n  ishvllle. 
Here  he  formed  his  lines  in  a  strong  position  and 
prepared  for  a  battle  with  Hood. 

Battle  of  Franklin,  Tenn.  —  Fought 
November  30,  1864,  between  Schofteld's  Union 
force,  consisting  of  two  army  divisions,  com 
i  by  Generals  Stanley  and  Cox,  and  two 
corps  of  Hood's  Confederate  array,  under 
Gi  til  ill      I'  e    and     Cheatham.      The     tight     was 

extre ly  hot,  the  Confederates  making  repeated 

upon  the  Union  batteries:  but  the  Con- 
federates were  finally  repulsed,  and  Schofield  was 

reinforced  by  General  Smith's ps.     The  i  n 

lOSf  was  18D  killed.  1,03a  wounded,  and  t.lOi 
missing.  Hood's  loss  was  1.750  killed,  3,800 
w  ounded,  and  702  taken  prisoners. 

Skirmish  at  Overall's    Creek,  Tenn. 

Foughl     I ember    4,    1&G4,     at    the    blockhouse, 

occupied  byaUnion  force  and  Bates  division  of 
Cheatham't  Confederate  corps,  the  latter  atl  u  i 
in-  the  (■'liner,  and  using  artillery.  The  Union 
i  leneral  Milroy  coming  up  with  infantry,  cavalry 
ami  artillery,  attacked  the  Confederates  and 
drovt  i  hem  off. 

Battle  Near  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.  — 
Fought  December  ii.  6.  and  7,  1864.  Genei  ' 
lu  and  about  8,000  Unionists  were  occupy- 
in-'  Fortress  Uosecrans,  and  were  approached  bj 
two  divisions  of  Lee  and  Cheatham's  Com 
corps,  with  2,300  of  Forrest's  Coni 
cavalry.  The  Confederates  hesitating  to  attack 
the  fort  General  Milroy,  with  seven  regiments  of 
Union  infantry,  was  sent  out  to  engage  them. 
He  i  ound  them  a  short  distance  off,  posted  behind 
rail  breastworks,  a  fight  ensued,  in  which  the 
Confederates  were  routed,  with  the  loss  oi  50 
killed,  175  wounded,  207  prisoners,  and  two  cannon. 
On  the  same  day  Buford's  Confederate  cavalry 
entered  Murfreesboro  and  shelled  it,  but  were 
speedily  driven  out  by  a  regiment  of  Union 
infantry  and  a  section  of  artillery- 

A  Union  Raid  in  Virginia  — By  orders 
from  General  Grant,  December  6,  1864.  a  I  nion 
force  of  20,000  men,  with  22  cannon,  pro 
down  the  line  of  the  Weldon  railroad,  with 
instructions  to  destroy  the  road  and  penetrate  the 
enemy's  country,  capturing  such   points  andsup- 


plle    a    mould  come  In  their  way,     The      i  ■ 

was  had,  bul   the  expedil which  was  absent  < 

H  '■<■!■     was    mainly  succe  ssful       Bora 

:  lie  in!  n  c  lot!  -  of  the  Union 
Ists  did  not  exceed  100  men.     They  destroyed  3  rail- 
road   bridges,    IS  mile.,  ,,f   track,  burned 
Court-house,  and  broo  prisoners. 

Battle  of  Nashville,  Tena.— Fought  ■>*■■ 
cember  IS  and  10,  1864   between  General  Thorn**, 
with  tour-  corps  of  Union   Infantry  andWilscn'3 
cavalry,  dismounted,  aided  by  a  division  i  I 
Admiral   Lee's  Mississippi   u<-  ron,  and 

il L's  concentrated  armyoi  Confederates.    The 

first  day's  fight  resulted  in  driving  the  Co 

ates  from  their  intrenchmentt  :  abiut 

800   killed   and  wounded,  1,01  ana  *6 

ins.    The  Onii 
BOO  killed  and  wounded.     The  atl  ick  w  as  i  en< 
by  the  Unionists   next   mornJ  d's      -w 

position,  and    resulted 

complete    rout    of    th<    i  Dnfed   rates,   suffenug 
severe  I  —  ea      AH  theii   di  id  and   ■     in  led  were 
left  on  the  Held  of  battle,     Ti, 
in  the  two  days1  conto  il     footed  up  abo 
killed    ami    wounded.   4,482    prisoners    capturrd, 
including  287  officer!     i3  cannon  1 

■  ni.i:i  arms.    The  Confederates  were  pursued. 

Stoneman'e  Raid  in  Virginia  -Decern!. ei 
15,  1864,  Generals  Stonei  tu  bridge  of  the 

["nion   army  in  Tenni  it   to  Glade's 

Spring,  W.  va. .  destroying  <  ■■  ■ 

Abingdon,  and  mining 

that  region.    This  movement  severed  the  <  I 

erate  communication  between  Rich nd  and  Cast 

Tennessee,    and    deprived    the   Confedei 
important  public  property. 

The  Fla*h  at  Fort  FUher,  >.  C-  In 
December,  1864,  an  expedil i..u  was  fitted onl  under 
the  Union  Generals  Butler  and  Weitsel  and  the 
North    Atlantic  naval    ftquadi  Idmiral 

Porter,  to  break    up  the  Confederate   blockade- 
runner's  depot  at  Wilmington    N.  G     fl  prellmJ 
nary  explosion,  Decemher  S3   1864,  bavlnf    failed 
to  reduce  the  fort  to  splinters,  the  fleet  attacked 
it  next  day.     Five  hours'  cannonading,   resisted 
by  the  Confederate  garrison,  resulted  In  b 
up  two  magazines  within  the  incloaureand 
it  on   fire   in   several     place-,       Decembe     25   the 
n-.sault    was    renewed    on    sea    and    shore    bj     the 
Union  forces,  but  General  Weitzel  reportini 
a  reconnoissanoe,  that  it  would  be  inexpedient  to 
carry  the  fori   by  assaull    the  attempt  was  aban- 
doned, leaving  the  fort  substantially  uninjured, 
and  the  expedition  retired. 


BATTLES    OF    THE    FIFTH    YEAR    OF    THE    WAR. 


Battle  at  Beverly,  W.  Va.— Fought  Jan- 
uary 11,  lSlia.  between  a  Union  force  occupyingthe 
town  and  Confedei  ate  troops  under  General 
Rosser.  The  former  wen-  defeated,  the  latter 
capturing  the  town  and  a  large  portion  of  the 
force  defending  it- 
Capture  of  Fort  Fl*her,  N.  C— The  Union 
assault  upon  Fort  Fisher,  the  formidable  Confed- 
erate stronghold  at  Wilmington,  N.  C,  mounting 
72  great  guns,  was  resumed  January  13.  1865,  by 
about   8,000    Union    troops    under    General    Terry, 

with  Admiral  Porter's  fleet  and  l.ooo  or  more 
marines— a  Confederate  force  of  2.S00  men  occu- 
pying  the  fort.  The  Heel  began  the  bombardment 
of  the  fort  on  that  day,  and  in  the  afternoon  of 
the  15th  the  Union  soldiers,  with  the  sailors  and 
marines,  attacked  the  fort  by  land  and  sea.  At  4 
o'clock  one-half  of  the  fort  had  been  captured. 
That  evening  reinforcements  ot  Union  soldiers 
arrived,  and  the  Confederate  defense  sin-rendered. 
The  fighting  had  been  very  si  v<  re  Ol  the  gar- 
rison, 217  were  killed  or  wounded,  besides  the 
force  surrendered.  The  Union  loss  was  about 
1,000.  besides  which  were  200  men  killed  or 
wounded  on  the  next  day  by  the  accidental  blow- 
ing up  of  a  magazine 

Fight  at  Fort  Anderson,  X.  C.  —  Fort 
Anderson,  one  of  the  defenses  of  the  mouth  of 
Cape  Fear  river,  near  Wilmington,  defended  by 
about  6,000  Confederates,  under  General  Hoke, 
strongly  Intrenched,   was  attacked.  January   18, 

ISC,:,,  bv  SJMM)  Union  soldiers  ,,f  i'uv's  division. 
under  "General  Schofield,  and  Admiral  Porter, 
with    14  gunboats  and    a    monitor.      A    heavy    the 

from  the  fleet  and  the  operations  oi  the  i  ind 
force  continued  during  the  day,  and  before  d  > 
lighl  on  the  19th  the  Confederates  evacuated  the 
fort  The  i  ionfederate  loss  wn  -  12  c  innon,  a 
quantity  of  ammunition,  and  about  B0  prisoners. 
The  Unionists  lost  3  killed  and  r  wounded  in  the 
fleet,  and  less  than  60  killed  and  wounded  in  the 

skirmishes  of  the  land  forces 

Skirmishes     on    Town    ("reek,    Sff.    <'. 
Fought  JanuarySO,   1865,   between  a  Confederate 
force  m  rifle  pits  and  I  nion  troops  under  Terry. 
The  latter    lost    io  killed  and  1"    wounded,    but 
drove  the  Confederates  inside  their  works,      a 


similar  Union  force  soon  afterwards  charged  upon 
some  Confederates  in  the  same  vicinity  They 
were  met  with  grape  and  canister.  Another 
charge  was  then  made  by  the  Union  soldiers,  and 
the  Confederates  were  routed,  with  the  loss  Oi  ' 
cannon  and  373  prisoners,  the  rest  escaping.  The 
Union  loss  was  about  30. 

Evacuation    of    Wilmington,   N.     C.  — 

January  21.  1865,  finding  themselves   bi  '    i 

with  a  heavy  Union  force   the  I  onfederates  pre- 

Eared  to  evacuate  Wilmington.     That  night  thej 
u rued  {heir  war  material    and   stores,   about  1   000 

il  cotton.  i5,( barrels  of  resin,  extensive 

cotton  -beds  and  presses,  an  unfinished  iron  cl  id, 
three  team-mills,  three  large  turpentine  fac 
tories,  with  wharves,  railroad  bridges  and  other 
property  and  moved  out.  At  daylight  on  the 
Hd,  the  Union  troops  under  Generals  Terry  and 
Cox  occupied  the  city,  taking  about  700  pi  i 
and    capturing    a    large    amount    of    Confederate 

pi  opertj 

sinariian'-.  March  to  Wilmington, 
N.  C.«  from  Savannah,  ©a-— January  13, 
L86S  Sherman's  Union  advance  corps  lefi 
Beaufort,  N    C     On  the  15th  a  skirmish  occurred 

with     a     Confederate      force     OH      the     Charleston 

rail i    for    I  he   possession    of   a    Confedei  ate 

pontoon  and  trestle  bridge.  The  Unionists  suc- 
ceeded In  saving  the  bridge  from   being  burned 

and  dr,,\ r  the  i  ionfederates.     The  UnJ 

was  about  50  killed  and  wounded.  January  I'.i, 
the     march      of     the      main     Union     arms 

Bai  o  ii    under  Shei  man,  '-  a  i  n      By  a  system 

of   feints  the  Unionists  misled  the  Coaled. 
to    their    intentions.       At    the    Salfcehatchil 

Mower  and  Smith's  divisions  captured    i 

rrom  thi  Confederate  force  which  held  it.  losing 

IS    killed    and    70    wounded    in    the    Struggll 

ruarj  18  the  Confederates  surrendered  the  city  ol 

Columbia.     S      C    .     to    Colonel    Stone     Ol    the    "<lli 

tows  Infantry.  The  Confederate  soldiers  set  Bros 
in  the  city,  l,l,!  t!i:i1  night  the  city  was  burned, 
and  within  two  or  three  days  afterwards  the 
arsenal  railroad  depots,  and  tracks,  machine 
shops  foundries,  etc.,  were  destroyed  by  the 
i  nlonlsts  March  B,  Wade  Hampton's 
federate     troops     surprised      KilpatricV         ■■■■<■ 


-  rescuing  their  JectMvdised 
,..,  mp  equipage,  ai  I  Ulei  j  b  nd  hoi  si  ■  ind  di  iving 
off  the  Unionists.  March  l.'ii  the  Unionists 
spent  In  destroying  all  the  I  nd  much 

valuable  military  and  public  property      H 
the  Confederates  under  Hoki  captured  two  Union 
regiments,     commanded     bv     Colonel     Upham, 
securing  over  1.000  prisoners      March   13 
i  ionfederate  force  foughl   I  !ox'     I  i 
but  the  latter  w.-i,-  the  victors,  driving  off  Soke, 
who    left   his  killed  and   wounded  on    h<    field, 

losing  about  200  prisoner-. 

Battle*  at  Fort  Stcadu&n  and 
Hatcher**  Run,  Va.  —  Fought  February  a 
and  :.  1865.  between  the  Sd,  6th  and  ■ 

Grant's 
army  in  Virginia  and  Lee  -  army. 

Steadman  ipied  by  the  nth   New  York 

Union  heavy  artillery,   was  carried  by  the  Con- 

.  g  at  the  outset,  and  its  puns  wore  I 
against  the    Unionists.     The    Coni 
■ 

man  and  Port  Haskell,  and  with  thei light  the 

i  nion  1 i  oops.     They  failed,  h 

Union  Fori  Haskell        \  '  >  emendou  ■  can 

followed,     the       Union      1. alien,-       b 

Fort  Steadman  » Ith  so  mm 
,,.,  .    .■  | :.     ,    .■  ,.    erat     i  etreated,  ftrsl  I 

and  then  out  ol  It,  leaving  all  the  guns 

c  Lptured      \   lat  pe  p  n !  I'  n  ol  the 

esc  iplns  ■  Lptured. 

al    this  point    «  a-    estimated 

i  i,,   i  a  on  foi  ■■■  -  on  the  left  tin  n  i 

■ 
which  were  swept  right  and  left,  resulting 
n,  the  captu  nl    900  prisoners.     Another 

attack     by    the    Unionists,    rcconnottenn _- 

Hatcher's  Run,  resulted  In  drii  ing  In  anoth 
rederate  picket  line,  with  thecaptureof  70  more 
i  s,     Subsequently  th<  rallied 

k.  d  thej6th  ..i 

The    tltrht    was    (tevert      and     eon- 

tinned  until  dark  and  even  Into  the  night,  hut  the 
Unioni-ts    were    the    victors,      The 

ses  in  both  battles  were  set  down 
,,,,.,,     1,883   l  ■     Unionists     lost    171 

1,230  wounded,  and  983 missing. 


368 


A    FEW    OF   THE    WELL-KNOWN    OFF7CEK8    IN    THE    I'IMI.    WAR. 


K\  in  Million  ..t    <  hiirli-.l  on.  B.  f.      Febru- 
ary 18,  U 

copied  by  the  Union 
Gllmore,     a   large  amount  •■!   valuable 
Deluding  6,000  '■ 
cotton,     Ammunition  stored  In  the  rallro 

i.   uid    tn. hi*    Uvea    « ere    lost 
Gllmore   displayed   the  Ann  iver  the 

ruin-  ..I    Port   Bumtar. 

Sheridan**    Miircli   ThrOOJgh   lh«*    Shen- 
andoah \'aiit->.  Vu.     General  Sheridan,  with 

ft  V  u ,  1 

■  ■  pedltJon  was  |  i 
Unguis!  ■ 

Bhei  iiiiin'*  < !aptni i"  Early's  Army. 

in-  H  Wt  i  di  *boi  o,  Va.,  9herld  in  I 
i  nil  .ii  i  ■  ii  .'•■  enci  luntereu  I  be  I  N  ml  edera  te    undei 
Phe  latter  Bred  one  i  ollej  ,  w  ben  i  ■ 

meed  upon  them.     The  i  Ion 
■ 
surrounded  them,  capturing  81  Confederate  offi- 
cers, i  165  enlisted  men   13  nags,  5  cannon,  more 

ind  about  i<h'  ■    i 
and  ambu   uices      I  bi      idea  Immediately 

pursued  the  ReetngC  destroying  the 

i    with  their  artillery 
and  other  captured  Nexl  day  the 

-.-nt  to  Winchester      Ln  attempt 
i    Rosser 
icceeded  In  in-  being  beaten  "tr.  with  the 
81  more  prisoners.     March  26,  ISM,  Sheri- 
dan arrived  at  City  Point,  \  i  .  baring  made    i 
most  Buccessful  r:iij.     His  total  losses  were  i  oflV 
cere  and  about  50  men    In  killed,  wounded  and 

Rattle     of     .\vpr.v»l>oro,    V.    i\     Fought 

bI  ween     Fonr     divisions     <>r 

tan's  Union  army,  under  Oeneral   Slocum, 

and    about    20,000   Confederates    under    Bardee. 

re  action  1  be  latter  rel  i  ■ 
10#  of  his  dead  on  the  Held.     The  Union  lose  was 
:;  killed,  177  wounded  and  uo  prisoners. 

Battle*  near  Benton*  nie,  \.  C.    Fought 

... 

iiinj-  and  Johnst  .     army. 


tter   were  deft  i 
Including    867    killed  1,886  The 

im  in  killed,  wounded  and   missing,  was 

- 1, ••im. in  ii""  bad  possession 

N     I  '.     B  ■ 

Skirmish  on   the  Quaker  Road).  \   ■ 

Poughi    ' 

1  olon  51  ii  -  ■■!  p     '.'•  Ith  3  battel  les, 1  s 

rt<  nl  ol  Lee's  <  ton  federate  army.     After  ■ 

■   p  oonhici .  'i red 

.  in.  thej  ii..\  in 
i  ■..     i  nion     Lou    w  i 
woundi  d  and  missing,     i  bal  nlghl    nnd<  i 
i  !orifedi  ■  ■  Union  9th  corp    losl 

.']     IIH    II 

Skirmish  mi  the  Boydton   Komi,  Va.— 

bei i  Herriti      coi  pa  ol 

■   Federate  Infant  ■  f 

and  cai  alrj       inoi  her    marl     kli  mish  occurred 
between  detachments  <>t  the  same  armies  on  the 
I  the  total  UnJ  e  some- 

thing less  than  200  men. 

\  Federal  Repulae    Pi reding  along  the 

March   II, 

•n.. n  advance  and  Sheridan's  Union 

■  .  ncountei  ed 

ales,  who  stubbornly  resisted  the  Fed)  ral  advance 

mfllct,  »  hich  resulted  In  the 

repul t  the  Unionists,  »  ll  I  om  8.600 

to  3,000  men.     Between   300  and   600  Conf 
prlsonei  iptured       Subsequently,   under 

the  tir<-  >>f  the  rn i- hi  battt  rieSi  the  Confederates 
withdrew. 
Battle  of  Fire  loik..  Vn.     Poughi  April 
between    a    i  ifederate 

•  rmj   in  i  tin .  i  i.  infantr}    and 

four  "f  i  i ... 

■  tied  the  Confederate 
Iddle  to  Pi  teraburg.      kftei    i  i 

i nary    contest,   Shi  1 1  i  in    broke    through   the 

losing  the  Fli  e  Forks  fortlfl 

Lpturlng 

M      The  battle  for  two  1  the  m 

terrific     ol     the     war.     and      resulted     in    the 

utter  di  ederates.     They  i"-t 

^  ...  .1        . .  i , .  1       ...mm 


prisoners.     The  Union  loss  was  ni">tit  i  mo  men, 
Including  Oeneral  Wlnthrop,  who  was  killed 

Evacuation  of  Petersburg?!  Va.    Satur- 
day nlghl  and  Sunday  morning,   April  i 

ii  mi  -    Union    in  mj 
Sheridan,    iiivt.--t.-ii   Petersburg    with   such  rigor 

th.it    mii    the  aftei  □ i   of  tl  lay   Lee 

ted   the    place,    in-  communications   with 
Richmond  being  severed,     ';  re  rerj 

■ 

Evacuation  of  Richmond  (   \   < 

burg  in'.  Ing  been  Losl .   Pi  asldenl   Davl 

Southei  n   ■  re 11 1  n 

<-ii  Sunday,   April  8,   L866,  and  on  the  following 
morning  General  Weitsel  w  I  entered 

Richmond,    capturing    al t    MM  cannon     6,000 

stand    ol  I    6  DQQ     i" n  ■       Thii  I  \ 

locomol  Ivi      ai I   ned    by 

t he  Conl  rhi     Conf edei 

ed,  and  as  thi 
moved  oul  of  the  city  they  fired  it,  burning  con* 
■ 

Bnrrender  of  Oeneral   Lee    Lee' 

wed  by  Grant  il  ter  the 

m  "i  Rich nd,  and  on  I 

ii    Grant,     at 
LtoxCourl  House,  Virginia,  and  hit 
ana  men  were  paroled  as  pi  i  i 

Lee's  losses  In  ^ 
I,    from   March  25  »•>  April  S,    1805 
something  more  than  10.000.     Then 

ii-,  in  'Niii  small  arms,  and  30  great  guna 

Capture   «»i*   Southern    fit  lew  —  April    12. 

.  hile   \\.i-   captured    bj    tin     Union  army 
under  Geni  ■ .  .   «  bo  naptan  d   i  000  '  Ion- 

.  I  i  cannon   and  3  000  ball 
une  das  the  Unit  u 
.  .    \    i       and   O  lumbus,    Ga. 
folio  win) 

■  tee  pi  Lsoner. 

The  End  of  the  War  I   

ol    the   Oonfodi  [to   the 

Unionists,    iprl  I86S  1 1  ■ 

neai   Green  boro,  N.  C.     This  closed  the       u   ol 
the  Rehellton, 


Distinguished  Officers  in  the  Union  Service  During  the  Civil  War.+ 


Robert      Andemon.       Had    Gen         b     m   u 
Louisville,  E]   -  died  In  Prance  In  1871. 

Edward  l>.   linker,     i  olonel     U     S    Ben 
from  Or.;  •■    In  London,  Bng.,  In  1811;  killed  at 
Bluff,  Va  .  in  1861. 
lion   Carlos   Baell. »  Maj.-Gen      b 
In  1818.  Served  In  M 

AiniiriKi'    K.    Barnalde.*   MaJ    Gen.;  l>.  nt 
Libert} .  In  i  .  1884;  Gov  R  [.,  and  m   ■ 
Benfamln  P.  ltut ler. 

h  .  ni  i8i8,  y  i--. 

Bdn  ard  K.  S.Canby.*Brig.-Gen.;  b.  In  Ky. 
in  1819;  shot  by  Modoc  Indian  chiel    I 
John  C.    Fremont.     Maj    G«  n 

..',!..  .■  ui   for  Pre*    In  II 
been  U.  S  Sen.  from  Cal. ,  and  latei  i 

I  |]  .^.-,  B.  Grant*  G<  the  U.S. 

A.  during  the  latter  part  •<(  the  war;  was  b   al  Pt, 

Pleasnni."     InlftSS    Bight  years  Pres.  d.  In  1886. 

Henry  W.  Halleck.*  Gen.  In  Chiel  of  the 

ii  Watervllle,  N.  Y.,  in 

dsvllle,  Ky. ,  in  1 

VTInfleld    S.    Hancock.     MaJ. -Gen. ;  b.  in 

184;  d.  i"  1886. 
Joseph    Hooker.*  Brevet   MaJ. -Gen.;    b.  ai 
,  in   1815;  '1-  Ul  1870. 

Oliver  O.   Howard.* Breves  Maj  - 

i,  lie. 


l*hiii|i  Kearney.  Maj.-Gen.;  b.  In  ff. 
1  Cltj  ni  1815;  wounded  m  Second  Bull  Kmi, 
h  hen  be  d  .  In  1868. 

John  A..  Losraa.    MaJ   Gen     b  In  ' 

from  111.  <l   In  1886. 

N  athanlel  f.\  on. 
Conn.,  In  1810;  slain  at  Wilson's  Creek,  Mo 

Geo     It.  McClellaa.*  Gen   m-Chlel  of    the 
U    S    Irmy,  for  a  time;  b,  al  Phils 
can.  foi    Pres.  In  l  (64;  ■ 
N.J.  in  1878,   .1    1885 

Rrvin  McDowell/  Maj   Gen      b 

•laiiM'k  It.  McIMk-ikimi.'   Mil 

at  Atlanta,  In  ISM 

Geo.    <;•    Meade  *  MaJ   Gen.;    b,  al  ■ 
Spain,  In  1816;  d.  al  Phi 
T.  F.  Meagher.   Bri 

.  I! ,  drow  ned   bj 

from  .« qi  u   ii    Benton   U   ■■ 

•  loll  n      \  .     M  i- <   I  ■- 1-11:1  ml.        M|  ii         b.     iii 

i  i  ni._-»- 1  !o. .  B  i      hi     iei  n  U    < '. 
Ormabj     M.    Mitch  el  t.    In 

i,  ■      In  if  10     d.   of    j  allow    r< 
L86S. 

Richard    J.    Offleaby.      MaJ    Gen       »•     in 

..f  ill., 
and  i     B.  Ben.  i  rom  thai  State. 


Alfred    Pleaaanton.       MaJ  -Gen.  i    h      it 
Washington,  D.  C  .  in  1886;  authoi 
healing  effect  »>i  snnllghi   panning  through   blue 

•John    Pope.*    Maj.  Gen.  \    b.    at    Es 
III.,  in  1883. 

Fltit  John  Porter.*  >i«j   Gen  .  b.  al  Poit* 

! ith,  n    u. .  ,: 

Thosaaa    B.  Cr.   KmiMom.     Brig. -Gen. ;    b. 

in  1834;  .1    in  Chicago  . 

Win.     S.      Konecruiu.'     Maj. -(Jen.;     b.    at 
Kingston,  0-,  In  1819. 

Fran*   Stfel.    UaJ.-Gen.;    b.   at   Zln 

>  lermany. 
John     M.    Schofleld.1  b     In 

Cbautauqu  i  Co.,  N.    v.,  m  1831;    r    B.  Bi  ■ 

..,  1868. 

John  Sedgwick.    H  ■  rniwall, 

Conn.,  in  i    i        I  p  ■   I 

Philip    H.    Bherldan."     MaJ   Gen.;    b.    at 

B.  A. 

Wm.    T.    Sherman."    MaJ     Gen.   Ul    the    war: 

■  ten    r   s.  a.  .  b.  at  Lanes  iter,  O., 

Alfred    II.    Terry.      Brig   -Gen    ,    b    at    Hart- 
Mil.  .  in  isu;. 

Geo.  II.  Titomu*.*  Lad. -Gen.;  b.  In  south- 
,Va.,  InISM;  d.  at  San  Fran.,  Cal 


Leading  Officers  in  the  Confederate  Service/ 


Peter   O.  T.    Beauregard.*    Gen.;  1».  at 
!.  ..  ,  in  1818. 

Braxton  Bragx, 

Pex. .  in  )*;:. 
JesTereon  Dai  i».  b.  Ii 

Ky. ,  In  It  of  the  Southern  Con- 

■■  .  formerly  ' 
■  *f  War  under  Prea    I 
J.  A.  Early."  Maj. -Gen.  ■.  b.  In  Va  at 
Richard    B<    Ewell.     '       r    Gen      bora   in 
D    i     .  in  18?0;  el.  at  Spring-bill,  Term  .  In 

Wmle    Ilamplon.    Jr.      i  n. ;    b.  at 

Columbia,  S.  C.    in   i 

ainl  member  ••(  I  Ln  1870. 

W  m.  J.  Hardee.*    Brig     •  a.:  b 

■    ■■ 
Ambrose    P.  Bill."    Maj.-Gen.;  t».    in  Cul- 
i  ,  Va., about  18S6;  k.  at  Petersbui 
in  1866- 

LSi'l ...lSiT».»Kr.-*lir»JM»tt.]  xi  W-,(  (Vol:  b., 


Dan'l  H,   Hill."    Ci-n.  :  b.  in  S.  C.  about  18SS. 
John     It.   Hood."      Lieut. -Gen. ;    b.    In   Batfa 

■    ■[   [n  1  878 
Iten.f.  Hnirer."    MnJ.-Gen. ;  b.  at  Charleston, 

i   lu  1877, 
Tnoa.   .1.    Jackson     Stonewall).1       Lieut.. 
Gen.;  b.     it  Clarksburg,    Va.,    Ln    1886,    >l     from 
wounds  receive  l  at  battle  ■■!  I  nancellorsvUle, 

\iitrri    s.  Johnston."     Gen.;  b.   in  Mason 
Co. ,  Ky. ,  in  1803;  k.  at  Bhlloh,  En 

Joseph    E,    Johnston."     HaJ.-Gen. ;   b.   In 

\  ...  in  1801 
Oeoree  W.  C*.  Lee.'     I  a.  about 

1833. 

Robert   E.   I.ee 

1807;  d.  at 
(1  in,  Va. ,  in  1870. 

Fiixllughl.ee."   Gen. ;  b.  in  Va   at. out  1835. 

t,  killed  *  <.«ro*i  Ibould 


iJiimp«  I.onffatreet.'  Lleat.  Gen.  .  b.  In  3. 
C.  about  1820. 

Bcnl.    Meiulloeh.     Maj    Gin        b     Ii 

an.,  InlSlt;  k    al  Pea  Ridge,  ark., 
Mar.  7     i 

Ejeoaldas  Polk.'    Maj.  Gen.  i  b.  at  Ralolirh, 
N    i       in  1806;  k.  at  Pint-  Mountain,  near  Marietta, 
|<   1S64. 

Bier  ling  Price.    MoJ.-Gei 

M.  ■'.  from  Ho.,  and  was  Goi    ol 

th  it  State;  d    a1  St.  Lonh  hi 

Klrbv    E.    Bin  1th.*     H  .j    Gen.  .    b 

. 

.In-..  F.  1.  Btaart.  MaJ. -Gen. :  b.  in  I'at- 
rick  Co. ,  Va,,  In  L83S;  k.  in  battle  n-  a  RJi  bmond 
in  1866. 

Earl  Van  Dorn.     Maj.-Gen..  b.  in    M 
in  1863. 

be  ttm  in?  nlip'ti'l,  but  Uck  of  *y\rr.  prcrcnU. 


OUTLINE    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


369 


:-h;~h; 


2. 


2 


Alabama. 
Arkansas. 

3.  California. 

4.  Colorado. 

5.  Connecticut. 

6.  Delaware- 

7.  Florida. 

8.  Georgia. 

9.  Illinois. 

10.  Indiana. 

11.  Iowa. 

12.  Kansas 

13.  Kentucky. 

14.  Louisiana. 

15.  Maine. 

16.  Maryland. 

17.  Massachusetts. 

18.  Michigan. 

19.  Minn.  -  ■  i 


-'I.  Missouri. 

22.  Nebra 

23.  Nevada. 

24.  S.  Hampshire. 
2-5.  New  Jersey. 
2d.  New  York! 

27.  N    Carolina. 

28.  Ohio. 

--on. 

■-  Ivania. 
I -land. 
lina. 

33.  Tenn< 

34.  Texas. 

35.  Vermont. 

36.  Virginia. 

37.  West  Virginia. 

38.  Wisconsin. 


(MI  fc 


OW  THE  UNITED  STATES  ARE  GOVERNED 

Duties  and  Privileges  of 

PERSONS  IN  OFFICIAL  POSITIONS. 

<  ■ 


n^fi^iMiiiiinnliiMiiiiiiiiiniiiiiitniiiiiirinii ii:iluiuiiiuiunWuiuiJuiiiiij^^ 

Early  Discovery,  Settlement  and  Government  of  the  Country. 


QT^k'iLT'^^  &HE  RECORD  of   North  American  discovery 
'.      '      "  HaLI    and  settlement   may  be  thus    briefly  told: 

Greenland,  by  Icelanders,  in  A.  D.  980; 
Bahama  islands,  b)  Christopher  Columbus, 
in  1493;  Isthmus  of  Darien,  by  Columbus, 
in  1494;  Florida,  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  in 
1497;  Newfoundland  and  Canada,  by  John 
and  Sebastian  Cabot,  in  1497;  North  and 
South  Carolina,  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  in  149tt;  Hudson  bay,  by  Sebas- 
tian Cabot,  in  1512;  the  Mississippi  river,  by  De  Soto,  about  1541; 
Davis'  strait,  by  John  Davis,  in  1585;  the  Hudson  river,  by  Henry 
Hudson,  in  1608;  and  Baffin  bay,  by  William  Baffin,  in  1616.  In  1500, 
Amerigo  Vespucci  explored  Braail,  S.  A.,  and  gave  his  name  to 
both  of  the  American  continents. 

The  Spaniards  early  settled  the  West  India  Islands  and  New 
Mexico.  The  French  occupied  Canada  in  1534,  with  the  valley  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  other  regions  south  and  west.  The  English 
ma-V  their  first  permanent  settlement  at  Jamestown,  Va. ,  in  1607, 
and  a  few  years  later  several  districts  (including  the  present  city  of 
New  York)  were  populated  by  Hollanders  and  Swedes.  In  1620,  the 
Puritan  Pilgrims  landed  on  the  bleak  coast  of  Massachusetts.  By 
1770.  England,  after  a  series  of  conflicts,  had  captured  the  country, 
occupied  by  the  French,  Dutch,  and  Swedish  settlers,  and  was  in 
possession  uf  nearly  the  whole  of  North  America,  except  Mexico, 
which  was  held  by  Spain.  Soon  afterwards,  Russia  acquired  terri- 
tory .in  the  northwestern  coast.  Such  was  the  ownership  of  the 
continent  when  the  war  of  the  Revolution  began,  in  1775. 

At  that  time  there  were  thirteen  American  colonies.      These  after- 

l>ecame  the  thirteen  original  St 
The  colonists,  who  were  subjects  of  Great  Britain,  became  restive 
under  various  restrictions  placed  upon  them  by  the  mother  country. 
Among  these  were  a  species  of  search  warrant,  which  permitted 
government  officials  to  enter  stores  and  private  houses  to  search  for 
goods  upon  which  prescribed  taxes  had  not  been  p 


Another  was  a  stamp  tax.  which  required  every  document  used  in 
the  trade  or  legal  business  of  the  colonies  to  bear  a  stamp  costing  not 
less  than  an  English  shilling  each,  and  a  larger  sum  in  proportion  to 
the  value  of  the  document  used. 

This  tax  was  afterwards  repealed,  but  in  1767  another  act  of 
parliament  provided  for  taxing  paper,  glass,  tea  and  other  goods 
imported  into  the  colonies. 

This  enactment  being  resisted  upon  the  part  of  the  people,  the 
English  government  sent  troops  to  Boston  to  enforce  the  law.  when 
a  collision  ensued  between  the  troops  and  the  citizens,  in  which 
several  of  the  latter  were  killed  and  wounded. 

Owing  to  the  bitter  opposition  these  taxrs  were  soon  repealed, 
excepting  that  of  threepence  on  each  pound  of  tea  imported.  But 
even  this  tax  the  colonists  refused  to  pay,  and  when  the  first  ship- 
load of  tea  arrived  in  Boston  harbor,  the  citizens  went  upon  the 
vessel  and  threw  the  tea  overboard. 

In  order  to  subdue  and  punish  her  American  subjects,  the  English 
government  thereupon  devised  other  oppressive  m<    -  anoy- 

ances, which,  in  the  spring  of  1775,  resulted  in  the  conflicts  between 
the  British  soldiers  and  citizens  at  Concord  and  Lexington,  and 
commenced  the  seven  years  war.  known  as  the  War  of  the  Revolution 
for  American  Independence.  The  war  had  been  in  progress  for 
about  a  year,  when  the  Continental  Congress  in  sessioi  I  Inde- 
pendence Hall,  in  Philadelphia.  July  2.  1776.  adopted  a  resolution, 
introduced  by  Richard  Henry  Lee,  declaring: 

That  these  united  colonies  are.  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free  and  inde- 
pendent States:  that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British 
crown,  and  that  ail  political  connection  between  them  and  the  State  of  Great 
Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be.  totally  dissolved. 

Two  days  later  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  prepared  by 
Thomas  Jefferson,  was  brought  into  Congress,  and,  amid  intense 
excitement  on  the  part  of  the  citizens,  was  adopted.  The  announce- 
uient  that  it  had  been  signed  was  made  by  the  rinsing  of  a  bell  in 
the  cupola  of  the  building.      Such  was  the  birth  of  American  freedom. 


•24: 


370 


THE    DECLARATION    OF    INDEPENDENCE    AND    THE    8IONEE8    OF    THE    DOCUMENT. 


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lit;  MM  ii  I  nil*  '    i  1 1 1 11  Hi  till  lllli.LiiilniiU.i  mil  n.  ^inilltl*r-j   ,  miiijiii 


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3 

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| 

-, 


The   Declaration  of    Independence. 

- — Ma-*tX*>i — - 


DECLARATION  by  the  represen- 
tatives   of    tbe    United   states   of 
America,  In  <  longress  assi 
Passed,  Thursday,  July  4,   i77t>. 


When,  in  tin-  course  of  human  events,  it  be- 
comes   ncccossrj    i "i     one    people    to  dissolve 
the  political  bands  which  have  connects 
with  another,  and  to  assume  among  the  poi 

the  aai  th  the    ■  :  iual  stal b 

the  luv.  and  of  nature's  God,  entitle 

mem,  a  decent  respect  to  tho  opinions  of  mankind 

i Id   di  olare    the   causes 

«  hicfa  Impel  then  paral  Ion 

We  hold  these  truths  to  i»-  self-evident:  that 
all  men  are  created  equal;  thai  they  are  en- 
dowed,  b  rtain  inalienable 

rights;  that  among  these  are  life  liberty,  and 
the  pin  plness.    That,  to  secure  these 

rights,  k'  "'"    in-titnled    uiiHN 

ig  their  Just  powers  from  the  consenl  of 
the  governed;  that,  wh  I  govern- 

ment i"  Is,  it  is  the 

right  of  the  people  t"  alto  t  oi  to  abolish  it.  and 
to  Institute  •  new  government,  laying  its  founda- 
tion on  such  princlpb  in  I  ■■■  t"*T*ng  its  powers 
in  such  fnrni,  as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely 
11  Prudence, 

Indeed,  will  did  >t.  that  govt  roments,  long  estab- 
lished,  should    md    In-    changed     for    light    and 

nt  causes;  and  accordingly,  all  experience 
hath  shown,  that  mankind  are  more  disposed  to 
sutler,  while  evils  are  sufTerable.  than  to  rigbl 
themselves,  by  abolishing  the  forms  t->  which  they 
are  accustomed.  Bui  when  s  long  taalnof  abuses 
and  nsurpatlona,  pursuing  Invariably  the  same  ob- 

Inces  adeslgn  to  reduce  them  under  absolute 

in.  n  i-  their  right,  It  Is  their  duty,  to 

throw  off  such  government,  and  to  provide  new 


for  their  future  security.  Suchhasbeen 
the  patii  ice  of  these  colonh  - 1  and  inch 

Ik  now  the  necessity  which  constrains  them  to 

alter    their    former         '   I     government 

Tin'  history  of  the  present  king  of  Great  Britain 
Is  ;i  history  of  repeated  Injuries  and  usurpations, 
all  having,  in  direct  object,  the  establishment  <>f 
\luti  tyranny  over  these  states.  To  prove 
this   Let  facts  be    ubmltted  to  a  fa  mini  world 

Be  bs  1  nt   to  laws   tin    most 

ry  for  the  public  good. 

Be  as  bis  governors  to  pass  Laws  of 

Immedis  Ing  Importance,  unless  sus- 

pended In  their  operation  till  hi-*  assent  should  b< 
obtain*  d;  and,  when    o    u  dm  nded   he  has  utterly 

I  to  attend  to  them. 

Hi-  has  rel  used  i"  nam  other  laws  fi.r  the 
ti  nt-  of  people,  unle 
i pic  would  relinquish  the  ripht  of  repn 

turn     in     the     ||  lestUM  bU    tO 

thrin,  and  formidable  t>.  tyrants  only. 

Be  has  called   together   legislative  bodies  at 

places  unusns  I  bant  1  rom 

the  depository  of  their  pnblii  the  sole 

purpose  of  fatigTiing  them  into  compliance  with 

.  ores. 

lived  representative  house 

edly,     for    Opposing,    with      manly    flrmri' 

tns  on  the  tiirhts  of  the  people. 
Hi-  ims  refused,  for  a  long  time,  after  such  dis- 
solutions,  t"  ■■'  whereby 

the  leg]  ,  incapable  of  annihilation, 

have  returned  to  the  people  at  large  for  their 
exercise;  the  state  remaining,  in  the  meantime. 
exposed  to  all  the  dangers  of  invasion  from  wlth- 
convulstonj  within. 

endeavored  t<.  prevent  the  population  of 
these  states;  for  thai  purpose,  obstructing  the 
laws  for  nat ui aii/a 'ion  of  foreigners;  refusing  to 


pa*-  others  to  encourage  their  migration  hither, 
and  i  dsing  the  conditions  ol  oes  appropriations 
of  lands. 

obstructed  the  administration  of  Justin-, 
by  refusing  his  assent  to  laws  for  establishing 
judiciar>  pov.  i  i 

ii.  1 1  ■  made  judges  rfejw  '"'•  "'  <»>  his  will  alone. 
for  the  tenure  of  their  offices,  and  the  amount  and 
payment  of  their  salai 

n.  has  erected  s  multitude  of  newofflo 
sent  hither  swarms  of  offlcers  to  barn 
people,  and  eal  oul  th<  Li 

B<    ii'-  ki'iit  among  at    In  1 1me  of  peao 
ing   armies,   without    the  consent    of    our    legis- 
■ 

Be  has   affected   to  render  the    i 

at  of,  and  superior  to   tht  civil  power. 

He  nasi ihined  with  others  tosubjed 

jurisdiction  foreign  to  our  constitution,  and  nnac 
Lged    by  our  laws;  giving    ail    issenl    to 

!  hi  ir   ad  -  Of  pretended  leglsls  I  lOIl 

For  riuartcring  larK'-  bodies  of  armed  troop 
among  us: 

For  protecting  them,  by  a  mock-trial,  from 
punishment  for  any  murders  which  they  should 
i mil  "ii  the  Inhabitants  of  these 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the 
world : 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us,  without  our  eon  ent 

For  depriving  us.  In  many  cases,  of  the  benefits 
of  trial  by  jury: 

For  transporting  us  beyond  seas,  to  be  tried  for 
t - r  ■  r .  ii  led  offences: 

For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws 

in  s   neighboring  province,  establishing  therein 

an    arbitrary     government,    and     enlarging     its 

i  as  to  render  it    atonce,  an  example 

and   a   nt    instrument    for  introducing    the   same 

absolute  rule  into  tie 


THE    RATIFICATION    AND    ADOPTION    OF    THE    CONSTITUTION. 


371 


For  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our 
niost  valuable  laws,  and  altering  fundamentally, 
the  forms  of  our  government;  for  suspending 
our  own  legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves 
Invested  with  power  to  legislate  for  us,  in  all 
eases  whatsoever. 

lit*  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaring 
us  out  of  his  protection,  and  waging  war  against 
us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts, 
burnt  our  towns,  and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our 
people. 

He  is  at  this  time,  transporting  large  armies  of 
foreign  mercenaries,  to  complete  the  works  of 
death,  desolation,  and  tyranny,  already  begun 
with  circumstances  of  cruelty  and  perfidy, 
scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most  barbarous  ages, 
and  totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a  civilized 
nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken 
captive  on  the  high  seas,  to  bear  arms  against 
their  country,  to  become  the  executioners  of  their 
friends  and  brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by 
their  hands. 


He  has  excited  domestic  insurrections  amongst 
us,  and  has  endeavored  to  bring  on  the  Inhabitants 
of  our  frontiers,  the  merciless  Indian  savages, 
whose  known  rule  of  warfare  is  an  undis- 
tinguished destruction  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and 
conditions.  In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions, 
we  have  petitioned  for  redress,  in  the  must  humble 
terms;  our  repeated  petitions  have  been  answered 
only  by  repeated  injury.  A  prince,  whose  charac- 
ter is  thus  marked  by  every  act  which  may  define 
a  tyrant,  is  unlit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  free  people. 
Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attentions  to  our 
British  brethren.  We  have  warned  them,  from 
time  to  time,  of  attempts,  by  their  legislature,  to 
extend  an  unwarrantable  jurisdiction  over  us. 
We  hi  vr  reminded  them  of  the  circumstances  of 
our  emigration  and  settlement  here.  We  have 
appealed  to  their  native  justice  and  magnanimity, 
and  we  have  conjured  them,  by  the  ties  of  our 
common  kindred,  to  disavow  these  usurpations, 
which  would  inevitably  interrupt  our  connections 
and  I't.rn-spiiiidriiee.  They  too,  have  been  deal  to 
the  voice  of  justice  and  of  consanguinity.  We 
must,  therefore,  acquiesce  in  the  necessity  which 


denounces  our  separation,  and  hold  them,  as  ire 
hold  the  rest  or  mankind,  enemies  in  war.  m 
peace  1 1 

We,  therefore,  the  re]  of  theUxrrsD 

States  of   oiierica   in    General   i 

sembled,  appealing  to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the 
world,  for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions 
the  name,  and  by  the  authority,  of  the  good 
people  uf  these  colonies,  solemnly  publish  and 
declare.  That  these  united  colonies  are,  and  of 
right  ought  to  be.  FREE  am-  INDEPENDENT  STATES; 

and  that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to 
the  British  crown,  and  that  all  political  com 
between   them  and  the  State  of  Great   Britain   is, 
and   ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved;  and  that,  as 
Free   and   Independent  States,  they  have  full 

i"     levy    war,   conclude     peace,   contract 

alliances,  establish  commerce,  and  to  do  all  other 

acts. and  things,  which  independent   states  may  of 

right  do.  And.  for  the  support  of  this  declara- 
tion, with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protection  of 
Dtvttu  Providence,  we  mutually  pledge  to  each 
other,  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred 
honor. 


Ratification  of  the   Constitution  by  the  Thirteen  Original  States. 


FTER  the  signing  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
the  thirteen  British  colonies  were  known  as  the  * '  Thir- 
teen United  States  of  America.'"  Beyond  the  efforts  of 
Congress  to  sustain  the  conflict  between  the  States 
and  the  "mother  country,"  and  to  encourage  Washington 
in  his  design  to  free  the  soil  from  British  domination, 
the  political  changes  were  unimportant,  until  England 
dispatched  a  messenger  to  New  York  with  offers  of  peace. 
about  the  beginning  of  the  year  1782.  November  30,  1782,  the  pre- 
liminaries of  peace  were  signed  at  Paris,  France,  and.  on  September 
3,  1783,  the  treaty  was  concluded,  the   independence  of  each  of  the 


several  States    was   acknowledged,  and   boundar>  bliahed. 

The  government  of  the  States  was  then  principally  vested  in  Con- 
gress and  their  own  legislation;  but,  May  14.  its?,  a  national 
convention  met  at  Philadelphia.  After  four  months'  deliberation, 
the  present  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  adopt 
submitted  to  the  people  of  each  State  for  ratification  or  rej.  ■ 
Their  action  was  tardy  in  the  extreme,  for  although  Delaware,  the 
first  State  to  accept  it,  voted  for  it  December  7,  1787,  Rhode  Island, 
the  last,  did  not  ratify  It  until  Maj  27,  1790;  but  every  State  voted 
in  its  favor.  Congress  ratified  it  March  4.  1789.  at  which  time  it 
became  the  law  of  the  land. 


vV!W  E.  THE  PEOPLE  of  the  United  States, 
gr^LwY       in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  union, 

F&iii&i      establish     justice,    insure     d istic 

•^^5a2^  tranquility,  provide  for  the  common 
x^o^^ST  defense,  promote  the  general  welfare, 
and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves 
and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this 
Constitution    for    the    United  States  of    America. 

ARTICLE   I.— Section  1.    All  legislative 

powers    herein    granted     shall    he     vested    in    a 


THE    CONSTITUTION    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist 
Of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

House  of  Representatives. 

See*.  II  — 1.  Tiie  House  of  Representatives 
shall   be   composed   of    members   chosen    even 

Be i  year  i>>  the  people  of  the  BeveraJ  States, 

and  the  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  qua! 
Ideations  requisite  for  electors  ol  the  most  numer- 
ous branch  01  the  State  Legislature. 

'■£.    No  person  shall  be  a  Kepresentati ve  who  shall 

not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-five  yeai 

ami  been  BeVBD  years  a  citizen  of  the  1  nil.  d 
States,    and    who   shall   not,  when  elected,   be    an 


Inhabitant   of  that  state  in  which   he   shall   be 

chosen. 

:t.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be 
apportioned  among  the  several  state-  %\  bicn  may 
be  Included  wh  bin  this  rdlng  to  their 

respective  numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by 

U  i     the    wh.de     niinil  - 

Including  those  bound  to  service  tor  a  term  of 
years,    u  Indians  not   taxed,  three- 

fifths  of  .ill  other  persona     The  actual  en 

i . .  be  i le  within  three  years  alter  the 

first  meeting  ol  the  I  !ongi  ess  ol  thi   I 

and  within  ai  erj  subsequent  term  of  ten  y< 

SUOb  manner  as  tliey  shall  by  law  direct, 


372 


CONSTITUTION    OF   THE    UNITED    BTATE8. 


The  nurniM-r  of  i;.-|m  ■     i 

one  for  ©very  thirty thou  umi,  imt  each  state  shall 
pn   entative;  and  onl 

;.     i ii<    state  "'    '■■  ■■■■ 

three, 

■   isett*  eight,  Rhode  Island  and  ProTtdenoe 

Plantations  one,  Connecticut  Bt6,  New  York  -i\. 

N\-w  ,i.  i  eight,  Delaware 

one,  Maryland  six,  Virginia   ten,  North  Carolina 

:u  Carolina  Ave  and  Georgia  three. 

I.  w  ..  entatlon 

From    Hiv  State,  the  executive  authority  I 

■  i  to  Mil  such  vacancies. 
5,    1).  :   cl -<• 

their  Bpc  iki  r  and  other  offlci  i   .  and  shall  huvo 
tin-  sole  powei  ol  impeachment. 

The  Senate. 

Beet.   111.  The  Senate  of  the  United   State* 

i  i  ton  ii ach  State, 

i  bj  the  Legislature  thereof  for  six  yean, 
and  each  senator  shall  have  ."!•■  vote. 
1.  in,  ter  they  shall  be  assembled  in 

.  lection,  they  aha  n   be 

,iu  Idod  as  equally    i     he  Into  three  classes, 

The  ae "  ■       h''"  '"' 

.  ■    pi n  of 

i  he    i  ■■■  md  class  al  the  expiration  of  t  he  I h 

year,  and  of  the  third  class  al   the  •  v i . l  i -.» 1 1>  >■■  of 

the  sixth  yeai  ie-1  hi  i  d  m  i  j  hi    ■  i 

md    i d   11    rac  incles  happen  by 

resignation  or  otherwise  durii  ess  of  the 

l^egTslal  a  ■  <  ■     I  he   I  tecutive  I  hei  i  ■  >l 

maj  make  temporary  appointments  until  the  next 

n  hlch  Shall   then  till 

such  vacancies      No  p<  i   who 

Bhall  n-'  have  attained  to  the  age  ol  thin  ■ 
„,,,!  been  nine  ■  i  ol  the  United  States, 

:,   i ,  ...  In  ii  ,  lected,  be  an  lohabitanl 

....   u 

•j.  rh. 

be  President  ol  th it  shall  have  no  vote, 

■  i  ted. 
:i.  The  Senate  sh  ill  choose  their  other  offi©  i  . 
pore,  in  the  ab 
President,  or  when  be  shall  exercise  the 
Idenl  "i  the  United  States. 
■t.  The  Senate  mall  have  the  sole  power  to  try 

nil  Impeachment  -     ^  ben  sitting  for  thai  pun •. 

.  ,  i  be  on  oath  oi   affirmation,     when  t  he 

n\  ,.j  the  i  nited  Si  itea  la  tried,  the  Chief 

and  ii"  person  shall  bi  con 

rioted  without   tha  oonourrence  of  two-thirds  of 

the  in'  mi',  i  ■■  pi  .  —  'in. 

5,  Judgment  In  cases  of  Impeachment  shall  no! 
extend  further  than  to  removal  from  office  and 
disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of 
honor,  trust  or  profit  ler  the  united  States;  bul 

■  ha  ii  nei  ei  tbelesa  be  liable 

■  in. ■ni.  trial,  judgment  and 
bxnent  acoording  to  law. 

l  i. •<  tit. ii  of  OongreasueB. 

Sect.  IV.    I  "''I  manner  ol  hold- 

ing elections   for    Senators  and   Representath  ee 

Bhall  be  i  ■  ■  ich  State  bj  the  Legislature 

,,  i  •.  at  any  time  by  law 

ei  oept  as  i"  the 

losing  Senators,     The  Congress  shall 

i  i    rery    rear,  and  such 

1 fli   i  Monday  In  December, 

.  I  by  ■  '  ■■■   i  i'i<  ■ lifrerenl  daj 

<St-<'(.  V.     1 .  Bach  Hon 
the  eh  ■  ind  qualifications  ol 

■  it  j  ..i  each  shall  constitute 

but  a  smallei    i 
may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  author- 
ized to  compel  the  attendance  ol  absent  members, 
manner   md  under  such  penalties  as  each 
Bon  e  may  proi 

General  Boles. 

■'_  i  ,.  h  ii").    may  determine  the  roles  of  Its 

.    ,  . .    punJ  b  II  i  membi  i      for  disorderly 

...  [|  h  i  be  concurrence  *  >  J  two  thirds, 

■  ■ 

;i.  i  .  bHo  ise  shall  keep  a  Journal  of  II    pro 

oeedlna  Ime  to  time  publish  the  iame, 

except]  '  adg u( 

ol   the 

memos  ;  mall,  at 

the  deal  f  those  present,  be  •  ntered 

on  the  : 

4.   Neither     House,    during     the     session     of 

consent  ol  tt 

.  n  to  any 
other  place  than  that  In  which  the  two  Houses 
shall  be  sitting 

Sett.  VI  -l.  The  Senators  and  Repre 
nhull  re  rsen  Ices,  to 

i  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  Treas- 
ury of  the  Unlu  IStat  they  shall  In  a  I 

. 
be  pi  Ivileged  i  rom  am 

at  the  session  "f  their  respective  Souses,  and  In 
going  t->  "!■  retaining  from  the  -  une;  and  for  any 
or  debate  In  either  Souse,  they  shall  not  he 
, 
■j.  No  Senator  oi  Eb  presentative  shall,  during 
the  time  foi  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to 


any  civil  office  under  the  authority  "f  the  United 

i.i.       which   shall    havi     I ireated,  or  the 

emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  Inon 
during  such  time;  and  no  person  holding  mj  office 
under  the  United  States  shall    i.-    a   member  of 

either  Souse  dui  Ing  his  con! once IHce. 

Beet.  VII     I.    mi  i. in-    for    raising    revenue 

■  hall  originate  In  the  Bouse  ol  Eb  pi  ■    eni 

imt  the  Senate  mas  propose  oi  concur  with  amend- 
ments  u  on  othi  -  buit 

How  Lon  is  Hade. 

B,  i  rery  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House 

..I  Repre  lentat  Ivt     and  I  b<    Senate,  sha  11,  I re 

n  become    i  la*    hi  i >d  to  the  Pre  Ident  of 

in,  i  mi.  ,i  si  ite       ii  hi  approve,  he  shall    Ignlt; 

bul  ii  not    be  shall  return  It.  with  his  object -. 

t-.  that  Bouse  in  w hlch  n  shall  have  oi l( 

who  shall  enter  the  objections  al  large  on  their 

and  i :eed  ' »n  ildi  r  It.     If,  after 

such  reconsldei  ation  two-thirdi  of  I  hat  Bouse 
shall  agree  t"  pass  the  bill,  ii  shall  i><-  sent,  to- 
gether « itii  the  obji  ct  Ion     to  the  other  n bj 

which  ii  shall  likewise  be  recon  Idered,  and  if 
approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  Souse,  it   shall 

bei le  .iii"      But  In  all   inch  eaa  -  I  he  vote    ol 

both  Bouses  shall  bed*  termlned  by  yeas  and  n 
and    the   names  of  the  persons  voting  foi    and 
against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of 

each    Boose      pi    i |      if  any  bill  shall  not 

be  returned  by  the  Pn    Ident  within  ten  day       on 

days  excepted)  after  It  shall  have  been  ] I 

to  him    thi    m  me  -  ha  1 1  be  a  law,  in  like  m  i  nnei 
as  ii  he  luiii  signed  It,   unless  the  Congn 
their  adjournment,  prevent  Eta  return,  in  which 
.-.I-.-  it  mail  ii"!  be  •  law 

:t.    i  invi.nirr,  ii- -ni ut ion.  or  vote  to  which  the 

i  the  Senate  and  Bouse  ..i    I  ■  pn 

sentatives  may  !.•■  neee  iary  (exci  pt  on  a  q 
..i  i-i  lournment  i  shall  be  presented  to  thi  I  i 
dent  "i  I  he  I  nited  States;  and  befoi  ■  the  ami 
phall  take  effect,  moll  be  approved  by  him,  or, 
iM-nik'  .li--;i|.|.rii\  ni  t iv  linn,  shall  he  repas  sd  bj 
two-thirds  "i  the  Senate  and  House  <>i  Repre 
sentatlves,  according  t<>  the  inks  and  limitations 
prescribed  Ln  the  case  of  a  bill. 

The  Powen  of  Congress. 

Sect.  VIII.  The  Congress  shall  have  power— 

I .  i , ,  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts  and 

to  pay  the  debts  and  provide  for  the  com- 
mon defense  and  general  welfare  of  the  ■  d 

States;  but  all  duties,  Imposts,  and  excia       hall 

be form  throughout  the  United  St 

•£.  To  borrow  money  un  the  credit  of  the  United 

■  ■ 

:t.  To  refill  ate  .■ n-e  with  1 -■"  nations 

and  among  these v<  ral  States,  and  with  the  Indian 
tribes; 

t.  I'm  establish  a  uniform  rule  ol  naturaliss 
Hon,  and  uniform  laws  on  the  subject  of 
bankruptev  throughout  the  United  States. 

.%.    roc iy,  regulate  the  value  thereof, 

and  <-r  foreign  com,  mid  tix  the  standard  of 
w .■i„'hi->  and  measures . 

41.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counter- 
feiting tiiL-  Becurltiee  sad  current  coin  of  the 
i  mi.-. i  state  . 

"7.  To  establish  post  offices  and  post  road 

m.  To    promote   the  progress   of    science    and 
a  el  ni    art      bj    -  ecuring    for    limited   tunes   to 
authors  and  Inventors  the  exclusive  right  to  their 
■  i  i  dl  covet  le  ■ 

ii.  i,,  constitute  tribunals  Inferior  t.»  the  8o- 
i te  l  '."ni . 

Hi.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonlei 
committed  on  the  high  seas,  and  offenses  against 
the  law  '  if  nat  loni . 

II.  To  declai  war,  grant  letters  of  marque 
■  pi  i    .      uidmaki    rules  concerning  captures 

on  lana    md   ■  l! 

l'£.   To  raise  ami  su|  but  no  appro- 

priatlon     ol    money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  :i 
longer  term  i  nan  two  peai 
lit.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy: 
14.  To  make    rules    foi    the  government  and 

regulation  ol  the  land  and  naval  I 

l.V   i  ■   •  fori h  i he  mi 

he  I  fnion,  suppress  Insoi  rac 
.  ■    ■ 

16.  To  provide    for  organizing,   ormin 

i  for  governin 
.  i.,-  employed  In  thi 
,,i  i  be  i  fnite  IE  resei    Ing  to  the  v'  i  ■ 

gpect  Ivelj  .  i  hi    n  ppolnttnent  of  the  offli 
thi  authority  of  training  the  militia  according  to 
the  dlsclpllni   pi     cribedoy  Congn 

17.  i  ,  .  i ■  .    elusive  legislat 

whatsoever,  dl  tuot  exceeding  ten 

miles  square)  a*    may.  by  cession  <>f   particular 

tnd  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the 
s.-at  of  ^'n\  ..Tiim.-nt  of  tin-  I' nited  States,  and 
to  exercise  like  authority  overall  places  purchased 
by  the  consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State 
in  which  Hi"  aame  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of 

■    enals,  dock-yards,  an 
n, ■.  dful  building)  :  and, 

16,  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  ben- 
a:  i  i  propel  for  carrying  into  execution  the  forego- 


ing powers  and  all  other    poi  :    by  thin 

Ion    '"   the  <*■"■  si  inn.  ni  of   the  l  nited 

■  ■!■  in  any  ilt  |i;iit  ni.nt  01   OffiOeTB  tlui  wot . 

Kinlifnition  umi    In \<  s. 

s«-«-i.  IX.  1.  Hi.  migration  or  importation 
of  such  i"  listing 

shall    thli  to  admit,  shall  not  '.•■  pro 

bibltedb)  the  Congress  prior  to  the  ye* 

Band  eight  hundred  anaelgbt,  buta  tea  or  duty 
i  mi  s  ii-  Imposed  on  such  Importation,  not  exceed 
Ing  ten  doDai  ifoi  each  person. 

\i.   i'Im-  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus 
shall  not  be  suspended,  unless  when  In  cases  of 
i    i'  1 1  Ion  or  Invasion  the  public  a&fety  maj    n 
quire  It 

:t.  Si.  bill  of  attainder  or  ex  post  !  ■ 
'■■  pa    t-,i. 

l.  \i.  capltatioi ther  direct  tax  shall  be 

la  ill.  unlesi  in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enumer- 
ation hereinbefore  directed  to  be  taken 

."».  s..  [i\  or  doty  shall  be  laid  on  articles 
exported  from  any  v'  its     Pfo  pn  fi  rence  shall  be 

given  by  any  regulation  ol  oc iree  oi   i 

to  the  porta  ol  one  StaU  over  those  of  another; 
nor  shall  veesels  bound  to  or  from  one  State,  be 
obliged  to  en  duties  ln  another. 

it.  No  monej  ■  ball  be  drawn  from  thi   I ry, 

tun   in  consequence  of  approprlatlona  ma 
laws;  ami  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the 
receipts  and   expenditures  of  all   public  i 
shall  be  published  from  tune  to  time. 

Titles  Forbidden. 

7.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the 
United  States,  and  no  person  holding  any  office  or 
profit  or  truBt  under  them  shall,  without  the  con- 
sent "i    the  Congress,   accept    of  any   present, 

•  ■ hi  ii  ir  ut ,  i.  n  i  it    oi  title,  of  any  kind  wnal 

1 1 -ni  ,hi>  knik'.  prince   or  foreign 

Meet.    X.   -1.   No   State   shall    enter    into   any 

t  real  j .  alliance  oi  i federation :  grai  I  Ii  I 

marque  and  reprisal;  coin  money;  emit  lulls  of 
credit;  make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  o 

tender  In  pay nt  of    debts;    pass  any  bill   of 

attainder,  ex  post  iaei  impairing  the 

obligation     of    contraets,    or    tfrant    an\     title    of 

nobfiltj 

•J.    [Jo  State   shall,  without    the  consent  of  the 
Congress,  i-.\  any  Impost  «»r  duties  on  imports  or 
exports,  except  what  mm  be  absolutely  ni  ■  ■ 
for  executing   its    Inspection   laws;  and  the    nei 

produce  of    all    duties    and    Imposts,    laid    by    any 

State  on  Imports  or  exports,  shall  i"-  for  uie  use 
of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States;  and  all  ucfa 
l  i  ■  hail  i"  ubjeel  to  the  revision  and  control  of 
thi  i  ■  ingress. 

:i,  \..  siaie  shall,  without  the  consent  ol 
Congress,  I  1 1  onj  duQ  ol  tonnage,  keep  troops, 
nips  of  war,  ln  1 1me  of  p<  ace,  enter  Into  any 
agreement  or  compact  a  Ith  another  State,  or  ■  Ith 
a  foreign  power,  or  engage  In  war,  unless  actually 
Invaded,  or  In  Bach  Imminent  danger  as  will  not 
admit  of  delay. 

Election  of  President, 

ARTKI.K  II.    Beet.  I.-1.  The  executive 

I  In  ;«  President  of  the  United 
Mat.-  iii  America.     He  shall  hold  bis  office  during 

the  l ol    roui    '■  ■  u     and,  together  with  the 

vice-president,  chosen    for   the    same   term,    be 
elected  i    rollo* 
:».  Each  Stat*  nt,  in  such  m  1 1 

_i-iature  thereof  may  direct    a   number  ..r 

elect  'i  -    equal   to  thi   s  b  ■'■■  i her  of  Sena 

and  Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be 
,  ntltled  in  thet  longress;  but  noSei  !  Repre 

aentarive,  orperson  holding  an  office  of  trust  or 
profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed 
an  elector 
as.  (Annulled,  see  amendment     Article  XII.) 
I.  Thi    Oongresi    maj    deti  rmlne  the    run.'  ol 
choosing  thi  sTectoi     and  Uie  day  on  ^^  bleb  tbej 

Shall    glVI      Un  n     TOti  v  hi.li    .lay    shall    be    the 

same  I  hroughoul  I  hi  United  states. 

,%.  s,,  pei >xcep1  a  natural-born  citizen   or 

en  of  thi  United  St  tti  ■■  at  the  time  ol  the 
adoption  "i  ii"  (  onstltutlon,  shall  be  eligible  to 
the  office  of  Preaidi  ot  neither  shall  any  per  on 
i„.  eligible  '"  that  office  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  age  ol  thirtj  Bve  years,  and  b<  en 
fourteen  yes     a  n    Ident  within  the  1  nited  States 

«t,  [ncaseol  the  removal  of  Che  President  from 
office,  or  ol  hb  di  ath,  resignation,  or  Inability  to 

md  dnti.  -  Of  the  said  otliee. 

the   a shall  devolve  on  the  Vlce-Presl  tent,  and 

the  Congress  may  by  la«  provide  for  tht   ca  i   ol 

, ,  movol,  d.-ath.  resfgnatlon,  or  inability,  both  of 

the  r*re  Ident  and  vice  Presldi  nt,  declaring  what 

I, ail  then  act  ■•-  President,  and  such  officer 

i ii    b — rdingly,  until    the    disability  be 

removed  or  a  Pn    Idi  nt    b  .11  be  elected. 

7.  The  President  Nail,  at  stated  times, receive 
for  his  services,  n  compensation,  which  shall 
neither  be  increased  or  diminished  during  the 
i.erj...i  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and 
he  shall  not  receive  within  that  period,  any  other 
emolument    from    the   United  States,  or    any  01 

1  hem 


CONSTITUTION"    OF    THE    1'XITED    STATES. 


8.  Before  he  enters  on  the  execution  of  his  office, 
he  shall  take  the  following  oath  or  affirmation: 

"  I  DO  SOLEMNLY  SWEAR  (OK  AFFIRM  |  THAT  1  WILL 
FAITHFULLY  EXECUTE  THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  PRESI- 
DENT of  the  United  States;  and  will,  to  the 

BEST  OF  MY  ABILITY,  PRESERVE,  PROTECT,  AND 
DEFEND  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  " 

Powers  of  the  President. 

Sect.  II.— 1.  The  President  shall  be  com- 
niiinik-r  in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy  of  the 
United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several 
States  when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the 
United  States;  he  may  require  the  opinion,  in 
writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the 
executive  departments,  upon  any  subject  relating 
to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices,  and  he 
shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons 
for  offenses  against  the  United  States,  except  in 
cases  of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  to  make  treaties,  pro- 
vided two-thirdB  of  the  Senators  present  concur; 
and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  snail  appoint  embassa- 
dors and  other  public  in  misters  and  consuls,  judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers  of 
the  United  States,  whose  appointments  are  not 
herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be 
established  by  law;  but  the  Congress  may,  bylaw, 
ve.st  the   appointment  of  -iieh    inn  imr 

they  think  proper,  in  the  President  alone,  in  the 
courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of  departments. 

3.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  All 
up  all  vacancies  that  may  happen  during  the 
reeess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  commissions 
which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  s.—inn 

Sect.  III.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to 
the  Congress  information  of  the  state  of  the 
Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration, 
such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and 
expedient;  he  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions, 
convene  both  Houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in 
case  of  disagreement  between  them,  with  respect 
to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them 
to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper;  he  shall 
receive  embassadors  and  other  public  ministers; 
he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  exe- 
cuted and  shall  commission  all  officers  of  the 
United  States. 

Sect.  IV.  The  President,  Vice-President,  and 
all  civil  officers  of  the  United  States,  shall  be 
removed  from  offiee  on  impeachment  for,  and  con- 
viction of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes 
and  misdemeanors. 

Administration  of  Justice. 

ARTICLE  III. -Sect.  I.  The  Judicial 
power  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  vested  in 
one  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  :»s 
the  Congress  may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and 
establish.  The  Judges,  both  of  the  Supreme  and 
Inferior  Courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during 
good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive 

for  thru  services  i mpensation,  which  shall  not 

be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office. 

Sect.  II.— 1.  The  Judicial  power  shall  extend 
to  all  cases  in  law  and  equity,  arising  under  this 
Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and 
treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their 
authority:  to  all  cases  affecting  embassadors, 
other  public  ministers  and  consuls;  to  all  cases  of 
admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction;  to  contro- 
versies to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a 
party;  to  controversies  between  two  or  more 
States;  between  a  state  and  citizens  of  another 
State;  between  citizens  of  different  States;  be- 
tween citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  lands 
under  grants  of  different  States,  and  between  a 
State  or  the  citizens  thereof  and  foreign  States, 
citizens,  or  subjects. 

'£.  In  all  cases  affecting  embassadors,  other 
public  ministers  and  consuls,  and  those  in  which  a 
State  shall  be  a  party,  the  Supreme  Court  shall 
have  original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases 
before  mentioned,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have 
appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact, 
with  snrli  exrepiiiiiis,  juvl  under  siieli  regulations 
as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of 
impeachment,  shall  he  by  jury;  and  such  trial 
shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said  crimes 
shall  have  been  committed.  hut  when  not  Com- 
mitted within  any  Slate,  (he  trial  shall  he  at  such 
place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may  by  law  have 

directed. 

Sect.  III.— 1.  Treason  against  the  United 
States  shall  consist  only  in  levying  war  Rgalnsl 

them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them 
aid  and  comfort,  no  person  shall  be  convicted  of 
treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses 
to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  In  opt  n 
court. 

3.   The  Congress   shall    have    power   to    declare 

the  punishment  of  treason,  but  no  attainder  of 

treason  shall  work  corruption  of   I.I 

ure,  except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted 


Rights  of  the  Several  States. 

ARTICLE  IV.-Sect.  I.  Full  faith  and 
credit  shall  be  given  m  each  State  to  the  |iui. he 
acts,  records  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every 
other  State.  And  the  Congress  may  by  general 
laws,  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts, 
and  proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the 
effect  thereof. 

Sect.  II.— 1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  ahall 
be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and  immunities  of 
citizens  In  the  several  States. 

55.  A  person  charged  In  any  State  with  treason, 
felony,  or  other  crime,  who  shall  Bee  from  justice 
and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall,  on  demand 

of  the  executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which 
he  fled,  be  delivered  up.  to  be  removed  to  the  state 
having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

3.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  state 
under  the  laws  thereof,  escaping  into  another, 
shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation 
therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or  labor, 
but  shall  he  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to 
whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due 

Sect.  III.  — I.  New  States  may  be  admitted  by 
the  Congress  of  this  Union;  but  no  new  States 
shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  any  other  State;  nor  any  State  be  formed  by 
the  junction  of  two  or  more  States,  or  parts  of 
States,  without  the  consent  of  the  Legislatures  of 
the  States  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

3.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose 
of  and  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations 
respecting  the  territory  or  other  property  belong- 
ing to  the  United  States;  and  nothing  in  this 
Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prejudice 
any  claims  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  partic- 
ular State. 

Sect.  IV.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee 
to  every  State  in  this  Union  a  Republican  form  of 
government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them 
against  invasion;  and  on  application  of  the  Legis- 
lature or  of  the  executive  (when  the  Legislature 
cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic  violence. 

How  Amendments  May  l>e  Made. 

ARTICLE  V.  The  Congress,  whenever 
two-thirds  of  both  Houses  shall  deem  it  neci  try, 
shall  propose  amendments  to  thisConstitutiO  or, 
on  the  application  of  theLegislaturesof  two-thirds 
of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a  convention  for 
proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either  case, 
shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part 
of  this  Constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  Legisla- 
tures of  three-fourths  of  the  several  States,  or  by 
conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or 
the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by 
the  Congress;  provided  that  no  amendment  \\  hl<  a 
may  be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eight,  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the 
first  and  fourth  clauses  In  the  ninth  section  of  the 

first  article;  and  that  no  State,  without  its  < sent 

shall  he  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the 
Senate. 

ARTICLE  VI. -I.  All  dehts  contracted, 
and  engagements  entered  in  to,  before  the  adoption 
of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the 
United  States  under  this  Constitution,  as  under  the 
confederation. 

3.  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  i  cited 
States  which  shall  he  made  in  pursuance  thereof ; 
and  all  treatiesmadeorwhich  shall  be  made,  under 
authority  of  the  United  States.  BhaJlbethesupreme 
law  of  the  land ;  and  the  judges  In  every  state  shall 
be  bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  constitution  or 
laws  of  any  state  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

3.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before 
mentioned,  and  the  membersof  the  several  State 
Legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers 
both  of  the  United  states  and  of  the  several 
States,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to 
support  this  Constitution;  but  no  religion 
shall  ever  he  required  as  a  qualification  to  any 
office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  states 

ARTICLE    VII.    The   ratification  of    the 
conventions  of     nine   states,    shall    be  sufficient 
for  the  establishment  of  this  Constitution  '■■ 
the  States  bo  ratifying  the  same. 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE   CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE  I.  Congress  shall  make  no  law 
respecting  an  establishment  <>t  religion,  or  pro 
hlbiting  the  tree  exert  or  abridging 

the  freedom  of  speech  or  of  the  pre 
of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble  md  to  petition 
the  z  ivernment  for  a  redress  ol   grievances 

ARTICLE    II.    a    well    regulated 
being  necessary  to  the  security  "t  ■<   fn 
the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and   bear  arms 
shall  not  be  Infringed. 

ARTICLE  III.     No   soldier  shall,    in   time 
:    be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the 
con -.-■hi  of  the  o«  ner;  nor  in  time  of  w  ir,  bul  In  a 
manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law 

ARTICLE  IV.  The  right  of  the  pi 
be  secure  In  their  persons,  house-,  pat* 
effects,     against     unreasonable      searche 

seizures,  shall   not   be  violated,  and   no   warrants 


shall  issue,  but  upon    probable  cause,  supported 
by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  de-. 
the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things 
to  '■■     elzed. 

ARTICLE  V.    No    person    shall    be   held    to 
answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise  infamou 
unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  s  '  Irand 

Jury,  except  in  cases  arising  En  tie-  Land  or  naval 
forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual  service  in 
time  of  war  or  public  danger;  nor  shall  any 
person  be  subject  for  the  sane !  Off* 
put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be 
compelled  in  any  criminal  case  to  he  a 
against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty, 
or  property,  without  due  process  of  law;  nor 
shall  private  property  he  taken  for  public  use, 
without  just  compensation. 

Trial  l»y  Jury. 

ARTICLE  VI.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions, 
the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and 
p  ibll     trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  S' 
district  wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  com 
mitted,  which  district  -hall  have  been  previously 
ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the 
nature    and  cause  of  the  accusation;  to  bi 
fronted  with  the  witnesses  against  him; 
compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  m  his 
favor;  and  to  have  the   issista        of  counsel  for 
his  defense. 

ARTICLE  VII.  In  suits  at  common  law, 
where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed 
twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  bvjurv  shall  be 
preserved,  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be 
Otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United 
States,  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  eoi 

ARTICLE  VIII.  Excessive  bail  shall  not 
be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel 
and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE    IX.  The    enumeration,    in    the 

Constitution,  of  certain  rights,  shall  not    be  con 
Strued  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the 

people. 

A  RTICLE  X.  The  powers  not  deleu- 1 
the  United  States  by  the  Constitution,  nor  pro- 
hibited by  it   to  the  States,  are  reserved   to  the 
States  rest tively.  or  to  the  people. 

ARTICLE  XL  The  judicial  power  of  the 
United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to  extend  to 
any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or 
cuted  against  one  of  the  United  States  by  citizens 
Of  an.  ither  State,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any- 
foreign  State. 

The  Electoral  Vote. 

ARTICLE  XII.  —  1.  The  electors  shall 
meet  in  their  res  -.and  vote  by  ballot 

i  ■■■   Pi  e  ddent  and  Vice-Presideat,  one  of  whom  at 
lea   i  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  state 
with  themselves.    They  shall  name  in  theli  ; 
the  pei  son  I  lent,  and  In  distinct 

ballots  the  person  voted 
they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  a]]  , 
tin    i     i  :     i  '    it,  and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as 

Vice  President,  and    of    the    number  of    votes    for 
each,  which    lisl  [fy,  and 

transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  Government  of 
the  United  states,  directed  to  the  President  of  the 
The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the 
■  ol  the  Sen  ite  and  House  of  1 
tives,  open  all  the  e.ttiih.ites,  and  thi 
then  be  counted.     The  person  having  the  gt 
number  of  votes  for  President  shall  he  thi 
dent.  If  such  number  be  a  majority  of  Die  whole 
number  of  electors  appointed;  and  if  do  i 

have  such  majority,  then  from  the  pej 

the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three  on  the 
list  of  those  voted  for  as  President,  the   House  of 
ntatives    shall   choose    Immediate!] ,  by 
ballot,  the  President.     But  In  choosing  the 
dent,    the    votes    shall    he    taken    by    StaU 
representation  from  each  Btatehai 
A  quorum   for    this  purpose    shall   consist  of    a 
me mher   or   members    from    two-thirds   of    the 
States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  states  shall  be 
ii.    ■  i  choice,     and  If  the  House  of  Repre- 

sentatives shall  not  choose  a  President  wni 
the   right   of  choice  shall    devolve  upon  them, 
of   March  next   following, 
then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as 
in  the  ease  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional 

lent. 

U.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of 

vote-  u  v President  shall  he  the  Vice  President, 

if  such  number  be  «  majority  of  the  whole  number 

■    lilted,   and    if    no    person 

maiorlty,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on 
the    list,  the    Senate    shall    choose    a   Vice-Presi- 
dent-   a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  con 
two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of 

ty  of  1  he  whole  number  sh  ill  be  n<  ■ 
to  i  chol  ■ 
:t 

■ 
President  of  the  tJn 
\  K  IICLE  XIII.-l.   '  rynor 

involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for 


::;i 


FIRST    CONGRE88E8    AND    PRESIDENTIAL    ELECTION.        FEDERAL    OFFICERS. 


ortma,  ihall  have  been  duly 

convicted,  shall  extol  w  Itnln  the  United  States  or 
■■  tioa 

article  by  approprlati 

Wh»  an-  «  iii/tiis. 

\  IC'I'iri.K   Xl\.       Sect.   1.     All   persons 
:    in  the  United   States,   and 
subject  >••  the  jurisdiction  tiw  reol .  are  ell  I 
the  United  States  and  of  the  State  in  which  they 
tte  shall  make  ■  •!  enforce  any  law 
which  shall  abridjra  3r  Immunities 

of  cltli  ei  ball  any 

of     life,     )il»< 

deny  i" 
onj  pei  -"ii  «  Itfaln  its  jurisdiction  I 

Beet.  II.  Representative^  shall  be  apportioned 

Btates    according    !■■    their 

■  ountlng  the  whole  Dumber 

rns  in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not 

taxed,     Bui  when  the  righl  to  rote  at  any  election 

for  the  choice  of  electors  i"i  President  and  Vice- 


r.t  of  the  Unit  1 1 Ives  In 

■  ■    ■    ■     itlve  and  ludlclal  offlci 

■  i'ii.  -  11m  |  eol . 

Is  denied  t"  any  "i  the  male  Inh  ibltantt  ol  such  a 

■ 
of  the   United  States,    01    In   snj    waj    Abridged, 
except    for   pai  tlclpatlon    In    n  Em 

c the  basis  •>!  representation   therein  shall 

i..'  reduced  In  the  proportion  which  the  number  of 
such  male  citizens  shall  bear  i"  the  whole  number 

of  male  cltlxens  twentj  

State. 

Beet.  in.    N"  !■■  i 

■  ntatlve  In  Coi  elect I   Pi  i    I 

boldanj  office,  civil  or 
■ 
state,  who,  having:  previously  taken  an  oal 

i  ■  ingress,  or    i  of  1  he 

United  States,  or  as  a  merabt  ite  Legis- 

lature, t-i  as  .in  executii  eor  j 
State,  i"  support   the  Constitution  ol  thi 
Btates.   shall    have   engaged    In   In 
rebellion  against   the  same,  or  giv< 
fort  to  the  am  ml  but  <  ktngrees  may,  by 


■  ■,  ott  ol  two-thlrdi  ol  ■■  ii'ti  Boom    n  mi  ■ 
tltgr, 

Wlmt  Debts  shall  Im-  Paid. 
Beet.  iv.  The  validity  ol  the  public  d 
the  United  Stat  ed  bj   la*     In< 

ncurred    for    payment   ol     | 
bounties  for  services   In     apresalng  Insurrection 

lion,  shall  not  '"■  questioned;  but    i 
the  United  star,  ■  noi    my  S1 

fn   Incut  red    in  a  Id  of 
nsurrectton    ot     rebi  Hlon    ag  ilnsl    thi     I 
or  emam 

■  i\ •■ .  bul  all  such  debts,  obll      tlo I 

claim  .  ■  hall  be  held  llli  gal  and  *  old. 
Beet,   v.i 

.    ■■'.  Islons 
.»i  this  article 

ARTICLE    xv.     Beet,   i-    Thi 
citisensol  thi  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be 
denied  oi  the  1  nited  Btates  or  any 

account  ol  race,  color,  oi   previous  con- 
(111  Ion  "i  -•■!  vltudi 

Beet.   II.  The  Congn  lave  power  to 

enforce  tins  article  by  appropriate  legislation. 


The  First  Congresses. 


!  HE  firs!  Continental  Congress,  formed  while  the  thirteen 
-  were  yet  under  British  dominion,  exerted  do 
political  Influence,  and  had  no  part  in  the  government 
of  the  Dnited  State*,  for  it  dissolved  before  the  signing 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  It  met  in  Carpenters1 
(q  Hall,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  September  5,  1774,  and  adjourned 
t      October  . 

'  The   second  Congress  assembled  at  the   Pi  i   State 

i     M  iv  111.    1775.  and  mi  .Inly  4.   177''.   adopted  the 

Declaration  <>f  Indei 

The    third    Congress   was    held    at   Baltimore,    fad. .    beginning 
ier  80,  1776. 

The  fourth  Congress  opened  at  Philadelphia.  March  (.  1777. 

The  fifth  Congress  began  its  session  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Sepl 
27,   1777. 


The  sixth  Congress  met  a)  York,  Pa.,  September  :n>.  1777. 

ress  gathered  at  Philadelphia,  July  2.  1778. 
The  eighth  Congress  was  held  al  Princeton,  X.  J.,  June  SO,  1783. 
The  ninth   Congress  opened  at   Annapolis,    Md..    November  26, 
1783,  and  here,  December  23,  1788,  Washington  resigned  his  office 
■  if  commander-in-chief  <>f  the  army. 

The  tenth  <  longrese  began  al  Trenton,  N.  J. .  November  l,   1784 
The  eleventh  Congress  assembled  al  the  City  Hall,  in  New  York, 
January  li.  1785,  where  the  new  government   was  organized,  and 
the  first   president,    was    inaugurated   in   1789.     The 
Federal  capital  remained  at  New  York  until 

ress  mel  again   at   Philadelphia    December  6,    1790,  and  the 
seal  of   government   remained   here   until    1800.  at   which  time  the 
Federal  capital  was  permanently  established  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
nbling  in  that  city  November  17,  1800, 


The  First  Presidential  Election. 


A<   11  Of  the  thirteen  original  States  having  duly  accepted 


the      Federal      Constitution,     it      was     ratified       by 

and   went    into  operation    in    17*'.).      At   this 

".  t      ■  time  public  opinion  pointed  unmistakably 

rtCf      Washington    as   the    first  President   of    the   new    republic. 

The  first  Wednesday  of  January.  1789,  was  set  apart  for  the 

Ie  of  presidential  electors  in  each  of  the  States  by  the 
v.. i(-rs  thereof;   the  first  Wednesday  of  February,  178fl 
fixed    upon    for   the    selection  of   a    President   b 

electors,  and    the    fir-!  \\  '     a-    the  dai 

the   new  administration  of  governmental  affairs  should  com 
operations. 


The  first  Congress  of  the  Federal  Union  me1  without  a  quorum  in 
the  House  of  RepreBentati  until  March  80, 

1789,  nor  did  the  Senate  convene  nntil  April  8,  following,  at  which 
time  presidential  ballots  were  counted.  All  the  states,  except  New 
York  (which  neglected,  through  indifference,  to  hold  an  election)  had 
chosen  presidential  electors,  and  Washington  was  their  unanimous 
■  uotce  for  President,  recerving  sixty-nine  votes,  while  John  \ 
g  received  thirty-four  votes,  was  declared  Vice-President 

April  80,  1789,  the  new  executive  officers  were  publicly  Inaugurated 
at  the  City  Hall,  in  New  York:  and  thus  the  Republic  began  it-  long 
career  of  prosperity,  with  a  government  as  compli  te  as  thai  of  either 
Great  Britain  or  France. 


Duties  of  Principal  Federal  Officers. 


--X    oTEDER    to    become    acquainted    with    the 

government   of    the   country,  the   reader   Bboold    first 

fully  study  the  Constitution  of  the  1 
which   is   herewith   given,  with  headings, 
a  manner  such  as  to  make  ir  easily  understood. 

familiar  with   the   State,    county,  town    and 
municipal   government,  and  the  duties  of  persons    in   the 

county,   town    and   city  offices,  the   -' 
should  acquaint    himself  or  herself  with  the  Constitution  of 
ite  in  which  he  or  she  may  be  a  resident,  and    follow  with   a 
reading  of  the  statutes  of  that  partdi 


The  object  of  this  chapter  Is  to  give  the  reader  an  andersl 
of  the  duties  of  some  of  the  leai  era!   officers,  together  with 

a  vieVi    Of    the    manner   in  which  Congressional    law    i-    made    and    the 

country  governed. 

The  article  on  the  duties  of  Congressmen  very  fully  reveals  the 
method  of  procedure  in  the  passage  of  bills  thai  make  up  the  laws 

Of  the   land,  some  of  which   may  he  only  for  personal   benefit,  while 
other-  are  necessary  and  are  framed  for  the  general  good. 
Through  laws  thus  passed   by  Congress,  have  the    general   federal 

offices    been    created.      The   succeedinu'   pages   quite   fully  outline  the 
frame  work  of  the  general  government. 


DUTIES    AND    POWERS    OF    THE    PRESIDENT    <  >F    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


375 


President's  Mansion,  .Washington 


The  President  of  the  United  States, 


q|V-\AAA^ 


PRESIDENT  must  be  thirty-five  years  old. 
a  native  of  the  United  stair-,  and  a  resident  of 
the  United  States  fourteen  years. 

He  holds  office  for  four  years,  and  swears  to 
preserve,  protect  and  defend  the    Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  to  the  best  of  his  ability. 

He  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy 
of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several 
States,  when  it  is  called  into  actual  service  of  the 
nation;  and  may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of 
the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  depart- 
ments upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices. 
He  has  power  to  grant  pardons  for  offenses  against  the  United 
States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment;  has  power,  by  and  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  United  States  Senate,  to  make  treaties 
(provided  that  two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present  concur) ;  and  shall 
nominate  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
appoint  embassadors,  ministers,  and  consuls  to  foreign  countries, 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and  all  other 
officers  of  the  United  States,  whose  appointments  are  not  otherwise 
provided  for  in  other  ways  or  established  by  law.  If  vacancies 
occur  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  the  President  may  grant  com- 
missiona  to  new  appointees  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  the  next 
Bession  of  the  Senate. 

From  f'-ne  to  time  he  is  to  give  Congress  information  of  the  Btate 
of  the  Union,  and  recommend  such  legislation  as   shall   to  him  seem 
iary    and    expedient;     on    extraordinary    occasions,    or    in    a 
national  emergency,  he  may  call  either  house  of  I  r  both, 

as  he  pleases,  to  convene,  and  if  they  disagree  as  to  the  time  when 
they  shall  adjourn,  he  may  adjourn  them,  as  he  may  deem  best. 

He  shall  sign  all  bills  passed  by  Congress  before  they  can 
become  law;  but  he  may  return  to  the  house  where  it  originated, 
any  bill,  order,  or  resolution,  with  Ins  objections,  which  he  cannot 
approve.  If  he  fails  to  sign  it,  or  return  it  tu  Congress  within  ten 
days  after  its  passage,  it  becomes  a  law  without  his  approval. 


ARTHUR- 

21st  President. 


W  W  W  W v  V^Jnnnnr* 


His  term  of  office  begins 
on  the  4th  day  of  March 
next  succeeding  his  elec- 
tion; his  salary  Bhall  be 
$50,000  a  year,  to  be  paid 
monthly,    and  he   has   the 

i     the    furniture    anil 

other  effects,  belonging  to 
the  United  states,  thai  are 
usually  kept  in  the 
[dent's  mansion   kte 
the  "White  House,"  where 
he  resides. 


- 


(IMKLIND 

22nd  Prestdentl 


s 


_  - 


376 


l»i   riE8    OP   TilK    VICE-PRESIDENT. 


«  Al:lM  l     OFF] 


of      tin-     United 
States.   No  man  who  le  ln< 
for  the  office  of  President   can 
be  elected  \  Li  at.     He 

into  office  with  the  Presi- 
dent, and  their  terms  ot  office  expire  on  the  same  day. 

In  case   the    President   resigns  or  die*,  or  becomes   unable    to 
exercise   the  functions    <-f   bis  office,  or  i-  remdved  from  it.    the 
duties  of    his  position  Bhal]   be    performed   bj  the   Vice-President 
during  the  remainder  of    the  term  for    which  both  were 
i  d  e  or  resign  or  become  unahle   to   perform  the  duties 

required  of  them,  or  art-  removed  from  office,  i  bngrees  has  the  pow  ei 


ire  by  law  what  other  officer  shall  then  act  as  President. 

The  Vice-President  is.  by  virtue  <>f  his  office,  the  President  of  the 

l  niii ■■!  Si  ites  1  in  case  of  his  death,  removal,  resignation, 

or  Inability,  the  Senate  may  elect  a  presiding  "Direr  of  the  Senate, 

who  Shall  also   be  President    of  the    L'nited    States    should   any  cause 

create  a  vacancy  In  that  office.  Tin-  Vice- President  may  be  removed 
from  his  office  on  impeachment  for,  and  conviction  of,  treason, 
,  or  other  high  crimes  or  misdemeanors. 

As  presiding  officer  of  tb<  Senate,  be  cannot  vote  except  when 
there  is  an  equal  division  of  the  Senate  on  any  question,  and  his 
decisive. 

It  Is  his  duty,  also,  as  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate,  to  open,  in 
the  presence  of  the  assembled  Senate  and  Bouse  of  Representatives, 
all  the  certificates  of  the  election  of  the  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  I  -.  and  superintend  the  counting  of  the  votes 
accompanying  the  certificates. 


.1; a 


-v^ 


•:-  - 


Officers  of 


*..:...:....: h^ZJks 


he  Cabinet.    S^> 


ftSSA 


Duties  of  the  Several  Members  of  the  President's  Cabinet. 


HE  EXECUTIVE  departments  of  the  United  States 
amenl  are  seven  in  number:  the  Department  of 
ment  of  War,  the  Department  of  the 
'.v  rJ  m  isurj  tin  Department  of  Justice,  the  Department 
of  the  Navy,  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  the  Post-office  I1 
ment.     The  Department  of  Ju  iverned   by  the  Attorney- 

:.  the  Post-office  Department  hy  the  Postmaster- General,  and 
the  others  b]  respectively.      Each  head  of  a  department 

i-  entitled  U)  B  .-alary  of  $8,000  t  nthly. 

The  head  of  each  department  is  authorized  to  prescribe  regnl 
not  inconsistent  with  law,  for  it-  government,  the  conduct  of  -it- 
officers  and  clerks,  the  distribution  and  performance  of  it-  bat 
and  th<  Bon  of  the  n  iers  and 

proper!  ;  to  it. 

From  the  first  day  of  October  until  the  first  day  of  April,  in  each 
rear,  all  the  bureaus  and  offlci  ite,  War.  Treasury,  Navy 


and  Post  office  Departments,  and  in  the  General  Land  Office  (at 
Washington  i  are  required  to  be  open  for  the  transaction  of  the  puhlic 
business  at  least  eight  bonis  in  each  day;  and  from  the  tirst  daj  of 
April  until  the  tirst  day  of  October,  in  each  year,  at  least  ten  hours 
En  each  day,  except  Sundays  and  days  designated  by  law  as  public 
holidays. 

The  clerks  In  the  department?  are  arranged  in  four  classes,  dis- 
tinguished as  the  fir-t.  second,  third  and  fourth  classes.     Noclerb  can 
linted  in  either  of  these   Classes,   in   any  department,   until  he 
a  examined  and  found  qualified  by  a  board  of  three  examiners, 
ing  of  the  chief  of  the  bureau  or  office  into  which  such  clerk  is 
ippointed,  and  two  other  clerks  to  be  selected  by  the  head  of  the 
department     Women   may,  at    the   discretion   of  the   head   o1 

i  to  any  of  the  clerkships  there! 
by  law.  upon  the  same  qualifications,  requisite  -  and  conditions,  and 
with  the  same  compensations  as  are  prescribed  for  men.     Each  head 


THE    WAR    PRESIDENT    AND    HIS    CABINET    OFFICERS. 


of  a  department  may,  from  time  to  time,  alter  tbe  distribution  among 
the  various  bureaus  and  offices  of  his  department  of  the  clerk-  pre- 
scribed by  law,  as  he  may  find  it  proper  and  necessary  so  to  do. 

Clerks  and  employes  in  the  departments,  whose  compensation  is 
not  otherwise  prescribed,  receive  the  following  salaries  per  year: 


First  Class  Clerks.  91,200  I  FourthCla 

Second      do        ..    J,*00    Women  i 

Third        do        ..    1,600  j  Messengers 


91,800  I 
900 
840 


As st,  Messengers...  $720 

1...1  borei  - 720 

Watchmen 720 


Temporary  clerks,   performing  duties  similar  to   those   in    either 
class,  are  entitled  to  a  salary  of   the  same  rate  as  permanent  clerks. 

Each  head  of  a  department  is  authorized  to  employ  as  many  clerks 
of  all  classes,  and  such  other  employes,  at  bucd  rates  of  compensation, 
respectively,  as  Congress  may,  from  year  to  year,  appropriate  money 
for  paying  them.  No  money  can  be  paid  to  any  clerk  employed  in 
either  department  at  an  annual  salary,  as  compensation  for  extra 
services,  unless  expressly  authorized  bylaw.  Further  restrictions  are 
also  placed  upon  the  employment  of  extra  and  temporary  clerks  and 
subordinate  assist- 
ants  in  the  depart- 
ments, and  the  law 
prescribes  the  rates 
of  their  compensa- 
tion, in  case  their 
employment  be- 
comes necessary. 

The  chief  clerks 
in  the  several 
departments  and 
bureaus  and  other 
offices  connected 
therewith  have 
supervision,  under 
their  immediate 
superior,  over  the 
duties  of  the  other 
clerks  therein,  and 
see  that  they  are 
faithfully  per- 
formed. And  it  is 
also  the  business 
of  the  chief  clerks 
to  take  care,  from 
time  to  time,  that 
the  duties  of  the 
other  clerks  are  dis- 
tr  i  b  n  te  d  among 
them  with  equality 
and  uniformity, 
according  to  the 
nature  of  the  case. 
The  chief  clerks 
also  report  monthly 

to  their  superior  officers  any  existing  defects  thai  they  may  know  of 
in  the  arrangement  or  dispatch  of  the  public  business;  and  each 
head  of  a  department,  chief  of  a  bureau,  or  other  superior  officer 
must,  examine  the  facts  as  stated,  and  take  proper  measures  to 
amend  such  existing  defects. 

The  disbursing  clerks  authorized  by  law  in  any  department  are 
appointed  by  the  heads  of  the  departments  from  clerk-  of  the  fourth 
class.  Each  of  these  clerk-  is  required  to  give  a  bond  to  the  United 
States  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  offl 
to  law,  in  such  amount  as  maj  be  directed  bj  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  and  with  sureties  approved  by  the  Solicitor  of  the 
Treasury,  and  renew,  strengthen  and  increase  the  amount  of  such 
bond,  from  time  to  time,  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  direct. 


. 


President  Lincoln  and  His  Cabinet. 


,  nTHE  above  pictorial  Illustration  Is  from  F.  E. 

I     i    irpenter's    paint  inn,    made    at    the    White 

Bouse,  in  Washington,  In  1864,  representing 

the  meraoi  ldIi    meeting  of.  Lincoln  and  his 

cabinet  assembled  to  listen  to  the  first  reading  ol 

the  Emancipation  Proclamati<  >n. 

Some  of  the  sketches  will  be  readily  recognized. 
In  the  pietine  William  II  Srwiml,  Secretary  >>t 
State,  who  sit--  in  front  of  the  table,  is  evidently 
eonsiderinc  certain  features  of  the  d<  tcument, 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  bead  "i  the  War  Department, 
sitting  at  the  extreme  left,  listens  Intently;  so, 
also   does    Salmon   P.   Chase,    Secretary  of   the 


Each  disbursing  clerk,  except  the  one  employed  in  the  Treasury 
Department,  may.  when  so  directed  by  the  head  of  his  department, 
superintend  the  building  which  it  occupies. 

Each  disbursing  clerk,  in  addition  to  his  salary  as  a  clerk  of  the 
fourth  class,  is  entitled  to  receive  $200  more  a  year,  or  $2, 000  in  all. 

In  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  absence  or  sickness  of  the  head 
of  any  department,  the  first  or  sole  assistant  thereof,  unless  the 
President  directs  otherwise,  performs  the  duties  of  such  head  until  a 
sua  eesor  is  appointed  or  the  sickness  or  absence  ceases. 

In  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  absence  or  sickness  of  the  chief 
of  any  bureau,  or  any  officer  thereof  whose  appointment  i-  not  vested 
in  the  head  of  the  department,  the  assistant  or  deputy  of  such  chief 
or  officer,  or  his  chief  clerk,  may  perform  the  duties  of  his  superior, 
unless  the  President  orders  otherwise. 

The  President,  in  case  of  the  vacancies  created  as  above  mentioned, 

may  authorize  and  direct  the  head  of  any  other  department,  or  any 

_       other      officer       in 
oooojy- 

either     department 

(whose  appointment 
-led  in  the 
President  j  to  per- 
form the  duties  of 
the  vacant  office 
until  a  successor  is 
appointed,  or  the 
sickness  or  absence 
of  the  incumbent 
ceases.  But  no 
vacancy  of  thiskind, 
occasioned  by  death 
or  resignation,  may 
be  temporarily  filled 
for  a  longer  time 
than  ten  days.  And 
any  officer  perform- 
ing the  duties  of 
another  office,  dur- 
ing such  vacancy,  is 
not  entitled  t«>  any 
compensation 
beyond  his  o  \\~u 
proper  salary. 

Officers  or  clerks 
of  any  department, 
when  lawful! 
tailed  to  investigate 
frauds  or  attempts 
to  defraud  the  gov- 
ernment, or  any 
official  misconduct 
or  irregularity,  are 
authorized  to  administer  oaths  to  witnesses:  and  any  head  of  a 
department  or  bureau  may,  when  any  investigation  in  bis  depart- 
ment requires  it,  Bubpeena  witnesses  before  the  proper  officer,  to 
testify  in  the  case,  and  resort  to  compulsion  by  the  court  to  enforce 
the  attendance  of  SUCh  witnesses.      Heads  of  departments  or  bureaus 

are  furnished  the  necessary  legal  assistance  by  the  Attorney-Gen- 
eral; and  evidence  is  to  be  furnished  by  the  departments  in  suits 
pending  in  the  court  of  claims. 

Each  department  is  allowed  to  expend  $100  a  year  for  newspapers, 
to  be  filed  in  that  department  The  head  of  each  department  makes 
an  annua]  report  to  Congress,  giving  :i  detailed  statement  of  the 
manner  in  which  the  contingent  fund  for  hi-  department  has  been 
expended,  the  names  of  every  person  to  whom  any  of  it  has  been 


Treasury,  who  stands  with  arms  folded.    Lincoln, 

as  he  sits  with  paper  In  b  mil.  i-  :»ii  attenl  I 
is  Gideon  Welles,  head  ol  thi  Wavy,  who,  En  long, 
white  beard,  sita  opposite  Sewai  d  I  aleb  smith. 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  stands  next  to  Wt  lies; 
Montgomery  Blair.  Postmaster-General,  stands 
i>< •-)'!>■  smith,  nnd  Eilw.o'd  K.ite-.  Attorney-General 
tits  at  the  extreme  right 

Altogether  the  face?  and  the  cene  represented 
will  go  down  Into  the  future  as  one  of  the  memora- 
ble events  connected  with  the  efforts  in: »<le  for  the 
preservation  of  the  American  Union  in  the  dark 
and  troublous  days  of  the  rebellion. 


THE    1H   nES    OF   THE    8E1  W  l\n     01     BTATE. 


paid,  the  nature  of  the  service  rendered,  the  Idnd  of  property 
furnished,  and  Its  price,  etc.  ;  he  also  reports  i«>  Congress,  annually, 
the  names  of  the  clerks  and  other  persons  who  have  been  employed 
in  his  department  and  Its  offices,  the  time  and  manner  of  their 
employment,  the  same  paid  to  each,  whether  they  have  been  useful, 
need  to  be  remoi  ed,  etc. 

The  Seen  tai  L<  -   of  31  ite,  the  Treasury,  the   Interior,   w  aj 
Navy,  the  Po  General,  the   Attorney   General  and  th 

mission er  of   Agriculture,  are.  req aired  to  keep  a  complete  Inventory 
of  all  the  propertj  belonging  to  the  United  States  in  th<   bull 
moms,  offices  and  jrouu  Is  o©  ap  ■  d  bj  them,  respectively,  and  under 
their  charge,  as  well  as  an  accouni  of  the  sale  01  other  dlsposi 


any  of  such  property,  except  supplies  of  stationery  and  fuel  In  the 
public  offices,  and   books,  pamphlets  ami  papers  in  the  library  of 

The  bead  of  each  department  is  required,  as  soon  as  practicable 

after  the  last  day  of  September,  In  the  year  whenever  a  new  Congress 

assembles,  to  cause  to  be  died  In  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  the 

ii  and  complete  list  of  all  officers,  agents,  clerks  and 

es  in  bis  department,  or  In  any  of  the  offices  or  bureau    i  on 

i   with   it.     Such  lis!   must    include,  also,   all   the    statistics 

pecullai  to  ai    department  required  to  enable  the  Secretary  of  the 
interior  to  prepare  the  Biennial  Register. 


HE 


RETARY  OF 


-  ■  »•■-  .x. 


A  Summary  of  His  Duties. 


mt^>0  ^  i  * VV },  /<£? t x 7° ^X)  *"  IIK  (hitie9  of  the 

^>>^^  ft  L>  \.tJ*^*5    \i  f*       'It^^^  J""''     ir"IU    ,ih"     '" 

by  the  President 

of  the    l  ntted 

States,  and  relate 

principally  to  carrying  on   correspondence. 

Issuing  commissions  or  iii--trurti.ni-  to  or 

willi   public   inini-tcrs   or   consuls   from   the 

ii  States,   or  to   negotiations   with  public 
aters  from  foreign  states   or  princes,  or  to 

orials     or    Other    applications     from  foreign 

iters   or   other   f.irei-jners,   or  to  such 

■  matters   respecting   foreign  affairs  as   the 

President    of    the    i  nito  d  Statt  to  the 

department;    and    in-    conducts    the    business  of    the 

■    i'r  i  -id. 'lit  shall  d 

He  bas  custody  of  the  seal  of  the  Qnited   States,  and  of 
■  il  of  the  Departmenl    of  State,  and   of    all   the 

i k-.    records,  papers,  furniture,    fixtures   and  other 

property  In  or  belonging  to  the  department. 

When  the  President  has  approved  and  signed  any  bill,  order,  reso- 
lution or  vote  i  oi  which  becom*  -  s  l  ffi 
other  prescribed  manner  :  if  from 
the  President  or  the  speaker  of  the  Bouse  "t"  Representatives,  and 
give  it  dm-  publication  in  print  in  the  manner  ordered  by  law.  Uso, 
when  any  new  amendment  to  the  national  Constitution  has  been 
legally  adopted,  the  Secretary  of  State  shall  give  it  due  publication 
as  prescribed  in  the  statutes. 

Annual  Reports. 
He  shall  report  annually  to  Congress  the  following  particulars: 

An  abstract  of  ull  the  returns   DWdfl   U)   blDD    pursuant    to   1> 

..i  -  .it  the  various  porta  of  the  country,  of  seamen  registered  by  them, 

and  Impressments  of  seamen  and  d<  ■<■  foreign  authorities. 

A  statement  of  all  such  changes  and  modifications  in  the  commercial 

systems  of  other  nations,  in  any  manner  made,  as  shall  have  been  oommnnl- 

ca ted  to  his  department. 


Important  information  communicated  by  diplomatic  and  consular  duVitb 
if  be  deems  it  valuable  for  publication  to  the  people, 
a  full  list  uf  all  consular offlo  i 
I  report  oi    in]    ratei   oi   tarifl  ol   fee*  i»  i«'  reeeiveii  t>y  diplomatic  or 

cullsiilar  oilier  rs,    preserilieil  by  the  President  during  Ml.     i   ■■  .  i  ...n 

intent  ol  such  fees  as  have  been  collected  and  accounted  for  by 
such  officers  during  ibe  preceding  year. 

a   statement   "i   Ustfl  "t    passengers  arriving  in  the  United  Btab 
foreign  places,  returned  t-i  him  every  three  month-  bj  collectors  Of  customs. 

Names  of  any  consular  officers  of  foreign  citizenship  who  may  hai  i 
employed  under  ■alaries,  and  the  circumstances  of  their  appointment 

.ii<  in  ni  expenditures  from  the  contingent  fund  required  to  b<  m  id< 

by  inin,  which  must  Include  ^ <■  J i  the  contingent  expense!  ol   I go  inter. 

jj  foreign  ministers  and  their  offloei   exeepl    nehexpeo 
icttied  upon  the  certificate  of  the  President. 
Every  act  of  Congress  thai  becomes  a  law  of  the  land  by  rt 

process,     together    with    every    forciirn    treaty,    postal    convention.    ..r 

—  ional  joint  resolution  adopted,  must  be  Bent  to  the  p 
printer  for  legal  publication  by  the  Secretary  of  SCate,  who  Is  also  to 
publish  in  one  or  more  newspapers  (not  exceeding  thre<  i  su<  h  i  oi  i 
mercial  Information  thai  be  may  receive  from  diplomatic  and  coi 
officers  as  be  may  consider  Importanl  to  the  public  interests. 

Passports. 
It  is  from  this-  department,  al-o.    ih.it  pas-ports  are  furnished,     for 

85.00,    to  ail   persons   who  desire   to   travel   In   forelgi 

where  passports  are  necessary.     Copies  of  record-  in  this  depart- 
ment are  copied  by    clerk-    for   all    per-on-    at    a  COSt  to   the  ap] 

of  ten  cents  for  each  100  words  in  the  desired  statement 

Annual  Salaries  of  Assistant  Officers. 

The  subordinate   Officers   Of  this   department,   with    their    -alaries, 

arc  as  follow-: 

g  \--t  Secretaries 99  500    11  Clerks si.roo      S Clerks si.eoo 

iChlef  Clerk 2.600      *    do      1,800     t<>    do      900 

l  Translator 8,100      '•!     do      1.400  I    i  Engineer i  800 

tu  Chiefs..    8,100    10    do      1,200  '    l  Assistant  l,i 

men.  Laborers,  ete. ,  ranging  from  $060  to  SM0. 

Bach  chief  clerk  bas  the  supervision  of  the  clerks  In  hut  buret Ih  I  Cod 

of  the  depart!) rn     ilato    'tie  amount  and  character  "f  the  duties  "f 

each,  reporting  particulars  concerning  Buch  clerks,  their  shortcoming  -   i  tc  . 

to  hi     n| ■  offloei  monthly.    In  case  of  the  death,  removal,  resignation, 

sickness,  01    Incapacity  of  the  head  of  any  bureau,  the  next  officer  below 
him  performs  hi  i   is  appointed. 


WAB    DEPARTMENT    OF    THE    IM'IKD    STATES. 


;::< 


OF  WAR. 


M 


m  i 


An  Outline  Sketch  of  His  Official  Work,  the  Number  of  His  Assistants  and  their  Salaries. 


of    pnblic   works 


r*-   -j^        ^f£^,^,  I    HI:  EXECUTI^E  nf  War  is  appointed  by 

*  J  \<*lL  Jk^   J        tne   ^res^ent  t0  assist  in  carrying  on 

j^T*  ■r'jl         W^^nr'  *a  I,u-  -',v'rnmeDt  °f  tne  country,  and 

^^J^i3       ,~\rj  performs  such  dutie?  as  shall  from 

sL-lf  '    J         time  to  time  be   enjoined  on   or 

$^     intrusted  to  him   by  the  President 

relative   to  military  commission*, 

3  military  forces,    the   warlike    stores  of 

the    United    States,    or    to    other    matters 

respecting  military  affairs. 

He  must  prepare  and    communicate  to 
Congress  estimates  of  necessary  expendi- 
tures   and    needed  appropriations    for  his 
department,  including   estimates   for   such 
Bums  as  will  be  required  to  print  and  bind 
rv_>fii«'  *~-*&  documents  relating  to  his  department,  and  for 

^  SQ       sX~\  tue  compensation  of  his  subordinate  officers 

and  clerks,  and  estimates  for  the  construction 
All  estimates  for  the  public  service  in  this 
and  all  other  Cabinet  departments  are  transmitted  to  Congress  by 
the  Secretary  of  tin.-  Treasnry, 

The  Secretary  of  War  has  the  custody  and  charge  of  all  the  books, 
records,  papers,  furniture,  fixtures,  and  other  property  belonging  to 
his  department;  controls  the  collection  at  the  seat  of  government  of 
all  Mags,  standards,  and  military  colors  captured  by  the  army  from 
the  enemies  of  the  country;  defines  and  prescribes  the  kinds  and 
amounts  of  supplies  to  be  purchased  by  the  subsistence  and  quarter- 
masters' departments  Of  the  army;  regulates  the  transportation  of 
supplies  from  the  [daces  of  purchase  to  the  several  military  posts  or 
Btations  at  which  they  are  required,  and  the  safe-keeping  and  storage 
of  Mirh  supplies,  provisions,  etc.,  and  the  transportation  of  troops, 
munitions  of  war,  equipments  and  stores;  provides  for  the  taking  of 
weather  observations  at  military  etationB  in  the  interior  of  the  con- 
tinent, and  other  points  in  the  States  and  Territories;  for  _ 
notice  on  the  Northern  lakes  and  sea-coast,  by  magnetic  telegraph, 
of  the  approach  and  force  of  storms,  and  for  the  establishment* and 
reports  of  signal  offices  in  various  parts  of  the  country  concerning 
the  weather,  for  the  hem  tit  of  agricultural  and  commercial  into 
with  telegraph  lines  to  connect  weather- reporting  Btatione 
furnishes  non- commissioned  officers  and  soldiers  who  have  in  any 
manner  lost  their  certificates  of  discharge  from  the  army  with 
duplicate  certificates;  details  employes  of  the  department  to 
administer  proper  oaths  in  the  settlement  of  officers1  accounts  for 
clothing,  camp  and  garrison  equipage,  quartermasters1  stores, 
cannon,  etc. 


The  Secretary  of  War  must  report  to  Congress  annually  a  statement 
of  the  appropriations  of  the  preceding  fiscal  year  (beginning  always 
July  1)  for  his  department,  showing  how  much  was  appropriated 
under  each  specific  bureau  or  branch  of  the  department,  and  the 
balance  that  remained  on  hand  unexpended,  together  with  his 
estimates  of  the  amounts  of  appropriations,  specifically  stated. 
that  will  probably  be  needed  for  the  ensuing  year,  aside  from  what 
may  remain  of  the  balances  in  his  hand;  also  a  statement  of  all  his 
official  contracts  for  supplies  or  services  during  the  preceding  year, 
military  expenses,  etc. 

Another  important  duty  of  the  Secretary  is  to  submit  to  Congress 
report^  of  river  and  harbor  examinations  and  surveys  made  by  order 
of  Congress,  with  statements  showing  the  extent  to  which  the 
commerce  of  the  country  will  be  promoted  by  the  contenj 
improvement  of  these  rivers  and  harbors,  with  a  view  to  the  wisest 
appropriation  and  expenditure  of  the  public  money  in  this 
direction. 

Once  a  year,  he  reports  to  Congress  an  abstract  of  the  returns  of 
the  Adjutants -General  relative  to  the  militia  of  the  several  States. 

The  annual  reports  of  the  Secretary  to  Congress  are  made  at  the 
beginning  of  each  regular  Besslon,  and  embrace  the  transactions  of 

his  department  during  the  preceding  year. 

The  War  Department  is  divided  into  branches,  governed  by   the 
following   army    officers:    The   Adjutant- General,    Quartern] 
General,  Paymaster-General,  Commissary-General.  Surgeon -General, 
Chief  of  Engineers,  Chief  of  Ordnance,  and  the   Court  of  Military 
Justice. 

Annual  Salaries  of  Assistant  Officers. 


IChief  Clerk....  32,750 

l  Disbursing  Ok.  2.000 

7  Bureau  Chiefs.  2,000 

52Clerks 1,800 

1  DrauphlHium. .  1,800 

52  Clerks 1,800 

l  Anatomist 1,600 


91,800 

95  Clerks 1,400 

1  Engineer 1,400 

390  Clerks 1,900 

2  Engineers 1.200 

man 1.200 

i9i  Clerks 1,000 


alters  . ..  St. 000 

900 

1  Messenger wo 

•"■I  Messengers, etc 

50  Laborers 860 

8  Ch&rwutm-n ISO 


There  are  also  125  private  physicians,  at  Washington  and  various  military 
ho  receive  $100  a  month,  wHh  quarters  and  fuel;  185 hospital  sti 
at  820  to  $35  a  month,  with  rations,  quarters,  fuel,  and  clothing;  about  fifty 
paymaster's  clerics,  at  51,200  a  year;    ninety  national  cemetery  kt 
at  from  17*0  to  9900  a  year,  with  residences;  160  weather  observers  in  the 
Signal  361  I  1100  a  month,  with  allowances:   about  500 

employes  at  armories  and  arsenals,    and  850  clerks,    superintendents.   Jani- 
■  <  be  several  buildings  of  the  department,  at  rates  ranging  from  $w 
to  8200  a  month. 


THE    MILITARY    EQUIPMENT   OF   THE    DOTTED    STATES. 


>>JJ>J i. 


a>r?-»Y* 


Peace.  f^  \k 


Equipment,   Salaries   and    Duties   of    Army    Officers. 


■ 

States  i-  tb andei •■m- 

c-liiL-f  of  the  army. 
The   army  of     t !»**    I  nited 
tooting, 
consists  *<t  live  regln 
artillery,  ten   regim 

twenty  Bve     regi- 
ments     ■■(      Infantry,     an 
Adjutant- GeneraTs    department,  an    In 

■  rtment,  a  Qu  i 
m. Tit.    a    Sobaiatenoe    department,  a    corps    of 
engineers,   a  battalion   <>C  englni  i 

■  i  men   <>f  the 
Ordnanee department,  a  Medical  department,  with 
■ 

a  Bureau  of  Military   Justice,  a  force  Ol 

not  exceeding  1,000;  offlcen  on  the  army 
retired  list,  and  the  Professors  and  corps  ■•[  I 
ami  a  military  band  at  the  Weat   Point   Military 

academy. 

What   Constitute*  a   Regiment 

A  regiment  of    artillery  consists  Of  twelve  bat- 

:  artillery  i  orcannonlers),andeach  battery 
lias  not  exceeding  US  privab  I  LChed  to 

It.    One  battery  in  each  regiment  la  quipped  as 
light  or  dying  ai  died  from  the  rapidity 

with  whl 

for  the  men  who  work  it,  with  sufficient  h< 
enable  them  to  proceed  at  a  gallop. 

A  regiment  of  cavalry  con 
of  mount. M  BOldlers,   each    tmop  i 

ban  seventy-eight  enlisted  privates.    Two 
■    uts    of    the    cavalry    are    made    up    of 
enlisted   colored    privates,      anj    ol    the 

iay  be  dismounted  and  armed  and  drilled 
as  infantry,  at  the  discretion  Ident. 

A  regiment   of   ini  ■ 
paniea,  each  company  containing  from  flfl 
privates,  as   th  of    the  servlo 

require.     The  enlisted  men  of  two  regiments  of 

infantry  are  colored  nun. 

There  can  not  be  in  the  army,  at  one  time,  more 
than  30,000  en 

Duty  of  Quartermasters, 

The  Quartermaster's  department  has  charge  of 
purchasing  and  distributing  to   the  arm 
marines  in  land  service)  all  milli 
supplies  requisite  for  their  use,  w  bleb  other  corps 
are  not  directed  by  law  to  provide;   to  furnish 
means  of  transportation  for  the  .inny. 
tary  stores  and  supplies,  and  to  pnj    foi 
provide  for  and 

military    service,     which     other    ■ 
directed  to  provide  fi 

The   Subsistence   department  Is   In   charge  of 
picked  subordinate  officers,  whose  duty  it  is  to 


I  deposit 
and  preserve,  the  subsistence  supplies  of  the  army, 
under  regulations  prescribed  bythi 

the  army  Buch 
\  be  composition  of  the  army 
ration. 

Duty  of  Military    Engineer*. 
Tin-     '  torpa     of      i  ■:     neei        pi  gulates     and 

lines,  with    the  approval  of  the  Secretary 

of    War,    the     number,     quality,     form,    and 

ms  of  tin;  ni ■  '  ■ 

Implements,  arms  and  other  supplies  tor 
the  use  ol    the   battalion  ol    engineer  soldiers. 
I     ii\  .■    comp  1 1 
i  be  Orel  and  second  class, 
lining  tint  more  than  sixty- 
four  privates  ol    each  class.    Tin-  battalion  is 
i  and  organized,  with  the  same  limita- 
tions,   provisions,   allowances,  and    benefits,   In 
sped  hke  other  troops  on  a  peace  footing. 
i  b  Instructed  In,  and  i 

the  dut  era,  miners,  and  i tooniers; 

aid    in    giving    practical    Instruction    In    those 

t  point  military  ac 
and  mag  be  detailed  to  oversee  and  sid  laborers 

:  works  In  cl 
the  engineer  corps  of  the  government, 

i  protect  and  i  I  fortifl- 

bui    engineers   cannot    assume   nor  be 

i  on  any  duty  beyond  the   line  ol    their 

pi   I-.    ilal  order 

ol  the  President .  w  ho  ms  r  a!  ngineers 

ie  corps  to    i  do)  her,  regard  being  paid  to 

in  nk. 

Ordnance;  Department. 
Xhe  ''  partmenl    hai   In  charge  the 

enlistment,  under  the  direction  of  the  & 
of    War.    of   master-armorers,  master-carriage 
cksmiths,     who      are 
mta;   subordinate  armorers, 
blacksmiths  are  mastered  as 
corporals-,  artificers,  as  privates  of  the  Bi 

and     laborers,    us    private-    of    the    -.-.-. >iel  .-la-v 

The  Chief  of  Ordnan  -  the  approval  of 

the  Secretary  of  War.  organises  and  details  to 

Other   military    organizations  or  garrisons  such 

numbers  of    ordnance  enlisted    men,    furnished 

with  pro 

may  be   necessary,  and    me  Ions  for 

their  government .   he  also  fui  nJ  I 

and.  under  the  direction  of 

i 

<-nlnance 

stores   for  the  u*      I    the  Dnlted  States  army; 

the  Inspection  and  proving  of  the  same, 

and  the  construction  of  all  cannon  and  carriages, 

and  ammunition  wagons,  traveling  forges,  arti- 


ficers* wagon**,  and  of  every  Implement  and 
apparatus  for  ordnance,  mid  the  preparation  of 
all  kinds  of  presci  Ibed  ammunition  and  ordnance 
bushes  depots  of  ordnance  and 
ordnance  stores,  In  such  parts  of  the  United  States, 
and  in  such  numbers  as  may  be  deemed  naeaa 

■  ■..■elites,  or  causes  to  be  executed,  all 
orders  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  [In  time  ol 
wan   the  orders  of  any  general   or  Held  officer 

ndlng  an  army  <>r  detachment,    for   the 

i    supply  "i  and  ordnanee 

uly,   or 

oftener,  he  makes  a   report   !•■   the  Seen 

War  of  all   the  officers  and  enlisted  men    In   In- 

ment,  and  of  all  ordnance  and  oi 

Stores  under  his  control. 

The  Army  Medical  Department. 
The  Medical  department  furnishes  surg 
medical  aid  tomemb<  ny;   bas  super- 

vision of   the  purchase  and  distribution  of  the 
hospital  and  medical  supplies:    twites  aith  the 

line   officers   of    the    army,    under   the    rules   and 

us  ol  thi    Secretary  of  War,  in  superta- 
king  done  by  the  enllsti 

attends,     under    the    direction    of     the    Surgeon- 
to  the  proper  preparation  ol    the   rations 

i  men :  pro\  [dee  sui  b 

milk,  butter  an  I 

as  maybe  necessary  for  the    proper  die)   of  the 

sick  in  hospitals,  and  trusses  for  ruptured   oldlers 
oi  pensioners. 

The     Pay    department     is     charged    with    the 

.  1    payment   of  the  troops,  BAd    I      | 

over  by  the    Paymaeter-Oenerai,  and    as    many 

t  paymasters  as  are  repined  to  perform 
that  duty. 

The  Bureau  of  Military  Justice  has  control  of 
the     proceedings  of    court-  lurts  of 

military  Inquiry,  military  commissions,  etc 
Salaries  of  Leading  Army  Officers. 

The  General  of  the  army  ranks  next  in  com- 
mand to  the  President  in  the  control  of  the 
national  troops.  He  has  a  salary  of  913,500  a 
year,  and  selects  from  the  army  such  s  number 
Of  aids,  not  exeeedingsix.  as  lie  may  deem  neces- 
sary, who,  while  serving  on  his  staff,  bear  the 
rank  of  colonels  of  cavalry* 

The  Lieutenant-Genera]  of  the  army  ranks  next 
below  the  General;  hasasalary  of  sll.ooc, 
and  fallowed  to  select  from  the  army  two  aids 
and  i  military  secretary,  who  rank  as  lieutenant- 
colonels  of  cavalry-  while  serving  on  his  statf. 

Three  Major-Generals  have  command  undi  i  Cue 

entitled  to  $7.soo  a 

year,  forage  for  five  horses,  and  three  aids,  whom 

he  may  select  from  captains  or  lieutenants  in  the 


THE    MILITARY    EQUIPMENT    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


381 


army,  whose  pay  over  and  above  the  pay  of  their 
rank  is  8200  a  year. 

Six  Brigadier-Generals,  each  drawing  86,600  a 
year,  and  each  having  two  aids,  who  may  be 
selected  by  him  from  lieutenants  in  the  army. 
Each  draws  forage  for  four  horses. 

O niters  of  a  Regiment  of  Artillery. 
Each  regiment  of  artillery  is  commanded  by 
one  Colonel,  one  Lieutenant-Colonel,  one  Major 
for  every  four  batteries,  one  Adjutant,  one 
Quartermaster  and  Commissary,  one  Sergeant- 
Major,  one  Quartermaster-Sergeant,  one  chief 
musician  <  who  is  an  instructor  of  music),  and  two 
principal  musicians;  the  Adjutant  and  Quartet 
master  and  Commissary  are  extra  Lieutenants, 
selected  from  the  first  or  second  lieutenants  of 
the  regiment.  Each  battery  of  artillery  is 
1  by  one  Captain,  one  First  Lieutenant, 
one  Second  Lieutenant,  one  First  Sergeant,  one 
Quartermaster-Sergeant,  four  Sergeants,  four 
Corporals,  two  musicians,  two  artificers  and  one 
wagoner;  but  one  First  Lieutenant,  one  Second 
Lieutenant,  two  Sergeants  and  four  Corporals 
may  be  added  to  each  battery,  at  the  discretion  of 
the  President. 

Officers  of  a  Regiment  of  Cavalry. 
Each  regiment  of  cavalry  has  for  its  officers 
one  Colonel,  one  Lieutenant-Colonel,  three 
Majors,  one  Surgeon,  one  Assistant-Surgeon,  one 
Adjutant,  one  Quartermaster,  one  Veterinary 
Surgeon  (with  the  rank  of  regimental  Sergeant 
Major),  one  Sergeant-Major,  one  Quartermaster- 
Sergeant,  one  Saddler-Sergeant,  one  chief  musician 
(who  is  an  instructor  of  music),  and  one  chief 
trumpeter.  Two  A  i  - 1  ,m  t-Surgeons  may  be 
allowed  u»  each  regiment,  and  four  regiments 
have  an  additional  Veterinary  Surgeon.  The 
Adjutant  and  the  Quartermaster  of  each  regiment 
are  extra  Lieutenants,  selected  from  the  first  or 
second  lieutenants  of  the  regiment.  Each  troop 
of  cavalry  is  officered  by  one  Captain,  one  First 
Lieutenant,  one  Second  Lieutenant,  one  First 
Sergeant,  one  Quartermaster-Sergeant,  five  Ser- 
geants,  four  Corporals,  two  trumpeters,  two 
farriers,  one  saddler  and  one  wagoner. 

Officers  of  ■  Regiment  of  Infantry. 
The  officers  of  each  infantry  regiment  consist  of 
one  Colonel,  one  Lieutenant-Colonel,  one   Major, 
one  Adjutant,  one  Quartermaster,  one  Sergeant 
Major,  one    Quartern  mt,    one    chief 

musician,  two  principal  musicians.  The  Adjutant 
and  the  Quartermaster  are  extra  lieutenants, 
selected  from  the  first  or  second  lieutenant-  of 
the  i  egiment.  Each  company  of  infantry  is 
officered  by  one  Captain,  one  First  Lieutenant, 
one  Second  Lieutenant,  one  First  Sergeant,  one 
Quartermaster -Sergeant,  four  Sergeant-,  four 
Corporals,  two  artificers,  two  musicians,  and  one 
wagoner. 

Salaries  of  Regimental  Officers. 

Colonels  receive  as  compensation  -     yi  u 

and  forage  for  two  horses;  Lieuti 
83,000  a  year,  and  forage  for  two  horses;   U  ijors, 
•8,500  a  year,  and  forage  for  two  horses;  Captains, 
mounted,  $8,000 s  year,  and  forage  for  twol 

■  i  -,  not  in ited,  11,800  ■  yeai -.  Adjutants, 

•1.800  a  year,  and  forage    for  two  BOl 
mental  Quartermasters,  •1.800  a  year,  an  I 
for  two  horses:  First  Lieutenants,  mount" 
a  year,  and  forage  for  two  horses;  First  Lieuten 

nut.,,  nut  ni,.uTil''<l  -l  ■  '  '  >  >■'■■'!.  Sl""l  1"  '! 
tenants,  mounted.  $1 .  .MM)  a  year,  and  forage  fortwo 

horses;   Second  Lieutenants,  not  mounted,  91. 400 

a  year;  Chaplains,  *  1.500  a  year,  and  forage  for 
two  horses;  Acting  Assistant  Commissaries,  owo 
a  year  in  addition  to  the  pay  of  their  rank; 
Ordnance  Store-keeper  and  Paymaster  at  the 
Springfield    Mass  I  Armory,  13,600,  and  forage  for 


two  horses;  all  other  Store-keepers.  *2,000ayear, 
und  forage  for  two  horses.  Each  coram! 
officer  below  the  rank  of  a  Brigadier-General, 
Including  Chaplains  and  others  whose  rank  or 
pay  assimilates,  are  allowed  10  per  cent,  of  their 
current  yearly  pay  for  each  term  of  five  years  of 
service. 

The  Pay  of  Enlisted  Men. 
The  following  enlisted  men  are  paid  these  rams 
monthly  during  their  first  terms  of  enlistment, 
with  some  modifications  prescribed  by  law: 
i  Majors  of  cavalry,  artillery  and 
in  fantry,  923  each ;  Quartermaster  -  Sergeants 
Of  cavalry,  artillery  and  infantry,  823  each; 
chief  trumpeters  of  cavalry.  $22;  principal 
musicians  of  artillery  and  infantry,  822; 
chief  musicians  of  regiments,  860,  and  the 
allowances  of  a  Quartermaster-Sergeant;  Saddler 
Sergeants  of  cavalry,  822;  First  Sergeants  of 
cavalry,  artillery  and  infantry,  822;  Sergeant-  of 
cavalry,  artillery  and  infantry,  817;  Corporals 
Oi  cavalry  and  light  artillery.  815;  Corporals  of 
artillery  and  infantry,  815;  saddlers  of  cavalry, 
$15;  blacksmiths  and  farriers  of  cavalry,  Sl">; 
trumpeters  of  cavalry,  313;  musicians  of  artillery 
and  infantry'.  *13;  privates  of  cavalry,  artillery 
and  infantry,  813;  Sergeant -Majors  of  engineers, 
•36;  Quartermaster-Sergeants  of  engineers.  836; 
Sergeants  of  engineers  and  ordnance,  $M;  Cor- 
porals of  engineers  and  ordnance,  $20;  musicians 
of  engineers,  813;  privates  (first  class  ol 
engineers  and  ordnance,  ?17;  privates  (second 
class)  of  engineers  and  ordnance,  813-  To  these 
rates  of  pay  Si  a  month  is  added  for  the  third 
year  of  enlistment.  Si  for  the  fourth  yeai 
one  more  for  the  fifth  year,  making  83  a  month 
increase  for  the  bust  year  of  enlistment;  but  this 
Increase  i-  "retained  pay,"  and  i-  not  given  to 
the  soldier  until  his  term  is  ended,  and  it  is  for- 
feited if  he  misbehaves  himself  before  he  i 
his  discharge.  Occasional  extra  sorvtci 
soldiers  and  non-commissioned  officers  also  entitle 
them  to  additional  pay. 

Hospital  Stewards. 
Hospital    stewards   are  either  enlisted  for  that 

position,  or  appointed  from  the  enlisted  men  Ln 
the  army,  and  are  permanently  attached  to  the 

medical     corps,     under    the    regulations    of     the 

Secretary  ol  War.    There  is  one  hospital 

for  each  military  post;  and  they  are  grad< 

the  first,  second  and  third  classes.     The  llrst  class 

receive  830  a  month,  the  second  822,  and  the  third 

•20.      Hospital    matrons    in    post    or    regimental 

hospitals  receive  110  a  month,  and  female  nurses 

in  general  hospitals,  40  cents  a  day;  but 

t  ir\  ration,  or  its  equivalent,  is  all 

Women  are  employed  as  matrons  and    nui 

regimental  hospitals  in  such  numbers  as 
may  be  necessary,  and  as  nurses  In  gen< 
permanent  hospitals  at    such   times   and  in  such 
numbers  as  the  Surgeon-General  or  the  medical 
officer  in.  h  <  i  ge  ol  anysuch  b 

Pay  Department  in  the  Army. 
The  pay  department  of  the  army  consists  of  one 
Paymaster  Qeneral,    with   the    rank   of 
two  Assistant  Paymasters-General,  with  the  rank 
of   colonel  of  cavalry,  two  Deputy 

,.    with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  of 
and  sixty  Paymasters,  with  the  rank  of  m 
cavalry.    Officers  of  the  pay  department  are  not 

entitled,  by  virtue    of   their  rank,  to  command  in 

the  line  or  In  other  staff  corps.  When  volunteers 
or  militia  ire  called  into  the  service  of  the  Tinted 

State-,  and  the  Officers  In  the  pay  department   are 

not  deemed  by  the  President  sufficient  for  the 
punctual  payment  of  the  troops,  he  may  appoint 
and  add  to  such  corps  as  many  paymasters,  called 


additional  paymasters,  ranking  as  majors  (not 
exceeding  one  for  every  two  regiments  of  volun- 
teers or  militia)  as  he  may  deem  necessary;  but 
these  additional  paymasters  may  only  be  r  •  tained 
In  service  so  long  s  ed  to  perform 

the  special  duty  for  which  they  are  appointed. 
Paymasters  and  additional  pa; 

a  capable  non-commissioned  officer  or  private  as  a 
clerk.  If  suitable  persons  for  this  Office  cannot  be 
found  in  the  army,  they  are  authorized,  with  the 
approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  to  employ 
citizen.-  as  clerks,  at  a  salary  of  81,200a  year. 

The    Paymaster-General    performs    his    duties 
under  the  direction  of  the  President.     The  army 
is  paid  in  such  a  manner  that  the  arrears  shall  at 
no  time  exceed  two  months,  unless  cm  cum 
render  further  arrears  unavoi  Deputy 

Paymasters-General,  in  addition  to  paying  b 
superintend  the  payment  of  armies  in  the  field. 
The  paymasters  and  additional  paymasters  pay 
the  regular  troops  and  all  other  troops  In  the' 
service  of  the  United  States,  when  required  to  do 
so  by  order  of  the  President 

The  Signal  Service. 

The  chief  signal  officer  is  of  high  rank  in  the 
army,  with  s  c  iteuten- 

ants  as  acting  signal  officers,  one 

and    assistants,    besides    six     Inspectors 
ranking  as  first  and  second  lieutenants.    The  work 
is  divided  into  several  divisions,  each  in  charge  of 
a  proper  officer,  as  follows:    General  corri 
dence — in  charge  of  letters  and  record?;  property 
and  disbursing— in  charge    of    BUpplies    ai 
counts;  station— for  instructing  ob  i 
graph— in  charge  of  army  telegraph  tines;  Indica- 
tions—issues    »eat  her     warning,    etc ;     weather 
review  and  International  bulletin:  scientific  and 
study;  instruction;  printing;    instrument  and  ob- 
servatory. 

Judge  Advocates. 

The  Bureau  of  Military  Jusl  -  of  one 

Judge  Advocate-General,  with  the  rank  of 
Brigadier-General,    and     one  Judge 

Advocate-General,    with    the    rank    of    colonel    of 

cavalry.    It  is  the  duty  of  the  Judge  advocate- 
General  t"  receive,  revise  and  cause  to  be  re 
the   proceedings  of  all  courts-martial,  court-  of 
inquiry  and    military   commissions,    and    perform 

Buch  other  duties  as  have  been  prescribed  P 

office,  from  time  to  time,  by  the  laws  of  the 
country. 

There  are  eight   Judge  Advocates   of  tin- 
holding    the    rank   of    major  of   cavalry.      They 
perform  their  duties  under  the  direction  of  the 

Judge  Advocate-General,  and  pre&i  ' 

of  Inquiry,  etc-;   have  power  to 
Issue  o  like  pr sssio  compel  witnesses  to  appear 

and  testify  which  courts  of  criminal   jun- 

within  the  State.  Territory  or  district  where  such 

military  courts  are  held  may  lawfully  issue,  and 

iwer  to  appoint  a  reporter,  who  records 

•fa  court  and  the  testimony 

taken  before  it,  and  sets  down  the  same,  In  the  first 

instance,  in  short-hand  writing.     The  reporter, 

ntering  upon  this  duty  Is  sworn,  or  makes 

affirmation,  faithfully  to  perform  the  same. 

Brevet  Officers. 

In  the  army,  promotions  of   officers  CO  higher 
in  the  serviceare  regulated  by  law.     In 
war,  the  President  may  confer 
sions    by    brevet    (giving   a    higher    rank     and 
title,  without  Increase  of  paj    up<  n 

if  tiie  army  for  distinguished  conduct  and 
public  service  in  presence  ol  the  i  di  Bud 

•  commissions  bear  date  from  the  particulai 

or   service    for    which    the   brevet    rank    was   con- 
Such  officers  may  be  assigned  to  duty  or 
command   according  to    their  brevet   rank  by  a 


3S2 


THE    MIUTAUY     EQUIPMENT    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


ami  nt  of  the  Prealdenl \  but  brevet 

rank  does  not  entitle  an  offlcei  to  precede ■  or 

intl,    except   whi  '''   '»  '"" 

entitled   to   wear,   while   on  duty,  any  uniform 

other  than  that  of  hie  actual  rank!   nor  to  be 

addreaaed  In  orders  or  offldal  communications  by 

any  title  other  than  that  of  bis  actual  rank. 

Military  Cadets. 

When  an]  oadel    student)  of  the  United  States 

Military  academy  at  West  Point  hai  gont  through 

,  ,i  recelTed  a  regular  degree  fromUie 

■  leal  itaff,  he  is  considered  ■  candidate  foi 

a  oonunisslon  In  any   portion  of   the  army   for 

v.i duties  he  may  be  deei i  competent     But 

•hould  there  benovacancj  then  existing  in  such 
corps,  be  may  be  brevetted  as  a  supernumerary 
ofDcer,  with  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant,  until 
a  vacancy  occurs. 

Non-commissli 1  officers. 

Under  regulations  established  by  the  Be 
of    War,    non-commlssloned     officers     may    be 

examined  h      i  ' '     >l    '■  ■  n    ■  ■:'    '  '      '"  their 

Qualifications  for  the  dnties  of  commissioned 
offloera  In  the  line  of  the  army,  and  are  eligible 
for  appointment  as  second  lieutenants   In   any 

corps  for  which  they  art-  qualified. 

Meritorious  Privates. 
Whenever  a  private  soldier  distinguishes  him- 
self in   the   army,   the   Presidenl    may,  on  the 

recommendation  of   the  commanding  officers  of 

the  regiment    to  which   such    private    soldier 

belongs,  grant  him  a  certificate  of  merit. 
Educational. 
Schools  arc  sstablJ  bed  si  all  posts,  garrisons, 
and   prt  in  mi  rii    camps,    at    which    troops    are 
stationed,    In     which     the    enlisted    men 
In  tructed  In  the  common  English  bronchi 

on,    and    especially    In    the   history  of   the 

United  States,  it  i.-  the  duty  of  the  posl  or  gar- 
ii  on  commander  to  set  apart  a  suitable  room  or 
building  for  school  and  religious  pur] ! 

tin-  Secretary  of  War  details  such  Officers  and 
enlisted  men  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  out 
tins  Hif  mure 

Retiring  Ruanls-— Veteran  Officers. 

From  time  to  time  the  Secretary  of  War,  under 

the  direction  of  the  President,  assembles  an  Army 

Retiring  Boardi  consisting  of  not  more  ill. in  nine, 
nor  less  than  five,  officers,  two-fifths  of  whom  are 

i  t  inn,  the  Medical  corps,  and  be*  ide    I  be  i 

the    board   Is  composed,    as    far    as  may  be,    of 

.ii  tank   to   the   officer   whose   disability   is* 

the  Bubject  of  Inquiry.  The  members  of  the 
board  are  sworn  to  discharge  their  duties  honestly 

and    impartially.      The   board   inquires  into  and 

determines  the  acts  touching  the  nature  and 
occasion  of  the  disability  of  any  officer  who 
appears  to  be  incapable  of  performing  the  duties 
of  his  office,  and  shall  have  such  powers  of  a 
court-martial  and  of  a  court  of  Inquiry  as  may  be 
necessary  for  that  purpose.    The  proceedings  and 

decision    of  re    transmitted    to    the 

Secretary  of  War,  and  are  by  him  laid  before  the 
President  for  his  approval  or  disapproval  and 
orders  in  the  cose. 
When  an  officer  has  served  forty  consecutive 
i-  n  commissioned  officer,  he  may,  upon 
making  application  to  the  President,  be  retired 
fromacl  and  placed  upon  the  retired 

list,  at  the  discretion  of  the  President  Whan 
any  officer  has  served  forty-five  years  as  a  com- 
missioned officer,  or  i-  sixty-two  years  old,  he 
may,  at  the  discretion  of  the  President,  be  retired 
from  active  service. 

When  any  officer  has  become  incapable  of  per- 
forming the  duties  of  his  office,  he  shall  either  be 
retired  from  active  service,  or  wholly  retired 
from  the  service  by  the  President,  in  the  manner 


provided  by  law.    <  Ifflcon  are  retired  fr active 

service  upon  the  actual  rank  held  by  them  at  the 
,i  Lte  of   their  retirement .    are  «  Ithdi  .1  ■■•■  a  1  rom 
coram  "el  and  the  line  or  promotion;  are  ■ 
to  wear  the  uniform  of  then  rank;  contlnui 
borne  on  the  army  register;   are  snhlscl   i"  the 
rnie>  and  articles  of  war,  and  to  trial  by  court 
martial    for  any  breach    thereof      The   whole 
Dumber  of  offloers  on  the  retired  List  cannot  at 
,,n\  tune  exceed  300. 
Retired  offloers  maj  be  assigned  to  duty  at  the 
11. nne  [Dayton,  Ohio)  when  selected  bj 
the  commissioners  of  the  home,  approved  by  the 
Secretary  of  War;  and  a  retired  officer  cannot  be 

I  to  any  other  duty,  but    may.  on   his   own 

application,  be  detailed  to  serve  ■>-  profea  or  In 
any  college.     No  retired  officer.  In  these  positions, 
however,  will  be  allowed  any  additional  compen 
satlon— only  ins  regular  pay  as  a  retired  officer. 
Rights  of  Enlisted  Men. 

No  enlisted  man  can.  during  bis  term  of  -n  \  Ice, 
be  arrested  on  mesne  process,  or  taken  or  charged 
in  execution  for  any  debt  unless  it  was  contracted 
before  his  enlistment  and  amounted  to  820  when 

hi  i  conl racted, 

(  noks. 
Cooks  for  the  army  are  detailed,  in  turn,  from 

the  privates  of  each  company  ol    troops  In  the 

sei-vi t   the  United  states,  at  the  rate  of  one 

cuiik     lor     each     company     numbering    less     than 

thirty  nun,  and  two  cooks  tor  each  company 
numbering  more  than  thirty  men,  and  they  serve 
on  each  detail  ten  days. 

Officers  us  Teachers. 

The  President  may,  upon  the  application  of  any 
.  t.l.ii  bed  college  Or  university  wiMun  the  United 
States,  having  capacity  to  educate  at  the  same 

tune  not    lOSS    than    160   male   students,   detail    an 

officer  of  the  army  to  act  as  president,  superin- 
tendent or  professor  thereof,  but  the  number  of 
8UCh  officers  may  not  exceed  thirty  at  anytime; 
are  to  be  apportioned  throughout  the  United 
states,  ils  nearly  as    practicable,    according  to 

population,  and  are  governed  by  general    rules 

prescribed,  from  Urns  to  tune,  by  the  President 
Officers*   Reports. 
Every  officer  commanding  a  regiment,  corps, 

gafl  I -I'll    or     del  a  ell  merit,    is   required.    'e     III    two 

months,  or  of tener,  to  make  a  report  to  the  chief 
ol  ordnance,  stating  all  damages  to  arms,  imple- 
ments or  equipments  belonging  to  his  command, 
noting  those  occasioned  by  negligence  or  abuse, 
and  naming  the  officer  or  soldier  by  whose  negli- 
gence or  abuse  such  damages  were  occasioned. 

Every  officer  who  receives  clothing  or  camp 
equipage  for  the  use  of  his  command,  or  for  issue 
to  troops,  must  render  to  the  Quartermastej 
General,  quarter  yearly,  returns  of  such  supplies, 
according  to  prescribed  forms,  with  the  requisite 
vouchers. 

Army  Officers  as  Civil  Officers. 

NoariiiN  oilier  in  steiive  serwee  can  hold  any 
civil  office,  either  by  election  or  appointment, 
ami  if  he  accepts  or  exercises  the  functions  of  a 
eivil  office  he  ceases  to  be  an  officer  of  the  army 
and  his  commission  Is  vacated.  Should  he  accept 
a  diplomatic  or  consular  appointment  under  the 
government,  he  is  considered  as  having  resigned 
In-  place  In  the  army,  and  it  is  111b  il 

Musicians  and   Their   Pay. 

The  leader  of  the  band  at  the  military'  ■'" 
receives  175a  month,  and  the  chief  musl 

regiments  !»i'.<»  and  the  allowances  of  a  quarter- 
master sergeant. 

Army   Clothing. 

The  uniform  of  the  army,  and  the  quantity  and 
kind  of  clothing  Issued  annually  to  the  troops, 
are  prescribed  by  the  President. 


West  Point  Military  Academy. 
The  offloers  of  the  West  Point  academy  eon  I  I 
of  a  superintendent!  a  oommandanl  ol  oad< 
senior  Instructor  of  artillery  tactics,  s  senior 
Instructor  of  cavalry  taol  i  snlor  Instructor 
of  infants  tactics,  a  profs  -"i  and  an  s  ii  tant 
professor  of    civil   and  military  engineering,  a 

■     ind     ",    .i     i  tant    professor  of   oal  Ural 

and  expei intsl  philosophy,  a  professor  and  an 

asatstanl  prof*  sor  ol  m  Lthematlc  .  one  chaplain, 
who  is  also  professor  of  history,  geography  and 
ethics,  aided  by  an  assistant  professor;  s  proft     oi 

and  an    assistant    professor  of   chemistry,  miner- 

i |i igj  b nd  get 'i' igj .  b  profe  sor  d nd  ■  n    i 

pi..t.:    or  of  ili;i«  ing,  a  professor  an<l  all  an   i    tant 

I  t  .  1 1 .   ■    ,.i    -  ■  i    r  ie-   I   i  .  ii.  I. |.i  ..I.         ii    nn! 

an  assistant    professor   of    the    Spnni   It   language, 

one  adjutant,  one  master  of  the  sword,  and  one 
teacher  of  muslo. 

The  superintendent,  the  c niaii'l  ml    of  eadets 

and  the  professors  are  appointed  bj  the  President, 
ami  the  assistant  profi i    i    Istant  pro- 
adjutant    an  Offlcei  I  Ol    the  army, 

detailed  to  such  duties  by  the  Secretary  of  War. 
or  cadets  (students)  assigned  by  the  superin 
tendent,  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of 

War. 
The  superintendent  and  oommandanl  Of  cadi  '  - 

may  be  selected,  and  nlj  other  oil pa  luty  at 

the     Military    academy     may    be     detailed      from 

cavalry,  Infantry  or  artillery;  but  the  academic 

stalT  (as  such)  is  not  entitled   t..  any  command    in 

the  army,  outside  of  the  academy.  The  superin- 
tendent and  the  commandant  of  Cadets,  while 
serving  an  such,  have,  respectively,  the  local  rank 
of  colonel  and  lieutenant  colonel  Of  englni 

The  Superintendent,  and,  in  liis  absence,  the 
next  in  rank,  ha-  the  immediate  government  and 
military  command    of   the   academy,  and  Is  com- 

mandant  of  the  military  post  at  west  Point. 
The  commandant  of  cadets  has  the  Immediate 

command  oT  the  battalion  of  cadets,  and  is  the 
Instructor  in  the  tactics  of  artillery,  cavalry  and 
infantry. 

Supervision  of  the   Military   Academy. 

The  supervision  and  charge  of  the  academy  ii 
vested  in  the  War  Department,  under  such  officers, 
or  officer,  as  the  Secretary  Of  War  may  assign  to 
that  duty. 

Leaves  of  absence  are  granted  by  the  superin 
tend. 'lit.  under  regulations  prescribed  by  the  Sen. ■ 

tary  of  War,  to  the  professors,  assistant  pro- 
fessors and  other  officers  of  the  academy  for  the 

entire   period  of  the  suspension   of    tl idinary 

academic  studies,  without  deductions  I  rom  their 
respective  pay  or  allowances. 

The  professors  are  placed  on  the  same  footing, 
as  to  r«  tirement-from  active  service,  as  officers  of 
the  army. 

Salaries   of  Military   Teachers. 

Pay  of  ttie  Academic  staff:  Superintendent, 
same  as  n  colonel;  Commandant  of  cadets,  same 
as  a  lieutenant-colonel,  Adjutant,  same  as  an 
adjutant  of  the  cavalry  service;  Professors,  who 
have  served  more  than  ten  years  at  the  aeademy, 
the  pay  and  allowances  of  a  colonel,  anil  all  other 
professors  those  of  a  lieutenant-colonel;  the 
instructors  of  ordnance   and  sclei -f  gunnery 

,,ti.|     ..I     pi;iet«eal     engineering    have    the    pay    ol     a 

major,  besides  ten  per  centum  of  their  current 

yearly  pay  lor  each  and  every  term  of  Jive  years* 
en  ice  In  the  army  and  at  the  academy,  and  such 
I  ors  are  placed  upon  the  same  footing,  as 

regards  restrictions  upon  pay  and  retirement  from 

active  service,  as  officers  of  the  anm  each 
assistant  professor  and  each  senior  Instructor  of 
cavalry,  artillery  and  infantry  twvetics,  and  the 
instructor  of  practical  military  engineering, 
receives  the  pay  of  a  captain;  the  master  of  the 


THE    MILITARY    EQUIPMENT    OF    Til?:    UNITED    STATES. 


383 


sword  receives  at  the  rate  of  $1,500  a  year,  with 
fuel  and  quarters;  the  librarian  and  assistant 
librarian  of  the  academy  each  receive  8120  addi- 
tional pay;  the  non-commissioned  officer  in  charge 
of  mechanics  and  other  labor  at  the  academy,  the 
soldier  who  acts  as  clerk  in  the  adjutant's  office, 
and  the  four  enlisted  men  in  the  philosophical  and 
chemical  departments  and  the  lithographic  office, 
receive  each  $50  additional  pay. 

Requirements  of  Military  Cadets. 

The  corps  of  cadets  consists  of  one  from  each 
congressional  district  in  the  United  States,  one 
from  each  Territory,  one  from  the  District  of 
Columbia  and  ten  from  the  United  States  at  large, 
and  are  appointed  by  the  President. 

Appointees  to  cadetships  are  required  to  be 
between  seventeen  and  twenty-two  years  old;  but 
if  they  had  served  faithfully  in  the  Southern 
rebellion  as  Union  volunteers,  the  law  allowed 
them  to  be  two  years  older,  and  no  person  who 
served  in  the  rebellion  against  the  Union  could 
receive  a  cadet's  appointment.  Cadets  are  ap- 
pointed one  year  in  advance  of  the  time  of  their 
admission  to  the  academy;  they  draw  no  pay  or 
allowances  until  they  are  admitted;  they  are 
examined  under  regulations  prescribed  by  the 
Secretary  of  War  before  their  admission,  and 
they  are  required  to  be  well-versed  in  reading, 
writing  and  arithmetic,  and  to  have  a  knowledge 
of  the  elements  of  English  grammar,  descriptive 
geography  (particularly  of  our  country),  and  of 
the  history  of  the  United  States.  Previous  to 
admission,  also,  each  cadet  is  required  to  take  an 
oath  of  fidelity  to  his  country  and  his  duties,  and 
to  sign  articles  binding  himself  to  serve  the 
Government  eight  years,  unless  sooner  dis- 
charged. 

How  Cadets  are   Drilled. 

The  cadets  are  arranged  into  companies,  under 
the  direction  of  the  superintendent,  each  of 
which  is  commanded  by  an  officer  of  the  army 
for  the  purpose  of  military  instruction.  Each 
company  is  allowed  four  musicians.  The  corps  is 
taught  and  trained  in  al!  the  duties  of  a  private 
soldier,  non-commissioned  officer  and  officer,  goes 
into  encampment  at  least  once  a  year  for  three 
months,  and  is  instructed  and  drilled  in  all  the 
duties  incident  to  a  regular  camp.  Cadets  are 
also  subject  to  do  duty  in  such  places  and  on  such 
service  as  the  President  may  direct. 

No  cadet  who  is  reported  as  deficient  in  either 
conduct  or  studies,  and  recommended  to  be  dis- 
charged from  the  academy,  can,  except  upon  the 
recommendation  of  the  academic  board,  be 
returned  or  re-appointed,  or  appointed  to  any 
position  in  the  army  before  his  class  have  left  the 
academy  and  received  their  commissions. 

The  superintendent  of  the  academy  has  power 
to  convene  general  courts-martial  for  the  trial  of 
cadets,  and  to  execute  the  sentences  of  such 
courts  (except  sentences  of  suspension  or  dismis- 
sion), subject  to  the  limitations  and  conditions 
existing  as  to  other  general  courts-martial. 

The  Board  of  Visitors. 

A  Board  of  Visitors  is  appointed  once  a  year  to 
attend  the  annual  examination  of  cadets  at  the 
Military  academy.  Seven  persons  are  appointed 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  ami  two 
United  States  Senators  and  three  Representatives 
in  Congress  are  designated  by  the  presiding 
officers  in  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives, respectively,  at  the  session  of  Congress 
next  preceding  the  examination. 

It  is  the  duty  of  this  Board  of  Visitors  to  inquire 
into  the  actual  state  of  the  discipline,  instruction, 
police  administration,  financial  affairs,  and  other 
concerns  of  the  academy.  The  visitors  appointed 
by   the    President    report   the    results    of    their 


examination  to  the  Secretary  of  "War.  for  the 
information  of  Congress  at  the  beginning  of  the 
next  session;  the  Congressional  visitors  report 
directly  to  Congress,  within  twenty  days  after  its 
meeting,  their  action  as  visitors,  with  their  views 
and  recommendations  concerning  the  academy. 

These  visitors  receive  no  compensation  fur  their 
services,  except  the  payment  of  their  expenses 
for  board  and  lodging  while  visiting  West  Point, 
and  an  allowance  of  not  more  than  eight  cents 
per  mile  for  traveling  expenses,  going  and 
returning  by  the  shortest  mail  routes. 

Articles    of  War. 

The  statutes  of  the  United  States  contain  a  code 
of  laws  for  the  government  of  the  army,  known 
as  the  "Articles  of  War,"  and  to  these  every 
officer  and  soldier  is  required  to  yield  implicit 
obedience  or  suffer  the  penalties  therein  provided. 
These  articles  number  128.  They  include  all  ranks 
and  conditions  of  the  army,  the  formation,  juris- 
diction and  conduct  of  general  courts-martial, 
field-officers'  courts,  regimental  courts,  and 
garrison  courts.  Officers  can  only  be  tried  by 
general  courts-martial.  (See  "  Judge  Advocates- 
General.")  The  other  courts  are  composed  of 
officers  chosen  by  commandants  in  the  field.  En 
the  regiment,  and  in  the  garrison  for  the  trial  of 
minor  offenses  committed  by  soldiers  and  non- 
commissioned officers. 

Military   Prison. 

A  military  prison  has  been  established  at  Rock 
Island.  111.,  by  the  government,  for  the  confine- 
ment and  reformation  of  offenders  against  the 
rules,  regulations  and  laws  for  the  government 
of  the  army  of  the  United  States,  in  which  are 
confined  and  employed  at  labor,  and  governed 
according  to  law,  all  such  offenders  as  have  been 
convicted  before  any  court-martial  or  military 
commission  of  the  United  States  and  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  therein. 

The  Secretary  of  War  appoints  a  board  of  five 
members,  consisting  of  three  officers  of  the  army 
and  two  civilians,  who  each  hold  their  office  for 
three  years  (unless  sooner  removed),  and  are  each 
paid  $5  a  day  while  on  duty,  besides  their  neces- 
sary traveling  expenses.  With  the  Secretary  of 
War,  twice  a  year,  and  oftener  if  deemed 
expedient,  they  visit  the  prison  for  the  purposes 
of  examination,  inspection  and  correction,  and 
to  inquire  into  all  abuses  and  neglect  of  duty  on 
the  part  of  the  officers  or  other  persons  in  charge 
of  the  prison,  and  make  such  changes  in  the 
general  discipline  of  the  institution  as  they  deem 
essential. 

The  officers  of  the  prison  consist  of  a  comman- 
dant and  such  subordinate  officers  as  may  he 
necessary,  a  chaplain,  a  surgeon  and  a  clerk,  nil 
of  whom  are  detailed  by  the  Secretary  of  War 
from  the  commissioned  officers  of  the  army,  and 
he  also  details  a  sufficient  number  of  enlisted 
men  to  act  as  turnkeys,  guards  and  assistants  in 
the  prison. 

The  commandant  controls  the  prison,  has  charge 
of  the  prisoners  and  their  employments,  and 
custody  of  all  the  property  of  the  government 
connected  with  the  prison,  receives  and  pays  out 
all  money  used  for  the  prison,  causes  accounts  to 
be  kept  of  all  the  property,  expenses,  income, 
business  and  concerns  of  the  prison,  and  transmits 
full  and  regular  reports  thereof  to  the  Secretary 
of  War.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Seer. 
War.  lie  employs  i  for  the  benefit  of  the  United 
States)  the  convicts  at  such  labor  and  in  such 
trades  as  may  be  deemed  best  for  their  health  and 
reformation i  has  power  to  sell  and  dispose  of  the 
articles  manufactured  by  the  convicts,  regularly 
accounting  for  the  proceeds  thereof ;  takes  note 
and  makes  record  of  the  good  conduct  of  the  con- 


victs, and  shortens  the  daily  time  of  hard  labor 
for  those  who  earn  such  consideration  by  their 
obedience,  honesty,  industry  or  general  good 
conduct. 

One  of  the  inspectors  of  the  army,  at  lea 
in  three  months,  visits  the  prison  for  the  purpose 
of  examining  into  the  books  and  all  the  affairs 
;md  to  ascertain  whether  the  laws,  rules 
and  regulations  relating  to  it  are  complied  with, 
whether  the  officers  are  competent  and  faithful, 
and  whether  the  convicts  are  property  governed 
and  employed  and  humanely  and  kindly  ti 
Of  the  results  of  his  inspection  he  makes  full  and 
regular  reports  to  the  Secretary  of  War. 

National  Service. 

Should  the  United  States  be  invaded  or  be  In 
imminent  danger  of  invasion  from  any  foreign 
nation  or  Indian  tribe,  or  of  rebellion  against  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  the  President 
may  call  forth  such  number  of  the  militia  of  the 
State  or  States  most  convenient  to  the  place  of 
danger  or  scene  of  action  as  he  may  deem  neces- 
sary to  repel  such  invasion,  or  to  suppress 
rebellion,  and  issue  his  orders  for  that  purposi  I 
such  officers  of  the  militia  as  he  may  think  proper. 
If  the  militia  of  more  than  one  State  is  called  into 
the  active  service  of  the  United  States  by  the 
President,  he  apportions  them  among  such  States 
according  to  representative  population.  In  a 
time  of  rebellion  the  militia  is  subject  to  til 
rules  and  articles  of  war  as  the  regular  troops  of 
the  United  States. 

When  called  into  actual  service,  however,  the 
militia  is  reorganized  in  a  manner  similar  to 
regular  troops.  Each  regiment  of  infantry  then 
has  one  colonel,  one  lieutenant-colonel,  one  major, 
one  adjutant  (a  lieutenant),  one  quartermaster  i  a 
lieutenant),  one  surgeon,  two  assistant  surgeons, 
one  sergeant-major,  one  regimental  quarter- 
master-sergeant, one  regimental  commissary- 
sergeant,  one  hospital  steward  and  two  principal 
musicians;  the  regiment  composed  of  ten 
companies,  each  company  consisting  of  one 
captain,  one  first  lieutenant,  one  second  lieu- 
tenant, one  first  sergeant,  four  sergeants,  eight 
corporals,  two  musicians,  one  wagoner,  and  from 
sixty-four  to  eighty-two  privates.  The  militia  is 
then  also  further  organized  into  divisions  of  three 
or  more  brigades  each,  and  each  division  has  a 
major-general,  three  aids-de-camp,  and  one  a*- 
sistant  adjutant-general  |  with  the  rank  of  major). 
Each  brigade  is  made  up  of  four  or  moi 
m*iit-  and  has  one  brigadier-general,  two  aids-de- 
camp, one  assistant  adjutant-general  (with  the 
rank  of  captain),  one  surgeon,  one  OS 
quartermaster,  one  commissary  of  subalsl 
and  sixteen  musicians  as  a  band. 

When  thus  called  into  actual  service,  the  Presi- 
dent may  specify  the  period  for  which  sue!    - 
will  be  required  of  the  militia,  not  exceeding  nine 
months,      During  the  time  of  service  they  will  be 
entitled  to  the  same  pay.    rations,    clothing,  and 
camp  equipage  provided  by  law  for  the  regular 
army  of  the  United  States.     They  are  also 
mileage  for   the  distance  between    their   pie 
residence  and  the  place  of  rendezvous  from  which 
they  start    for  the   field  of   military  operations. 
with  forage    for  the  animals  of    mounted    regi- 
ments, loss  of  horses,  etc. 

Courts-martial  for  the  trial  of  militia  are  com- 
posed of  militia  offie.i 

National   Armories. 
At  each  United  states  arsenal  (or  place  where 
military  arms   and    munitions  Of  war  are    - 

is  established  a  national  armory,  where  muskets 
and  carbines  for  the  military  service  are  manu- 
factured. These  arm.  >i  -ji  charge  of 
one  Superintendent,  who  must  be  an  officer  of  the 
ordnance  corps  of  the  army. 


384 


THE    DUTTE8    AMi    REQUIBEMEKTS    OF    THB    BKCKETABT    OF    THE    TREASURY. 


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Mhe  Secretary0  of  the  Treasury. 


S«rfBpSJe>  s^&afcys 


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t 


His   Duties   as   Manager   of  the    United   States   Moneys. 


~\.f'£?'C^K'D  "•  t   MOX<;    THE    requirements   it   is  stipu- 

lated   tbtit    the    Secretary  of    the 
i'i  ■  isury  shall   i,  ■!    be  interested, 
directly  or  Indirectly,  In  carrying  on 
any  business  of  trade  or  commerce, 
or  own  any  Interest  In  a  sea-veesel ; 
that   he  .-hall   not   purchase  or   own 
any  public  lands  or  public  property . 
or  be  concerned  In  buying  or  b<  lling 
government   securities,  whether  of 
the    United    states    or    any    state 
thereof,  or  profit  bj  any  negotiation 
or  transaction  relating  to  the  busi- 
uess  of  bis  department,  other  than 
his  legal  allowances,  under  penalty 
of  fine  and  removal  from  hi-  oilier,  ami  be  shall  further  be  Incapable 
"i   aoldini    anj    other  office   under   the  United  States  Government 
Every  clerk  in  the  department  Is  also  under  Blmtlar  restrictions  and 
■  I  to  similar  penalties  in  a  lighter  degree. 

The   genera]   duties  of  the  Secretary  require    him,  from  time  to 
i"   consider   and   prepare    plans    for  the   Improvement    and 
1  of  the  national  revenue  and  the  Bupport  of  the  public 
iperlntend  collection  of   the  revenue;   to  prescribe  the 
of  keeping   and   rendering  all    publl  and    making 

proper  returns ;  granting,  under  certain  restrictions,  all  warrants  for 
inom-y-  to  be  Issued  from  the  Treasury  In  accordance  \\  itfa  the  law  -  of 
&s;  report  to,  or  inform,  either  house  of  Congress,  in  person 
or  in  writing,  respecting  all  matters  referred  to  him  by  the  Senate  or 
Bouse  of  Representatives,  or  which  pertain  to  bis  office,  and  to 
perform  such  genera]  duties  relative  to  the  national  finances  as  he 
Khali  be  directed,  with  considerable  discretionary  power: 
the  collection  of  duties  on  Imports  and  tonnage,  under  bis  super- 
intendence. Whenever  it  le  possible,  be  shall  cause  all  accounts 
of  the  expenditure  of  public  nii'iiry  to  he  settled  within  the  fiscal 
year. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  make  and  Issue, 
from  time  to  time.  Buch  instructions  and  regulations  to  the   - 
collectors,    receivers,    depositaries,    officers    and    others   who   may 
receive   Treasury  notes.   United   States  notes,  or  other  securities  of 


the  l  oited  si  ites,  and  to  thOBe  employed  to  prepare  and  issue  mich 
notes  and  securities,  as  he  shall  deem  best  to  promote  the  con- 
venience and  security  of  the  public,  and  protect  the  government 
or  Individuals  against  loss  or  fraud. 

Be  prescribes  form-  of  entries,  oaths,  bonds  and  other  papers, 
with  rules  and  regulations,  in  accordance  with  law,  to  be  used  In 
carrying  out  the  various  provision-  of  the  internal  revenue  law,  or 
the  law  relating  to  raising  revenue  from  imported  goods  by  duties  or 
warehouse  charges. 

lb'  prescribes  such  directions,  rules,  and  forms  to  revenue 
col  lei-t  or-  as  are  necessary  for  the  proper  observation  of  the  law. 

lie    prescribes   the  forms   of  the   annual    statements   to  Coi 
which  show  the  actual  condition  of  commerce  and  navigation  between 

the  Tinted  State-  and  foreign  countries,  or  along  the  COastS  between 
the  c(dhatioii  districts  Of   the  government.   In  each  year. 

He,  under  the  direction  of  the  President,  from  time  to  time, 
establl  hi  regulations  to  secure  a  just,  faithful,  and  Impartial 
appraisal  of  all  goods,  ware-  and  merchandise  imported  into  the 
1  idled  States,  with  proper  entries  of  their  true  values  and 
amounts. 

When  the  revenue  received  at  any  port  of  the  United  States  by 
Collections  does  not  amount  to  $10,000  a  year,  the  Secretary  may 
discontinue  it  as  a  port  of  delivery. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized  to  receive 
deposits  of  gold  coin  or  bullion,  by  the  Treaanrer  or  Assistant- 
Treasurers  of  the  United  states,  in  sums  of  not   less  than  S**0,  and 

Issue  Certificates  Of    deposit    therefor  of  not  less    than    S^Oeach;    and 

i  ertitlcates   shall   be   received   in   payment   of  public   dues,  as 

on  imported  goods,  etc.,  the  same  as  gold  or  bullion. 

The    Secretary    may     designate    any     recognized     officer    of    the 

government  as  a  disbursing  agent,  for  the  payment  of  all  moneys 

appropriated   for  the    construction    of  government   buildings    in    the 

district  to  which  such  officer  belongs. 

When    any    person    or    corporation    unjustly    withholds    from    the 

any  moneys   belonging  to   it.   the   Secretary  may   employ 

individuals  (not  exceeding  three)  to  recover  such  moneys  upon  terms 

and  conditions  prescribed  by  himself;  and  the  persons  so  employed 


THE    TREASURY    BUILDING    AT    WASHINGTON. 


381 


receive  no  compensation  except  out  of  the  moneys  so  recovered,  and 
if  they  accept  money  or  emolument  for  themselves  from  the  persons 
from  whom  they  attempt  to  recover  said  moneys,  they  become  liable 
to  fine  and  imprisonment  by  the  government. 

Plans  for  Raising-  Money. 

In  his  annual  report  to  Congress  the  Secretary  shall  present: 
Estimates  of  the  public  revenue  and  public  expenditures  for  the 
current  fiscal  year,  with  plans  for  improving  and  increasing  the 
revenues  from  time  to  time;  a  statement  of  all  contracts  for  supplies 
or  services  which  have  been  made  by  him,  or  under  his  direction, 
during  the  preceding  year;  a  statement  of  the  expenditure  of  monej  8 
appropriated  for  the  payment  of  miscellaneous  claims  against  the 
government  not  otherwise  provided  for;  a  statement  of  the  rules 
and  regulations  made  by  him,  with  his  reasons  for  making  them,  to 
secure  a  just  and  faithful  appraisal  of  all  goods,  wares,  and  mer- 
chandise imported  into  the  United  States,  and  their  amounts  and 
values;  a  full  and  complete  statement  of  the  sums  collected  from 
seamen,  and  expended  for  sick  and  disabled  seamen,  as  a  hospital 
tax  for  that  purpose. 

The  secretary  shall  make  other  reports  to  Congress,  at  prescribed 
times:  A  statement  of  the  amount  of  money  expended  at  each 
custom  -house 
during  the  pre- 
ceding fiscal  year, 
with  the  detailed 
number,  occupa- 
tion and  Balari.es 
of  all  pi-i -un- 
employed at  each 
custom-house 
during  the  same 
period. 

A  statement 
showing  the  re- 
sults of  the  infor- 
mation collected 
during  the  pre- 
ceding year  by 
the   Bureau  of 

Statistics  concerning  the  condition  of  the  agriculture,  manufactures, 
domestic  trade,  currency,  and  banks  in  the  Slates  and  Territories. 

The  reports  made  to  him  by  the  auditors  relating  to  the  accounts 
of  the  war  and  navy  departments  respectively,  showing  the  applica- 
tion of  the  money  appropriated  by  Congress  lor  those  departments 
for  the  preceding  year. 

An  abstract,  in  tabular  form,  of  the  separate  accounts  of  moneys 
received  from  internal  duties  or  taxes  in  each  of  the  States.  Territories 
and  collection  districts,  required  to  be  kept  at  the  Treasury. 

A  copy  of  each  of  the  accounts  kept  by  the  superintendent  of 
the  Treasury  buildings  of  all  contingent  expenses  of  the  several 
bureaus  of  the  department,  and  of  all  amounts  paid  for  furniture, 
repairs  of  fnrniture,  or  of  the  sale  of  old  furniture. 

Also  the  number,  names,  and  salaries  of  persons  employed  in 
surveying  the  lake  and  sea-coasts,  their  respective  duties,  and  the 
amounts  expended  by  the  superintendent  of  this  branch  of  the 
government  service. 

Statistics  of  Commerce. 

The  secretary  is  also  charged  with  the  duty,  under  prescribed 
regulations,  of  printing  and  presenting  to  Congress  the  annual 
report  of  the  statistics  of  commerce  and  navigation,  prepared  by 
the  Bureau  of  Statistics;  of  printing  annually  a  condensed  state- 
ment of  the  whole  amount  of  the  exports  and  imports  to  and  from 
foreign  countries  during  the  preceding  fiscal  year;  of  publishing  in 
some  newspaper  at  Washington,  every  three    months,  a  statement  of 


Treasury  Building,   Washington, 


the  whole  receipts,  during  the  previous  quarter- year,  showing  the 
amounts  received  from  customs,  public  hinds,  and  miscellaneous 
sources,  and  also  the  payments  made  during  said  quarter  to  civil 
officers  and  employes,  the  army  or  the  navy,  for  Indian  affairs, 
fortifications  or  pensions;  of  publishing  in  some  newspaper  at 
Washington,  on  the  first  day  of  each  month,  the  last  pr- 
weekly  statement  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  showing 
the  amount  to  his  credit  in  the  different  banks,  in  the  mints  or 
other  depositories,  the  amounts  for  which  drafts  have  been  giv<  at 
those  unpaid,  the  amount  remaining  subject  to  his  draft,  and  any 
recent  changes  in  the  depositories  of  the  Treasury. 

Bureau  of    Statistics. 

The  Bureau  of  Statistics   i-  superintended  by  a  division  clerk,  who 
is  appointed  for  that  purpose  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

The  purpose  of  the  bureau  is  the  collection,  arrangement  and 
classification  of  such  statistical  information  as  may  be  procured, 
tending  to  show,  each  year,  the  condition  of  the  agriculture,  manu- 
factures, domestic  trade,  currency  and  banks  of  the  several  States 
and  Territories.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  the  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  prepares  annually 
a  report,  containing  in  detail  statements  substantially  showing:  Sta- 
tistics concern- 
ing the  commerce 
and  navigation  of 
the  United  States 
with  forei  g  u 
countries,  to  the 
close  of  tin-  fiscal 
year;  compre- 
hending all 
•  wares  and 
merchandise 
ported    from    the 

United  States   to 
foreign  coun- 
tries,     and       all 
*"  goods,  wares    and 

merchu  n d i  s  e 
imported  into 
the  United  States  from  foreign  countries,  and  all  navigation  em] 
in  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United  States.  These  statistics  exhibil 
the  kinds,  qualities  and  values  of  the  articles  exported  or  imported, 
minutely  stated;  also  what  articles  are  of  foreign  or  native  produc- 
tion. The  statistics  of  navigation  show  the  amount  of  tonnage  of 
all  vessels  arriving  from  foreign  countries  in  the  United  States,  and 
all  vessels  departing  from  the  United  Slates  to  foreign  ports;  the 
amount  of  tonnage  of  vessels  belonging  to  the  United  States,  and  the 
amount  of  tonnage  of  vessels  owned  in  foreign  countries,  arriving  in 
and  departing  from  the  United  States,  with  other  particulars. 
Bureau  of  the  Mint. 
The  Bureau  of  the  Mint  is  under  the  general  direction  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury.  Its  chief  officer  is  the  Director  of  the  Mint, 
who  is  appointed  by  the  President;   s,.rvvs  ftye  years,  unless  he  die-. 

resigns  or  i-  removed  for  cause,  and  baa  a  Balarj  of  $4,.~>oo.  besides 

his  necessary  traveling  expenses.  The  Bureau  of  the  Mint  has  under 
its  control  all  the  government  mints  for  the  manufacture  of  gold, 
silver  and  other  coins,  and  all  the  assay  offices  for  the  stain; 
bullion  in  order  to  establish  its  fineness  and  coin  value.  In  his 
annual  report  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  Director  of  the 
Mint  sets  forth  what  and  how  valuable  have  been  the  operate 
the  mints  during  the  preceding  fiscal  year,  and  the  estimates  for 
their  operation  during  the  next  succeeding  year. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  appoints  the  number  of  classified 
clerks  necessary  to  carry  on  the  duties  of  this  bureau. 


186 


LOCATION    OF    LAND-OFFICES,    AM>    HOW    TO    PRE-EMIT    LAND. 


■ 


....      .-  v'  V  V  V  V  V   V  V  V 


Suggestions 

And  Facts  Relating 

TO  THE 

PUBLIC    DOMAIN./. 


If   - 


First  Home  in  the  Wilderness. 


Inspectors, 

Revenue  Ofticers 

Sub-Treasurers  and 

Superintend  of  Mlnt.| 


H 


How  to  Secure  a  Home  on  Government  Land.* 


Dtikota  Ter.     m 1 1.  i..  ii    Watertown 
Yankton,  Bismarck,  Deadwood    Aberdeen,  Grand 

ii and  Devil     La  Ice 

Florida—- 1 B  Ini    vtlh 

Idaho  Ter.- Itoise    City,    Lewlston,    Oxford, 

ii. hi. -\  and Cceur d   i 

Iowa  —  Pi  (8  Moines. 

Kansas— Topeka,  Bollna,  Independence,  Lax 
ned  Wichita,  Kirwin,  Concordia  Wo-Keeirj   Obei 
irden  City. 

Louisiana— New  Orleans  and  Natchltochi 

Mich  1  if  a  11      Detroit,  ):.■    t  Saginaw,    Ri  ed    lity 

and  Hoi  qui  tte. 

M  Innesota— Toy  ilnl  Cloud,  Du 

intii  Fergus  Falls,  Worthtngton,  Tracy,    Ben  on 
i  irookston  and  Redwood  Pails, 

Mississippi— Jackson* 

>I  Issoarl— Boonvllle,  I  ronton  and  Springfield 

Montana  Ter.— Miles  CJte  ,     Boceman    and 

I 

Nebraska— Nell  gh    Bi  itrio    I  Incoln   Niobi  i 

ra   Grand  i    North  Platte,   Bloomington   Mc 

<  look  and  vnli  ntim 

Xi*  vatlii—  I  'M  .  l.  i  .i  .ii  i  .1,    hi  i  !Ity. 

New  Mexico  Ter.'  Santa  Fe  and  La   I  

Oregon    Oregon    City,   Rosi  burs;,   Le  Grand, 
and  )'i"   i lalles, 

Utah  Ter.    Salt  Lake  City. 

Washington     Ter.     Olympla,     van 

H  i  II  i  '■■'■  i  tii  Yakima. 

Wisconsin     Mens  rsi   Croix,  Eau 

Claire i    Wau    m,    LaCi id   Baj  field. 

'Wyoming;  Ter* — Cheyenne 

The  Proemptor'8  Oath. 

Prei  i  "ii    '■■  making  a  |  n  ■  mptlon,  every  ettieen 
must   make    <>:itii    before  the    land 

i  hi  the  district  where  the  desired  tract  le 
clerk  "i  t  in  count} 
court  of  record,  that  hi   ha    never  availed  himself, 

on  a  former  ■  ccas of  his  privlh 

public  land  i  tint  be  i 

■  m   State  or  Territory  ;  that  h<    t ! 

wttled  npon  and  Improved  such  land  to  sell  it  on 
it foi    1. 1-  ok  ii  exclu  i'.  i    ust      thai 
he  has  not,  in  any  way,  c  >nti  u  ted  oi  agreed  v  Ith 
any  ol  b<  rpei  ion  I  hal  I  he  titli  ol  I  he    aid  land, 
En  whole  or  part,  shall  be  tor  the  benefit  of  any 
■  p    b 
Thecertlflate  of  this  oath  Is  filed   In  the  land 
office  of  each  dl  trlcl     ind    i  copy  of  It  Is  al 
tu  the  General-Land  0111  en  stion. 


HE  Government  of  the  United 
BI  itee  owns  and  controls  the 
public  land  ,  not  previously 

.h    ;...  ■.■■!  .it.  v.  here  the  huh  hi 

title  has   been  extinguished 

\.\  pui  chs  ■>■  oi  othi  i  ■    ■ 
The  public  lands  are  open 

to  pre  emptlon  by  ell  Ixen    ol 

the  United  Stab      aicept  Ln 

the  follow  tng  ca  ies:    Lands 

i    by   any   treaty,    law    or    Presidential 

proclam  ■  --  within 

the    limits   of   any    Incorporated   city  or   town; 

lands  ocl  a  illy  setl  led  or  a  ed  foi    bu  dness  pur 

poses,  and  not  for   fanning',  and    lands   nit    which 

b  tii  Bprings  or  mines  are  situated. 

Who  Mji)   Pre-empt  Land. 
Every  head  of   a  family,  or  widow,  or  single 
person,  more  than  twenty-oi  being  a 

citizen  of  the  I  aited  SI  itee,  or  having  Q 

written  intention  to  b- me  such,  or  who  may. 

himself  or  herself .  actually  lettleon  land    abject 
mptlon,  Inhabiting,  buildm  ..-  a   1 1    Idi  nee 
thereon,  and  Improving  the  Land,  may   i 

■    iny  quantity  ol     uch  land, 
not  exceeding  160  acres     upon   whicb   he  oi     In 

may  '  ■    Idi    t>3  pay  in    to  the  jovernj I 

of  81.25  per  aci  mum  p]  Ice. 

Who  May  Not  Pre-empt  Land. 

No  person  who  owns  320  acres  of  land  III  my 
state  or  Territory,  or  who  abandons  bis  or  hi  i 
own  land  to  settle  on  public  lands  In  thi  urn 
n  Territory,  has  a  right  to  pre-emption 
No  person  Is  entitled  to  more  than  one  pre- 
emption, and  ire  a  second  ti 
publie  land  by  this  means. 

Where  the  Land-Offices  are  Located. 
Host  of  the  public  lauds  subjeel  to  pre-emption 
lie  wet  ■  sslppl   river.      Lan  I 

■  ■      ,  to  the 

settlement    and   entry   of    these    lands    may    be 
obtained,  are  located  In  tb< 

Territories,  as  folio* 
Alabama— Huntsi  IUe  am!  Montgomery. 

A rshsmsa*— Little  Rock.    Camden,     B 
and  Dardan*   le. 

Arizona  Tt-r.- 1  I   icson. 

California  Hum 

to   i   ■    ingeles, 

odle. 

Colorado— Dem  er    City,  1 
City,  Pueblo,   Del    Norti      I 
Durongo  and  G  ings. 

if:  I bough  bttonpngtothe  Urpwtinrnt  of  the  Interior  thta  subject  Is  mated  here,  m  tie  itt*dum  from  Und  ulca  belong  to  the  Treuurr  Department 


Penalty  for  False  Swearing. 

Any  person  taking  this  oath  ami  swearing 
falsely  forfeits  the  money  he  bos  paid  foi  the 
ipeclfiedland  ami  all  his  right  and  title  to  the 
land  Itself,  and  If  be  has  previously  bargained  t.» 

transfer  his  pre-empl  i^  B  title  to  any  other  pi  I    OB 
thai  conveyance  is  null  ami  void. 
Preliminary  Steps. 
Before    any    person    ran     enter    bind    as    above 

■  i h  d,  he  must  give  satisfactory  proof  to  the 

register  and  receiver  of  the  land-office   thai    he 
has  properly  settled  upon  und  Unproved  the  land 
that  he  des  Ires  to  pre-empt. 
Within  thirty  days  niter  ih>t  settling  upon    old 

UUld,  the  pre-empt  or  inu>t   file  with  the  regl    tl  i    ol 

the  propci'  lond-OfBee  a  written   <|.  .I.,  i  .ii  mil  of  his 

Intention  to  enter  Bucfa  tract  or  land  under  the 
pic  emption  laws.  Polling  to  moke  this  statement 
within  the  prescribed  time, or  In  funushing  the 
.  ry  proof  of  settlement  and  improvement 
of   such  laud,  or  make  the    required    payment, 

within  one  year  after  settling  uj It,  any  other 

i  M  i  i  m y  enter  the  sa  me  tract 

When  two  or  more  person    settle  on  thi     i ■ 

tract  of  land,  the  right  of  pre-emption  is  in  the 
one  ^  ho  made  the  Hrs1  settlement. 

The  bead  of  any  family,  or  single  pel  on, 
twenty-one  years  old.  being  a  citizen  of  the  1  nited 

Stutes,     is     entitled    to     enter    one    ipl.'irtci      eetion 

[180 1  cres     "'  less,  but  i re,  of  public  lands  not 

otherwise  disposed  of,  aftei  hai  Bled  s  pre- 
emption claim,  i  if  Buch  land  is  subject  to  pre- 
emption), at  91-25  pei  acre  eighty  acres  or 
j,       >■,  one  tract,  it  - 1  16 pei   ten 

Those  possessing  Land  may  enter  adjoining  pub- 
lie  bind,  if  the  tracts  do  not  exceed  Id)  aci 

i  pon  applying  to  the  register  of  the  prop 
office,  he  ran  M   swear  that    he  is  the  head 

Old      01     tU  iced      Ml 

B3  or  navy  •>(  the  Unit* 
may  be,  and  that  he  is  securing  the  de-m-d  tract 
for  his  own  use,  for  actual  settlement  and  cultl- 
ration;  I  iJ  Ing  this  oath,  and  paying  to  tn 
ter  of  the  land-office  the  sum  of  five  dollars,  where 
the  land  does  not  exceed  eighty  acres,  and  ten 
dollars  for  a  larger  amount. 

When  Ownership  is  Actually  Acquired. 

Thi     Certificate  o  I     tic     I  I'tfi    ter  ol     the   hind  ollice, 

i  rer,  does  not  issue  to  the  applicant  for  five 
real       it  1  he  end  of  s hich  tune,  or  tw 

later,  he.  or  his  widow,  or  his  heirs,  must  prove 
by  t petent    witnesses  that    he,  she,    or  they 


DUTIES    OF    VARIOUS    UNITED    STATES    OFFICERS. 


6S  i 


resided  upon  or  cultivated  the  tract  for  five 
successive  years  after  the  the  above  affidavit  wad 
made,  and  that  they  still  retain  the  land,  and 
then  take  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United 
1  Hivernment.  He,  she,  or  they  will  then  be 
entitled  to  receive  a  patent  for  the  land.  Any 
false  swearing  concerning  these  particulars  is 
punished,  as  in  other  cases  of  perjury. 

The  register  of  the  land-office  keeps  a  record  of 
all  the  proceedings  touching  each  tract  of  land 
claimed  as  a  homestead. 

No  such  homestead  can  be  levied  upon  and  sold 
for  any  debt  contracted  before  the  government 
patent  is  issued. 

When  the  Payment  Must  he  Made. 
The  payment  for  the  homestead,  besides  the 
five  or  ten  dollars  prepaid  when  the  land  is 
entered,  must  be  all  paid  before  the  expiration  of 
the  rive  years  previous  to  the  issue  of  the  patent. 
Further  information  on  this  and  other  points  can 
be  obtained  by  applying  to  the  land-office. 

Tree  Culture  on  Homesteads. 
Any  settler  who  has  cultivated  for  two  years  as 
much  as  five  acres  in  trees  toai  icre  home- 

stead, or  ten  acres  on  a  homestead  of  160  acn 
entitled  to  a  free  patent  for  his  land  at  the  end  of 
years.  Each  settler  may  claim  as  many 
quarter  sections  of  homestead  lands,  not  adjoining 
each  other,  as  have  been  improved  by  the  culture, 
for  ten  years,  of  fortyacres  of  timber  thereon. 

Laud  Officers. 

The  President  appoints  a  Register  of  the  Land- 
Office  and  a  Receiver  of  public  moneys  for- each 
of  the  land  districts  of  the  United  States,  and  each 
is  required  to  reside  at  the  place  where  the  land- 
office  to  which  he  is  appointed  is  directed  to  be 
kept.  Each  receives  a  salary  of  «500  a  year,  with 
liberal  fees  and  commissions  for  locating-  land- 
warrants,  issuing  land-certificates,  etc;  but  the 
salary,  fees  and  commissions  cannot  in  any  case 
exceed  an  aggregate  of  $3,000.  All  balances 
received  and  remaining-  in  the  hands  of  registers 
and  receivers  above  this  amount,  must  be  paid 
into  the  United  States  Treasury,  as  other  public 
moneys. 

The  receivers  make  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  monthly  returns  of  the  moneys  received 
In  their  several  offices,  and  pay  them  over  pur- 
suant to  his  instructions. 

Applicants  for  Laud. 

Should  any  person  apply  to  any  register  to  enter 
any  land  whatever,  and  the  Register  knowingly 
and  falsely  informs  the  person  so  applying  that 
the  same  has  been  already  entered,  and  refuses  to 
permit  the  person  so  applying  to  enter  such  land, 
the  Register  Is  liable  therefor  to  the  applicant  for 
Ave  dollars  for  each  acre  of  land  which  the  latter 
offered  to  enter,  to  be  recovered  in  an  action  for 
debt  in  any  proper  court. 

CUSTOM-HOUSE   OFFICERS. 

The  laws  of  the  United  States  provide  for  the 
collection  of  duties  on  imported  good^  and 
merchandise  in  110  collection  districts  of  the 
Union,  with  one  Collector  of  Customs,  appointed 
by  the  President,  for  each  district! 

Collectors  of  Customs. 
Collectors  of  customs  at  the  various  ports  of 
entry  of  the  United  States  are  appointed  by  the 
President,  for  the  term  of  four  years. 

The  oath  of  office,  taken  and  subs. 
collector  before  some  magistrate  authorised  to 
administer    oaths    within     the    collector's    own 
district,  affirms  his  past  and  present   fidelity  to 
the  Government  of  the  United  Stat 
will  use  his  best  endeavors  to  detect  and  | 


frauds   against  the   laws   of   the    United   States 
Imposing  duties  upon  imports. 

Duty  of  the  Collector. 

At  each  of  the  ports  to  which  there  are  appointed 
(by  the  President)  a  collector,  naval  officer  and 
customs  surveyor,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  collector 
to  receive  til  reports,  manifests  and  documents  to 
be  made  or  exhibited  on  the  entry  of  any  snip 
01  ■  el,  according-  to  the  customs  laws  of  the 
United  States;  to  record  all  manifests:  to  receive 
the  entries  of  all  ships  or  vessels,  and  of  the 
goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  imported  in  them; 
to  estimate,  with  the  naval  officer,  when  there  is 
one,  or  alone,  when  there  is  none,  the  amount  of 
tlo-  dues  payable  thereon,  indorsing  such  amount 
upon  the  respective  entries;  to  receive  all  moneys 
paid  for  duties,  and  take  all  bonds  for  securing 
the  payment  thereof;  to  grant  all  permits  for 
the  unlading  and  delivery  of  goods;  to  employ, 
with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  proper  persons  as  weighers,  gaugers, 
measurers,  and  inspectors  at  the  several  ports 
within  his  district,  to  provide,  with  the  like 
approval,  at  the  public  expense,  storehouses  for 
the  safe  keeping  of  goods,  and  such  scales, 
weights  and  measures  as  may  be  necessary. 

It  is  his  business  to  furnish  statistics  of  com- 
merce and  navigation  for  the  use  of  the  Bureau 
of  Statistics,  at  Washington,  relating  to  the 
kinds  and  quantities  of  all  imported  articles  free 
from  duty,  subject  to  specific  and  ad  valorem 
duties;  the  value  of  articles  exported  from  his 
district  to  foreign  countries;  an  accurate  account 
of  the  characters  and  tonnage  of  all  vessels  sailing 
from  his  district  to  foreign  countries;  a  similar 
record  of  all  vessels  arriving  within  his  district 
from  foreign  countries,  and  an  account  of  the 
kinds,  quantities  and  value  of  merchandise 
entered  and  cleared  coastwise  at  ports  within  his 
collection  district- 
It  is  his  duty  to  cause  the  seizure  of  any  vessel 
fitted  out  for  piratical  or  aggressive  purposes  in 
violation  of  the  law  of  nations. 

Duties  of  Naval  Officers. 

The  Naval  Officer  of  any  port  is  appointed  by  the 

•■it.  and  holds  his  office  four  years,  unless 

sooner  removed.     His  duties  are  as  follows:    To 

examine  quarter-yearly,  oroftener,  if  din 

to  do  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  books, 

accounts,   returns   and   money    on  hand   of   the 

collector,  and  make  a  full,  accurate  and  faithful 

report  of  their  condition  to  the  Secretary  of  the 

Treasury;  to  receive  copies  of  all  manifi 

entries;  to  estimate,  together  with  the  collector, 

tin-  duties  an   all   merchandise  subject    to  duty, 

and  no  duties  can  be  received  without  such  esti- 

to    keep    a    separate    record   of    such 

estimates,  to  countersign  all  permits,  clearances, 

certificates,  debentures  and  other  documents  to 

1  collector;    to    examine    the 

collector's  abstract  of  duties  (taxation)  and  other 

accounts    of    receipts,   bonds    and    expenditures. 

Ify  to  their  correctness  if  found  right. 

Every   naval  officer  is  entitled  to  a  maximum 

compensation  of  $3,000  a  year  out  of  any  and  all 

i  emoluments  received  by  him.    Deputy 

Been  may  be  appointed  by  the  respective 

naval  officers,  when  necessary,  and  in  several  of 

i  cities  of  the  Unit*  ' 

b  receive  a  salary  ol   •  or.    The 

naval  officers  are  responsible  for  the  acts  of  their 

■  ■  deputies. 
Duty  of  Surveyors  of  Customs. 
The    Surveyor    of    Customs    at    any    port    hi 
[dent,  and  holds  his  office 
.  i  -,  unless  sooner  removed, 
At  ports  where  a   collector,  na ral  offli  ■ 

ited,   it  is   the  duty  of  the 


tatter,   subject  to  the  direction  of  the  collector, 
toi  nperlntend  and  direct  all  inspectors,  weighers, 

measurers,  gaugers  at  his  port,  to  report  weekly 
to  the  collector  the  name  or  names  of  all  the 
above-named  subordinates  who  are  absent  from 
or  neglect  their  business:  to  visit  or  inspect  the 
which  arrive  in  his  port  from 
i    o.-h  day,  and  to  report  the  same,  with  all 

try  particulars    concerning    them,    to  the 

r  every  morning,  to  put  on  board  of  each 
of  such  vessels,  immediately  after  their  arrival 
in  port,  one  or  more  inspectors  of   car.- 

in  the  proof,  quantities  and  kinds  of  dis- 
tilled spirits  imported,  rating  such  spirits  accord- 
ing  to  their  respective  degrees  of  proof  as  defined 
by  the  laws  Imposing  duties  on  this  class  of 
merchandise i  to  examine  whether  the  goods 
imported  in  any  vessel,  and  the  deliveries 
thereof,  agreeably  to  the  inspector's  returns, 
correspond  with  the  permits  for  landing  the 
same,  and  to  report  any  disagreement  or  error  in 
the  same  to  the  collector,  and  to  the  nava 
if  there  is  one;  to  superintend  the  lading  for 
exportation  of  all  goods  entered  for  the  benefit 
of  any  drawback,  bounty  or  allowance,  and 
examine  and  report  whether  the  kind,  quantity 

ility  of  the  goods  so  laden  on  any  resse] 
for  shipment  to  a  foreign  port  correspond  with 
the  entries  and  permits  granted  therefor;  to 
examine,  and  from  time  to  time,  especially  twice 
a  year,  try  the  weights,  measures,  and  other 
instruments  used  in  ascertaining  the  duties  on 
Imports,  with  standards  provided  by  each  collector 
for  that  purpose,  to  report  errors  and  disa- 
greements in  the  same  to  the  collector,  and  to  obey 
and  execute  such  directions  as  he  may  receive  for 
correcting  the  same  agreeably  to  the  standards. 

Authority  to  Employ  Assistance. 

Every  collector  of  customs  has  authority,  with 
the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  to 
employ  within  his  district  as  many  proper  persons 
as  deputy-collectors  as  he  deems  necessary,  and 
they  are  declared  to  be  officers  of  the  customs. 
During  the  absence  or  sickness  of  collectors,  such 
deputy  may  exercise  the  powers  of  a  collector, 
the  collector  being  responsible  for  the  acts  of  his 
deputies. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  has  power,  except 
in  cases  otherwise  provided,  to  limit  and  fix  the 
number  and  compensation  of  the  clerks  employed 
by  collector,  surveyor  or  naval  officer,  and 
llx  and  limit  the  salaries  of  their  respective 
deputies. 

Rules    Must    be    Posted    l*p. 

f  collector,  naval  officer  and  surveyor  is 

ed  up  in  his  office  a  fair  table 

i    fees  and  duties  demandat.t-'    t.v 

law,  and  to  give  receipts  for  fees  received  by  him 

whenever  they  may  !>•■  requested,  under  a  penalty 

of  $100  for  non-compliaiii-e.  recoverable  to  the  use 

of  the  informer.      And  every  officer  of  the  customs 

who  demands  or  receives  any  other  or  Greater  fee 

or  compensation  than  the  law  allows  for  any  duty 
of  his  office.  IS  liable    to    the  aggrieved  ] 
the  sum  of  $200  for  each  offense. 

Restrictions    Upon    Collectors. 

nployed  In  the  collection  of  duties 
on  imports  or  tonnage  ma}  own,  either  In  whole 

or  in  put.  any  vessel,  or  a<-t  as  agent,  attorney  <*r 

■  ic  for  the  owner  of  any  vessel,  or  of  any 
cargo  or  lading  on  any  vessel,  "r  import 

1  in  the  importation  of  any  merchandise 

for  sal.-,  under  a  penalty  ol    - 

tid    surveyors   must 
attend  In  pers  >n  al   the  ports  to  which  r  i 

ippointed,    keeping    fur    and    true 
accounts  and  records  of  all  their  ti  ■ 
i  tlo-  customs,  subject  to  | 


..^ 


DUTIES    OF    VARIOUS    UNITED    BTATE8    OFFICERS, 


of  the  Secretary  of  the  Tre 

the  form  and  manner  of  keeping  irjch  ac 

and  records,  or  to  tin-  InspectlOE         BUCO  persons 

as  lie  ma>  appoint  for  that  purpose]  the  Defied 

of  this  duty  Involve    I  |"  nalty  of  91,000. 
Appraisers  of  Merchandise. 

Four  appraisers  of  msrchSJldl --•  are  appointed 

by  the  President,  who  arc  employed  in  w  iim^* 
such  ports  of  entry,  under  the  direction  Of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  as  may  be  deemed  useful 
by  him  for  the  security  of  the  revenue,  and  who 

at  such  ports  afford  such  aid  and  assistance  In  the 

appraisement  of  inerehandi tv    deemed 

,.  |  ).\  the  secret  irj  to  protect  and  Insure 

uniformity  In  the  collection  of  custom 

Whenever  an  appraisement  of  Imported 
merchandise  is  to  be  made  at  any  port  forwhlch 
no  appraiser  Is  provided  by  law,  the  collectoi  ■  I 
that  district  may  appoint  two  i     pecti       re  Ident 

merchants,  who  shall   be  the  appraisers  of  such 

merchandise,    any  such  merchant  who  refuses  to 
.■  sueh  appraisement,  b  liable  to  ->  line  not 

ng  t50  and  the  costs  of  prosecution. 

Assistant  Treasurers. 

Assistant  Treasurers  are  appointed  by  the  Pn  si* 
dent,  to  serve    for   four   yi   i  ton,    New 

fork,  Philadelphia,    B 
Louis,  San  Francisco,  rhieagoand  Cincinnati. 

The  Assistant  Treasurers  have  the  charge  and 
care  of  the  rooms,  vaults  and  safes  assigned  to 
them  respectively,  and  there  perform  thedutl 
required  of  them  relating  t"  the  recelpl       i; 
keeping,  transfer  and  disbursement  of    the  public 

moneys. 

All  collectors  and  receivers  of  public  money  Of 
every  description  In  the  elites  where  tb 
sub-treasuries  are   required   to  deposit  with    the 
sub-treasurers  all  the  public  moneys  colli 
them  or  in  their  hands,    thi  lv  kept 

until  otherwise  disposed  of  to  law. 

If  any  assistant  treasurer  Bails  safely  to  keep 
all  public  moneys  deposited  by  any  person,  he  is 
deemed  guilty  of  embezzlement  and  punished  by 
fine  and  imprisonment. 

Officers  nf  Internal   Revenue. 

The  United  States  are  divided  Into  131  internal 
revenue  collection  districts. 

The  President  appoints  for  each  of    tfa 
tricta  one  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue,  who  must 
be   a   resident   of   the  district  for  which   he   is 
appointed. 

Appointment  of  Deputy  Collectors. 

Each  collector  is  authorized  to  appoint,  in 
writing,  as  many  deputy-collectors  as  he  may 
think  proper,  to  be  by  him  -  !  for  their 

BS;  to  revoke  any  sueh  appointment 
notice  thereof  to  the  Commissioner  of   Internal 
Revenue,  and  to  require  and  accept  bunds  or  other 
security  from  sueh  deputies. 

Patj  or  Internal   Revenue  Collector*. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  collector  and  hi-  d 
(each    of    whom    has    equal    authority    with    the 
collector)    to    collect  all    internal    revenu 
levied  or  assessed  against  individuals  or  corpo- 
rations within  the  portion  of  the  district  assign. -d 
to  him;   but  each  collector  is  in  even 
responsible   both  to    the    t  ■  and    to 

individuals,  as  the  case  may  be,  for  all  moneys 
collected,  and  for  every  act  done  or  neglected  to 
be  done  by  any  one  of  his  deputies  while  acting  in 
that  position. 

Superintendent   of  Exports. 

In  any  port  of  the  United  States  where  there  Is 
more  than  one  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue,  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  designate  one  of 
them  to  have  charge  of    all   matters  relating  to 


the  exportation  of  art.  tax  under 

tin-   Internal  revenue   laws,  and    there  may  be 
appointed   under    sucb    collector  an    officer   to 
superintend  all  matters  "f  exportation  an  ! 
back.     This  officer  is  known  as  E 
of  Expoi 

Inspectors   of  Tobacco   anil    <  iirars. 

in  every  collection  district  «  bei  elt 

the  Secretary    of    the   Tren   iin    appoint-   one  or 

more   in»i Eon  of   tobacco   and   cigars.     This 

officer  i>  entitled  by  authorlts  of  the  Seen  I  u  |  ol 

the  rre  isuryi Ivi    uoh  fe<     i    I  be  lattei  may 

paid  i>\  the  owner  or  manufacturer 
ol  1 1..'  in  peoted  an  loli 

Internal   ICcwriue  Gangers* 
In   ever]    collection  dJ  tricl  where  it  mas   be 

.  the  Sew  etarj  ot  I  he  1 1 1  asui  j  appolnl  ■ 
one  or  mon  Internal  revenue  gangers,  whose 
duty  It  is   to  determine   the  amount  of  articles 

ed  to  examine.  , 

Requirement*  and    Penalties. 
Collectors   of    Internal   revenue   are   required   to 

report  violations  of  the  revenue  laws  to  the  dis- 
trict attorney  of  bis  district  for  pro-eeiitiun. 

Even  collector,  deputy  collector  and  Inspector 

Is  authorized   to  administer  oaths   and    tal 
denee  In  reference  to  matters  In    his    department 
of  the  public  sei  i Ice 

any  officer  Of  internal  revenue  may  tie  specially 
authorized  by  the  commissioner  to  make  seizures 
of  property  which  may  become  I  irfelted  or 
jeopardized  hy  a  violation  of  th(  revenue  I  i 

any  revenue  offlcerwho  discloses  to  an]  othei 
,.        i  the  operatiom  irk  or  apparatus 

of  any  m  i  nut  icturer  whoa  eel  ibll  bment  i  omi 

Under  his  inspect  ion.  is    liable   to   he   lined  heavily 

and  imprisoned      Neither  can  any  internal  reve- 
nue officei   beoi  become  Interested  in  the  manu- 
facture ol 
penalty   of  being  dl unlssed  1 1 om  ofll  e    >■■ 

tine;    and  the    law  also    provide 
penalties    for  extortion,  receiving   unlawful  fee-*, 
etc.,  by  revenue  officers. 

Superintendents  of  Hie  Manufacture  of  Honey. 
The  United  States  Government    has  mints  at 

Philadelphia,  San  Francisco, New  Orleans, Carson, 
iN.-v .  i.  and  Denver,  and  assay  offices  at  New 
York,  Boise  City  [Idaho),  and  Charlotte,  N.  C. 

The  officers  of  a  mint  are  a    superintendent,    an 
■  m.  it.  i    and   refiner,  a    coiner,  and,    at 

Philadelphia,    an   engraver.     Besides  these    Lre 

various  assistants  and  clerks,  and  numerous 
workmen 

Restrictions  upon  Employes. 

Every  officer,  assistant  and  clerk  of  a  mint  must 

■  oatb  of  fidelity,  which  oath  is  depot  lh  d 

retary    Of     the    Treasury,   and    the 

superintendent  may  require  any  employe  of  the 

mint  to  take  sueh  an  oath. 

The  assayer,  the  melter  and  refiner,  and  the 
coiner  of  everj  mint,  before  entering  upon  the 
duties  of  his  ofl  sdto  execute  a  bond 

to  the  United  States,  with  oi r  mi 

In  the  temporary  absence  of  the  superintendent, 
the  chief  clerk  acts  In  his  place;  and  in  that  of 
the  Director  of  the  Hint,  the  secretary  of  the 
Treasury  designates  some  one  to  act  for  him. 

Duties  Of  tin-    Superintendent   of  the  Mint. 

The  Superintendent  of  each  mint  has  the  control 

Of  it.  the  superintendence  of  the  officers  and  other 

employed  in  it.  and  the  supervision  of  its 

i,  subject  to  the  direction  of  the  Director 

of  the   Mint,  to  whom  he   Bl  at  sueh 

uod  in  such  form  as  the  director  pre 

Tin---  reports  exhibit  in  detail,  and  classified,  the 
deposits  of    bullion,  the  amount  of    gold,  silver 


and  minor  coinage,  and  the  amount  of  imparted 
standard  and  refined  ban  Issued,  and  such  other 
statistics  and  information  as  ma>  be  required. 

He     receives    attd     salelv     keep-,     until 

withdrawn,  all  moneys  or  bullion  designed  for 
the  use  or  expenses  of  the  mint  Be  receives  all 
bullion  broughl  to  the  mint  foi   i         on  olnage; 

is  the  keeper  of  all  bullion  or  coin  in    the  mint, 
except  when  it  Is  In  the  bands  of  other  offii  i  i 
and  di  livers  all  coins  struck  at  the  mint  to  the 
p         .    to  whom  they  are  lawfully  payable. 

From  the  report  of  the  assayer  and  the  weight 
of  the  bullion,  he  computes  the  value  of  each 
deposit  and  the  amount  of  the  charges  or 
deductions,  if  any,  of  all  which  be  gi 
detailed  memorandum  to  the  depositor ;  and  he 
also  gives,  at  the  same  time,  a  certificate  o(  the 
net  amount  of  the  deposit,  to  be  paid  in  coins 
or  bars  of  the  same  species  of  bullion  as  thai 
■  r  verifying  the  correctness 
of  sueh  certificate  by  COUUtei  -ik'ning  it. 

Duties  of  the  Assayer. 

The  v         I  dl  metals  and  bullion  when 

ever  assays  are  required  In  the  operations  of  the 
mint.  From  everj  parcel  ol  bullion  deposited  for 
coinage  or  bars,  the  superintendent  di  Hi 

tfa  iyer  a  sufficient  portion  for  the  pur] 

being  assayed,  and  the  assayer  reports  t<>  the 
superintendent  the  quality  oi  Rneni  of  the 
bullion  assayed  by  him.  with  sueh  Information  i 
will  enable  the  superintendent  to  compute  the 
amount  of  charges  to  be  made  against  the 
di  po  Itor. 

Duty  of  the  Melter  and   Refiner. 

The  Melter  and  Refiner  executes  all  the  oper- 
ations necessary  to  form  ingots  of  Standard  silver 
or  gold  and  alloys  for  minor  coinage,  suitable  lor 

the  coiner,  from  the  metals  legally  delivered  to 

i  ..r  to  form  bars  conformably 

witfa  the  law  from  gold  and  bullion  delivered  to 
him  for  that  purpose.  He  keep, ,-,  careful  record 
of  all  transactions  with  the  superintendent,  noting 
the  weight  and  character  of  the  bullion,  and  i- 
Ible  for  all  bullion  placed  in  hi-  care  until 
lie  returns   it    to   the  superintendent,   receiving 

proper  vouehers  the]  efor. 

Duty  of  the  Coiner. 

The  Coiner  executes  all  the  operations  necessary 
in  order  to  form  coins,  conformable  in  all  re  peel 

I.,      ■  !    .  .  ■■         i  ■.    I      ..[.■!  IV.!' 

Ingots   nnd    alloys    for    minor    coinage    legally 

delli  ered  to  him  for  that  purpose,  and  Is n 

ble  for  it  until  it  la  returned  to  the  superintendent. 

As  coins  are  prepared  from  time  to  t  iine,  the 
eoiner  delivers  them  to  the  superintendent,  who 
receipts  for  them  and  keeps  a  careful  record  of 
their  kind,  number  and  actual  weight.  The 
coiner,  also,  from  time  to  time,  delivers  to  the 
superintendent  the  clippings  antr-othcr  portions  of 
bullion  remaining,  after  the  process  of  coining, 
the  superintendent  receipting  for  the  sane  and 
keeping  a  careful  record  of  their  weight  and 
character. 

At  the  end  of  every  calendar  year  the  coiner.  In 
the  presence  of  the  superintendent  and  ■ 

(he   oh  verse  (or  date)  work- 
ing-dies, so  that  no  more  coins  of  that  date  can  be 

Issued, 

Duty  of  the   Engraver. 

The  Engraver  prepares  all  the  working-dies  (or 
moulds]  required  for  use  in  the  coinage  of  the 
mint,  and  when  new  coins  or  devices  are  required, 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint. 
he  engraves  the  models,  moulds  and  matrices, 
or  original  dies  for  the  same;  but  the  director 
has  power  to  engage,  temporarily,  the  ser-.  U  •  lol 
other  artists  for  sucb  work. 


DUTIES    OF    VARIOUS    UNITED    STATES    OFFICERS. 


The  Light- House  Board. 

The  President  appoints  two  officers  of  the  navy, 
of  high  rank;  two  officers  of  the  corps  of 
engineers  of  the  army,  and  two  citizens  in  dvU 
life,  of  high  scientific  attainments,  whose  Ben  Ices 
are  at  the  disposal  of  the  President,  together 
with  an  officer  of  the  navy  and  an  office]  ' 
engineers  of  the  army  as  secretaries;  and  these 
gentlemen  constitute  the  lighthouse  board. 

This  board  is  attached  to  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  under  hie 
Intendence  discharges  all  administrative  duties 
relating  to  the  construction,  illumination,  inspec- 
tion and  government  of  light-houses,  light- 
vessels,  beacons,  sea-marks,  and  whatever 
belongs  to  them,  embracing  the  foundations  of 
works  already  in  existence,  procuring  illumi- 
nating and  other  apparatus,  supplies,  and 
materials  of  all  kinds  for  building  and  for 
rebuilding,  when  necessary,  and  keeping  in  good 
repair  the  lighthouses,  light-vessels,  beacons  and 
buoys  of  the  United  States;  has  charge  and 
custody  of  all  the  archives,  books,  documents, 
drawings,  models,  returns,  apparatus  and  other 
things  pertaining  to  the  light-house  sei  \  Ice. 
Upon  the  requisition  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  the  board  furnishes  all  the  estimates  of 
expense  which  the  several  branches  of  the  light- 
house system  may  require,  and  such  other 
information  as  it  may  be  necessary  to  lay  before 
Congress  at  each  session. 

The  board  is  authorized,  whenever  an  appro- 
priation may  be  made  by  Congress  for  a  new 
light-house  on  land  not  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  to  purchase  the  necessary  site  for  such 
light-house  with  money  appropriated  for  that 
purpose. 

Who  Build  Light-Houses. 

The  President  causes,  from  time  to  time,  such 
officers  to  be  detailed  from  the  engineer  corps  of 
the  army  as  are  necessary  to  superintend  the  con- 
struction and  renovation  of  light-houses.  Tin- 
plans,  drawings,  specifications  and  estimates  of 
cost  of  all  illuminating  and  other  apparatus,  and 
of  construction  and  repair  of  towers,  buildings, 
etc.,  connected  with  the  light-house  service,  are 
prepared  by  the  engineer-secretary  of  the  board. 

Who  May  be  Light- House  Inspectors. 

The  Atlantic,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Pacific  and  lake 
coasts  of  the  United  States  are  divided  into  fifteen 
light-house  districts,  each  of  which  is  under  the 
supervision  of  eithera  commodon  .  captain  or 
commander  of  the  navy,  who  is  called  the 
inspector.  The  engineer  in  charge  of  each  district 
is  either  a  colonel,  lieutenant-colonel,  major  or 
captain  of  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the  United 
States. 

The  laws  provide  that  there  be  detailed  Erom 
the  engineer  corps  of  the  army  such  office!  as 
may  be  necessary  to  superintend  the  construcl  Ion 
and  renovation  of  light-houses;  also,  that  an 
officer  of  the  army  or  the  navy  be  assignei  1  to  i  acta 
district  as  a  light-house  inspector,  subject  to  the 
orders  of  the  lighthouse  board,  who  receives  no 
pay  or  emolument  beyond  his  own  lawful  com- 
pensation in  the  regular  line  of  his  pn  I 
wuh  mileage  while  traveling  under  orders  con- 
nected with  his  duties. 

Working  Force  in  Light- House  Offices. 

Each    inspector  and  engineer  has  an  office  in 
every  district  to  which  they  are  assigned, 
allowed  (according  to  their  various  locations  and 
duties]  the  assistance  of  certain  employ*       p 
by  the  Government,  as  follows:  In  the  Inspector's 
offices— one    or    two  rinks,    one    messen    Bl 
keeper  of   the  buoy   depot,   one  superintendent 
of    construction,    one  or  more  assistant   superin- 


tendents of  construction,  a  store-keeper,  a 
foreman  of  depot,  a  copyist,  and  a  watchman  of 
the  buoy  depot. 

Engineers  in  Light-House  Department. 

In  the  engineer's  department  are  employed,  but 
not  in  every  office:  One  assistant  engineer,  a 
superintendent  of  construction,  and  one  or 
m  in  i  —istant  superintendents  of  construction,  a 
foreman  of  the  lamp-shop,  one  lampist,  a  foreman 
of  laborers,  a  draughtsman,  and  a  messenger.. 

In  both  the  inspectors'  and  engineers*  de- 
partments are  employed  steam-tugs,  or  vessels, 
for  the  conveyance  of  supplies,  implements,  etc., 
generally  officered  as  follows:  One  master,  one 
mate,  one  engineer,  assistant  engineer,  and  a 
pilot  occasionally. 

The  Light-House  Keeper. 

At  light-houses  are  employed:  One  keeper,  at 
from  iilo  to  $1,000  a  year,  according  to  location, 
with  assistant  keepers,  with  salaries  ranging  from 
8160  to  34-50  a  year;  keepers  of  lightships  receive 
8800  or  81,000  a  year. 

The  Life-Saving  Service. 

By  law  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is 
authorized  to  establish  stations  at  certain  points 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  the  shores  of  the 
Northern  lakes,  for  affording  aid  to  the 
shipw  recked  vessels  and  rescuing  their  crews  and 
passengers. 

Articles  Used  for  Saving  Life. 

This  life-saving  service  is  divided  into  seven 
ocean  districts  and  three  lake  districts.  The 
various  stations  are  supplied  with  the  requisite 
apparatus  as  may,  in  the  judgment  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury,  be  best  adapted  to  the 
purposes  of  each  station,  such  as  life-boats,  ropes, 
mortars  for  sending  ropes  on  board  wrecked 
vessels,  contrivances  for  getting  passengers 
safely  on  shore,  etc.  Bach  district  is  in  charge 
of  a  superintendent,  who  possesses  the  powers 
and  performs  the  duties  of  an  inspector  of  the 
customs  for  each  of  the  coasts  on  which  stations 
are  established.  These  districts  number  seven  on 
the  Atlantic  coast,  and  three  on  the  great  lakes; 
and  each  superintendent  receives  from  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  the  proper  instructions 
relatii  e  to  the  duties  required  of  them. 

ration  is  in  charge  of  a  keeper,  who  is 
Instructed  in  his  duties  by  the  Secretary  of  the* 
Treasury,  at  some  stations  experienced  surfmen 
are  engaged  to  assist  in  aiding  wrecked  vessels. 

Quarantines. 

The    law   provides    for  the  restraint,  stoppage 
and  government  of  all    vessels  arriving  at    sea- 
ports    and     inland"    ports     from    places     where 
prevail,  or  vessels  on  which 
.   i  '       i    ii  infectious  diseases  exist. 

iw,  the  health-laws  of  the  si  reral  States, 

an  i    the   regulations   of   the    Secretary    of    the 

Treasury,  are  required  to  be  duly  observed  by  the 

ol    the   customs-revenue   of  the   United 

States,  by  the  masters  and  crews  of  the 

i  inging  to  the  Government, 
andbj  the  military  officers  commanding  in  any 
fort  or  station  upon  the  coast,  and  all  such  officers 
of  tli-'  United  States  must  faithfully  aid  in  the 
execution  of  such  quarantines  and  health  laws. 
according  to  their  respective  powers  and  within 
their  respective  precincts,  as  directed,  from  time 
to  time,  by  the 

The  Revenue  Marine  Service. 
The  President,  for  the  better  security  ol 
lection  of  Import  or  tonnage  duties  on  commercial 
vessels    and    cargoes,   causes    the      maintenance 

cutters  as  ra  iy  bene* 
for  the  protection  of  the  Government  revenues, 


the  expense  ol  which  '?  paid  out  of  the  sum  annu- 
ally appropriated  by  Congress  for  this  service. 

Duties  of  Officers  in  this  Service. 
The  officers  of  the  revenue-cutters  are  re- 
spectively deemed  officers  of  the  customs,  and  are 
subject  to  the  direction  of  such  collectors  of  the 
revenue,  or  other  custom*  officers,  as,  from  time 
to  time,  may  be  designated  for  that  purpose.  They 
are  required  to  board  all  vessels  arriving  within 
the  United  States  or  within  twelve  miles  of  the 
United  States  coasts,  if  bound  for  United 
■  its.  and  search  and  examine  every  part 
of  such  vessels,  and  demand  and  receive  and 
certify  the  manifests  required  to  be  on  board  of 
certain  vessels;  to  affix  and  put  proper  fastenings 
on  the  hatches  and  other  communications  witlL 
the  hold  of  such  vessels,  and  remain  on  board 
such  vessels  until  they  arrive  at  the  port  or  place 
of  their  destination. 

How  Revenue-Cutters  are  Known. 

The  revenue-cutters  on  the  Northern  and  North 
western  lakes  are  specially  charged  with  the  duty 
of  aiding  vessels  in  distress  on  the  lakes. 

Revenue-cutters  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiar 
flag  or  ensign;  and  the  officers  are  empowered  to 
stop  any  vessel  liable  tJ  seizure  or  examination 
by  Bring  upon  her  after  hoisting  the  revenue  flag, 
if  the  merchant-vessel's  officers  refuse  to  let  the 
revenue  officers  board  her. 

The  toast  Survey. 

Surveys  of  the  sea-coasts  and  lake-coasts  of  the 
United  States  may  be  authorized  by  the  President 
for  the  purpose  of  aiding  navigation  by  the 
production  of  correct  charts  of  courses,  distances, 
depth  of  water,  etc..  along  such  coasts.  The 
public  vessels  In  actual  service  and  officers  of  the 
navy  and  army  are  employed,  as  far  as  prac- 
ticable, in  tins  Mn  \  ey. 

What  is  Hone  With  the  Surreys. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized  to 
dispose  of  the  maps  and  charts  of  the  survey  of 
the  coast,  from  time  to  time,  and  under  such 
regulations  as  he  may  prescribe,  besides  those 
distributed  gratuitously  among  foreign  govern- 
ments, the  departments  of  our  own  Government, 
and  literary  and  scientific  associations. 

Steamboat  Inspectors. 
The  laws  of  the  United  States  provide  for  the 
inspection  of  the  hulls  and  steamboilers  of 
merchant,  passenger,  and  excursion  vessels 
propelled  by  steam  in  United  States  waters, 
owned  in  the  United  States,  except  on  canals. 

Prom  time  to  time  the  President  appoints  a  Super- 
vising   !■■  iai.    who    is    selected   with 
reference  to  his  fitness  and  ability  to  redu' 
system  and  carry  into  effect  all  the  provisi 
•  ■dating  to  steamboat  inspection. 
Under   the    direction  of   the  Secretary  of   the 
ry,    it  la    his    business    to    superintend   the 

administration  of  the  steamboat  inspection  laws 
and  regulations;  preside  at  the  meetings  of  the 
board  of  supervising  Inspectors;  receive  all 
reports  of  inspectors;  receive  and  examine  all 
of  Inspectors,  and  report  fully,  at 
stated  periods,  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
upon  all  matters  pertaining  to  his  official  duties. 

Inspection  Districts. 

The  United  states  ate  divided  Into  ten  inspection 

■  f  which  is  in  charge  of  a  super- 

ir,  appointed  by  the  President,  each 

of  whom  is  chosen  for  his  knowledge,    skill  and 

Of    steam    for 

id  who  must  be  a  competent  judge 

of  the  character  and  qualities  of  steam  vessels 

and  all  part-  of  the  machinery  used  in  steaming. 


Annua]  Hoetingt. 

The    supervising    Inspectors  tod    Sop< 
[nspector-QenersJ  aesemble  una  board  at  Wash- 
ington ■  ■■        '  in  January i,  ud 
other  i'1  ury  may 
require,  for  joint  consultation    and 

■ 
wblcn  b<  duties*    Tbi 

.    Ill  l.ll    I  fk'Ulitt  l"lis    ".        ■ 

j  ont  in  the  mosl  effective  manner  the 
proi  1-1  ■■  datlons,  wh<  a 

approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the   Treasury,  have 

the  force  of  law. 

over  all 
ied  i"  him;   1 1 
i  mines  Into  th< 

.1    inspectors  within  his  disi  i  . 
Instructs  them  In  the  propei  i 
duties;  and,  whenever  be  deems  11  ejcpedi 
rlsita  any  Uct  i  Uscretlon,  and 

examines  their  condition  with  reference  to  the 
inspection    laws   and    regulations   having 

I  and  complied  with,  both    by   the  owners 
or  masters,  or  the  board  of  Inspectors. 

Hestrii 'titnis  1 1 in n  inspectors. 

No  person  who  is  directly  or  Indirectly  Inter- 
ested In    any  patent   required   to   be  used   on   any 
steamer    by  the   steamboat    Inspection   laws,  or 
■  member  of  any  association   Ol  0 
.  engineers  m  or  who 

i-  directly  or  Indlrecl  I; 

I   ■ 

does  nol   |  ■ 

may  not  hold    the    office  or   either  supe 

or  local  inspector,  and  If  an]  p 

to  perform  the  functions  of  an  Inspector,  he  Is 

punishable  by  a  tine  of   8600  and   dismissal   from 

office. 

Must  Not  Bmploj  l  uii. insi d  Officers. 

The    boards    of     local     inspectors    license    and 
classify  the  masters,  chief   mates,  engineers  and 
pilots  of  all  steam-vessels,  and  it   Is  ■  punishable 
offense   for  any    steamboat  owner    to  em] 
unlicensed  officer  of  these  grades. 

Whenever  a  supervising  Inspector  ascertains 
that  any  of  the  above-named  stem 
fails  tn  perform  ins  duty  according  to  law,  he 
Is  required  to  report  him  to  the  board  of  local 
Inspectors  in  the  district  where  the  vessel  was 
Inspected  or  belongs,  and  if  necessary  or  expedi 


>  nt     to   have   the  offending   party    pro 
and  if  i be  local  boai  I  nslng  b lin 

U  must  be  Investigated,  and  the  delinquent 
■ 
it  is  the  duty  of  tin-  Uispeotl] 
Hi  it    ihf    Im,-.,i    t.oirds  faithfully  perform  their 
duties  ol   Inspection;  to  Lnsp  md  grant 

h  bere  the)  e  arc  no  local 
board  -.  oi  s  bi  i  e  H  la  dlffiouil  to  apply  to  them  i  to 
furnish  to  local  In  pectoi  all  needful  infor- 
tnatlon  concerning  licensed  persons,  Individuals 

Ci n  b ii'  been  withheld  o 

bs  re  been  revoked  or   suspends  I 

■  i    neglected  to  have 
tin-in   properly  repaired,  and  per* 
Lfli  .tea 

I  nited  Mates  lisli  Commissioner. 
The   laws   pi  m\  ide    that    the    Pi 
appoint  from  among  the  civil  officers  oi  employes 
..i  the  government  ■  Commissioner  "i    Pish  and 

■  -.   m bo    musl    be    b    ]>■  i  ion     il 
scientific  and  practical   acquaintance  with   the 
Ashes  of  the  sea-coast,  and  who  receives  no  salary 
oal   to   that   which    be   drew    befc 

appointment.       It    is    hi       I 

Investigations  and  inqi -  on  the  subject,  with 

the  view  sing  whethei  any,  and  what, 

diminution  In  the  number  of  the  food  B  bi 

i'i'i  lakes  of  the  United  States  has  taken 
place,  and,  if  so,  to  what  i  iu  i     thl    diminution 
is  due,  and,  al        whethei  any,  and  wh  i 
tectlve,    i  '        nary  measui  ei 

should  be  adopted  In  the  premises,  and  report  the 
same  to  Congress.     Re  may  take,  or  cause  to  '><■ 
ii  .ill  times,  in  the  watersof  thi    i     coast 
of  the  United  States,  where  the  tide  ebl 
(lows,  and  also  In  the  waters  of  the  laki 
hsb  or  specimens  thereof  as  may,  In  bis  Judgment, 

[me  to  time,  '»■  needful  oi   propei  for  the 
•  it  ins  duties,  any  law,  custom,  or  usage 
of  an]  -  j  n  it  n  ll  b  famfliwe; 

Pension  agents. 

The  Pn  luthorlzed    to    appoint    all 

.  who  hold  their  respectli i 

for   four   years,    unll 

i    lon-agent,    whether  man  or 

<!  bond, 

■- ■■■hi  It]    for  such  an  amount  and 

in  such  I  ry  of  I  be  Intei  lor  may 

approve.     The  President   maj   b   | 

agencies,   not  exceeding   three   In  any   i 


■ . .  whenever  In  his  judgment  the  public 
and    i  be    com  enlenoe    ol     penal 

paying  pensloi 

■  ■■  . i t  tun  on  all  disbursemenl  - 

■  ■>    them   to   pensioners.      Pb 

allowed,  where  an  agi  nl  dl  00  annu- 

ally to  p  leodlng  e*i*>o  foi 

hire,  office  i ettl    s nd  i ifflce  •  ■■■■  pt  a  >■■      ■■■  b< 
agent  disburses  sioo.ooo  annually,  not  exceeding 

■  1 1  Foi  such  offl  or  every 

S.'iO.OOO    additional    disbursed    by    an    agent,    In-    Or 

allowed    not    more    than    1850 
ome;    but    no   agent    can    i 
from   i'.     and  commissions  more  than  h.ooo  a 
Each  agent  Is,  however,  entitled  to  thirty 
cents  in  full  for  each  i  ouchi 

ng  necessai  >  postage,  which 
sum  is  paid  to  the  United  States      Pension  Lgenbj 
ami  their  clerks  are  authorised  to  take  and  certify 
the  aflldavlti  of  all  pensioners  and  their  «  Ii 
who  conif  before  them  for  thai  purpose,  bul  they 

tm   fee    for   this   service,      in   paying  a 
pension  the  pension-agent  is  authorized  to  deduct 
from   the   amount  of  it   the   attorney's    Pi 
aiding    the    pensioner,    as   agreed    upon   or  as 
i 
where  no  sum  was  agreed  upon.     For  tins  service 

the  pension-agent  may  retain  thirty  cents. 
Pension  Surgeons. 
i      i  ommlssioner  of  Pensions  is  authorised  to 
organise,  at  ins  discretion,  boardi 

..■■I    (..    .  ... .  .i    i bree    members,    to 

■  the  physical  condition  ol  penaloi 
applicants  for  pensions  In  the  Interest  ■  ■!  tin  gov- 
e ii  nt     In  ordinary  examinations  each  surgeon 

■  ifeeol    one  dollar,  and   forspecil 

three  dollars  each.  Tin-  Secretary  of  the  interior 
also  appoints  a  Burgeon  as  mi  ree,  who, 

under   the   control    and    direct! i    the    Com 

mlssioner   of     Pensions,    has    charge    of     the 

examination  and  revision  of  the  reports  of 
examining  surgeons,  and  performs  other  duties 
touching  medical  ami  surgical  questions  In  the 
Pension-Office  as  the  interests  of  the  servi 

demand.     His  salary  is  98,600  a  year. 

v  of  the  Interior  may  also  appoint 

qualified  surge*  i  ling  fonr  in  number, 

n  in    the   duties  of   examining   Burgeon  - 

■  required,  and  they  are  horn.-  OD  the  rolls 
of  his  ofl  -  of  the  fourth  class,  with 
salaries  of  01,800  ti  ;.  car  each. 


THE    DUTIES    OF    THE    SECRETARY    "F    THE    INTERIOR. 


39J 


A  Sketch  of  the  Work  in  the   Department  of  the   Interior. 


1HE  DEPARTMENT  of  the  Interior,  at  Wash- 
ington, is  governed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior.  There  is  also  an  Assistant  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior,  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent, whose  duties  are  prescribed  by  the 
Secretary,  or  by  law. 
lW  There  are  in  the  Department  of  the  Interior  the  following 

ft  bureaus,  controlled  by  their  respective  commissioners: 
The  General  Land  Office,  Bureau  of  Indian  Affairs,  Pen- 
sion Office,  Patent  Office,  and  Office  of  Education. 

Duties  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  has  supervision  of  the  census, 
when  di-ected  by  "law;  the  public  lands,  including  mines;  the 
Indians;  pensions  and  bounty  lands;  patents  for  inventions;  the 
custody  and   distribution  of   government  publications;   the   educa- 


tional interests;  the   Government   Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and  the 
Columbia  Asylum   for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb. 

He  exercises  all  the  powers  and  performs  all  the  duties  in  relation 
to  the  Territories  of  the  United  States  that  were  by  law  or  custom 
performed,  previous  to  March  1,  187:3,  by  the  Secretary  of  State. 
He  has,  also,  supervisory  and  appellate  powers  in  relation  to  all  acta 
of  United  States  marshals,  and  others,  in  taking  and  returning  the 
census  of  the  country.  He  has  also  supervision  of  all  the  expendi- 
tures of  his  department.  He  also  reports  annually  to  Congress  the 
nature,  character,  and  amounts  of  all  claims  presented  to  him  during 
the  preceding  year,  under  laws  or  treaty  stipulations  for  compensa- 
tion for  depredations  committed  by  Indians,  whether  allowed  by  him 
or  not,  and  the  evidence  on  which  he  based  his  action;  dso,  the 
quantity  and  kind  of  the  copies  of  public  journals,  bookt 
documents  received  from  the  government  for  distribution,  and  the 
manner  of  their  distribution  in  detail. 


DUTIES   OF  OFFICERS   IN  THE   INTERIOR   DEPARTMENT- 


General  Land  Office. 

The  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land-Office 
performs,  under  the  directions  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  all  executive  duties  per- 
taming  to  the  survey  and  sale  of  the  public 
lands  of  the  United  States,  or  In  anywise 
respecting  such  public  lands,  such  as  relate, 
also,     to     private     claims      of     land,     and      the 

Issi I  patents  for  all  grants  of  land  under  the 

authority  of  the  government.  He  makes  plats  of 
lands  surveyed  under  the  authority  of  the  United 
md  gives  such  information  respecting  the 
public  lands  and  concerning  the  business  of  his 
office  as  may  Vie  directed. 

All  patents  issued  from  the  Land-office  bear  the 
authority  of  the  United  States,  art-  signed  by  the 
President,  countersigned  by  the  Commissioner  ol 
the  General  Land-Office,  and  are  recorded  in  that 
office. 

Duty  of  the  Recorder. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Recorder  of  the  General 
Land-Office,  under  instructions  from  the  com- 
missioner, to  certify  and  affix  the  seal  of  the  office 
to  all  patents  for  public  lands,  ami  to  attend  to 
their  correct  engrossing,  recording  and  trans- 
mission! to  prepare  alphabetical  indexes  of  the 


names  of   persons  entitled  to  patents  and  those 
who   receive   them,   and  to   prepare  copies  and 
exemplifications  of  matters  on  file  or  re© 
the  General  Land-Office  as  the  commissioner  mas 
direct. 

Duties  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 

The  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  has  the 
management  of  all  Indian  affairs  and  all  matters 
arising  out  of  Indian  relations.  To  him  are 
transmitted!  for  examination,  all  accounts  and 
vouchers  for  claims  and  disbursements  coi 
with  Indian  affairs,  ami  by  him  they  an 
to  the  proper  accounting  officer  of  the  depart- 
mentol  theTrea  sury  for  settlement. 

ii..  in  -nii  Hi  may  prescribe  such  regulations  as 
he  deems  propi  r  for  carrying  into  effect  the  varl 
ons  legal  provisions  relating  to  the  control  of 
Indian  affairs;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
also  prepares  and  publishes  regulations,  ;»t  his  dis- 
cretion, establishing  the  method  of  presenting 
claims,     arising     under     ti-  ttions    or 

■     l  iws,  for  compensation    for  deprv- 
COmmittOdby  Indians,  and  the  character 
of  the  evidence  brought  to  support  Buch  claims. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
also,    to   make  and    maintain    stub   rules  as   are 


iry  to  prohibit  the  sale  oi  arms  or  ammu- 
nitioil  within  any  district  or  country  occupied  by 
uncivilized  or  hostile  Indians. 

It  is  the  dul  |  tnmissioner  of  Indian 

Affairs  to   report    annually  to  Congress  a  tabular 
statement  showing  distinctly  the  separate  i 
of  expenditure  under  his  supervision,  during  the 
■■  ■  ii    nexl   preceding  each  report.     In  his 
annual  report  be  embodies  the  statements 

.  is  issuing  food,  clothing  or 
sof  any  kind   to  Indians,  with  the  number 
of  Indians   present  and   actually   receiving    such 
supplies. 

Commissioner  of  Pensions. 

The  Commissioner  of  Tensions  perforn 
duties  in  the  execution  of  the  various  pens! 
bounty  land    laws   of   the  United   states  as  the 

■    !    ■ 

The    commissioner    is    authorized,    with    the 

rotary  of   the  Interior,   to 

appoint  a  person  to  sign    the   name  of   the  com- 

M  arrants  for  bounty 

-oldiers.  sailors,  etc. 

The  commissioner  is  authorized  to  detail,  from 

time   to    time,   any   of   the  elerks   in   his  office   to 

investigate   any  suspected  attempts  to  defraud 


392 


DUTIES    OF    VARIOUS    OFFICERS    IN    THE    DEPARTMENT    <>l     THE    INTERIOR. 


the  United  States  In  or  affecting  the  administration 
of  any  law  relative  to  pensions,  and  to  aid  m  the 

■.:.■..,  impl     ■!■!.■ 

■  ad  snob  person  la  empowered 

to  administer  oat  hit  in  the  >  uivcsti- 

g   itlMll. 

Officers  of  Indian  Affair*. 
The  Board  o(  Indian  Commlselonen  con 

i  e   than   ten  persons,  appoint*  d   bj   the 
at  |    men   eminent    for  Intelligent  ■ 

Ithropy,  who   receive    no   Con. 

Li  BUCfa  appointment. 
The  hoard  has  power  to  appoint  one  Of  it- 
members  as  Its  secretary,  who  Is  entitled  I 

I  .  i  i . ..  thi 

o  i»-  paid  Crom  any  moneys  appropriated 

nment  ror  the 

i       The  board  eupei  aditures 

ni  money  appropriated  Cor  the  benefit  of  Indians 

within    the    limlte   ol    the    Unlb  i 

all    goods    porchased    foi    Ind   ■ 
connection   with   the    Indian   service,    and    baa 

■  ■  all  t Its  and  papers  relating  thereto 

In  any  government   office;    bat    the  examination 

of    vouchers    and    ac inta    by   the    executive 

oommittee  of  the  board.]    aotni  cessary  to  secure 

hut  j  of  Indian  Inspectors. 

The  Preside]  t 
Indian  Inspectoral  not  exceeding  Ave  in  number, 

i   whom  holds  bis  office  for  foui 
unless  sooner  removed. 
As  often  as   twice  a  year  one  or  more  of  the 
.  it  .  ich  IndJ   d 
!  fully  Inve  itlgnte  all 
i 

Including  an  examination  ol  iunts,  the 

of    expending   money,   the  number  of 
Indians  provid 

with  the  business,  the  condition  of  the 
i  -in. nt  in  civilization,  the 
extent  of  the  reservations,  andwfa 
of   the  lands  sel  apart   for   that   purpo* 

:  v,  iiii  matters  belonging  to  the  Indian 
service. 

inspector  has  power  to  examine  on  oath 

ons  In  and  about  the 
Buperinteadencies  and 

■  •nice      any  igi  ut,      or 
employ  i                                 bei  person  tern  1 1 

to    tin   the  i   by  the  bo  i 

d   to    the    President.      The 
mpowered  to  i 

laws  In 
One  several  agencies  and  superintendence 
so  arranged    that   the    same  Inspector  may  not 
.te  the  affali 

Indian  Superintendents. 

The  President  i>  authorised,  from  time  to  time, 
to  appoint  four  or  moi 

affairs,  and  each  holds  his  office  four  years. 
superintendent,   within  his  distrii 
general  ropervislon  and  control  over  the 
official  conduct  and 

government  In 
under  such  n 
by  the  ! 

anil    |i.    : 

forthwith   to   be   communicated  t<>  the 
Interior;   and    Use    U    pi 
within  his  district  such  dotta  as  may  be  properly 
assigned  to  him.     Tl  of  the  Interior 

the  temporary 
ment   of   clerks    by   superintend) 
iffatrs  whenever  the  publt- 
■  ■  re  it. 


Whenevei  atendencj  ts  discontinued  by 

1 1..  Pri    Idenl    oi  aboil  ihed  bj  law . 
that  dl  trie!  repoi  t  directl]  to  the  < 

of  Indian  Affairs. 

Indian  Agents. 
From  time  to  time  the  President  is  authorized  to 
appoint  iitiiiu-rt.il.-   iinii. in  agents,  locating  them 
among  the  Indian  tril 
river,  and  from  Texas  to  Or 
has  power  to  discontinue  an 
cretion,  or  to  require  one  agent   to   perform  duty 

at  two  a]  ut  bolds 

bis  office  four  years,    and  before  entering  npon 
his  dul  bond  with  such 

I  hi     President  ■.    -.if   the 

Interior   may    require.     Within   his    agei 
manages  and  superintends  the  Intercourse  with 
the  Indians  according  to  lav  ites  and 

performs  racfa  regulations  and  dutlei    •    may  be 
the  President,  the  Secretary  of  the 
■ .  the  Comml 
the  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs. 

Where  Indian  Agent*  Must   Live. 

Every  agent  is  requii  md  keep  bis 

within  or  near  the  tribe  of   Indian-  to 

i   and  at  such  place  as  the 

Presidi  ut  ■    ■  .  not  leave  the 

limits  "i  his  agency  without  permission. 

The  President  may  require  any  military  officer 
of  the  i  to  execute  the  dutii 

Indian  agent,  and  such  offlci  ther 

Ltlon    than    his    army    pay    and    actual 

ti  aveling  expi  i 

Legal  Powers  of  Agents. 
Indian     agents  axe    authorized    to     take    ac- 
knowledgments of  deeds  and  other  Instruments 
of  writing,  aud  to  administer  oaths   In 

tted  to  them  In  the  Indian  euuntry, 

under   rules    otid    regulations   prescribed    by  the 

1 1  v  ..i  the  interior. 

TiiL-r  appoints  a  competent  number 

of    sub-Indian  agents,   to   i"    employed  and  to 

reside  wherevei  the  President  may  direct. 

Location  of  Each  Agency* 

The  li'"  ''i"'  i  iit.-tn  j.-iicy.  agency  and 

sub-ageni  i  by  the  Beoretaryof 

the  Interior,   either  by    tribes  or 
boundarh'--.    Ail    pi  cl  U  agi  at  ■  and  commissioners 
not  appointed  by  the  President  are  appointed  by 

Indian  Interpreters. 

An    Interpreter    I     allowed    to    each    agency. 
Where  tl  I  lie  same  agency 

speaking   different    languages,     one    Int 
may  be  allowed  of  the  Interior 

b   of   such  tribes.    Interpreters  may  be 
nated     by   the   proper  agenh     to 
partmri.  or  for  approval,  and  may  be 

suspended  by  the  agent,  for  cause,  from  i 
duty,  and    the    circumstances    reported    to    the 
Department  ol  the  interior  for  Anal  aetion. 

Indian  Interpreters  Preferred. 
Whenever  persons  of  Indian  descent  can  be 
found  who  are  properly  qualified  for  the  perform- 
ance of  tl  refen  nee  Is  given 
to  them  tn  ail  cases  of  appointments  "f  Interpret- 
er the  benefit  of 
the  Indl 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  must,  under  the 
direction  of  the  President,  i  continu- 

ance of  the  services  of   such  agents,  sub 
Interpret  -   may    from    time  tn   time 

nee  of  the  emi- 
gration of  the  Indians,  or  other  can 
No  person  employed  in  Indian  affairs  may  have 


nny    Interest  or  concern   in   any  trade   with    the 

Indians,  except  for  and  on  account  ol  that  nlted 

'     Sa,000   and    i  ■  ■ 
from  office. 

Teacher*  Among  the  Indians. 
In    every    case    « bare      tl  at     may 

judge  Improvement  In  the  habits  and  con- 
dition oi  Indians  prsw  ttcabli 

d  be  Introduced  among 
them  with   their  own  con  sat,   be  maj   employ 
capable   persons    of  good    moral    charai 
Instruct  them  In   the  ricultnre  suited 

to  their  situation,  and  to  teach  their  children  In 
adaj  tthmetic,  under  such  regu- 
lation     i     thi     Presideni    no        | 

ay  of  the  Indian  ' '  i       <u  the  opinion 

ol   Hi.    Secretary  of  the  Interior,  c patent   to 

at  ol    their    black 

iai  mar  -or   ol  bei     pei  h  m  - 

i  for  them,  the  direct! I  bui  h  persons 

may  be  given  to  the  proper  authority  o(  the  bribe. 

Indian  Trader*. 
Any  loyal  eitizm  of  the  United  Btatea,  of  good 
r,  maj  be  permitted  to  trade  with 
any  Indian  n  Um  upon  giving  a  bond  to  th<  United 
Btatesol  in  95,000,  with  good  a  ■ 

approved  bj  tbi    propel   authorities,  condltl ii 

h  iii  faithfully  observe  all  laws  andregu- 
lations  made  for  tin-  government  of  trai 
Intercourse   with   the   Indian   bribes,  and    In   no 
■  violate  tin.-  same. 

I  nited  Slate*  Surveyors. 

The   President  appoints  one  Burveyor-Oeneral 
In  the  States  and  Territories  named  below,  each 

Lng  one  surveying    district:      Loul 
Florida,     Minnesota,     Kansas,    Kebraska,    Iowa, 
i  erritory,  Oregon,  Washington,  Colorado, 
Ntu  Mexico,  < ialifornis    Idaho,  Neva 
Utah,   Wj  omlng  and    1 1  son  i       I  ten   Bn  ■ 

Das  but  one  office  In  his  district,  located, 

direct, 

ami  must  reside  In  the  district  t"   which  be  is 

appointed.      The     term    of    office  Ol     Surveyors- 

I    tour  yew 

The  Records'  of  Surreys. 
The  Secretary  of  the   Interior   til 

■  completion  of  the  surveys 

in   the  goners  for   whlcfa  Sur- 

veyors-General    have      been    appointed,    at    the 
earliest   practicable  period;  and  when  thi 
bed,  thi    field  notes,   maps,   reco 
other    papers    pertaining    to    land-titles   within 
li    sre  turned  over   to  the   Secretary  of 
■   the  respect  ad  the  office  of 

Burveyor-4  lenersJ  In  every  such  district  ces 
i-  discontinued. 

Burveyor-Oeneral  Is  authorised  to  i 

if  skillful  surveyors  as  his 

whoareswi  mi  performance 

of  their  dutii        3<  frami     regulations  foi   their 

direction,  and  has   power   to  remove  tliem  for 

negligence  or  misconduct  in  office. 

What  Shall  be  Surveyed. 

ii"  'Tiuse  to 

id  i    i  i  I  i id 

r.   lines  through   such   points,  and    per- 
il ntl     uid    such  other 

correction     parallels     and     i diane    ■      are 

prescribed  by   law  and   Instructions    fr the 

General  Land-Office,  mreeped  to  i he  public  lands 
within  his  surveying  districi  to  whlcfa  the  Indian 
title  has  been  or  may  be  extinguished.    Ite  causes 

to  besurvi  >•-<]  all  private  land-claims  within  bis 
district    after    they    have    bean    confirmed    by 
authority  of  Con  I     ...... 

to  complete  the  survey  of  the  public  lands.      He 


DUTIES    OF    VARIOUS    OFFICEKS    EN    THE    DEPARTMENT    OF    THE    INTERIOR. 


transmits  to  the  register  of  the  respective  land* 
offices  within  his  district  general  and  partirul.ir 
plats  of  all  lands  sun-eyed  by  him  for  each  land 
district,  forwarding  copies  of  such  plats  to  the 
Commissioner  of  the  General  Land-Office. 

As  far  as  is  compatible  with  his  other  duties,  he 
is  required  occasionally  to  inspect  the  surveying 
operations  In  It  is  district,  sufficiently  to  satisfy 
himself  that  the  field-work  is  being  faithfully 
executed  according  to  contract.  In  case  he 
cannot  give  his  personal  attention  to  such  Lnspi 
tion,  he  is  authorized  to  appoint  a  confidential 
deputy  to  make  the  required  examination. 

There  is  allowed  for  the  several  offices  of  the 
Surveyors-General,  for  clerk-hire,  office-rent, 
fuel,  books,  stationery,  and  other  incidental 
expenses,  such  sums  as  Congress  may  appropriate 
from  year  to  year. 

Whenever  he  thinks  that  the  public  interest 
requires  it,  the  President  is  authorized  to  transfer 
the  duties  of  Land  Register  and  Receiver  in  any 
district  to  the  Surveyor-General  of  the  district  in 
which  such  land  district  is  located. 

The  Patent-Office. 

The  Patent-Office  is  a  bureau  of  the  Interior 
Department,  wherein  are  kept  and  preserved  all 
the  records,  books,  models,  drawings,  specifi- 
cations and  other  papers  and  things  pertaining  to 
patents  for  inventions. 

In  the  Patent-Office  are  the  following  officers, 
appointed  by  the  President:  A  Commissi,  wi-  of 
Patents,  an  Assistant  Commissioner  of  patents, 
and  three  Examiners-in-chief. 

All  the  other  officers,  clerks  and  employes, 
named  below,  are  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior,  on  the  nomination  of  the  Com- 
missioner  of  Patents,  their  salaries  varying  from 
S900  to  93,500  per  year:  A  chief  clerk,  an  examiner 
in  charge  of  interferences,  one  examiner  in  charge 
of  trade-marks,  twenty-four  principal  examiners, 
twenty-four  first  assistant  examiners,  twenty-four 
second  assistant  examiners  (two  of  whom  may  he 
females),  twenty-four  third  assistant  examin- 
ers, a  librarian,  one  machinist,  three  skilled 
draughtsmen,  thirty-five  copyists  of  drawings, 
one  messenger  and  purchasing  clerk,  one  skilled 
laborer,  eight  attendants  in  the  model  room,  and 
eight  others  in  the  same  room. 

The  Patent-Office  has  a  seal,  with  which  letters- 
patent  and  papers  issued  from  it  are  authenti- 
cated. 

The  Commissioner  of  Patents  and  the  chief 
clerk  are  severally  required  to  give  a  bond  for  the 
faithful  discharge  of  their  duties,  and  a  true 
accounting  of  public  moneys  coming  into  their 
hands. 

Must  \<>t  he  Pecuniarily  Interested* 

No  officer  or  employe  of  the  Patent-Office  i- 
allowed  to  acquire  or  take,  during  his  or  her  terra 
of  service,  any  right  or  interest,  directly  or  Indi- 
rectly, except  by  inheritance  or  bequest,  m  any 
patent  issued  by  the  office. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  superin- 
tends or  performs  all  duties  respecting  the 
granting  and  issuing  of  patents  directed  by  the 
laws,  and  has  charge  of  all  books.  ivrnnU, 
papers,  models,  machines  and  other  things 
belonging  to  the  Patent-Office. 

He,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior,  from  time  to  time,  establishes  regu- 
lations, consistent  with  law,  for  the  conduct  of 
proceedings  in  his  office.  He  also  causes  to  be 
classified  and  arranged  in  suitable  cases,  in  rooms 
and  galleries  of  the  Patent-t  MbVe,  set  apart  for 
that  purpose,  the  models,  specimens  of  compo 
sitlon,  fabrics,  manufactures,  works  of  art  and 
designs  which  are  deposited  In  the  r.nent-offlce; 


and    these    rooms    and    galleries    are  kept  open 
during  suitable  hours  for  inspection  by  visitors. 

He  may  rc^t.iie  to  the  respective  applicant-  such 
models  accompanying  rejected  applications  for 
patents  aa  he  deems  it  unnecessary  to  pres.-i  v . 
be  may  sell  or  otherwise  dispose  of  them  after 
the  application  has  been  finally  rejected  for  a 
year,  paying  the  purchase-money  into  the 
Treasury,  as  other  patent-moneys  are  directed  to 
be  paid. 

Description  of  Patents. 

He  may  cause  to  be  printed  copies  of  the  patent- 
olalms  of  current  issue,  and  copies  of  such  laws, 
decisions,  regulations  and  circulars  as  may  be 
necessary  for  the  information  of  the  public. 

He  is  authorized  to  have  printed,  from  time  to 
time,  for  free  distribution  a  limited  number  of 
the  complete  specifications  and  drawings  of  each 
patent,  together  with  suitable  indexes,  one  copy 
being  placed  for  free  public  inspection  in  each 
Stat  i.' -house  of  every  State  and  Territory,  copies  for 
the  like  purpose  in  the  clerks' offices  of  the  Federal 
district  courts,  and  one  in  the  library  of  Congress 
—all  being  certified  under  the  hand  of  the  Com- 
missioner and  seal  of  the  Patent-Office,  and  not  to 
be  taken  from  their  places  of  deposit  for  any 
other  purpose  than  as  evidence  in  suits  at  law. 

He  is  also  authorized  to  have  printed  such 
additional  copies  of  these  specifications  and 
drawings,  duly  certified,  for  sale  at  a  price  as  low 
as  may  he  warranted  by  the  actual  cost  and 
demand  for  them,  and  to  furnish  a  complete  set 
of  them  to  any  public  library  that  will  pay  for 
binding  and  transporting  them  and  will  provide 
suitable  places  of  deposit,  open  to  the  public. 

The  lithographing  and  engraving  are  done  by 
contract  after  competitive  bidding,  and  the 
printing  is  done  at  the  Government  Printing- 
office. 

Report  of  Commissioner  of  Patents. 

Annually,  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  lays 
before  Congress  a  report,  setting  forth  the  amount 
of  moneys  received  for  patents,  for  copies  of 
records  or  drawings,  and  all  other  sources:  details 
of  all  the  moneys  paid  out  for  contingent  and 
miscellaneous  expenses;  a  list  of  all  the  patents 
granted  during  the  preceding  year,  generally 
classified;  an  alphabetical  list  of  all  the  patentees 
and  their  places  of  residence;  a  list  of  all  the 
patents  thai  have  been  extended  during  the  year, 
with  such  other  information  of  the  condition  of 
tin-  Patent-Office  as  may  be  useful  to  Congress 
or  tin-  public 

Superintendent  of  Public  Documents. 

The  Superintendent  of  Public  Documents, 
appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
collects,  arranges,  preserves,  packs  and  distributes 
tin-  publications  received  at  the  Department  of  the 
Interior  for  distribution,  and  performs  other 
duties  belonging  to  his  office,  including  the  com- 
piling and  supervising  of  the  "Biennial  Register," 
tor  the  use  of  Congress  and  the  several  States. 
The  Returns  Office. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  Es  directed  to 
provide,  from  time  to  time,  a  proper  apartment 
in  his  department,  to  be  called  the  Returns  office, 

in  which  he  Causes  to    be  filed  the  return 
tracts  made  by  the  Secretary  of  War.  the  Secre- 
tary  of   the   Navy   and    the    Seen  tary    of     the 
and   appoints  a   clerk  to    attend  to  its 
Hi-  duty  is    to    file  all  returns  made  to 

the  1'iii.i  .    so  that  they  may   be  i  ■   ■■ 

keeping  all  returns  made  by  the  same  officer  in 

the     i  pi  tee,  and  numbering  them  in  the  order 

in  which  they  are  made.     He  also  keeps  ^\n  index- 

I k,  with  the    names  Of  the  contracting   parties 

and  the  number  of  each  contract  opposite   to  the 
names,    and  this  book  is  to  be   open    for  public 


inspection.  He  also  furnishes  copies  of  these 
returns  to  any  person  who  is  willing  to  pay  five 
'■cut-  for  copying  every  l'JO  words;  be  has  also  to 
certify  to  the  correctness  of  each  copy  made. 

The  Office  of  Education. 

The  Office  of  Education  is  a  bureau  of  the 
Department  of  the  Interior,  the  duties  of  which 
include  the  collection  of  facts  and  figures  showing 
the  condition  and  progress  of  education  in  the 
several  States  and  Territories,  and  to  diffuse  such 
information  respecting  the  organization  and 
management  of  schools  and  methods  of  teaching 
as  shall  aid  the  people  of  the  United  States  in  the 
establishment  and  maintenance  of  efficient 
school  systems,  and  otherwise  promote  the  cause 
of  education  throughout  the  country. 

The  office  of  education  is  managed  by  a  com 
missfoner  of  education,  who  is  appointed  by  the 
President. 

The  persons  employed  in  the  office  of  education 
Include  a  chief  clerk,  one  statistician,  and  one 
translator. 

Hospitals. 
Besides  the  foregoing  bureaus  and  offices  of  the 
Department  of  the  Interior,  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  is  charged  with  the  supervision 
of  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  which  has  for  its  objects 
the  most  humane  care  and  enlightened  curative 
treatment  of  the  insane  of  the  army  and  navy  of 
the  United  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia; 
and  the  Columbia  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  which  was 
established  for  ttie  education  of  deaf  mutes  from 
the  -c\  c i  aJ  si.itcs  and  Territories. 

Department  of  Agriculture. 

Congress,  some  years  since,  made  provision  for 
a  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington. 

The  general  design  and  duties  of  the  Govern- 
ment Department  ol  Agriculture  are  to  acquire 
and  distribute  among  the  people  of  the  United 
States  useful  Information  ou  subjects  connected 
with  agriculture  in  the  most  general  and  compre- 
hensive sense  oi  that  word,  and  t"  pi 
propagate,  and  distribute  among  tiie  people  new 

and  valuable  plants  and  seeds.       The   chief  officer 

of  this  department  is  the  Commissioner  ol 
culture,  who    is    appointed    by    the    President. 
B  a  chlel  clerk,  the  commissioner  appoints 

the  following  assistants:  One  chemist,  one 
assistant  chemist,  on<  1st,  one  micro- 

BCOpist,      00         !■■■■  I  :■    i.      "iie      statistician,     one 

superintendent  uf  experimental  gardens  and 
grounds,  one  assistant  superintendent  of  the 
same,  one  disbursing  clerk,  one  superlnb 

of  the  s l-room,  one    assistant    superintendent 

of  the  seed-room,  one  librarian,  one  engineer, 
one  superintendent  of  the  folding-room,  two 
attendants  in  the  museum,  ami  one  carpenter. 

Duties  of  the  Commissi r  of  Agriculture. 

Tiie  i  ■  iculture  has  eh 

the   bii Ud  i   to  the 

use  ol  thai  department  at  Washington,  and  of 
the  library,  furniture,  fixture  md  other 

propei  iv  belonging  to  it. 

it  1-.  bis  duiv  to  procure  and  preserve  all  Infor* 
niatiou    concerning  agriculture   which    he    can 
i. lit  tin  h\   me  ina  of  books    i 
.and     by    practical    and     scientific    experiments 
(official  records,  accurately  kept,  are  made  in  his 

office),  by  the  les,  and  by  any 

appropriate  mean-  Within  lu>  power. 

He  is  also  required  to  collect  new  and  i 

■  nd  plants,  and  altivatlon,  the 

value  of  such  of  them  as  ought  to  be  thus 

.  .■  iueh  as  may  be  worthy  ol  propagation) 

and  distribute  them  among  agriculturists. 


394 


M   riES    OF    THE    B]  CK  1  MM     OF    I  HE    .\A\  Y. 


The  Bureaus  of  the  Naval  Department. 


Ri  IMINENT  in  the  President's  cabinet 
i-  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  The 
business  of  the  naval  department  Is 
dial  t  ibnted  among  the  follow  Ing  eight 
bureaus:  The  Bureau  >>f  Yard-  and 
Docks,  presided  over  by  an  ofhYei 
selected  from  tin' navy,  not  In-low  the 

grade  of  commander;  the  Bureau  of 
Equipment  and  Recruiting,  presided 
over  by  a  similar  naval  officer;  a 
Bureau  <>r  Navigation,  presided  over 
■ ' mi!  ir  officer;  a  Bur. -an  of 
Ordnance,  and  Hunan  of  Const  nut  ion 
and  Repair,  presided  over  by  similar 
officer*-,  the  latter  being  also  a  skillful 
navy  ion -true  tor;  the  Bureau  of 
Steam- engineering,  presided  over  by 
one  of  the  chief  engineers  of  the  navy,  who  is  also  a  skillful 
engineer;  the  Burean  of  Provl  i  lothing,  presided  over  by  a 

paymaster  of  the   i  -    than   ten   years1  Btandin 

Bureau    of    m  d    Surgei       presided  over   by  one  of    the 

ms  of  the  navy.     The  chiefs  of  these  bureaus  are  appointed  by 
the  President,  bold  their  offices  for  four  years,  an  only  the 

salary  pertaining  to  each  of  their  official  grades  in  the  navy. 

Duties  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

The  duties  "f  the  Secretary  of  the  Navj  are  as  follows:  To  execute 
from  the  President  relative  to  procur- 
ing naval   Btores   and   materials,  and   the  construction,   armament, 
equipment  and  employment  of  vessels  of  war,  and  other  matt*  rs  con- 

ment;  to  have  cusl 
all  tin-  books,    records  and  property   in   and   belonging  to  the  Navy 
Department;  to  cause  the  collection  of  all  flags,  standards  and  colors 
taken  by  the  navy  from  the  enemies  of  the  United  St  ites. 

The  annual  reports  of  the  Be*  retary  to  Congress  Bhall  pres< 
statement  of   the  appropriations   of   the    preceding  fiscal  year,  how 


much    money  was   expended,  and    In  what   manner,  and   the   probable 

demand  of  the  balances  of  appropriations  remaining  an  used  En  en  b 
department  of  the  navy;  a  -t.iicm.-nt  of  all  offers  for  contracts  for 
supplies  and  Bervlces  made  during  the  year,  and  ft<  1 1  pted,  bj  i  lasses; 
a  statement  showing  how  much  money  was  expended  during  the 
preceding  fiscal  year  for  wages  of  mechanics  and  laborer-  employed 
in  building,  repairing  or  equipping  vessels,  or  in  handling  stores, 
and  how  mucb  money  was  -pent  in  purchasing  stores  and  materials, 
with  tin-  cost  and  value  of  articles  received,  naed,  and  remaining  on 
hand,  at  the  navy-yard-;  a  Btatement  of  all  Bales  or  vessels  and 
materials  ot  the  navy,  by  whom  bought,  the  amounts  realized  from 
Bucfa  sales,  etc  The  respective  bureaus  of  the  department  furnish 
to  the  secretary  all  estimates  for  the  specific,  general  and  contingent 
expenses  of  the  department  and  bureaus. 

The  HydrogTaphic  Office. 

Attached  t"  the  Bnrean  of  Navigation  In  the  Navy  Department  is 
a  hydrographic  office,  for  improving  the  means  for  navigating  safely 
the  vessels  of  the  navy  and  merchant  raarim  ag,  under  the 

Secretary  of  the  Navy,  accurate  and  cheap  □ 
charts,  sailing  directions,  navigator!  and  manuals  of  instruction  for 
the  use  of  all  such  vessels.  The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  ie  authorized 
o  pro  ide  such  i  aarta,  maps  -  tc  .  to  be  prepared  and  printed  and 
distributed  to  navigators  at  the  cost  of  printing  and  paper.  The 
moneys  thus  received  from  the  sal.- of  map-,  (hart-,  etc.,  is  to  be 
applied  to  tit.'  purchase  and  preparation  of  more  of  the  same  articles. 

Nautical   Observations. 

The  Naval  Observatory  at  Washington  is  in  cbaqge  of  a 
naval  officer,  who  receives  only  the  pay  of  an  officer  of  his 
grade  for  shore  duty.  The  "Nautical  Almanac,'1  containing  the 
result  of  naval  and  astronomical  observati  >i  i  rvieed  annu- 

ally by  a  naval  officer  or  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  navy. 
appoint)  i  retary  for  that  purpose. 

The    meridian    of    the    Naval    Observatory,    at    Washington,    is 

[shed  as  the  American  meridian  for  all  astronomical  purposes, 

and  the  meridian  of  Greenwich,   England,   for  all  nautical  purposes. 


THE    NAVAL    EQUIPMENT    OF    THE    COUNTRY. 


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Facts  Concerning  the  Various  Branches  of  the  United  States  Navy. 


t^yj  HE  ACTIVE  officers  of  the  United  States 
^     Navy  are  graded  as  follows: 

Admiral,    Vice-Admiral,    rear- 
admirals,      commodores,      captains, 
commanders,    lieutenant-commanders, 
lieutenants,  masters,  ensigns,  and  mid- 
shipmen. 

When  the  present  Admiral  and  Vice-Admiral 
die,  resign,  or  are  removed,  the  grade  will  cease 
to  exist,  as  no  vacancy  in  it  can  be  filled  by  pro- 
motion from  the  next  lower  rank. 

The  relative  rank  between  officers  of  the  navy 
and  officers  of  the  army  is  as  follows: 

The  Vice-Admiral  ranks  with  the  lieutenant- 
general.  Rear-admirals  with  major-generals, 
Commodores  with  brigadier-generals,  Captains 
with  colonels,  Commanders  with  lieutenant- 
colonels,  Lieutenant-Commanders  with  majors. 
Lieutenants  with  captains.  Masters  with  first 
lieutenants,  and  Ensigns  with  seeond  lieutenants. 

How  Many  Naval  Officers  are  Allowed. 

There  are  allowed  on  the  active  list  of  naval 
officers  of  the  line,  one  Admiral,  one  Vice- 
Admiral,  ten  rear-admirals,  twenty-five  commo- 
dores, fifty  captains,  ninety  commanders,  eighty 
lieutenant -commanders,  280  lieutenants,  100 
masters  and  100  ensigns.  During  war,  rear- 
admirals  are  selected  from  those  officers  on  the 
active  list,  not  below  the  grade  of  commanders, 
who  eminently  distinguish  themselves  by  their 
courage,  skill  and  genius  in  their  profession,  and 
not  then  unless  they  have,  upon  the  recommen- 
dation of  the  President,  received  the  thanks  of 
Congress  for  distinguished  service.  During  peace, 
vacancies  in  the  grade  of  rear-admiral  are  tilled  by 
regular  promotion  from  the  list  of  commodores. 

Requisites  In  the  Medical  Service. 
The  active  list  of  the  Medical  corps  of  the  navy 
consists  of  fifteen  medical  directors,  fifteen 
medical  inspectors,  fifty  surgeons,  and  100 
assistant  Burgeons,  All  appointments  in  the 
ttedicaJ  corps  are  made  by  the  President. 
No  person  can  be  appointed  assistant  surgeon 
until  he  has  been  examined  and  approved  bj  a 
board  of  naval  surgeons,  nor  be  less  than  twenty- 
one  years  old,  nor  more  than  twenty-six.  No 
person  can  be  appointed  surgeon  until  he  has 
served  as  an  assistant  surgeon  at  least  two  years 

in     the     navy,    at    sea.    nor     Until     In-     has    been 

approved  for  such   appointment  by  a  board  of 
naval  surgeons. 


The  President  selects  the  surgeons,  and  appoints 
to  every  fleet  or  squadron  one  who  is  denominated 
"surgeon  of  the  fleet,"  and  is  surgeon  of  the 
flag-ship. 

The  Pay  Department  of  the  Navy. 

The  active  list  of  the  Pay  corps  of  the  Navy 
consists  of  thirteen  pay  directors,  thirteen  pay 
inspectors,  fifty  paymasters,  thirty  passed  as- 
sistant paymasters  and  twenty  assistant  pay- 
masters. All  appointments  in  the  pay  corps  are 
made  by  the  President. 

No  person  can  be  appointed  assistant  poym  Lstei 
who  is  less  than  twenty-one  years  old  or  more 
than  twenty-six  years,  nor  until  Ins  i  I 
mental  and  moral  qualifications  have  been 
approved  by  a  board  of  paymasters  appointed  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Nm 

The  President  may  designate  among  the  pay- 
masters In  tli"  Berrioe,  and  appoint  one  to  every 
Beet  or  squadron,  who  is  denominated  "paymaster 
of  the  Beet " 

The  Engineer  Corps  of  the  Nary. 

The  active  list  of  the  Engineer  corps  of  the 
Navy  consists  of  seventy  chief  engineers,  divided 
into  three  grades,  ten  having  the  relative  rank  of 
captain,  fifteen  of  commander,  and  tort} 

lii.vit.iianl  commander,  or  lieutenant.  One  engi- 
neer in  ehi'i  is  selected  by  the  President  to  serve 
in  each  Meet  or  squadron  of  the  navy,  and  is 
denominated  "  engineer  of  the  fleet."  There  are 
also  In  the  navy  100  first  assistant  engineers,  who 
have  the  relative  rank  of  lieutenant  or  master  in 
the  navy,  and  100  second  assistant  engineers,  with 

the  relative  rank  of  master,  or  ensign. 

Religious  Service  in  the  Navy. 
The  laws  provide  for  the  appointment  t\\   the 

President .   for  service  in  the  public  armed   vessel.- 

of  the  United  States,  a  number  of  chaplain  oi 
ministers  of  the  gospel),  not  exceeding  twenty- 
four.  A  chaplain  must  tun  be  less  than  twenty- 
one,  nor  more  than  thirty-five  years  old  at  the 
tin,,-  ,,i  in-  appointment.  Every  chaplain  Is 
permitted  to  conduct  public  worship  according  to 
the  manner  and  forms  of  the  church  of  which  he 

may  be  ■  member,  and  each  chaplain  must  report 

annually  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  thl 

performed  by  him  during  the  previous 

year. 

Mathematicians  in  the  Naval  Service. 

The     number     of     professors    of     mathematics 


employed  in  the  navy  cannot  exceed  twelve,  and 
they  are  appointed  and  commissioned  by  the 
President.  They  perform  such  duties  as  may  be 
assigned  to  them  by  order  of  the  SeCl  •  t.irv  of  the 
Navy,  at  the  Naval  Academy,  at  the  Naval 
Observatory,  and  in  ships  of  war,  instructing 
midshipmen  of  the  navy,  or  otherwise.  Three 
have  the  relative  ranks  of  captains,  four  of  com- 
manders, and  five  of  lieutenant-commanders,  or 
lieutenants. 

Naval  Constructors. 

The  President  may  appoint  naval  constructors, 
who  have  rank  and  pay  as  naval  officers,  and  are 
required  to  perform  duty  at  any  navy-yard  or 
other  station.  Cadet  engineers,  who  graduate 
with  credit  in  the  scientific  and  mechanic 
of  the  Naval  Academy,  may.  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  academic  board,  be  immediately 
appointed  as  assistant  naval  constructors. 
Store -Keepers. 

The  President  may  appoint  a  civil  engineer  and 
a  naval  store-keeper  at  each  of  the  navy-yards 
where  such  officers  are  necessary.  The  Seen 
of  the  Navy  may  appoint  citizens  who  are  not 
officers  of  the  navy  to  be  store-kee| 
stations,  when  suitable  officers  of  the  navy  cannot 
be  ordered  on  such  service,  or  when,  In  Ins 
opinion,  the  public  interest  will  be  thereby  pro- 
moted. 

Number  Who  May  Enlist,  and  their  age. 

The  number  of  persons  who  may  at  one  time  be 
enlisted  in  the  navy,  including  seamen,  ordinary 
Landsmen,    mechanics,    Bremen,  coal- 
apprentices,  and  boys,  may  not 
■ 

Boys  between  the  ages  of  sixteen  and  eighteen 
i  hhii  ,i  to  »rve  in  the  navy  until 
ive  at  the  age  ol  I  ■■■ 
other  persons   may  be  enlisted    to   serve    for  a 
not  exceeding  five  years  unless  sooner  dis- 
charged   DJ    thl  Ol    the   President.     No 
minor  between  sixteen  and  eighteen  years  old  can 

be  enlisted  without   the  consent  of  his  parents  or 
m.      No  boy  less  than  sixteen  years  old,  no 

or    Intoxicated   pers 

from    the   navy    or   army   can    he   enlisted    in   the 

naval    service.      Any  person  enlisted    in  the    nuli- 

rvice    may,    on    application    to    the    Navy 

Department,    i  the    President,    be 

transferred  to  the  navy  or  marine  corps,  to  serve 
therein  the  remainder  of  his  term  of  enlistment. 


THE    NAVAL    EQUIPMENT    OF   THE    COUNTRY. 


to  the  laws  and   regulations  of  the  naval 
itut  mkIi  tranfer  does  nut  release  the 
soldier  from  any  Indebtedness  to  the  government 
Provision  i-  also  made  In  the  laws  for  sending 
tu  distant  stations  to  the  \ 
lent  at    the  expiration  of   their  term 
service.     Honorable  discharges  ma; 

teamen,  landsmen,  B 

■  M  i  Isted  for  three 

aid   it   i-  the  duty  of  every  commanding 

i  cruise,  to  report  to 

ol  iii.  Niw  s  list  ol  in-  ere*  who 

i  for  three  yean  as  being*  entitled  to  an 

honorable  discharge  as  a  testimonial  of   obedl 

I  fidelity      And  every  <■ landing  officer 

rew  from 
selling  anj  part  of  their  prize-money,  bounty 
money,  or  wages. 

Flng-Ofneers. 

rhePre  Idenl  maj  select  :>ny  officer  imt  belon 

the  grade  ol  b  oommander  on  the  active  list,  and 

assign  him  to  the  command  of  a  squadron,  with 

and  title  of  ••Map-officer;"'  ami  any  officer 

i  ithority  and  i 

the  same  obedience  from  the  commanders  of  ships 

in   his  squadron,  even   though   they  hold  com* 

missions  ol  an  older  date  than  his,  that  be  would 

be  entitled  to  receive  if  his  commission  were  the 

oiliest. 

The  laws  prescribe  with  great  minuteness  the 
naval  system  of  promotion  from  a  lower  rank  to 
a  nlghei  one 

Tin*  Naval  Academy. 
The    \  ol    the   United  Bl 

established  at  Annapolis,  Md      The  stud<  i 
styled  "cadei  midshipmen,"  and  of  thes 
allowed  to  be  appointed   for  every  member  or 
of    the   Mouse  of    Representatives   In 

-,  ■  for  the   District  of  Columbia,  and 

.[.pointed  annually  from  the  United 8totee 
at  large 

How  Cadets  are   Appointed. 

in  starch,  >  \  .TV  year,  the  Secretary  of  the  Navj 

noli  ties  i  in  uniting)  every  member  and  delegate  in 

CongTt  i  rny  that  may  exist   in 

trict      Iln    nominal I  b  candidate  to 

till  such  racanc)  Is  made  upon  the  recommenda- 

t i  the  member  or  delegate,  if  made  before 

the    Ml  <v:    but  if  it   is 

nol  in  ide  by  thai  time,  the  Secretary  of  ti 

must    11)1    tin-    Vacancy.       Tlie  candidates    for    the 
District    Of  Columbia    and    the   I'nited   States   at 

ited  by  the  President.     All  candi- 
lonal  .-r  Territorial  districts 
and    the   District    of    Columbia    must    be 

residents,    respectively,    of    the   i 
which  they  art-  nominated. 

Ape  of  Candidates. 

All   candidates    ma  I   bi     between  the  ages  of 
fourteen    and    eighteen     years,    and    phy 
sound,    well    formed   and    robust,    and    each    is 
examined,  how  and  try  of  the 

Any  candidate    rejected  at 
such  examination  does  nol  have  the  privl 
another  examination  for  admission   to   tl 

mended  by  the  hoard  of 
examiners.  Should  any  candidate  be  found  to  Im* 
mentally  or  morally  disqualified    for  admission, 

the  member  of  Congi  i 

'.•.  ho  will  be  also  duly 

Lengtk   of  Time   in   School. 
The  academic  course  of  cadet  midshipmen  con- 
Cadet    midshipmen    who 
are    found    to   be  deficient    at    any  examination 
shall  not  be  continued  at  the  academy  or  in  the 


unless  the  academic    board  Of  examiners 

so  reoommi  ad 

When  cadet  midshipmen  have  successfully 
passed  the  graduating  examination  at  the 
academy,  thej  receive  appointments  as  m 

th<     i  ".I    take    i  i iik  according  to 

theli  proficiency  1ns  i  lies. 

Who   Determine*  the   Course   of  Study. 

I    of    the    Navy   has  authority   to 

Issue    regulations    for    the    education,  at    the 

!  djm  'i     constructors     and 

steam    engineers,    of     midshipmen    and    other 

ill     a    peculiar    aptltud.-     for 

such   professions.     For  this  purpose    such    per- 

re   formed    Into    i  at  the 

aeadi  my.    t«    be    wtj  !■  Ineers,    or    are 

otherwise  supplied  with  all  proper  facilities  for 
ii.- h  ..  Kjlentlflc mechanical  education  us  will  lit 
■  ir    their    proposed    professions.      These 
may  not    at    any  time  exceed  fifty  In 
Dumber,  and  are  lelected  bj  the  Beoretary  of  the 
Navy,    No  person  other  than  ■  midshipman  can 
be  eligible  for  appointment  to  tins  class 
he     first     produces     satisfactory     esid<  n 
mechanical  skill  and  proficiency,  and  ps 
examination  as  to  bis  mental  and  physical  qualm* 

i  be  •■■hit-.'  of  study  for  cadi  i-  four 

veai   .    Including    two  rice    on    naval 

i  i  [amlned  from  time  tp  time. 

and    if    found   deficient,    or    if    dismissed    for  mis- 

tht-y  eannoi    remain  at   the  academy  or 

except  upon  the  recommendation 

of  the    IC  -I rd. 

How  fessels  are  Banked  and  classified. 

includes 
four  grade-,  commanded  as   follows:    First   rate 

captains, 

third    rate    bj     commander*,   and    fourth    rat.'    I.y 

lieutenant-commanders.      Steamships,     carrying 

i    ed  as  first  rates,  those 

..r  twenty  gnns  and  under  forty  as  second  rates, 

and   all    those   of   less  than  twenty  guns  as  third 

l  ■ 

Hoh  Vessels  are  Named. 
The  vessels  of  the  nai  y  are  named  by  the  Secre- 
;    the   Navy,   und<  r   the   din  otion   of  the 
according  to  the  following  rule:    Sail- 
kfterthe  States  ol  the 
Union,  those  of  the  see. .ml  class  after  the  rivers 
and  principal   oities   and    ■■  United 

>  nd  those  of  the  third  class  as  the  President 
may  direct     Steamships  of  the  several  ols 
named  in  the  same  manner  precisely,  care  being 
taken  thai  not  more  than  one  vessel  in  to 
shall  have  tht 

TheSeci  bangs  the  names 

of  any  vessels  naval    ■  i vice. 

Punishment  for   Offenses. 

ired    sixty  articles    for   the 

government  of  the  officers  and  men  In  the  navy. 

.  :..i  reference  t"  offenses  committed 

discipline,    good    order  and    morality, 

and  Infraction* 

of  duty'  the  composition  and  no* 

mrte  of  inquiry ,  the  Bale  or  ml 
government    property,   thi  of    prize 

the  general  conduct 
of  ail  persons  in  the  navy,  etc. 

Punishment  with  Death. 

The   follow  big  '■  ible    n  Itfa 

'■■Hi  pel    -us  in  the 

navy      Mutiny,  disobedience  of  orders,  striking  a 

superior  officer,  murder,  acting  as  a  spy,  Enter- 

■■Mill    an    enemy    without    ll 
secret  messages  from  lesertion  in  time 


of  war.  deserting  a  trust,   sleeping  on    watch, 
leaving  a  station  without  orders,  willful  stranding 
or  injuring  of  ■  vessel,  unlawful    destrui 
public  property,  striking  bis  Dag  oi  traachi 

i  an  n  battle,  de  1 1 1 

IngdUty    mi    ball  i,'    orders    to    prepare 

for  battle,  neglecting  to  dear  ship  foi   i 

to  join  In  attack  when  signal  is  made  to  give 

ban!.'.    Catling  to  encourage    the   men  t.»   fight, 

fail i nk'  to  seek  an  en inter  with  an  enemy  when 

duty  requires   11  to  relieve  and  assist 

other    vessels    of    the    [].  .  t    or    s>|Ui.iiofi     whttD    in 

I.  ,ui. 

Other.   Punishment. 
courts-martial   may  adjudge  the  penalties  of 
Imprisonment  for  life,  or  foi 
hard  labor,  and  nave  jurisdiction  In  thli 

over  the  Offenses  Of  profanity,  falseli 1,  drunken- 
ness, gambling,  fraud,   theft    ■■■  oondnot 

tending    to    the    di    I Ion    of    good     als; 

■  nd  fomenting 
challenging  oi  fighting  do 

■  nipt    of  superior  Offi- 
cers!   seeking  to  form   combinations    ags 
commanding  officer  to  weaken    his   authority; 
nslng  mutinous  words;    neglect  ol    orders;    not 

oring  to  prevent  the  deetruction  of  public 

property;   negligent   stranding  or  any  vessel  of 

conduct  In  convoying  merchant  or 

other  vessels;    reeeiv  ij  m  rehandise  foi 

freight  on  hoard  of  a  naval  vessel  without  high 

authority,   aiding  or  abetting  in   making  false 

roll;  wasting  public  property;  plundering 

....    nor     reft]    ng  t     i  ppi . 

bend  offenders  or  to  receive  prisoners;  absence 

■  ■ .  :  \  touting  gem  i  sJ  orders 

orregnls  I  Ion  In  I  Erne  -i  peact    bai  bor 

inp  desei  ten,  etc 

Duties  of  command)  re   service  are 

pecting  aocui  i  ol  men 

transferred    to    and    limn    their    respective    ships, 

showing  their  exact   positions  In  the  navj  at   the 

date  of  transfer:  complete   lists  of  the  officers, 

men    and    passengers,   s.  nt    quarterly    to   hcad- 

t  desert  Ion    on  board 

ship;  care  ..r   the  property  ol   d I    persons; 

111  p.  cl  Ion    "i     i"  ovi  :■  "i       the   health   ol     I  hi  Ei 

■  i  payment  of  crews; 
promulgation  of  the  articles  for  tht  goi  arnmenl 
of  the  navy,  etc.,  and  Liability  to  he  court- 
mart  ini.  1 1     foi      neglect    ol     these     rules    and 

Uons, 

What  Constitutes  ■  Cout-HartJah 
Rules  prescribe  thai  no  officer  shall  bed 

from  the  service  except  by  an  order  of  the  Presi- 
dent, or  by  the  sentence  of  a  general  court- 
martial,  a  general  court-martial  may  be 
con>  ened  by  tli  rol   the 

or  tin urn  i  sf  of  s  Reel  or 

squadron,      [tconslstsol   not    n  ore    than   t 

office]     not  more 

than  one  t  rank  thai-  the  officer  to  be 

tried. 

The  Duty  of  u  (  ourt-Martliil. 
It  is  the  duty  of  a  court-martial,  In  all 
conviction,  to  adjudge  a  punishment  adequate  to 

the  nature  of  the  Offense       In  a  sentence  to  suffer 

death,  two-thirds  ol  the  members  must  vote 
in  favor  of  such  sentence,  or  It  oannot  be  inflicted; 
in  all  other  cases,   Ml  i    by    I 

majoi  if  v  ..f  i  be  rotes  of  the  membei  -  No 
rt  martial  extending  to  the 
taking  of  life  or  to  the  dismissal  ol  s  i 
sioned  or  wsJTanl  Officer  can  be  carried  Into 
execution  until  confirmed  by  the  Pre  Idenl  all 
other  sentences  may  be  carried  Into  execution  on 
confirmation  of  the  commander  of  the  fleet  or 
officer  ordering  the  court. 


THE    OFFICERS    IN    THE    POSTAL    DEPARTMENT. 


HIS  EXECUTIVE  department  of  the 
Government    is   superintended    by 
the  Postmaster-General.      His  term 
continues  through  that  of  the  Presi- 
dent, by  whom  he  is  appointed,   and 
one   month  more,    unless   he   sooner 
dies    or   resigns,  or    is  removed  for 
cause. 
In  this  department   are  also  three 
Assistant  Postmasters- General,   appointed  by 
the  President.      There  is  also  in  this  depart- 
ment an  Assistant  Attorney-General,  appointed 
by  the  Postmaster- General. 

Oath  of  Persons  in  the  Postal  Service. 
Before  entering  upon  his  or  her  duties, 
or  drawing  any  salary,  every  person  employed 
in  the  postal  service,  from  the  Postmaster- 
General  down,  has  to  go  before  some  civil  or 
military  officer  and  take  the  following  oath  of 
office: 

I.  A.  B. ,  do  solemnly  swear,  (or  affirm)  that  I  will 
faithfully  perform  all  the  duties  required  of  me, 
and  abstain  from  everything  forbidden  by  the  laws  in 
relation  to  the  establishment  of  post-offices  and  post-roads  within  the  United 
States;  and  that  I  will  honestly  and  truly  account  for,  and  pay  over,  any 
money  belonging  to  the  said  United  States  which  may  come  into  nay  posses- 
sion or  control:  So  help  me  God. 

Duties  of  the  Postmaster-General. 

The  duties  of  the  Postmaster-General  area-  follows:  To  establish 
and  discontinue  post-offices;  to  instruct  all  persons  in  the  postal 
service  with  reference  to  their  duties;  to  decide  on  the  forms  of  all 
official  papers;  prescribe  the  manner  of  keeping  and  Btating  postal 
accounts;  to  inforce  the  prompt  rendering  of  postal  returns  relative 
to  said  accounts;  to  control,  subject  to  the  settlement  ol  the  Sixth 
Auditor  of  the  Treasury  Department,  all  expenses  incident  to  the 
service  of  his  department:  to  superintend  disposal  of  the  moneys  of 
his  department;  to  direct  the  manner  in  which  balances  shall  be  paid 
over;  issue  warrants  to  deposit  money  into  the  treasury,  and  to  pay  it 
out;  to  superintend  generally  the  business  of  the  department,  and 
execute  all  laws  relative  to  the  postal  service;  to  keep  an  account  of 


W 


^  P 


all  property  in  charge  of  the  department,  and  report  the  same  to 
Congress  annually;  to  negotiate  and  conclude  postal  arrangements 
with  foreign  countries,  and  may  reduce  or  increase  the  rates  of  postage 
between  this  and  foreign  countries;  to  publish  the  results  of  postal 
conventions  with  foreign  countries;  to  deliver  to  the  Sixth  Auditor  of 
the  Treasury  a  copy  of  mail-carrying  contracts;  to  issue  warrants 
(on  the  quarterly  statements  of  the  Sixth  Auditor)  of  payments  of 
postmasters  on  account  of  the  postal  service,  for  carrying  Bucfa 
amounts  to  the  credit  of  the  postal  revenues  on  the  books  <>f  the 
Auditor;  to  discharge  from  custody  any  person  confined  in  jail  on  a 
judgment  in  a  civil  case  in  favor  of  the  department  if  the  defendant 
can  show  that  he  has  no  property  of  any  kind:  to  prepare  estimates 
and  transmit  them  to  Congress  annually  through  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  for  the  necessary  appropriations  of  money  for  his  depart- 
ment, specifying  in  detail  the  purposes  for  which  it  is  needed,  such 
as  printing,  binding,  salaries  of  employes,  and  other  items. 

Postmacter-General's  Reports. 

The  Postmaster-General  shall  report  to  Congress  annually:  All 
contracts  for  carrying  the  mails  made  within  the  preceding  year, 
with  all  particulars  concerning  them,    and  no  d  in  the 

Post-Office  Department  shall  become  interested  In  any  such  contract. 
or  act  as  agent,  with  or  without  compensation,  for  any  mail -eon  tractor. 
under  pain  of  instant  dismissal   from   office   and  other 
statement  of  all   land  and  water  mail  routes  established  oroi 
within  the   preceding  year,  besides  those  contracted  for  at   the  annual 
mail -let  tint's,    with    the    particulars    Attending    them,    and   of    all 
allowance-  made  to  mail  contractors  within  the  preceding  year  above 
the  original  contract  prices,  and  the   reasons   therefor,  etc.  :  0 
ment   in  detail  of  all  expenses  curtailed  within  the  preceding  year; 
a  detailed    statement  of  the   finances   of    the  department    for    the 
preceding  year,  showing  its  resources,  engagements',  and  Ual 
a  report  of  the  fines  assessed  against  mail  contractors  and  deductions 
from  their  pay,   with  the  particulars:  a  copy    of  each  contract   for 
carrying  mails  between  the  United  States  and  foreign    countries,  and 
a   statement   showing  il-   benefits    to    the   department;    a   report   of 
all   contracts,  except    for  carrying    malls,  with    the    details    thereof. 
a  report  on  the  postal  business  and  agencies  in  foreign  countries; 
a  statement  of  the  money  expended  in  the  department  for  the   pre- 
ceding  fiscal  year,  with  detail-.      All  of  these  reports  and  statements 
are  in  he  printed  at  the  public  printing  *>ffice,  together  or   separately. 


THE  UNITED  STATES  POSTAL  SERVICE. 


Division  of  Labor  iu  I.arsrc  Post-Offices. 
The  postmaster,  with  a  private  (secretary,  has 

an  office,   where  he  maintains  a  general  super- 
vision over  the  entire  post-office  and  its  business, 


answer! ng  correspondence  relating  to  postal 
business,  and  giving  the  public  such  information 
concerning"  the  postal  sen  Ice  as  may  be  d< 

for  the  general  good.     In  his  office,  also,  is  an 


"  Inquiry  clerk,"  whose  business  it  is  to  receive 
all   complaints  concerning  missing  letti 
other  mall-matter,  to  institute  searvhes  therefor 
in  his  own  or  other  interested  post-Oftloes, 


J98 


DTJTIB8    OF    OFFICBB8    IN    THE    P08TAL    DEPARTMENT. 


In  thi  l|k''  that  ut  Chicago, 

the  work  la  divided   li  ■ 

i. .1-  clei Its,  m   i  ■    ■■■  lee,  and 

tbe  postmaster*,  with  the  consent  "i  the  Post- 

i   to   each  a    distinctive 

branch ol  )ah..r.     in  the  Chicago  Post-Office,  foi 

1 1,,  n   are  Ave  ■  i i ^  is b,  embnu  : 

office,  as  follows: 

Thk  K\i'i  !!'■     i ■  i  i   ■  i    Comp<    i  d  of  i be 

assistant  postmaster,  the  auditor  of  posl  ofltoc 
Recounts,    the    book-keeper,    the    cashier,    the 

Wilt,  hni'  D 

TlIK      M  MI.IN'i      DEPABTKEHT  —  DeTOted      tO      the 

reception  and  sending-off  of  mall-inatter  passing 

Into  and  through  the  office,  and  out  of  It,  In  the 

1 

THE  LXTTXR  DnTJVRBY— Including  the  Bunerln- 

ol   free  deliver?  and  the  lettei  i 

with  the  general  delivery,  the  bos  delivery*  etc. 

THI    ItK'.tSTKKKn-I.KTTKU    1>1J  ARTMKNT         I  "i     th« 

.  and  mailing  of  valuable  letters  and  the 
ol    registered    letters    to    the   proper 
I    ■ 
Tiik    Money-Order     Department  —  In    which 
upon  ol  bei  post-offices  in  the  United 
i      reral  foreign  countries  are  Issued, 
and  similar  orders  from    other    post  offli 
paid  to  I  he  pi  oper  persons. 

Spi'i  iul  INislul  Agents. 
Conner!"-'!  with  the  principal  post-offices  are 
■J  o  two  or  more  special  agents  ol  the  rnsi-Offlce 
Department,  whose  business  it  is  to  superintend 
the  railway  postal  service,  and  pedal  agents 
employed  in  the  free  delivery  and  money- 
order  service,  In   the    Intereel    of    the    Depart 

inent. 

Assistant  Postmaster. 
This  officer  Is   appointed   by  the   poet 
who    i-    responsible    for    his    acts.     He    Is,   as 

hi      mli      indicate    .     i  he    ru-tiv.        ■      i-hint    ,.f     the 

ter  in  supervising  the  work  of  the  posl 

office,    li.  cam rorcarrying  any 

ed  in  any  mall-carrying  con 

tract .   and    hi     salarj    vai  li  b   ac ding   to   the 

.I  oumstancee  of  ins  appointment 

Post-Office  Auditor. 
Tin-  auditor  Is  charged  with  the  examination  and 

onl   of  the  i" 

the  Government,  his  subordinate  officers,  clerks 
uti'i  emploj  i 

The  Tost-oniee  linok-keeper. 

The  I '-  '■■  'i"  i    I  -  charged  with  the  duty  of 

. ;  .in  time 
.    thi   account  ■■  ol   the  postm  i  <■  r  with  the 

anient    and   with    every    Individual    d g 

with  or  for  in    post  office,  subject  td  the 
:  ,    istantpo  tmaeter, 
by  »  bora 

The  Post-Offlce  <  ashler. 

ipervlslon  of  all  tht 
paid  into  or  on  '  to  the 

iter, 

keeping    and    proper 
deposit  with  i  ib-Treasurer,  or 

place. 

The  Post-Offlce  Watchmen. 

The  ii  en  are  prindpa 

■  i  in-  el]  todj  "i  i  he  i ■'  "tnr.-  building  and 

lie  contents  at  night  and  other  ii<    ■ 
during  the  ah 

interior  Work  of  Large  Post-Offices. 

Tin-  I 

menta  In  which  they  are  em 
as  for  instance:  To  iges  of  letters 


addressed   to  that   office,    to  count  and  •  ■ 
them  «  Ith  i  he  pc  I  bill  a<  a  impanj  Ing  the  pai 
and   to  check   any  error  In  the  bill;  to  file  tin- 
bill,  and  send   the   letters  to  the  lettei  caniei 
department,   the  general    delivery,   the    bo)    i 
the    registry   office  or  the   money-order 

Dfl .n  be  necessary  for  their  proper  care 

and  safe  delivery. 

if   the  office   Is   a    "distributing   postn 
i,i  i. n     [or  i  ai  louc  "i  hi  '    plant     «  Lthln  the  dis- 
tributing limits  of  the  office  are  sorted   billed, 
repacked  and  forwarded  to  theli  proper  destlna- 

1 by  mail. 

Rome  of  the  clerks  sort  out  newspapers  and 
,  and  send  them  to  the  proper  delivery, 
or  mall  them  for  other  points.  New  pap 
periodicals  for  other  ni  i  papei  and  pi  i  lodlcals 
within  the  deliver]  of  thai  offici  are  tent  to  the 
"exchange  clerks,"  to  be  sorted  and  properly 
distributed;    so,   also,   tran  lent   newspapers  and 

pe licals   are    sorted   and   Bent  to   the  pi    pel 

deliveries  In  the  post-office. 

clerkf   receii  e,    ort,  stamp,  bill  and  mall 

letters  designed  for  other  places     Othei    receive, 

:ind  mail  ir  in  lent   packages  ol    news- 

r  >.  >  1  "   '         "'nl      pel  lo.lirnl-      .111  irlnl      In    other     post 

office)  Others  receive  regular  daily,  weekh  ami 
other  newspapers  and  periodicals  sent  from 
publishing  houses  dtreel  tosubi  oi  lot  i  .  i  [changes, 
i  i.  weigh  thrin.  to  ascertain  the  amount  of 
ro  be  prepaid  by  the  publishers,  ami  send 
the  accounts  to  tbe  proper   officer,  after  which 

BUCfa   papers  and   periodicals  can  bo  forward-  il   h\ 
any  part  of   the  country  without  further 
0]     ni.-.  i  Ibers. 
Delivery  clerks  receive  domestic  and   foreign 

l.llii.       ii,  v.  -pap.  -I--,     i ..   r  i.  >,  i  !.:■  I  -     Hot      llireeteil      I.I 
any  special  box,  street  or    number,      These  go  Into 

the  general  delivery,  to  be  then-  called  for  by 
their  owners.    Other  letters  ami  i  ■  ■  *  r  ■  ■  r  - .  directed 
.  ,    peclfled  box,  are  placed  in  that  box  to  remain 
until  called  for 

Post-Offlce  Stamp  Department. 

in  large  offices  there  is  a  wholesale  stamp 
department  and  a  retail  stamp  department,  in 
the  hi  -i.  -tamp-  are  Bold  to  merchants  and  others 

by   the    sheet,    or   in   greater   quantities ;      ped 

envelopes  by  the  package  or  larger  quantity,  and 

postal  cards  by  packages  or  hundreds. 

in  the  retail  department  Bales  extend  from  a 
single  one-cent  stamp  to  a  dozen  or  more  of  any 
required  sorts,  in  this  department,  also,  the 
clerk  weighs  transient   packages    to  be  Bent  by 

mail .  to  ascei  tain  tl mired  i int  of  postage 

to  i"  prepaid,  If  requt  ited  so  to  do. 

Letter  Delivery. 

The  -in  ■  of   (re.   d<  In  or\   i-    plan  d  in 

thai  ge  "i  th<  lettei  i  irrlen  and  l  bell   s  ork.    He 

■  omptl}  and  properly  sorted 

by  theclers    foi  thi  branch  office    or  the  various 

■     ■ 

One  or  mon  i  <  1 1  li  med  In  I  he  genet  s  I 

delivery  to  promptly  and   carefully  as 

deliver    the    It  tters    and    papers,   d ---tic   and 

...  -it  to  theii  di  partmenl  in  some 
offices  then  I  i  fori  a  letti  r  di  livt  i  r,  con 
ducted  liki  i  be  ordln  u  ]  ■■■  in  i  aJ  di  llvei  r.  when 
lett  i  -  1 1  me  m  ..  d<    i-:  ni'-  d  I  lm<   hi  |  in 

■,  nncalled  for,  they  an  idvertised  in  some 
public  newspaper,  kepi  s  ©  rtain  time  longer,  and 
an  then  i"1  '■'  trded  to  the  dead  letter  office  of 
the  Poet-Office  Department  at  Washington. 
All  letters  not  proper!]  directed  foi  mailing,  or 
.  i  -  not  pi  epald 
tot  he  d<  ad  lett*  In  the 

silvery,  clerks  are  stationed  to  wait  upon 
n  no  call  tor  Che  contt  nts  o(  thi  ii 
and  properly  distribute  whatever  mail-ma 


nent  to  then-  depai  tment  Tie.  .  p.  i  on  «  ho 
rent  lock*boxes  and  drawers  wail  upon  tbero- 
Helves,  bai  Ing  the  propei  i>.  j    to  their  n    pectl 

i  .niipai  Inn  DtS  Of   this   ileln  ei  | 

Keirivtered-Letler   DIvtslOB. 

For  the  greatet  scuritj  ol  valuable  mall, 
tnattei  tei  Gi  nei al    established    a 

form  system  for  the  registration  ol 

■ . i.  i  i'. hi  onlj  be  registei ed  on  the  appll 

cation  of  the  party  who  post     the  si i,  and  the 

fee  for  n  ■  i  ii  in-, i. iii |< .ii  to  the  regular 

i,  n  cents,  i"  be  in  all  cases  pn  paid, 
Thi     "-i  trj   clerk   In  the   post*offlce   gives  the 
person   registering   the   letter   s    receipt  I 
properly  describing  it     The  letter  Is  classified  on 

the  books  nl  ill.  office  sen.  I  ing  it  as  u  regi  (crcd 
letter;     it    i>   then    catelullv    mailed    tO    the    post 

..I     lh<     p. i     t    ■  -Ih.'i     I.,    v.   In,    h    i!      j.,   diieeted;     is 

d     then       ed    letter,    and 

ed  l       i    i       on  to  whom  it  1     iddn 

only    upon    his    giving    S     receipt    thrn'toi     S      B 

registered  letter.  The  proper  number  "i  i  lei  Its  Is 
detailed  to  *  I » ■  *  registei  ed-lettei  department  of  a 
large  office  bj  the  postmaster  then  ol  in  smaller 
offices  the  postmaster  and  his  ordinary  clerks 
attend  to  the  registration  of  letters,  as  the]  are 

presented,    ami    the    delivery    thereof    Whenever 

thej  .ni Ive. 

The  Money-Order  Division. 

In  order  to  promote  public  convenience,  and  to 
insure  greatei  security  In  the  transfei  of  money 
through  the  mails,  the  Postmaster-General  has 
established  and  maintains,  under  rules  and 
regulatii  as  winch  be  (hems  expedient,  a  oniform 
money-order  system  at  all  suitable  post-offices, 
known  as  "money-order  offices."  The  post- 
master of  every  city  where  branch  post  offices 
are  in  operation  subject  to   bis  supervision,   Is 

authorized,  under  the  direct  i i  the  I 'ost master- 

Qeneral,  to  Issue,  or  cause  I    by  his 

chrks  and  assistants  in  charge  "f  such  branch 
offlo     or  stations,   postal  mono]  orders,  payable 

■■i  hei  m j  prdi  i  offlt  e,  or 

,i    an  ■■■    bi  a  il  h    po  I  office    oi     station    of    bis 

own    or    an\     other    money-order    office,    as    the 

remitters  thereof  may  direct;  and  the  postmaster 

and  bis  sureties  are,  In  everj  case,  held  a© nl 

able  upon  hi*  official  bond  for  b  II  m ■■■  i  received 

by  linn  or  in-  det  l&nated  assistants  or  clerks  In 
charge  «>f  stations,  I i    the   Issue   of   money- 

il   fOl    all  tn ryS  Which    may    conn-    into 

in-  or  their  hands,  oi  i"  placed  Id  his  or  their 
oustodj  bj  reason  of  Ate  transaction  i.\  them  of 
money  on 

\n\  poi  tmaster  who  Issues  a  monej  order 
without  having  previously  received  the  money 
therefor,   is  deemed  guilty  of    •    misdemeanor, 

and  may  he  fined  iml  less  tlnni    -  -a  I IOM  than 

1500. 

I'riccs  of  I'ostal    Mnney-t>rtlers. 

Mini,  j  orders  not  exceeding  • : 

"  so,  fifteen  <■•  ate, 

*•  ■*  10,  twent]  .  . 

«•  '*  go,  i  went  j  ti\  e  rents. 

None  are  sohi  exceeding  -■'."   i. "i  ■  ■ ",■  Indl 

vidua!    "r    ii  en  i   sen  1 1   more   than   three   orders 

:it,y.iititiTiL'   to    •J."    lo   <■>!■     an. I    I  In     ■    n,i,     p;i  ,  i  \    ,,n 

the  same  day. 
m y  orders  are  payable  only  to  the  persons  In 

whose    names    they    an  .1     the     right     to 

colled  the  amount  maj  be  transferred  In  writing 
on  the  money-order  to  one  other  (and  no  other) 
Individual  bj  the  person  in  whose  favor  tb< 
I    ..,1  finally  drawn. 

Blank  applications  for  money *ordi  i  an  ki  pi  ! 
money-order  offices,  which  each  applicant  can  fill 


DUTIES    OF    OFFICEK8    IN    THE    POSTAL    DEPAR T.ME.V  1 


99 


up  with  his  name,  the  name  and  address  of  the 
party  to  whom  the  order  is  to  be  paid,  the  amount 
and  date  of  the  application,  and  all  such  appli- 
cations are  preserved  in  the  money-order  office  for 
a  stated  time  after  the  money-order  is  issued. 

The  postmaster  who  issues  a  money-order  sends 
a  notice  thereof  by  mail,  without  delay,  to  the 
postmaster  on  whom  it  is  drawn. 

After  a  money-order  has  been  issued,  if  the 
purchaser  desires  to  have  it  modified  or  changed, 
the  postmaster  who  issued  it  can  take  it  back  and 
give  a  new  one  instead,  for  which  a  new  fee  has 
to  be  paid. 

The  postmaster  who  issues  a  money-order  shall 
repay  the  amount  of  it  upon  the  application  of 
the  person  who  obtained  it  and  the  return  of  the 
order,  but  the  fee  paid  for  it  is  not  returned. 

The  Postmaster-General  transfers  money-order 
funds  from  one  postmaster  to  another,  and  from 
the  postal  revenue  to  the  money-order  fund;  and 
also  to  the  postmaster  at  any  money-order  office, 
by  a  warrant  on  the  United  States  Treasury,  and 
payable  out  of  the  postal  revenues,  such  sums  as 
may  be  required  over  and  above  the  current 
revenues  at  his  office  to  pay  the  money-orders 
drawn  upon  him.  He  also  requires  each  post- 
master at  a  money-order  office  to  render  to  the 
Post-Office  Department  weekly,  semi-weekly,  or 
daily  accounts  of  all  money-orders  issued  and 
paid,  of  all  fees  received  for  issuing  them,  of  all 
transfers  and  payments  made  from  money-order 
funds,  and  of  all  money  received  to  be  used  for 
the  payment  of  money-orders  or  on  account  of 
money-order  business. 

Commissions  Ut  Postmasters. 

Postmasters  at  money-order  offices  are  allowed, 
as  compensation  for  issuing  and  paying  money- 
orders,  not  exceeding  one-third  of  the  whole 
amount  of  fees  collected  on  orders  issued,  and 
one-fourth  of  one  per  cent,  on  the  gross  amount  of 
orders  paid  at  their  respective  offices,  provided 
that  such  compensation,  together  with  the  post- 
master's salary,  does  not  exceed  34,000  a  year, 
except  in  the  cose  of  the  postmaster  at  New  York 
city. 

There  is  at  Washington  an  officer  v>f  the 
Government  known  as  the  superintendent  of  the 
money-order  system,  whose  salary  is  S3, 000  a 
year. 

0 Hirers  in  the  Money-Order  Department. 

The  officers  in  charge  of  the  postal  money-order 
division  of  the  Chicago  Post-Office,  aside  from 
'  the  postmaster  and  assistant  postmaster,  are  a 
superintendent,  an  examiner  and  a  cashier.  The 
superintendent  supervises  and  controls  the  direct 
operations  of  his  office  under  the  instructions  of 
the  Postmaster-General  and  the  postmaster.  The 
examiner  examines  the  correctness  of  each 
money-order  presented  from  another  post-office 
before  passing  it  to  the  cashier  for  payment, 
reserving  a  minute  of  it,  which  must  compare 
with  the  order  in  name,  place  of  issue,  number 
and  amount.  The  cashier,  upon  receiving  the 
order  from  the  examiner,  pays  it  to  the  proper 
person  waiting  to  receive  the  money. 

The  cost  of  the  stationery  and  incidental 
expenses  of  the  money-order  division  of  each 
post-office  are,  if  possible,  paid  out  of  the  fees 
received  from  the  sale  of  money-orders. 

The  Dead-tetter  Office. 

The  dead-letter  office  is  a  branch  Of  the  Post- 
OfhVc  tvpartment  at  Washington,  for  the  pur- 
poses herein  named. 

The  Postmaster-General  regulates  the  period 
during  which  undelivered   letters   may    remain  in 

anj  post-office,  and  when  they  shall  be  returned 
to  the  dead-letter  office,  and  he  makes  regulations 
for  their  return  from  the  dead-letter  office  to  the 


writers    when    they  cannot  be  delivered    to  the 
persons  to  whom  they  are  addressed. 

When  Letters  are  Advertised. 

As  often  as  the  Postmaster-General  may 
prescribe,  but  not  oftener  than  once  a  week,  post- 
masters are  required  to  advertise  the  list  of 
letters  remaining  uncalled-for  and  unclaimed  in 
their  respective  offices.  This  is  done  by  inserting 
the  list  in  a  newspaper  of  the  vicinity  having  the 
largest  circulation  within  that  post-office  delivery, 
or  by  a  written  list  posted  in  some  public  place. 
After  the  list  has  been  published,  the  postmastei 
is  required  to  post  up  in  a  conspicuous  place  in  his 
office  a  copy  of  such  list. 

Sent  to  the  Dead-Letter  Offire. 

At  the  end  of  the  time  prescribed  by  the  Post- 
master-General for  keeping  undelivered  letters  In 
his  office  after  advertising  them,  the  postmaster 
sends  them  to  the  dead-letter  office,  together  with 
the  following  other  letters:  Letters  deposited  in 
that  office  to  be  mailed  to  other  offices,  on  which 
the  name  of  the  post-office  was  accidentally 
omitted,  or  on  which  the  address  was  too  imperfect 
to  be  properly  understood;  letters  on  which 
prepayment  of  postage  was  neglected,  and  letters 
addressed  to  a  known  fraudulent  institution  or 
firm. 

What  is  Done  With  Dead  Letters. 

At  the  dead-letter  office,  all  letters  sent  to  it  are 
opened  and  examined.  If  they  contain  valuable 
inclosures  they  are  registered,  and  when  they 
cannot  be  delivered  to  the  party  addressed  nor  to 
the  writer,  the  contents  are  disposed  of,  and  a 
careful  account  is  kept  of  the  amount  realized  in 
each  case,  and  may  be  reclaimed  within  four 
years  by  the  sender  or  the  party  addressed.  All 
other  letters  of  value  or  importance  to  the  party 
addressed  or  the  writer,  and  which  cannot  be 
returned  to  either,  are  disposed  of  as  the  Post- 
master-General directs. 

Letters  with  Writer's  Address  on  Envelope. 

Prepaid  letters,  hearing  upon  the  outside  the 
name  and  address  of  the  writer,  are  not  adver- 
tised, but  if  not  called  for  within  a  time  set  by  the 
writers,  are  returned  to  the  persons  sending  them, 
without  charge. 

Mail  Contractors. 

Before  making  any  contract  for  carrying  the 
United  States  mails,  except  on  railways,  and, 
under  certain  circumstances,  upon  steamboats  or 
other  vessels,  the  Postmaster-General  must  give 
public  notice  by  advertising  once  a  week  for  six 
weeks,  in  one  or  more  newspapers  published  in  the 
S(;il.>  or  Territory  Where  the  mail  ser\  ice  i-  to  be 
performed  (one  of  which  papers  must  be  published 
at   the   State    or    Territorial    capital),     and    such 

notice -t  describe  the  route,  the  time  at  which 

I  he  nail  is  to  be  made  up,  the  time  at  which  Et  is 
to  be  delivered,  and  the  frequency  of  the  service. 

Proposals  for  Carrying  the  Mail. 
Every  proposal  for  carrying  the  mail  over  any 

specilled  route  must  he  accompanied  by  the  oath 
of  the  bidder,  that  he  has  the  pecuniary  ability  to 
fulfill  his  obligations  and  that  his  1. id  is  made  in 
good  faith  and  with  the  Intention  to  enter  into 
contract  and  perform  the  service  in  case  Ins  bid  is 
accepted;  that  the  signatures  of  his  guarantors 
are  genuine)  and  that  he  believes  them  pecuniarily 
responsible  foi  and  able  to  pay  all  'la mages  to  the 
United  States  ai  (sing  from  bis  failure  to  fulfill  his 
eonii.i.'t.  The  guarantors  must  be  one  or  more 
responsible  persons.  Proposals  for  c 
mails    are    delivered   sealed,  and  are  kept  sealed 

until  the  bidding  Is  dosed,  and  are  then  ■ 

and  marked  m  the  presence  of  the  Postmaster- 


General  and  one  or  two  of  the  Assistant  Post. 
masters-General,  or  any  other  two  officers  of  the 
Post-Office  Department,  to  be  designated  by  the 
Postmaster-General.  Any  bidder  may  withdraw 
his  bid,  in  writing,  twenty-four  hours  before  the 
time  for  opening  it. 

Bids  are  Recorded. 

All  bids  are  recorded  and  preserved  by  the 
Postmaster-General.  Postmasters  are  forbidden 
to  give  any  bidder  a  certificate  of  the  BUfl 
of  his  guarantor  or  surety  before  the  guarantee 
or  contract  is  signed  by  such  guarantor  or  surety, 
and  if  he  "  knowingly  makes  any  false  oi  illusory 
ci  rtiflcate,"  may  be  forthwith  dismissed  from 
office  and  fined  or  imprisoned,  or  both. 

Contracts  Run  for  Only  Four  Years. 
No  contract  for  carrying  mails  on  land  can  be 
made  for  a  longer  term  than  four  years,  nor  on 
Hi.  >  i  for  more  than  two  years.  No  mall  eon- 
tractor  can  receive  any  pay  until  he  has  executed 
bis  contract  according  to  law  and  the  regulations 
of  the  department.  The  laws  prescribe  the  manner 
of  carrying  mails  in  detail,  prohibit  Bending  It  tiers 
by  private  expresses,  provide  for  carrying  letters 
on  vessels,  steamboats,  etc.,  and  punishment  for 
obstructing  or  delaying  the  mail. 

The  Railway  Postal  Service. 
Railway  routes  on  which  mails  are  carried, 
including  those  in  which  the  service  is  partly  by 
railway  and  partly  by  steamboat,  are  divided  into 
three  classes,  according  to  the  size  of  Hi"  mails, 
the  speed  at  which  they  are  carried  and  the 
frequency  and  importance  of  the  service,  so  that 
each  railway  company  receives,  as  far  as  practi- 
cable, a  proportionate  and  just  rate  ol  compen- 
sation, according  to  the  service  performed.  The 
pay  for  carrying  mails  on  any  railway  of  the 
first  class  does  not  exceed  S300  per  mile  a  year, 
on  railways  of  the  second  class  not  more  than  $100 
per  mile  a  year,  and  on  those  of  the  third  class 
not  more  than  *50  per  mile  a  year,  unless  one-half 
the  service  on  any  railway  i.-.  required  to  be  per- 
formed in  the  night,  when  twenty  live  pi 
additional  may  be  paid  by  the  Posl  □ 
General. 

Postal  Clerks  Carried  Free. 

On    all    railways    carrying     mails,    the    person 
in  charge  of  them  is  transported  free,  and  mail- 
matter  and  the  route  agent  are  t..  be  can 
any  train.     The  pay  for  carrying  mails  on  ra 
which  receive  government  aid  Is  fixed  bj  Coi 
Postal  Car  Accommodations. 

Among  the  conditions  of  the  railway  postal 
Berviceare  the  following;  That  the  railway  shall 
furnish  mail  trains  with  postal  cars  sufficiently 
large,  properly   fitted   Up,  furnished,  wanned  and 

lighted   for  the  accommodatl f  routt 

and  the  necessary  clerks  to  accompany  and  dis- 
tribute the  mails. 

The  clerks  sort  the  mails  for  each  Btal  ion  on  the 
route  and  the  post-roads  connecting  therewith, 
while  traveling,  and  deliver  the  mail-bag  thus 
made  up  ai  mail  stations  by  kicking  or  throwing 
it  from  the  car  at  places  w  here  the  ti  dn  d 
stop,  or  by  handing  it  to  the  author!  i  d  m 
sengers  at  depots  where  the  tram  b  i 

Different  Classes  of  Postmasters* 

The  Postuiaster-ileneral   esl  r -offices 

at  all  such  places  on  p  Lned  by  law  as 
he  may  deem  expedient. 

POStm  i                            Ledll  Those 

Of  the   fourth   and   fifth   class*  the  least 

i>ii~ are  appointed  and  may  be  removed  by 

the    Posl  and    the    others    are 

appointed  by  the  President,  holding  their  offices 
for  four  .,  r  removed. 


too 


DUTIES    OF    OFFICERS    IN    THE    POSTAL    DEPARTMENT. 


Where  Poftmaaten  Mu>t  Live. 
postmaster  must  reside  within  the 
deliver;  ol  ,f"'  office  to  irhlefa  be  is  appointed, 
ant!  before  entering  upon  Iti  privileges,  emolu- 
ments and  reap  mustaxi  rate  ■  bond  to 
the  GoYornment  with  good  and  approved  security; 

and  ifiii    .i.    i odasamone]  -order  office,  his 

bond   contains  an  additional    condition  for  the 
:,  ;  i     dnl        and    obligations  In 

connection  n  ■  t t j  the  m< 

The  i d  ol  fcnj   married  woman  who  maybe 

appoint)  binding  apon  her  and 

■ .  i  n    ,  and  she  is  as   U  I  condnpt 

In  office      i  were  a  man. 

What  the  Post-Office  Department  Require**. 
Every    person  employed   In  the  postal  lervlce 

■    i    i     no  n  lbs  l o  ■ ■,'>ii  that  he  (or 

.  i  faithfully  pei  Foi  m  all  I  bt  d  ■  ■  \ 

of  him  (orhei  ftfromeverj  thing  for- 

bidden  by  the  laws  In  relation  to  the  establishment 
of  post-offices  ami  posvroads  within  the  Dnlted 
Btates;   and  thai  he  (or  she)  will  honestly  and 

truly  account  for  and  pay  over  any  money 
belonging  In    the  ('lilted    Stall's    winch    may    i ■ 

Into  bla  (or  h  ■■■>  or  control.     Every 

person  employed  In  the  postal  service  Is  subject. 
however,    to  all    penalties  and    forfeitures  for 
violation-   ol  the  laws  relating  to  such 
whethei  be  baa  taken  the  oath  of  office  or  not. 

Beqnlrementa  of  Postmasters* 

Every  postmo  tei  keep   an  office  in  which  one 

or  more   persona   must   he   on   duty   during  such 

hours  of  tin  day  as  the  Po  t  master-General 
direct-.  forth<  receiving,  delivering, 

making     tip     and      forwarding     all     mail  matter 

i  thereat.    He  must  also  keep  s  record,  in 

:•■  ir..; t   J 1  postage    tamps,  envelopes, 

postal  1 i:     blanks,  and  property  received  from 

his   predcccsM.i ,   m-   from   the    !'u   t-i  Hlici     [  o-ji.-irt- 

menl  or  II  i  agents;  o(  all  receipts  of  money  for 
postage  and  box-rents,  and  of  till  other  receipts  on 

account   of  the   pOStsJ    service,  and  of  any  other 

tlon     which   are   required   by   the  Post- 
master-Oeneral.      These    records    are    pn 

and  delivered    tO    his    successor,  and    shall    at    all 

times  be  lubjecl  to  examination  by  any  special 
agent  ol  the  depai  I  ment> 

He    rcndeis    to   the    Postmoster-Oeneral,   under 

oath,  < D  in  such   form  as  the 

latter  prescribes,  an  account  of  all  moneys 
received  or  charged  by  him,  or  at  his  office,  for 
,  ...  rent  of  boxes  or  other  receptacles  for 
mall-matter,  or  by  reason  of  keeping  a  branch 
post-oftVe.  oi  for  the  deliver}  oi  mall-mattei  in 

any  manner  whatever. 

TheP is  tor-General  may  also  require  him  to 

send  with  hi    q  ceounte  a  sworn  state- 

mem   ol    the  truth    of   such  accounts,  showing, 
not  knowingly  delivered,  or 
permitted  to  be  delivered,  any  mail-matter  on 
which  thi  postage  "as  not  al  the  time  paid. 
Penalty  fur  Neglect, 
If  he  neglects  foi  a  month  to  make  his  quarterly 


returns    (<>    (he   department,    he   ami    his 

md  paj  double  the  amount  of  the  gross 

■l         at    BUCh     Office    during    any    prevlOUfl    Or 

subsequent  equal  period  of  tunc;  ami  it  si  the 
time  of  trial  no  account  has  been  rendered,  they 

are  liable  to  a  penalty  in  such  sum  as  the  court 
and  Jury  estimate  to  hi   equivalent  thereto. 

Where   Postmasten  Must  Keep  Money. 

n lulred  to  safely  keep,  without  loaning, 

using!  depositing  In  an  unauthorised  hank,  or 
exchanging  for  other  funds,  all    public   money 

I    by   him,   or  which  comes    into   his  pos- 
until    it   is   ordered    by   the    Po 

G alto  hi  I'm,  rerredorpaldout   Postmasters 

in  .  n  |e   s  in  if  there  1    an  Ai  Istant Tree  arer  ol 

the   United  States,  must  dej hi     i I    n  ■■ 

nnes  and  all  monej  accruing  at  their  offices  with 
ache    i  '■:"  i"  i  areras  often  as  onoeaweek, 

and  of  tener  if  the  l'o^t  master' leiura  I  required  It, 
Even    postmaster  must  promptly  report    to  the 

POStmastt  i  i  .'in  i  il  every  delinquency,  mi'liri  i-r 

malpractice  ol  mall-contractors,  their  agenl  or 
mail-carriei"s,  that  comes  to  his  knowledge. 

When  More  Post-OflUe  Clerks  are  Allowed. 

Whenever  unusual  business  accrues  at  anj  DO   I 

office,  the  Postmaster-General  may  make  a  special 
order    allowing     reasonable    compensation    for 

clerks,  and  a  proportionate   Inerea  ■-  v  to 

the  postmaster  during  th<-  tunc  of  such  cxtraordi- 

QJ  I  \    III!     Hi. 

The  Postmaster-GeneraJ  may  designate  offices 
at  the  intersection  of  mail-routes  as  distributing 
rating  oibces,  and  If  any  such  office  I  i  I 
the  third,  fourth,  or  fifth  class,  be  may  make  a 
reasonable  allowance  to  the  postmaster  for  the 
nect  isars  cosl  of  clerk-hire  arising  from  such 
lint  ic  .  The  Postmaster-General  may  discontinue 
any  post-office  where  the  safety  and  security  of 
the  postal  service  and  revenues  are  endangered 
from  any  cause,  or  where  the  efficiency  of  the 
m  Ice  requires  it. 

What  Persons  In  the  Postal  Service  May  Not  l>o. 

No  postmaster,  assistant    postmaster  or  clerk 

employed   in    any    post-office,  may    be    o    mall 

contractor  or  concerned  in  any  content  for 
carrying  the  mail.  No  postmaster  can  act 
as  an  agent  for  any  lottery  office,  or.  under 
any  pretense  of  purchase,  or  otherw]  i  all 
lottery  Mcketaj  nor  can  be  receive  or  send  any 

lottery  scheme,  circular  or  ticket  free  oi    i 

tinder  penalty  of  S50  for  each  violation  of  this 
regulation. 

Salaries  of  Postmasters. 
The  salaries  of  postmasters  must  be  rejoin  ted 
by  the  Postme  bei  I  lenersJ  once  in  two  yeai  and 
In  special  cases  as  much  oftener  as  hemaj  deem 
.  \]n  iii.  tit  'Mm  Hilary  of  a  postmaster,  and  such 
oth.r  expenses  of  the  postal  service  authorized 

by  law  as  may  be  incurred  by  him,  and    for  which 

appropriation!  have  bet  n  made  by  i  ongrt  .  may 
be  deducted  out  of  the  receipts  ol  bis  office, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Postmaster-General. 


Whenever,  by  reason  «>f  the  extension  of  the 
in-  delivery  or  letters,  the  boi  rent    of  an]  pool 

■  ■■    decreased,  the   I'ostnUUtei   QejiarsJ    may 

allow,  out  "i   Che  receipts  of  thai  office   ■  nun 

BUffii  lenl    to    maintain    the    salary  at    the  amount 

fixed  upon  before  the  decrease  In  boa  rents.    No 

■  ter  can,  under  any  preten  •  whatever 
have,  receive,  or  retain  for  himself,  in  the  aggre- 
gate, mors  than  the  amount  of  hie  salary  and  his 
cotnmJ  -ion  on  the  monej  order  buslnesB  of  his 

office. 

When  n  Town  May  Have  Letter-Carriers. 

Frequently  as  the  public  convenience  may 
require,  ai  every  city  or  town  containing  a  popu- 
lation   of    80,000  within    the    delivery   of    LtE    00   I 

office,  lettei  carriers  may  be  employed  for  the 
free  delivery  of  mail-matter. 

Letter-itn\cs. 

The  Postmaster-General  tnin  e  t:ibii  h  inpl  ices 
where  letter-carriers  arc  employed,  and  In  otht  r 

places  where,  in  his  judgment ,  the  public  con- 
venience   requires     it,     receiving-boxes     for     the 

deposit    of  mail-matter,  and   cause   the   matter 

deposited    therein    to  b  i     often  as  may 

be  for  general  accommodation. 

The   compensation   of   leth  i  carrii  ns    is  estab- 
lished by  a  law  of  Congress,  and  graded  acd 
to  service  or  location. 

The   uniform    dress   worn    '  l  riders   is 

prescribed  by  the  PoBtmaster-4  leneral,  and  it  Is  a 

penal   ollense   for  any  person   not  connected  with 

the  ht i. 'i Tin liers'  department  oi  the  postal 
:ei  i  ice  to  wear  such  uniform. 

I  Every  letter-carrier  must  execute  a  bond,  with 
sureties,   to    be    approved   by   the    Postmaster 

General,  for  the  safe  custody  and  delivery  ol  all 
m  ill  matter  and  the  faithful  account  and  paj M 

0i    I  U  money  received  by  him. 
If  any  person   willfully  or  maliciously  injures, 

tears  down  or  destroys  any  public  letterbox,  or 
assaults  a  letter-carrier  while  performing  bis  duty, 
1,1   i    liable  to  prosecution,  a  fine  of  not  lew  than 

$100   nor  more  than  $1,000,  or  to  imprisonment 

Iti. m  one  to  three  years. 

The  Postmaster-General  may  establish  branch 

tor  the  receipt  and  delivery  of  mail-matter 

and  the  sale  of   postage-stamps  and  envelopes, 

within  any  post-office  delivery,  ami    prescribe  the 

and  regulations  for  their  government. 

No  (iifts  to  Letter-Carriers. 

No  extra  postage  or  carriers'  fees  may  be 
Charged  «>r  collected  upon  any  mail  -mutter  col- 
lected or  delivered  by  carriers,  nor  can  any  person 
employed  In  the  postal  service  receive  any  fees  or 
perqul  <><  on  aocounl  oi  dutiet  performed  by 
him  in  hi    "it..  I.. i  position. 

All  expenses  of  letter-carriers,  branch  Offices 
and  rect  iving  boxes,  or  incident  thereto,  are  kept 
and  reported  In  a  separate  account  t.>  the  post- 
master, and  the  Postmaster-General  Is  guided  In 
the  expenditures  for  this  branch  of  the  eer\  lee  by 
the  income  derived  from  it. 


THE    JUDICIAL    SERVICE    OF    THE    COUNTRY. 


401 


The  Judiciary   Department  of  the   United  States. 


HIS  EXECUTIVE  department  ot  the 
Government  is  in  charge  of  the 
Attorney-General  of  t he  United  state*. 
He  is  assisted  by  another  officer,  learned 
in  the  law,  called  the  Solicitor-General; 
also  three  officers,  learned  in  the  law, 
called  Assistant  Attorneys  -  General; 
a  Solicitor  of  the  Treasury,  an  Assistant 
Solicitor  of  the  Treasury,  a  Solicitor 
of  Internal  Revenue,  a  Naval  Solicitor, 
and  an  Examiner  of  Claims  for  the 
Department  of  State.  All  of  the  offi- 
cers above  designated  are  appointed  by 
the  President,  each  and  all  of  whom  hold 
their  positions  for  four  years,  unless  for 
sufficient  cause  they  are  sooner  removed. 
Duties  of  the  Attorney-General. 
It  is  the  duty  of  the  Attorney-General  to  give  his  advice  and  opinion 
npon  questions  of  law  whenever  required  by  the  President.  No 
public  money  can  be  expended  upon  any  building,  site  or  land 
purchased  by  the  Government  on  which  to  erect  any  armory,  arsenal, 
fort,  fortification,  navy-yard,  custom-house,  lighthouse  or  other  public 
building  until  the  Attorney-General,  in  writing,  decides  upon  the 
validity  of  the  land-title  and  the  Legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the 
land  is  located  has  given  its  consent  to  such  purchase;  and  other 
government  officers  are  named  as  assistants  in  procuring  sound  title 
to  such  lands. 

The  head  of  any  executive  department  may  require  the  Attorney- 
General  to  give  his  opinion  concerning  any  question  of  law  arising 
in  his  department,  including  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  who  may  call  upon  him  for  legal  advice. 

Most  of  the  questions  of  law  referred  to  the  Attorney-General,  he 
may  submit  to  his  subordinate  officers  for  examination  and  opinion, 
but  not  any  questions  involving  a  construction  of  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  and  his  approval  of  their  opinions  is  required  to 
make  them  valid. 

He  has    a   general  superintendence    over   district     attorneys   and 


marshals  of  the  United  States  in   any  State  or  district,  and  when  the 
public  interest  requires  it,  he  may  employ  other  counsel  to  aid  district 
attorneys  in  their  duties.      Should  the  head  of  any  department  r 
the  attendance  of  counsel  in  examining  witnesses  in  any  claim 
the  Attorney-General   must   furnish  a   subordinate    lawyer    for   thai 
purpose,  and  regulations  exist  for  the  appointment  and  preparation  of 
such  counsel.      He  may  also  send  the  Solicitor-General,  or  any  officer 
of  the  Department  of  Justice,  to  any  State  or  district  of  the  I 
States  to  attend  to  the  interests  of  the  Government  in  any  Federal  or 
State   court.      Be  has  also  a  general  supervision  of  the  account-  of 
district  attorneys,  marshals,  clerks  or  other  officers  of  United  States 
courts.     He    shall    also  sign    all  requisitions    for   the    advai 
payment  of  all  moneys  in  the  Treasury,  appropriated  for  the  use  of  the 
Department  of  Justice.     He  is   also  authorized   to  publish  in 
form,  from    time   to    time,  such   opinions    of    the    officers   of    the 
Dapartment  of  Justice  as  he  shall  deem  valuable  for  preservation, 
with  indexes  and   foot-notes,  the  work  to  be  done  at   the  Govern- 
ment Printing-office. 

At  the  beginning  of  each  regular  session  of  Congress,  he  has  to  make 
a  report  of  the  business  of  the  Department  of  Justice  for  the  list  pre- 
ceding fiscal  year,  including  the  expense  accounts  of  the  I 
courts,  statistics  of  crime  in  the  United  States,  the  number  of  pending 
suits,  etc.  ;  also  a  report  of  the  additional  counsel  and  attorneys 
employed  to  assist  in  United  States  law  eases. 

The  officers  of  the  Department  of  Justice,  under  the  direction  of 
the  Attorney- General,  shall  assist  in  performing  all  legal  services 
required  for  other  departments,  in  prosecuting  or  defending  govern- 
ment claims,  suit-,  etc.,  and  the  Attorney-General  may  require  any 
solicitor  or  officer  .f  his  department  to  perform  any  duty  required 
Of  the  department  or  any  of  its  officers. 

Unless  i he  Attorney- General  otherwise  directs,  he  and  the  Solicitor- 
General  shall  conduct  and  argue  suits  and  writs  of  error  and 
appeals  in  the  Supreme  Conrt,  and  suits  in  the  courts  of  claims,  in 
which  the  Government  is  interested. 

The  traveling  expenses  of  the  officers  of  this  department,  while 
visiting  court",  etc.,  in  remote  States  and  districts,  are  paid  in 
addition  to  their  salaries. 


4'CJ 


THE    JUDGES    OF    THE    UNITED    BTATE8    BUPREME    COURT. 


Administration  of  Justice. 


The  United  States  Supreme  Court. 
WW 

5,HE  CONSTITUTION  declares   thai  the 
.  i  of   the  I  niti  'i  States 
i-  rested  in  one  Supreme  < Sourt  and  In 
such  Inferior  courts  as  Congn 
from    time    )"    time,    ordain     and 
Vx&$t&y      establish.      The  Judges.  I... tti    ui    tin 
k    .  >    »       Supreme  and  inferior  courts,  hold  their 

during   g i   behavior,  and   receive    foi 

their  services  compensation   that    may    not   be 


diminished  daring  their  continuance  tn  office. 
This  judicial  power 
extend  to  all  i  i  ■ 
in  law  and  equity 
_'  under  the 
Constitution,  the 
laws  of  the  United 
States.  and  ail 
treaties  with  for- 
e  ign  countries 
made  under  their 
authority. 

The    su  pre  me 

< ' t  r.r  the  United 

States  consists  of  a 

(  in.-t  justti  i 

eight  assoclatejua- 
i  ices,  appointed  by 
the  Pn  sident,  any 
six  of  whom  con- 
stitute a  quorum. 
The  at 

tices  have  preced- 
,  ,,.-,  ,.  -..,  ding  to 
the  dates  of  their 
commissions,  or, 
*  hen  the  commis- 
sions of  two  or 
more  of  them  bear 
the  same  date, 
according  to  1 

Should    a 
vacancy  occur    in 

the  office  of  Chief 

Justice,  or  he   be- 

unable    to 

i  ni  t be  labors 
and  exercise  the 
powers  of  his 
office,    his     duties 

devolve  upon  the  associate  Justice  who  la  nt>t  in 
precedence,  until   such  disability   I 
anothi  i  ited     and 

qualified.    This  provision  applies  to  evi 

elate  Justice    w  to  the  office  of  Chief 

I 

The    Supreme    Court  has    power  to   sp] 
cJerk,  a  marshal,  and  a  reporter  of  it-  d- 


The  clerk  is  under  the  same  obligations,  the 

sa restrictions,  the  same  oath  or  affirmation  of 

ind  the  same  bond,  as  is  the  clerk  of  a 
United  States  dlstricl  court. 

One  or  o U  put)  clerks  may  be  appointed  bj 

iin  court  "ii  the  application  of  the  clerk,  and 
in. iv  be  removed  a1  the  pleasure  ol  the  courtj 
.in.  i  their  duties  and  respon  IbUlties  are  similar  to 

thO  6   Ol   deputy  clerks  in  a   United  State-  flj    tricl 

court. 


The  Judges  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court. 

Joi.  P.  KnA\rj.    BtosbcsJ    I  HlUtr,     KtOwaCUfbtd,     M.U.  Wii<*.     N.A8-ij»r,    DnMDnW,     W.  Strong.     W»rd  Hum. 


THE  above  Illustration,  ft s  photograph  by 
s     \t     Fassett,   ■  ■!    Washington,  repn 
the  Judge*  "i   the  Supreme  bench,  as  they 
appeared    In    1878.     The    picture    is  ralu 


showing  the  dress  worn  and  the  position  s 
by  the  judges  when  together  in  session,  the  <  !hJef 
.in  tlce  being  In  the  center,  and  the  eight  Asso- 
Itting  four  upon  each  side. 


The  marshal  of  the  Supreme  Court  Is  n 
to  attend  the  court  al  its  sessions!   to  serve  and 

execute  all  pr tssesand  orders  Issuing  from  It, 

or   made  by  the  Chief  or  associate  fasti 

ince   "f   law,  and  to   take   charge  of  all 
property  o(  the  United  State    u  sd  bj  tfc 
or  Its  members;   and  with  the  approval  of  the 
Chief    Justice    he    may    api  mts    and 


jers  to  attend  the  court,   with   the    same 

compensation  allowed  to  similar  officers  in  the 

lower  house  of  OongrOBS. 

The  reporter  i. f  the  Bupreme  Court  I-  required 
to  see  that  its  decisions,  made  during  his  term  o( 
offloi     are  printed    and    published   within   sight 

months  after  they  are  made,  and  in  any  subse- 
quent  year    he    must    print    and    DUbll   li    Snother 

volume   of  the   same  sort.     Be  also   delivers  a 

Specified  number  Of    copies  of    such  printed    deeis 

inns  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  In- 
terlor.      At   the 

completion  of  his 
first  volume  of 
reports  he  is 
entitled  to  receive 

82,500,    and    for 

every    subsequent 

volume      prepared 

and  published  by 
him,    81,600;     but 

all  tils  work   must 

be  done  within  the 
legallj   pn   ci  Ibed 

I and  manner. 

Tin-  law  also  pi  o 

V  Ides        for       I  h« 

pi  oper  distribu- 
tion <•(  tin-.'  de- 
cisions    I I 

of  the  United 
states    Qovern 

ment.nndtheprlce 
at  which  other 
I.,  i  ..ii  may  buy 
them.  Thus  are 
i  red,  from 
in- .  t 
valuable  additions 

to     our    national 

lepal  lore,  whieh, 

tantlally 
bound  in  * oinmes, 
are  gradually  en- 
larging   the     law 

libraries     of      the 

land. 

The  Supreme 
Court  holds  one  session  annually,  beginning  0D 
thl  BCOnd  Monday  in  October,  and  SUCh  adjourned 
or  special  terms  a-  it  may  deem  necessary  for  the 
dispatch  of  its  business. 

The  Supreme  Court  has  exclu  Ive  jurisdiction  of 
all  controvcrsie*fcf  a  civil  nature  where  a  State 

is  n  party,  except  between  s  stiitr  and  it--  citizens, 

or  between  a  Statw  and  citizens  of  other  States,  or 


DUTIES    OF    OFFICERS    IN    THE    JUDICIARY    DEPARTMENT 


4<l3 


aliens,  in  which  last-named  cases  it  has  original, 
but  not  exclusive,  jurisdiction.  And  it  has, 
exclusively,  all  such  jurisdiction  Of  suite  or  pro- 
ceedings against  embassadors,  or  other  public 
ministers,  or  their  domestical  or  domestic  ser- 
vants, as  a  court  of  law  can  have  consistently 
with  the  law  of  nations;  and  original,  but  not 
exclusive,  jurisdiction  of  all  suits  brought  by 
public  ministers  or  embassadors,  or  in  which  a 
Consul  or  vice-consul  is  a  party. 

It  has  power,  also,  to  issue  writs  of  prohibition 
in  the  district  courts  when  proceeding  as  courts 
of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction;  and  writs 
of  mandamus  in  cases  warranted  by  the  principles 
and  usages  of  law  to  any  courts  appointed  under 
the  authority  of  the  United  States,  or  to  persons 
holding  office  under  the  authority  of  the  Govern- 
ment, where  a  State,  or  an  embassador,  or  other 
public  minister,  or  a  consul  or  vice-consul  is  a 
party.  The  trial  of  issues  of  fact  in  the  Supreme 
Court,  in  all  actions  at  law  against  citizens  of  the 
the  United  States,  are  by  jury.  The  laws  provide 
largely  for  the  character  of  the  practice  in  this 
Supreme  tribunal,  which  is  final  in  its  action  and 
deoi  se  ■ 

What  is  Required  of  Judges. 

The  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  the 
United  States  district  and  circuit  courts,  before 
entering  upon  their  public  duties,  are  solemnly 
sworn,  or  made  to  affirm,  that  they  will  admin- 
ister justice  without  respect  to  persons,  and  do 
equal  right  to  the  poor  and  to  the  rich,  and  that 
they  will  faithfully  and  impartially  discharge  and 
perform  all  the  duties  incumbent  on'  them, 
according  to  the  best  of  their  abilities  and  under- 
standing, agreeably  to  the  Constitution  and  laws 
of  the  United  states. 

Continuance  of  Salary  in  Old  Age. 

None  of  these  judges  may  exercise  the  pro- 
fession or  employment  of  cuunsel  or  attorney,  or 
be  engaged  in  the  practice  of  the  law,  and  dlSO* 
bedience  in  this  direction  Is  deemed  a  high 
misdemeanor  aud  treated  accordingly. 

When  any  one  of  these  judges  reigns;  his  office 
after  having  held  it  at  least  ten  years,  and  has 
attained  the  the  age  of  seventy  years)  he  receives, 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life,  the  same  salary 
that  was  by  law  payable  to  him  at  the  time  Of  his 

resignation. 

Division  into  Districts. 

The  United  States  are  divided  into  rtfty-flve 
federal  judicial  districts.  A  district  judge  is 
appointed  for  each  district  by  the  President  of  the 
!  inn  d  states,  unless  otherwise  provided  for  by  the 
Statutes.  Each  judge  must  reside  in  the  district 
for  which  he  i*  appointed.  The  records  of  the 
district  court  are  kept  at  the  place  where  it  is 
held. 

The  jurisdiction  of  the  district  courts  in  suits, 
and  the  places  and  times  of  holding  such  courts, 
are  regulated  by  law.  The  law  also  provides  for 
the  government  of  the  judges  In  holding,  changing 

or  postponing  courts,  according  to  circumstances. 

Restrictions  upon  Clerks. 

No  clerk,  assistant,  or  deputy  clerk  of  any 
United  States  court  is  allowed  to  act  as  solicitor, 

pn.rtur,   .itlmiirv  ..r    <••  .un-.<|     in     :i.ny   cause    peml 

ing  in  either  of  said  courts,  or  in  any  district  for 
which  he  Is  acting  as  said  officer,  and,  if  heilms, 
be  may  be  stricken  from  the  roll  of  attorneys  upon 
complaint. 

Within  thirty  days  after  the  adjournment  of 
each  term  of  court,  the  clerk  is  required  to  for 
ward  to  the  Solicitor  of  the  Treasury  a  list  of   all 

judgments  and  decrees,  to  which  the  United 
States  are  parties,  that  have  been  entered  En  said 
court   during   such    term,   showing   the   amount 


adjudged  or  decreed  In  each  case,  for  or  against 
the  United  States,  and  the  term  to  which  execution 
thereon  will  be  returnable. 

Duties  of  Clerks. 

At  each  regular  session  of  any  court  of  the 
United  States,  the  clerk  presents  to  the  court  an 
account  of  all  moneys  remaining  therein  or  JUb- 

ject  to  its  order,   staling    in    derail    in    v,  I>.ii   eaii-e.- 

they  are  deposited,  and  in  what  causes  payments 
have  been  made. 

in  the  absence  or  disability  of  the  judges  the 
clerks  administer  oaths  to  all  persons  who  identify 
pa  pel's  in  admiralty  causes. 

The  Attorney-General  exercises  general  super- 
visory powers  over  the  accounts  of  clerks  and 
other  officers  of  United  States  courts. 

Judges  of  district  courts,  in  coses  of  absence  or 
sickness,  hold  terms  of  court  for  each  other,  with 
the  same  powers  and  effects  as  if  held  in  their  own 
district. 

United  States  Circuit  Courts. 

The  judicial  districts  of  the  United  States  are 
divided  into  nine  circuits.  The  Chief  Justice  and 
associate  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  are  allotted  among  these  circuits 
by  an  order  of  that  court.  For  each  circuit  there 
is  also  appointed  a  circuit  judge,  who  has  the 
same  power  and  jurisdiction  as  the  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  allotted  to  the  circuit. 

Circuit  courts  are  usually  held  in  each  judicial 
district  of  the  United  States,  {.see  District  Courts), 
and  are  presided  over  by  the  circuit  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  or  by  the  circuit 
judge,  or  by  the  district  judge  of  the  district 
sitting  alone,  or  by  any  two  of  said  judges  sitting 
together. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  of  each  justice  of  that  court,  to  attend 
at  least  one  term  of  the  circuit  court  in  each 
district  of  the  circuit  to  which  he  is  allotted 
during  every  period  of  two  years.  Cases  may  be 
heard  and  tried  by  each  of  the  judges  holding  a 
circuit  court  sitting  apart,  by  direction  of  the 
presiding  justice  or  judge,  who  designates  the 
business  to  be  done  by  each. 

Circuit  courts  may  be  held  at  the  same  time  in 
the  different  districts  of  the  same  circuit.  Special 
terms  are  arranged  in  certain  circuits  of  the 
United  States.  The  law  also  regulates  the  circum- 
stances under  which  district  judges  may  sit  in 
circuits,  in  cases  of  error  or  appeal  from  their 
own  decisions;  when  suits  may  be  transferred 
from  one  circuit  to  another;  when  causes  may  be 
certified  back  to  the  courts  from  which  they  came, 
and  under  what  circumstances  circuit  justices 
may  hold  courts  of  other  circuits  at  the  request 
of  another  circuit  justice,  or  when  no  justice  has 
been  allotted  to  a  circuit,  after  a  vacancy  occurs. 

The  circuit  judge  of  each  circuit,  except  in  cases 
Otherwise  provided  for  by  lav,  appoints  a  clerk 
for  each  circuit  court.  The  court  also,  at  the 
request  of  the  circuit  clerks,  appoints  deputy 
clerks,  and  both  clerks  and  deputies  are  governed 

by  the  regulations  concerning  district  clerks  and 
their  d-  i  ■ 

District  Attorneys. 

In  nearly  every  district  where  United  91  i£es 
circuit  and  district  courts  are  established 
throughout  the  nation,  the  President  appoints  B 
person  learned  In  the  law  to  act  as  attorney  for 
tii.  United  states  in  such  district,  who  holds  bis 
position    for    four    years,    and    is    sworn    to   the 

faithful  execui  ton  of  his  office. 

It  is  the  duty  of  eaeh  district  attorney  to 
prosecute,    in    his   district,   ail   delinquents   for 

■inn.-      ml      Offenses      cognizable      under      the 

authority    of    the    United    States,    and     all    civil 

in  which  the  United  States  are  COncOl  ned, 


and,  unless  otherwise  instructed  by  tfie  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  to  appear  in  behalf  of  the 
defendants,  in  all  suits  or  proceedings  pendnik'  In 
In-  il i strict  against  collectors  or  other  Offt 
the  revenue,  for  any  act  done  by  them  or  for  the 
recovery  of  money  exacted  by  or  paid  to  such 
officers,  and  by  them  paid  into  the  Treasury'-  On 
instituting  any  sun  for  tin  recovery  of  any  fine, 
penalty  or  forfeiture,  he  is  required  to  imme- 
diately transmit  a  statement  of  the  case  tO  the 
Solicitor  of  the  Treasury.  Also,  immediately 
after  the  close  of  every  term  of  the  circuit  and 
district  courts  for  his  district,  he  forwards  to  the 
BollcitOrof  the  Treasury  (except  in  certain  cases, 
as  provided  by  law)  a  full  and  particular  state- 
ment, accompanied  by  the  certiheates  of  the 
clerks  of  the  respective  courts,  of  all  causes 
pending  in  said  courts,  and  of  all  causes  decided 
therein  during  the  term  in  which  the  United  States 
are  party. 

Marshals  and  their  Duties. 

A  marshal  is  appointed  in  nearly  every  district, 
by  the  President,  and  holds  his  office  for  four 
years. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  marshal  of  each  district  to 
attend  the  district  and  circuit  courts  when  in 
session,  and  to  execute  throughout  the  district  all 
lawful  precepts  directed  to  him  and  issued  under 
the  authority  of  the  United  .states;  and  he  has 
power  to  command  all  necessary  assistance  in  the 
execution  of  his  duty. 

The  marshals  and  their  deputies  have,  in  each 
State,  the  same  powers  as  sheriffs  and  theii 
ties,  in  executing  the  hws  ui  the  United  Si 

LC  a  marshal  dies,  his  deputies  continue  to  per- 
form their  official  duties,  and  are  held  responsible 
for  their  acts   under  the    bond   of    the  >:• 
marshal,  the  same  as  if  he  were  .-till  alive. 

Marshals  and  their  deputies  »  hose  term  of  office 

expires,  or  who  are  i. ■■:  Legal  power  to 

execute  all  processes  remaining  in  their  hands. 

Within  a  month  before  tht  men!  of 

each  term  of  the  circuit  and  district  courts  m  hit 
district,  every  marshal  Is  required  to  make 
returns  to  the  Solicitor  of  the  Treasury  of  the 
proceedings  had  upon  all  writs  of  execution  or 
other  processes  in  his  hands  for  the  coil- 
adjudged    and    decreed     to 

States,  respectively,  by  such  courts     and 
marshal  to  whom  any  execution  upon  a  jud 

in  any  suit   for  moneys  dm-    on    ■> 
Post-office    Department     has    been    directed,    is 
■  i  to  make  returns  to  tiie  sixth  auditor, 
whenever  he  directs,  of   thi  _     which 

have  taken  place  upon  such  process  of  execution. 

When  Vacancies  Occur. 

Should  a  vacancy  occur  in  the  offl 

trict  attorney  or  marshal  within  any  circuit,  the 

circuit  justice  of  such  circuit  may  till  it,  and  the 

person  -o  appointed  serves  until  an  appointment 

by  the  President;  and  the  marshal  thus 
appointed  must  give  a  bond,  as  it  he  hail 

appointed  by  the  President,  and  the  bond  shall  be 
approved  by  the  circuit  justice,  and  tiled  in  the 
office  of  the  clerk  of  the  court. 

Juries. 

Jurors  chosen    to  serve   in    the  courts  of    the 

United  states,  in  each  state  respectively,  must 

eel  to  mi h] mi 

,  and  be  entitled  to  the  same  exemptions, 

as  the  jurors  in  the  highest  court  of  law  in  Buch 

State   may  have  and    be   entitled    to  at    the    time 

UCh  jurors  for  service  in  the  United  Star."- 

Courts  are  summoned  ire  selected  by 

ballot,  lot.  or  otherwise,   in  accordance  with   the 

custom    in  SUCb   State  -out.  so  far  as   that   mode 

may    he    found    practicable    in    a  United    States 


4<i4 


IFF10BR8    AXU   OTHERS    WHO    FREQUENT    A    COURT    BOOM. 


court  or  bj  its  officers.     And  for  this  pOTpOM  the 

United  States  court.-*  may,  by  nil-*  or  ord< 
form  the  wleotlon  Md  Impaneling  "f  .1  ; 
BuJbetance,  to  the  laws  and   usages    minting  to 
jurors  in  the  state  courts  In  mob  91 

Number  of  the  Grud  .lury. 

I 

dt  court  must  consist  of  not  less  than  >iv 

than  twenty  three  persons     H  lea 

teen  attend  the]  bj  a  placed  on  thi 

Jury,  and  the  marshal  1-  ordered,  at  ■•  date  Axed 

by  the  court,  to  mmmon  from  the  bodj  o(  the 

district,  and    not   from    bystanders,  e  sufficient 

number  of  persons  1 plete  tl  ■ 

dee  In  the  Jury  arising  from  the  challenge 
Ingot  jurors  are  also  Dlled  manner, 

rammoned  and   accepted  as. 
grand  jurors,  the  court  appoints  a  foreman,  who 
has    power  to    ad- 
minister oaths  and     %&»>> 
affirmations  to  wit- 

. 
before  such  jury. 
Grand  juries  are 

not  summoned  to 
attend  the  United 
rts,  ex- 
■ 
tion  and  upon  the 
orders  of  the  pre- 
slding  judge.     The 

f  and  district 
courts  of  the  States 
and  Territories  and 
the  supreme  court 
..f  the  Dlsti 
Columiii  ■ ,  dis- 
charge their  Juries 
whenever  they  con- 
sider their  attend- 
ance unnecessary. 

N.i  person  can  be 
summoned  as  a 
juror  in  any  circuit 
or  district  COUli 
oftener  than  once 
in  two  years,  and 
any  juror  sum- 
moned   to     serve 

oftener  than   "net- 
In    two    y<  1 

rlble,  if   chal- 

■ 
The  errand  jury 
Impaneled  and 
sworn  In  any  dis- 
trict court  may 
take  cognizance  of 
all  crimes  and  offenses  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  circuit  court  for  such  district  as  well  as  of 
the  district  court.  Laws  in  relation  to  grand 
jurors,  however,  differ  in  certain  localities. 

Who  Mu>   Nol  Serve  on  Juries. 
Every  person  summoned  to  serve  as  a  grand  or 
petit  juror  in  United  States  courts,  are  dl 
fled  and  subject  to  challenge  who  hare  willfully 
or  voluntarily  taken   up   arms  or  joined   In  any 
rebellion    or    insurrection     against     the    United 
States,  giving-  it  aid   and  comfort,  or  an\ 
anec.    directly    or    indirectly.    In    money,    arms, 

clothes,  or   anything  whatever   for   the 
benefit  of  any  person  engaged  In  such  Insurrec- 
tion, or  about  to  join  it;  or  who  b 
Is  about  to  resist,  with  force  and  arms,  the  execu- 
tion of  the  laws  of  the  United  SI 

At  every  term  of  any  Unit*. I  States  court,  the 
district  attorney,  or  other  person  acting1  in  behalf 
of  the  I'nited  States  in  such  court,  may  move,  and 


the  court  may  require  the  clerk  to  administer 
to  every  person  summoned  to  serve  as  a  grand  or 
petit  jury  In  th.it  court,  an  oath  embodying  the 

substance  ul    the    above  nam  dlsOUall* 

Bcatton  as  a  Juror,  and  liable  to  <«■  challenged) 
in  1  unless  mob  pei  ions  can  truly  ink.-  sui 

allowed  to  serve  on 

Son  in  an}  1 n  serve  as  ft  juror  In  .1  1  nlted 

States  court   In    any  proceeding1   or   prosecution 

ha -*-d  11  |»>ii  or  arising  under  the  provisions  of  laws 

enforcing  (lu'  fourteenth  amendment  "i  the 
Fedi  raJ  Constitution  (relative  to  the  equality  of 

civil   rights  of    all   citizen-  of    their 

color      miles  .in  take  and  sui 

mi  oath,  in  opei in.  thai   be  has  never  conn- 

i    or    voluntarily    aided     In    any 

t inn. iti. hi  or  conspiracy  against  said    umend- 

ment  and  tin-  laws  enforcing  it. 


The  Court  Room. 


THK    Illustration    shown   abovi    repn    snta   the 
usual    ■  tilt  during  lpj 

trial  In  coun 
Behind  1  be  d  I  the  Judge;  In  front  ts 

the  cleric  ol  1  be  court  and  beside  him  site  1  he  com  1 
crier.    Seated  In  ■  ohali  by  tb  ib  Is  the 

■  ■.■.  bo  Bits 
with  in-  client  nt  the  end  of  the  table  at  the 
adj ni-'  1  >]■■■  ire  writing-;  at 


the  extreme  right  are  the  twelve  jurymen;  on  the 
opposite  dde  oi  the  room  are  four  lawyers,  oneol 
whom  is  standing  and  is  objecting  to  the  com 
pursued  bi  the  Lawyer  who  is  examining  the  wit- 
ness. Inside  the  railing  and  near  the  entrance 
site  the  deputj  sheriff,  who  has  general  charge  of 
the  court  room .  ut  the  extreme  left  and  ■ 
the  railing  sit  -pretators  and  individuals  who  may 
hi    called  .1-  w  it  11 


The  United  States  courtof  claims.  1  located  at 
Washington,  In  apartments  provided  at  the 
expense  or  the  Government.  It  consists  of  one 
chief  justice  and  four  Judges,  who 

nd  hold  their  offices  during 
•1  ivior.     Bach  of  them  i>  required  to  take 
an  oath  to  support  the  Constitution  and  faithfully 
discharge  his  duties. 

When  Court  is  in  Session. 

Th itirt  of   claims   holds   one   annual  session. 

beginning  early  in  December  and  continuing-  as 

long  as  the  prompt  transaction  of    if-  business 

mire.     Any  tw  idgee  constitute 

hold  a  court. 

The  court  appoints  ft  chief  clerk,  an  a 

■   necessary),  n  bailiff  and  s  me 

Tin'  clerks  are  required   to  take  the  constitutional 

m  their  duties  under 

the  direction  Of    the  court.     For  misconduct    or 
incapacity  they  may  be  removed  by  the  court,  but 


the  court  must   report   to  Congres-    th. 
ot  men  removal. 
The  Chlel    Clerk  hai  authority  to  disburse,  under 

the  direction  of  the  court,  the  contingent  fund 

which  may  from  tune   to  tune   he  appropriated  to 

■   ;  .       .     una 

by  the   proper  accounting  officers  of   the  Treasury 

in  the  same  way  as  the  aooountsof  0 

ing  agents  of  the  Government  are  adjusted. 

Statement  Of  Judgments  He  tide  red. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Mimtal  tension  of  Con- 

gross,  the  clerk  transmits  to  it  a  full  mid  complete 

at  of  all  the  Judgments  rendered  bj  the 
court    during    the    previous    t-.u.    stating  the 

amounts   thereof  and   the   parties  in  who 

the]  were  rendered,  together  nrith  a  brief  synopsis 

of  the   nature  of   the   claims;  and   at  the  end  of 

every  term  of  the  court  be  transmits  copies  ol  its 
decisions     to    the 

*€**£=££       heads  of    the   vari- 

ous     departments 

of      the     (iuviTii- 

ment.  to  ppedfled 
goi  ernment  offi- 
cials, and  to  other 
officers  charged 

with  the  adjust- 
ment of  claims 
against  she  United 

9 ! .  1 1  • 

No    member    of 

hranch      of 
Congr*-- 

tio    isan  attoi  oey 

or  counselor  In  the 
court  of  claims. 

The  court  of 
Claims  h,is  jurisdic- 
tion over  :iii  claims 
Bounded  on  itetutes 
entrants,  or 
which    ■ 

to  it  byeithei  bouse 
ingress;  all 
set-off  ami  couhter- 
olalms  of  the  < 
•  i  oment  ftgainst 
person  -  presenting 

claims  upon  it .  the 
Of  disburs- 
ing officers  for 
relief  from  resrx  >n 
■  in  ao  ount 
of  the  oaptui  1  , 
while  in  the  line  of 

his  duty,  of  QoT* 
ernment  funds, 
vouchers,     records 

or  papers   in  his  charge,  and   claims   (or  captured 

andoned  property,  arising  from  the 
exigencies  of  Insurrection  or  other  cause.  The 
methods  of  procedure  and  practice  in  such  court 
of  claims  are  particularly  described   in  the  United 

States  statutes,  it  has  also  power  to  appoint 
oommissJonere  to  take  testimony  to  be  used  in  the 
Investigation  of  claims  that   come   befon 

•     the    fees    which   they  receive   for  their 

Any  final  judgment  against  a  claimant  on  any 
claim  prosecuted  in  the  court  of  claim  according 
to  the  provisions  of  the  law  forever  bars  any 
further  claim  or  demand  against  the  United 
States  arising  out  of  the  matters  involved  in  the 
controversy. 

These  brief  sketches  of  the  various  I'nited  States 
tribunals  will  serve  to  give  the  reader  a  faint  Idea 
of  the  power  and  dignity  that  distinguish  in  our 
national  judicial  system. 


THE    CAPITOL    BUILDING    AND    THE    WHITE    HOUSE. 


405 


..*.■■*■■■*,.■*. 


^.^..-t..^..^..^.^..^..^.^.-^..^... 


i«5! 


""'"      States. 


A  Sketch  of  the  Capitol  at  Washington. 


V^-jBOUT  one  and  one-half  miles  easterly  from  the 
*  President's  Mansion  is  the  I'nited  States 
Capitol,  a  structure  distinguished  as  much  by- 
its  size  and  elegance  of  finish  as  by  being  the 
place  in  which  the  two  houses  of  CongresB 
assemble  to  enact  the  national  laws. 
J  ^»       ^*^  The  corner-stone  was  laid  by  Washington  in 

LS5  September,  1793,  and  it  was  first  occupied  by  Congress  in 
lVt  November,  1800.  In  1814  it  was  partially  burned  by  the 
British  soldiery;  the  reconstruction  of  the  burned  wings 
vas  begun  in  1815;  the  corner- stone  of  the  main  building 
was  laid  in  March.  1818.  and  it  was  finished  in  1S27.  In  1850 
it  was  decided  to  extend  the  structure,  and  the  corner-stone 
of  the  new  work  was  laid  July  4.  1851,  with  an  address  by  Daniel 
Webster.      The  structure  was  completed  in  1867- 

The  whole  edifice  has  an  eastern  front,  and  its  entire  length  is  751 
feet  four  inches,  and  its  greatest  depth,  including  steps  and  porticoes, 
i-  348  feet  The  building  covers  about  three  and  a  half  acres  of  ground. 
The  main  or  old  portion  is  built  of  sandstone,  painted  white,  and  the 
extensions  are  of  white  marble,  slightly  variegated  with  blue.  The 
outside  of  the  building  is  adorned  with  architectural  ornaments  and 
several  groups  of  sculpture.  An  iron  dome  rises  from  the  center  to 
a  height  of  287l2  feet  above  the  basement  floor,  having  a  diameter  of 
feet.  The  top  of  this  dome  is  surmounted  by  Crawford's 
bronze  statue  of  Liberty,  nineteen  and  a  half  feet  high.  The  inside 
of  the   Capitol   is  liberally  decorated  with   frescoes,  sculptures  and 


paintings.  The  rotunda,  inside  of  the  dome,  is  a  circular  apart- 
ment, ninety-sis  feet  in  diameter  and  180  feet  high. 

The  chamber  occupied  by  the  United  States  Senate  is  situated  in 
the  center  of  the  northern  extension  of  the  Capitol ;  is  of  rectangular 
form,  being  over  113  feet  in  length,  more  than  eighty  feet  in  width, 
and  thirty-six  feet  in  height.  The  galleries  surrounding  it  will  seat 
1.200  persons. 

The  House  of  Representatives  occupies  the  center  of  the  southern 
extension  of  the  Capitol,  and  is  139  feet  long,  ninety-three  feet  wide 
and  thirty-six  feet  high.     The  galleries  will  seat  1,000  people. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  holds  its  sessions  in  the 
old  Senate  chamber,  on  the  east  side  of  the  north  wing  of  the  central 
building.  It  is  a  semicircular  apartment,  seventy-five  feet  long  and 
forty-five  feet  high.  The  former  Hall  of  Representatives,  also  of  a 
semi-circular  form,  ninety-six  feet  long,  and  fifty -seven  feet  high, 
is  in  the  south  wing  of  the  central  building,  and  is  used  as  ■ 
depository  for  the  historical  statues  contributed  by  the  several 
States,  in  accordance  with  the  invitation  of  Congress,  in  186-1.  with 
other  statuary  and  paintings.  It  is  considered  the  most  stately  and 
beautiful  apartment  in  the  Capitol. 

The  Library  of  Congress  is  another  attractive  room,  ninety-one 
and  a  half  feet  long,  thirty-fonr  feet  wide  and  thirty-eight  feet  high, 
on  the  west  side  of  the  rotunda,  together  with  two  wings,  each 
ninety  and  a  half  feet  long,  twenty-nine  and  a  half  feel   wide. 

The  Capitol  grounds  cover  an  area  of  fifty-one  and  a  half  acres, 
handsomely  laid  out,  and  containing  a  great  variety  of  trees. 


THE    PRESIDENT'S    MANSION. 


v-^^S^S^fT  THE   western   end  of    the  city   of    Washington 

rA^TWwfv        *lanu^  the  staid  and  venerable  home  of   the  Presi- 

*.  J   *^jft'^        dents  of   the  United  States,  during  their  terms  of 

(^jY^YmVt      office.     Close  by  it.  and   surrounding  it,  are   the 

Vr  t  _"  ^"v     Government  building-  ■•  the  State  Depart- 

'/\>  ^-a* //.-      merit,  the  Treasurv  Department,  the  War  Department 

eO^y  |^     and    the    Navy    Department,    repr  i  d   one 

^Lvi         group,    the    executive,    diplomatic,   pecuniary,    and 

Jf         °^       defensive  Binews  of  the  nation.    Having  an  attractive 

location,  with  handsomely   ornamented  gronnds   in   front,  and  a  fine 

park  in  its  rear  reaching  to  the  Potomac  river,  the  President'.-  house 

occupies  a  prominent  position  in  the  national  capital. 

The  corner-stone  <>f  the  man-inn  was  laid  October  13,  1702,  and 
the  structure  was  first  occupied  in  1800  by  President  John  Adam--. 
It    is   properly  called   the  "  White  House,"  owing   to   its    fr< 


walls  having  been  painted  white.  Its  designer  was  Mr.  James 
Hoban.  who  embodied  in  it  a  resemblance  to  the  palace  of  the  Duke 
of  Leinster,  in  Great  Britain.  It  contains  two  stories  and  a  base- 
ment, is  170  feet  long  and  eighty-six  feet  wide.  The  portico  on  the 
north  front  Es  Bnpported  by  eight  columns  of  the  Ionic  order  of 
architecture;  on  the  south  front  is  a  BemicircaJar  colonnade  of 
six  other  Ionic  columns,  and  the  roof  is  surrounded  with  a  hand- 
some balustrade. 

During  the  warof  1812,  when  the  British  army  invaded  Washington. 
at    Madison    was   forced   to   flee,   and     the     English     troops 
destroyed  the  mansion.     This  was  in  1814.      In  the  following 

ess  authorized  its  reconstruction,  and  in  1S18  the  new  edifice 
was  first  occupied  by  President  Monroe. 

The  main  entrance  to  the  mansion  is  In  the    north    front,  where  a 
massive  door-way  opens  Into  the  main  hall,  divided  midway  by  a  row 


•  For  view  ol  President's  manMon  see  page  devoted  to  President's  Dnttes, 


(nr, 


PR]  i.iminaky    \\(H;k    at  THE   OPBNINO   OF   CONGivESS. 


of  pillar-  resembling  marble,  and  along  in  walls  are  ranged  the 
l>nrira'u-  .>r  the  chief  magistrates  who  formerly  occupied  it.  On  the 
left  <>f  the  hall  the  visitor  Is  nshered  int"  the  celebrated  "East 
■  which  occupies  the  entire  lower  eastern  portion  of  tbe 
mansion,  n  Is  In  ihi«  apartment,  which  Is  handsomely  furnished, 
thai  the  Presidents  bold  their  levees  and  state  assemblages.  It  is 
eighty-six  feel  long,  forty  feet  wide  ami  twenty-eight  feel  high,  and 

.  .1  with  four  Are-  pi  u  ee 
Three  other  apartments  of  some  celebrity, — tl Green,"  the 

"and  the  "Red,"— adjoin  the  East  room,  each  deriving  its 
name  from  the  color  which  distinguishes  it  from  the  adjacent   ones, 


ami   all    in'  i Isomely   furnished.     The   Red  room   Is  somel - 

used  as  a  general  reception  parlor.  The  north  front  of  the  mansion 
has  six  rooms,  which  are  chambers  used  i>\  the  President  and  his 

family,  and    on  the    south    front    an'  seven    r .-.  described  as 

the  ante-chamber,  audience  room,  cabinet-room,  ladles1  parlor,  the 
President's  private  office,  and  two  others  used  for  various  purposes, 
The  main  or  state  dining'  room  is  weBl  of  the  Red  room,  end 

it  is  the  ordinary  dining-r n  used  by  the    President's  family.     The 

ladles'  parlor  is  for  the  private  use  of  the  President's  family, 
considered  the  handeomesl  apartment  in  the  building      The  basemenl 
contains  eleven  ti s.  including  kitchens,  pantries,  etc. 


The  Duties  of 


P 


How  Bills  are  Passed  and   Laws  Made. 


JLTHOUGH  the  Constitn- 
■P"^      tionol  the  I  alt 

;   '^•-vJlr^       ,|mU'  f,,ll-v  ,!''l:",s  lhv 

work    t-.   be   done    by 

Congress,  the  follow  ing 

outline  "i    the  form  of 

^ijej9©iff»*nl   |?      procedure  will  doubtless 

^"•ip    ^*j  be  Interesting,  tl 

**  &  much  the  same  as  that 

observed  In  th< 

(if  Stat..-  \a\\  - 

The  day  having  arrived  f 01  then 

of  n  new  i  rongi  e      Uu    meml I  l  i;i-  !  lou  e  "' 

ntatlvea  gather  In  their  hall  In  the  Capitol 

" 

'it'     t <  ><■  IV 

The    Clerk    of    the    li    '    previous    Congress    vises 

■  ■  The  hour  fixed  bj  I  w  tort  I it  Ing 

nnd  oi  Bjantsatlon  .J  the  House  ol  R<  pi  i  ■■  nt  fctli 
of  the  Forty Congress  having  arrived,  the 

i    ii.    !i. ■  i  ■    ol    Representatives    "f   the 

-  i  tongresa  "iii  proa  i  d  to  read  the  Hal  of 

:   to  the  House  nl'  Representatives 

f..r  the  K-'tty Congress,  prepared  by  him  in 

■  v.  irh  law." 

He  then  reads  the  list  by  States,  comprising 
about   2oo   names.      Daring    the    reading,    some 

member,  whenever  a  certain  i si    called  (each 

-  i  resei i e 
a  point  of  order  on  thai  name,  'intimating  that 
he  has  objections  to  tl  tuber's  right  to 

»  -..-.it  in  i 

The  list   being  called  through,  the  Clerk  says: 

hundred  and    nini  tj  three   pel  son     ha  i  e 

answered  to  the  call     Being  a  quorum  of  the 

body    theClerk  Is  now  ready  to  receive  motions." 

Sometimes,  at   this  point,   members    i 

.  h,  it  objections  to  seating  certain  new 
.  icing  motions  to  refer  the  credentials 
of  much  members  to  the  Committee  on  Elections, 
etc.  This  business  consumes  considerable  I  Imi  In 
discussion,  with  more  or  less  bitterness  of  feeling 
and  speech 

At  length  theClerk  says.  "TheClerk  app< 
to  members  of  the  House  to  preserve  order." 


s titm  ■    i  he  colli  u > ion   conl  mill"    after   this. 

At  length  the  Clerk  is  heard  to  say:  -  The  gentle- 
man from  Tennessee  Is  out  of  order.  The  tellers 
will  please  take  their  places  "—to  aid  In  the 
organlzal  Ion  of  the  Bousi 

Select  ion  oft  Speaker. 

\ inatlons    fdr   Speaker  are  then   made   by 

several  members.     A  vote   Is  taken    by  voice, 

,  .ii i  by  the  tellers,  mid  announced     "  Whole 

number  of  votes  oast,    —  \  necessary  to  a  choice, 

j   Mr.  A.  has  ;   Mr.  R..  ." 

TheClerk  announces:  "Mr,  A.,  of  New  fork, 
ha\  Ing  received  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  given, 
i>  dulj  elected  Bpeaker  of  the  House  ol  Repre 

the    Fortj Congress.     The 

gentleman  from  Wisconsin  (Mr.  Brown)  and  the 
i_->'ti!  k*man    fi  utn    ' ' 'tieiii     .  M  r.     Junes  i     will 

pit  i  e conduct  the  Speaker-elect  tit  the  chair,  and 
the  gentleman  from  Pennsylvania  (Mr,  Robinson), 
the  senior  member  of  the  body,  will  please 
admintstei  to  him  the  oath  required  by  the  Con- 
stitution and  laws  of  the  United  States." 

Mi.  Brown  and  Mr.  Jones  then  conduct  Mr,  a.  to 
the  chair,  where  he  stands  and  expresses,  in  a 

brief  Speech,  In-   thanks  fur   the  honor  e< inferred 

hi him,  and  payi  a  bandsoi iompliment  to 

■  lligence  and  political  strength  of  the  new 

< '..nirrr-s.  The  oath  ..f  fidelity  to  tin-  ( •.institu- 
tion, the  laws  and  his  dm !.■-.  I  i  i  hen  adi Istered 

tn  him  by  Mr.  Robinson. 

Admitting  the  Members. 

The  Speaker  then  says:   "The  first  business  in 
order  is  the  swearing  in  of  members.    The  various 
delegations  [by  States)  will  present  them  • 
■  i  ■  -I  i  enient  number  ^  -  I  '"■,  1 1 1  ca  I  led  " 
\-  the  van. ois  members  present  themselves,  the 

othei  members  listen  In     Hence    scaslonaJly 

Interpose  an  objection  to  a  certain  member 
being  qualified.    These  objections  properly  take 

a  written  form,  and  are  referred  t.i  theC Ittee 

ii  .-  imination;  with  the  necessary 

affidavits  to  show  why  the  members  objected  to 

should  not  have  a  seat  in  Congress.     Long  dis- 

•   sometimes  Intervene,  and  if  the  objec- 


tions are  not  withdrawn,  the  oath  In  not 
administered  to  the  member  In  dispute  until  the 
Committee  on  Elections  report  favorably  in  his 
cs  ' 

ii.  Delegates  elect  from  the  several  Territories 
are  also  sworn  In. 

Itnitly  for  Business. 

A  member  off*  i  -i  resolution,  which  meets  with 
no  opposition,  but    Is    Immediately    read,    con* 

snlered    and    agreed     tn,     as     follows:      "That    the 

Senate  be  Informed  that  a  iiin.ru f  the   Souse 

ni  Representatives  has  assembled,  and  that  Mr. 
\  .  one  of  the  Representatives  ft Hew  York, 

hi       In  <  ii   chosen   Speaker,  and    that    the    HOD    I 

I,..  ■  pi  n1  ■  to  pi  o©  sd  to  business." 

Mr.  C  .  "i  Illinois,  rises  and  presents  a  resolu- 
tion,  which    i-   read,  considered    and   adopted, 

appointing  the  Speaker  and   four  mem  he  i  -  .-,  nun 

nun.,'  to  revise  ii"'  rules  of  the  House  for  Its 
bettei  government,  to  report  at  an  early  da; 

Mr.  G. ,  the  Secretary  of  thi  Senate,  now  appears 
.,1,  the  Boor  ol  the  House  i"  announce:  "Mr. 
Speaker  I  am  directed  to  Inform  tin-  House  thai 
;,  quorum  ol  the  Senate  has  i  embled  and  that 
the  Si  nate  Is  read)  to  proceed  to  business." 

S 1 1  in.    rtl  1-1    Ions  as  to  the  rights  of  certain 

members  to  seats  m  the  House  are  then  resumed. 

Presently,  a  raemlx  r  rises  and  asks  unanl us 

..ii  -nt  to  take  up  and  concur  In  a  resolution  |u  I 

received      I Ilu      Senate.       So     olij.etion     hclnjj 

made,    the     resolution     is    read,     announcing   the 

ap] itment  of  two  members  of  the  senate  to 

join  eei  tain  mi  mbers  ol  the  Bouse  |  to  be  sole  t»  I 

hy   the  House!  to     vs. .It     Upon     the     President    of    the 

United  States,  and  Inform  him  that  s  ipiorumof 

each  I'"'.  ■    bled    and  that  I  ongress  Is 

ready  to  receive  any  communication  that  be  may 
be  pleased  t"  make. 

Waiting  Upon  the  President. 

Mr.     E.    moves    that     the     House     appoint     three 

members  to  Join  the  committee  on  the  part  or  the 
Senate.  The  motion  being  agreed  to,  the  speaker 
appoints  Mr.  C,  of  Qeorgla  ,  Mr.  M. .  of  Tennessee, 
and  Mr.  V ,  of  New  Jersey,  as  the  committee  on 
the  part  Of  the  House. 


HOW    LAWS    ARE    MADE    BY    CONGRESSMEN. 


4"7 


During  the  absence  of  this  committee  but  little 
business  is  done,  beyond  discussions  upon  the 
eligibility  of  certain  members,  or  the  election  of 
the  following  officers  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives; A  Clerk,  a  Sergeant-aUArms,  a  Door- 
keeper, Postmaster  and  Chaplain,  in  the  order 
named.  Members  nominate  candidates  for  each 
office  as  their  own  names  are  called,  if  they 
choose;  the  Speaker  appoints  tellers,  and  the 
voting  is  done  by  voice. 

The  vote  having  been  announced,  the  successful 
candidate  is  declared  elected  by  the  Speaker.  He 
then  comes  forward  and  qualifies  for  his  new 
position  by  taking  the  Constitutional  oath  of 
fidelity.  Sometimes  the  election  of  Chaplain  is 
postponed,  in  order  to  find  a  candidate  who  is 
entirely  satisfactory  to  the  majority. 

Somebody  then  proposes  a  regular  hour  for^ie 
daily  meeting  of  the  House,  and  the  hour  of 
twelve,  noon,  is  usually  adopted. 

The  drawing  of 
seats  for  the  members 
of  the  House  is 
usually  next  in  order, 
either  by  themselves 
or  their  colleagues. 

This  is  also  consid- 
ered a  good  time  to 
lay  before  the  House 
the  papers  in  the 
various  contested 
election  eases  of 
members  of  the 
House,  to  be  referred 
to  the  Committee  on 
Elections  when  that 
committee  has  been 
appointed  by  the 
Speaker,  within  a  few 
days  after  the  organi- 
sation. 

The  Joint  Com- 
mittee of  the  two 
Hou  ■  of  Congress, 
appointed  to  an- 
nounce to  the  Presi- 
dent the  readiness  of 
Congress  to  receive 
any  communication 
from  him,  having  ful- 
filled their  duty, 
return  to  their  respec- 
tive houses  and  report 
what  they  have  done, 
and  are  then  dis- 
charged from  further 
duty  in  the  case. 

The  President's  an- 
nual     or     inaugural 

message  is,  about  this  time,  delivered  to  both 
houses,  in  joint  session  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, being  usually  read  by  the  Clerk  of 
the  House  and  his  assistants.  After  it  has  been 
read,  the  Senate  retires  to  its  own  chamber  and 
both  houses  proceed  to  refer  certain  portions  of 
the  message  to  appropriate  committees  for  con- 
sideration and  future  action. 

A  resolution  is  usually  adopted  in  the  House  of 
Representatives,  authorizing  the  printing  of 
several  thousand  copies  of  the  message  for  the 
use  of  members  and  others. 

By  this  time  the  first  day's  session  has  drawn  to 
a  close.  A  motion  to  adjourn  is  therefore  made, 
seconded  and  adopted,  and  the  House  dissolves 
until  the  next  hour  of  meeting. 

In  the  Senate  Chamber. 

In  the  Senate,  on  the  first  day  of  the  new  session, 
the    proceedings     are    usually    marked     by    less 


feeling  and  confusion,  but  the  organization  is 
similarly  effected.  The  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States  is  inducted  into  the  chair  of  the 
Senate:  the  new  Senators  are  sworn  in,  or  have 
their  credentials  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Elections,  and  but  little  other  business  is,  gener- 
ally, transacted. 

The  New  Member. 

Among  the  members  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives whose  credentials  were  found  to  be  all 
right,  and  whose  eligibility  and  claim  to  a  seat  in 
Congress  are  therefore  undisputed,  is  Mr. 
Sempronius  Smith,  from  the  Tenth  District  of 
Wisconsin.  Mr.  Smith  has  been  a  prosperous 
merchant,  and  mill-owner,  a  wide-awake  and 
useful  citizen,  and  his  popularity  resulted  in  his 
being  sent  to  Congress  to  represent  the  interest? 
of  a  large  and  thrifty  constituency.  For  a  few 
days  after  the  organization,  be  wisely  refrains 
from  making  himself  conspicuous  in  the  councils 


Interior  of  House  of  Representatives,  Washington,  D.  C. 


IKimHIS  ILLUSTRATION  represents  the  members 
uUH  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  session 
»>M,'    during  the  meeting  ol  '  ongress.    The  tuli 

z*—^*    number  entitled  to  rote,  fr UMt  to  Iftfls 

is  325.  The  speaker  of  the  house  occupies  the  upper 
seat,  at  one  end  of  his  desk  sits  the  door-keeper,  at 
the    other    end     the    sergeant-at>arms;  al   the   desk 


in  front  are  the  -larks,  and  at  the  lower  desk,  are  the    communicate  with  the  clerks  or  with  each  other. 


of  the  nation.  He  is  "learning  the  ropes."  He 
confers  with  his  colleagues  and  a  few  new 
acquaintances  in  the  House  upon  national  topics. 
Naturally  he  is  shrewd  and  honest,  and  be  comes 
to  Congress  fully  decided  to  do  his  duty. 

A  Loci]  Hill  for  Personal  Gain. 

That  more  or  less  of  personal  selfishness  should 
sometimes  reveal  itself  in  Congressional  legisla- 
tion is  a  natural    Consequence.      In    order    to    show 

the  routine  work  of  Introducing  a  bill,  the  nature 
of  the  lobby,  the  means  which  may  influence  the 
passage  of  a  law  in  Congress,  where  personal 
benefits  are  conferred,  tin-  following  illustration 
Is  given.     Thisclass  of  bill  is  presented  a-    Uhu 

trativeof  the  work  of  tin-  lobby  and  the  means 

sometimes  used  to  influence  legislation  in  securing 
appropriations  for  personal  profit 
Mr.  Smith  does  not  believe  that  any  man  ever 


goes  to  Congress  without  at  Iea*.t  one  selfish 
motive — one  ""axe  to  grind."  Pott,  his  prede- 
cessor, had  half  a  dozen  axes  to  grind,  and  came 
very  near  ruining  a  good  portion  of  his  constitu- 
ency by  advocating  his  selfish  measures.  Smith 
confesses  (to  himself  only,  however.)  that  he  has 
one  motive  of  a  personal  nature  in  coming  to 
Congress.     The  city  in  which  he  lives— Smltfatown 

I  after  his  uncle,  its  first  settler}— Is  located 

on  the  west  bank  of  the  Nippewisset  river,  near 
Its  headwaters.  Fifteen  miles  below,  on  U 
bank,  is  Poppleton,  another  thriving  city,  In 
which  Smith  ami  his  relatives  own  large  real 
estate  and  commercial  interests.  The  Grand 
Trunk  Through-route  Railroad  runs  around 
Smithtown  to  the  north,  and  completely  |i 
it,  while  passing  trains  from  Iowa  to  Milwaukee. 
On  the  other  hand,  tin  1  ental  Railroad, 

running  from  Chicago  to  a  junction  with  the 
Northern  Pacific,  has  a  station  at  Poppleton,  and 
receives  and  delivers  freight  and  passengers, 
regularly.  Smith's 
idea  is  to  connect 
Smithtown  and  Pop- 
pleton  l"-  st 
running  on  the  Xij.pe- 
wlsset  river  as  a 
means  of  benefiting 
both  towns.  But  the 
Nippev  Isset  can 
hardly  be  called  a 
navigable  stream,  for 
although    it     is    forty 

rod-  wide  and  seventy 

miles       long,      and 

empties  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi, it  is  full  of 
shallow  water  be- 
tween Smithtown  and 

Poppleton.  and  in  the 
summer      time       an 

empty  pontOOH 

hardly     be      floated 
b*  I  .'  •  'ii     the     two 
points.      Smith     has 
formed    an     M< 
remedy  this  ey 
n    Is  1  iking  shape  in 
his  brain.    In  bis  seat 
in    Congress    and    in 
his   private  l< 
he  is  engaged  In  put- 
tint:  it  upon  paper. 

INTRODITTION   OF  THE 
BILL. 

One  day,  %vhen  the 
introduction  of  bills 
is  in  order,  lie  rises 
in  his  seat  in  the 
Bouse,  and,  catching 
the  Speaker's  eye  be  -  n  - 

••  Mr.  Speaker— 1  bold  In  my  hand  a  bill  entitled; 
■  \n    \i't  to  build  0  dam  across  the  Nippewisset 

river   at    a    point    three   miles  below    the    t 
Poppleton.      Lomax      county.      WIsconsil 
appropriating    Sl"i  iWK>  for    that    purpose.'      This 
bill,  sir,   is  111  the  interest  of   a  large  and  populous 
section    of    my  district,    and    is  offered    for  the 
■  >f    facilitating    trade    and    commerce 
between  the  great  Northwest  and  the  metroi 
city  of  Chicago  and  the  Atlantic  Bea-board.      I 
desire,   -if.   t"  has.'  h  read  and  referred  to  the 
Committee  on   Appropriations."     Smith   "fairly 
ached"    to   make    a  speech    on    his    bill,    but   he 
wisely  refrained  until   it  should  regularly  come 

be  House      Resent  it  totheSpeaki 
page.    Smith's  colleague  fBei  ted  that 

■■-  short. 

He  thought  that  an   internal  Improvement  bill 

of  this  sort  had  sufficient  public  interest  to 
demand  this  consideration. 

The     fact    is     that     Benson    only    preferred    his 

request  to  satisf)  his  own  curiosity.  He  had  no 

special  Interests  in  Smith's  district,  and  if  the 

bill  did  no  injury  to  the  State,  it  might  pass 
and  welcome. 


official  reporters,  in  the  gal l(  ry  above  the  -peaker, 
newspaper  correspondents  have  their  seats;  tin-  re- 
in.  lerof  the  gallery,  which  will  hold  about  1.000 

persons,  being  allotted  to  spectators , 

The  members  occupy  the  seats  In  the  bodj  of  the 
house,  the  individuals  standing  01  being 

ho  Berve  the  members  when  thej  desire  to 


THE    PA8SAOE    OF    A    IJI1.L    Tllkon;ii    CONGRESS. 


u..  objections, 
the  bill  a in  i"  i  Hark." 

TEXT  OK  THE   BILL. 

.    .         ,  ollowai 

■  ■  Bo  It  -mi  ■  ■  nate  and    Hodh  ••( 

■■-     Of       \  III.    T  I.    .1 

ess  assembled   Thai  pel  mission  i-  hereby 

S  ranted  i-.  Robert  Sweet,   Thomas  P.  Ola 
ohn  v    a    Bweel   to  md   rn  Untein  ;i 

ii  wlsset   river, 
three  milee  below  the  city  ->i    Poppleton,   In  the 
i   Wisconsin, 
rhe  Bald  dam  -lull  I 
■  hi-'  and    tlmbei .    and   ean  a,   put 
ind   extend   from    the 
on    of  I  he  Hippe*  Issel   river,  at  a 
point  known  ae  Winkle's  ford,  i"  the  weal   ibore 

■ 

■     i  fa  nil 

i  i,.s  a    Tii.  land  be  overflowed 

by  reason  of  the  construction  of  thi 

»3    the  State  ol    Wi»  ■■ 

and  the  said  Robert  Sweet,  Thomas  P   Glade  and 
JohnQ-  *    Sweet,  their  helm  and      ■     ■ 
hereby    authorised    and     required    to  bv 

i ong  and  subatanl    i 

alone;  the  i f  the  banks  ol  said  river,  between 

the  Rvei  imp-lands,  to  prevent  the 

i  uip-. 
■    now  *.  There  I     ilso    ippropri  ited  to  the 

berl  Sweet,  Th as  P   Glad 

■     .  [d  dam 
and  dykes,  or  levees,   i  be  D00   to  be 

Sin  moneys  in  the  Tree  ai  yol  I  he  I  alted 
t  ites  not  othei  «  I*  appropi    ■ 
One  word  ol  explanation  which  was  not  granted 
House  bj   Bmlth     The  parties  named  In 
thi-  i>iii  were  brothers-ln  law  t.i  Smith. 

anrnutsD  ro  i  oontiTrm. 

The  Speaker:  "  U  there  la  no  objection,  the  bill 
will  be  sent  to  Commits d  Appropriations. " 

\  Member:  M  l  move  thai  it  be  ordered  printed 
aw\  sent  to  the  Co nerce." 

Another  Member    * '  I  second  thatm   I 

Tin-  rees  and  nays  being  called  for,  thi 

■  .!.  Smith  himsell  voting  In  the  affirmative 
That    aften Bmlth'*    bill   was  sent    to  the 

i  the  -  !ommlttee  on  i  omn i  bj    i   mi 

with  other  bills  thai   had  been  referred 
t.»  them  during  the  day. 

THE   WORK   0»  THE   LOBBY*. 

Smith  had  a  lobby  force  al  the  capital]  a 
numbe 

Poppli  ton,  «  no  knew  the  t  i! (  Smith 

to  the   nit.  i  ■  :  espectlve   tow  as  and 

their  own  i kete.    Ostenslblj    the  surro 

Bd  by  the  pa 

of  the  bill.     N->w  the  lobby  went  t..  work  In  good 
i  ..I.  .i  the  in    ■ 

[j  ten  to  thnii. 
They  wi  n        md  cigars. 

■  i  hi  argument  to  mi  i  il  Ion     it 
i    a    trumpery   affair,      a    whole    i 

would     be     benefited;      tov  ■  nourish, 

.  .    i         ..  ..      ..  ■ 

and)    labor   enlisted.      They    nil    undent i    the 

nt-  ol    the   bill     Smith 

pleaded   the    be  i    Intel  e  ta  ol    bis    com  tltuents. 

Olade,  one  of  th<    pa  ties  named  In  the  bill,  was 

He  gol    in  '  -  also. 

Smith  knew  tw ■  three  "f  the  Commit 

.  nd  quiel 
demeanor  gave  them  u  favorable  unpre 

THE   mi. I.   BSVORI  THE   .'i.MMlTTEB. 

When  the  full  bill  came  up  In  the  committee  for 

i   Ltlon,  Smith 

with  one  or  two  of  bis  friends  to  explain  any- 
thing  that  might  be  deemed  smith 

and  bis    friends  did  their  i«'>t   t..  convince  the 
committee  ol 

They     described     the     geogi 

position  with  neat  diagrams,  and  the unercial 

n,t.  rests    a  Itn   nice  ■  -      They 

ie  ol    1 1"    Nippew  U 
below  the  prop<  ilready  worthless  for 

imps  and 
and    ban.      They   point*  I 

.  .i   v .,  lue  "i    lol     .""i 
lands    in  tde  making    the    river 

navigable  above  the  dam.     Tnecommlttei 

i    smith  and   his  friends,    and  then 
tion    of   reportlni 
My  to  the  House.    One  or  two  opposition 
members  argued  against  tin-  measure  on  political 
. 

i  be  com- 

n  of   country  was  .»  strong 

argument      Tin-  chairman  thought  the  Improve- 

hly  worth  the  sum  it  would  cost  r-.r 

ii-    promotion  •  •(   commerce  In    the  Northwest 

He  had  known  railroads  thai   pr 

large  granti  jubsidiea 

<.f  money  withoui  n  murmur  "i  opposition      Now 
15,000  people  and  500  farms  were  to 


itlon   of    mi    Inatgnlfleanl   ram   "f 

m  v.     He  belli  red  In 

irtlally, 
in  proportion  t.i  their  relative  business,  A  rail* 
road  company  needed  mon  help  than  a  steamboat 
company,  and  always  k*"t  It,  He  should  rote  for 
i  be  in*  i  un    >    ■  mi  i  >l   the  oommii  I 

m  with  his  casting  vote.     Then  the  vote 

■  ■  H       it    -t i    live  to  three  before  the 

chairman  voted;  then  It 

UPON   01   THK   <'<)MMITTKK. 

'  man  <>f  the  Committee  on 

<' nerce  si tun  In  the  House  and  tuorably 

reported  Smith's  lull  without  amendment 

Hon  -■  w<  nt   Into  i  o iltfc  i    ol    the  Whole 

that  aftern to  i rider  some  appropriations 

■  ■  ts.     Smith's  bill  was  among  them. 
Smith  was  .i  lltt  !•■  nervous,     it  Is  trw  he] 
an  Important  victory.    The  Committee  on  Com 

meroe  wa     mad<     ip  ol    mt  n  ol    .- I    common 

sense  and  ability,  and  I  heir  n  commt  nds r 
■  m  the  side  <<f  the  dominant  political  party  In  the 
House.     Bui  now  the  lull  had  to  run  the  gauntlet 
ol    the  entire  House    friends   and  foea      smith 

■  :i  able  plea  In  behalf  of  It,  and  I 

Benson]    made   another.      I  ine   or    two 
■ 
Indifference,     bi  lefly     objected     to     the     Weal 
swallowing  up  m>  much  ol  th  ney;  hut 

an  "ill  sta  [wart  i  eteran  1 1  om  Haass 
th.it  the  Bs  ■  '  on  to  be  a  ihamed  of  the 

:■■  commt  i  ■ 
The  two  sections  were  no  longer  divided  In 
Interests.     Massachusetts  was  th.'  older  and  the 
better  cultivated  Btate  hi  the  mattei  ol  Intellect 

■ -i  il  affairs,   but  Wlacon  tin   ■■ 

overtaking*  any  of  the  New  England  Btatet  In  both 
of  these  s  Then  he  wound  up  with  an 
... -ii.ii i. ■  ,i  i  i|.  ,,t  Nen  ioi  i 
>hi|>  .iii-i  i  .<  lit  i  * .  *  j  i  Hi"  ti.ijMii  M-  .  i  in]  I  ii  he  should 
il  Smith's  bill.  Two  or  three  other  gentle 
■i  in  In  1 1"'  in"  t  favorable 
terms.  Herwai  record  ■  ta  briefl]  reviewed  and 
hi b     her     agrloultural, 

I'-tniiny     :imt     puIituMl     pusiticti    In      the 

Union.    Many  members  listened  to  the  discussion 

:  llfference.    One  man  suggested  an 

amendment   bj    striking  out    toe  appropriation. 

This  bit  of  waggery  caused  a  genera]   imtle  and 

i  the  vote  "ii  the  bill.    Th«-  yeas  and  nays 

j  led  for  and  taken;   the  bill  received    i 

handsome  majority  on  the  question  of  reporting 

■    ■  House,   end  t hen  th<    •■< no 

mil  tee  rose. 

teorel  of  the  bd  mlth's  bill,  thus 

i'h  Isfound  in  the  real  benefit  thai  it  proposed 
t"  bring  to  everybody  living  above  the  dam:  the 
population  below  thi  ■■  i  I  found  out 

enough  about  it  to  oppo  >  it  Intelligently 
On  the  following  day,  the  action  "i    tl 

il    thi    Whole  a  is  duly  reported  bo  the 
.  i  the  bills  fa 

upon  by  the  committee  were  called  up  I I  Ltlon 

for  action  bj  the   Bon*       Phal 

iding  "i  each  one  i 

lered 

Debate  followed  the  second  reading1.    Some  of 

were  discussed  at  length;  some  were  laid 

.•ii  the  table;    some  were  postponed    othi 

ordered  tone  engroaeed  torn  third  reading  and 

put  upon  their  paaaage.     One  or  two  pa       ! 

bj    b i    majorities,     One  or  two   more   were 

recommitted  to  their  reej ttve  commitu 

further  consideration  and  amendment 

A   SPEECH   IN   FAVOB   OF  THE  BILL. 

sin  it  h's  lull  was  read   i     ec I  I  Ima      Bei 

■  i  iredl}  spoke  In  favoi  .-t  Its  paasage,     He 
had    been    In  i  i  ms,  and 

spoke   t"  the  point   and  pleasantly,     in 
.  ..ii  ii.  i  .  having  fai  orablj  pat  led  I  he 

i  'ommlt  t t 

the  Whole,  be  fell  It  due  to  his  colleague  (Smith) 

and   the  Btate   which   they  both   represented,  to 

■  i  passagi  bj  i  be  House. 

An    op]  ember     from  a     dlsti  lei     In 

another  portion  of  the  Union,  wished  to  know  if 

thr  h.t.t.Y   h;ii|    ''Mint-   rti'll    |>i  ITM.-.i     i  ■■ 

through  the  n 

■i  Indignantly  repelled  the  Inslnus 
corrupting  Influences.     Th<    |  ed  In  the 

en    I n   in    good     tending  -nol 

i  id  men  whi  i  had  m  •  m<  mey  to  throw 
away  In  buying  am  "f  915.000. 

, 
the    I'iii       So    i  ad    every    bu  man    in   the 

county.    Thel  i  advocating  the 

nol  .1  word  "i    genuine  opp 

had  1 heard  exeepl  fi  im  I  he  opponents  "f  the 

dominant  pai  t  \  In  this  House.     '* t,"  saidE 

luslon,  "  i  move,  -i*-,  thai  the  lull  n<>  t:>  a 
p  it  up""  Ita  ps 
he   motion.      1 
come  In  the  House,    bul   he  fell  rather  rare  of 
■    i. m   bad  nol 
ird  from.     Thi 

-in  knew  "f  ii"  g i  reason  whj  the  (nil 

dd  little  or  nothing  in 


I  to  II      Besides,  they  might  n<  ed  the  i  otea 

..I  smith  and   Benson  In   ■ 

their  own  during  the  session;  so  thej  weapi 
on  ' in-  qui 
Thr  >.  .  a  the  pa     un  ol  I  be  bill 

tiled      The  vote  *ii*.*.*..'<i  political  bias  and 
to    thi    n    uit.      It 
stood    feu,  M;  nay*.  (W;  not  rotlng,  V7.     Bo  she 
I  ■  ■ 

THE   BILL  OOM   T"   TMK   skSATE. 

kdai  later,  Bmlth's  bill,  with  others,  i-  taken 
iati  i  hamper  by  the  <  Berk  of  the  House 
of  Repn  i  banded  to  the  Beei  ■ 

rhi  lattet  ofllci  i    al  I  he  prop*  ■ 

ai uncea  to  the  Senate  the  receipt  ol  thi    ■ 

■...  ii  i.  ii  have  been    i  "r  to  that  branch  of  t 

for  it>  concurrence.     As  the  title  of  eaol i 

to  ai  ommittee, 
in  full  a 
.  cond  time. 
ii  iring  the  title  of  Bmltb's  bill  read. 
requested  thai  Itbe  read  In  full.      Havini 

i    t  be  Senator  i  ed  I  hat  i  be  bill  be  sent 

i"  the  Commit  tee  on  i  lommeroe. 

Another  8enatoi  red  thai  it  go  to  th 

mlolVe    .hi    appropriations.      This    Is  I     i 

being  seconded,   the  oi  I   Benatoi    withdrew    in 
■ 
The  i'n -i.i.  nt    ■  ■  i  .■  i  is  made   the 

bill  will    ho   »ent  to  the   Committee   on   Appro- 
ona  " 
No  one  objected;  and   the  lull  snu  referred  to 
tii.  Committee  on  Appi  oprial  Ions, 

FBBSOHTAL    INTKllVIKWS    WITH    A    ('ONOHESSMAV. 

One  of  the  Benaton  from  Wisconsin  was  on  thia 

• Ittee      W  hen  Smith  Ii  at  ned  the  rel    

..t  in-  lull  in  the  Senate,  be  sought  the 
from  Wisconsin,  with  whom  in-  i>."i  considerable 
-..■■in  kintance  bad  i  confers  no  « Itfa  him  In 
regard  to  its  meiits,  and  reported  the  action  "f 
the  House  Committees  and  the  House  hi  detail 
I   Smith's  lobby  friends  also  Inten 

tin       Senator     fmm     Wj-'mm-Iii.      iiml     l':iviinihly 

Impreased  him  with  thi  merit    ol  the  ent   ■ 

In  the  after n  "t  the  following  day.  Smith's 

hill    was  brought   up  In   the  ct nlttee.     Smith 

waa  n"t  present , nor  was  it ■  ■■      I ! i    !>  id 

fully  explained   matters  t<>  the  Senator  fr his 

stiit.-.     When  the  bill  had  been  read  by  the  clerk 
<>r  the  committee,  the  meml  nmlttec 

naturally  turned  to  thi   Senator  from  Wisconsin, 
with  gentlemanly  deference,  and  he  briefly  and 
comprehen  Ively  expn     i  d  ■  I  ivoi  ■ 
it.      Smith  could  not  have  done  better      I  I 
would  really  derive  beni  fit  ft  om  I  be  pa 
the  bill.     He  would  nol  depn  cate  the  ralueof  any 
other  public  work  authorlxed  by  Congn 
i  i.i     comparatively     Inslgnlficani    appropi 
would  have  an  effect  upon  the  Interesta  "f  Inter- 
State  commerce  fax  outside  of  Wisconsin.     The 
Union    «iis     more     or     leas     benefited, 
frequently,  bj  these  little  ild    I  ■  i  ■  mmeroc 
i  in.    .i  i be  committee  oh lected  to  t  he  lai 

"f    the    am it    "f    the  appropriation,      In  hl« 

opinion  the  dam  nmi  dykes  ought    nol   to  cosl 

more  than  the  amount  named  In  the  bill,  bul  the 

partlei   to  bi  bi  neflted  directly  by  till    appropi  la 

:    i,,|.i ..'.  ement  ought  to  pay  al    lea 

Muni    ..I     the   expense   "lit    of  their  own    pockets. 

He  pri.i 

00  "  and  substituting  therefor  "  II K) 

Tin-  Senator  from  Wisconain  was  on  bis  ft  -  ■  In  ■ 
moment     i  inlj   I  be  week  before  h«    bad 

r  I   b    appi    ip]  ,.. 

Hon  in  a  bill  i  r  cha  racb  i    bnt  ol  no 

more  mt  rit  than  this      Ht  madi  a  little  speech,  In 

which  he  denounced  the  niggardly  spirit  In  public 

■  I  ■*  reti  encfa 

■Ml   reform.*'     He   begged    perml 

to  show  t  hat   116,000  wsw  the 

smallest  possible  awn  thai  could  i"    beneficially 

■    !  in  making  the  Wlppewissel   river  navl- 

.'.  ho  requt  ited  the 

pa     i  ■■:■  of    the  bill   bad  asked   nothing  for  the 

erectl t  the  necessarj    wharvea  and    pit  ■ 

Poppletoi  own      They  were  willing  i" 

bear  the  burden  of  ti  elvea     He 

M.-nt.   a    mi     engei    Cor  one  of    Smith's  lobby,   ■ 
gentleman  familiar  with  the  entire  county  men- 
tioned in  ti"'  lull      The  committee  question 
In  reference  to  the  amount  ol    work  thai  si5.ooo 
would   accomplish      He  said   it   mitrht  p< 
build  thi-  .ii  in.  and,  perhape,  moat  of  the  dykes, 

jret   he  thought   thai   M0, 000  would  be  n ■  too 

much  to  flnlah  the  work  proposed;  but  thi  i 

i  [lllngly  make  up  any  deficiency  remaining 
after  the  expenditure  "i  the  appropriation. 

FAVORABLE  OOBTBIDgBATlOll   Bt  THE  OOSTH1TTBB. 

i  he  con  favorably  Impressed  by  this 

id  the  Senator  cheerfully  withdrew 
bl  proposed  ■  m<  ndment.  Wo  other  ■  ■' ■ 
waa  made  to  the  bill  as  it  came  from  the  House. 
•  in.-  member  of  the  committee  thoughi  the  m  itter 
should  have  been  put  Into  the  general  appropria- 
rfven    and    harbors;  but    thai  '•'■■'    all. 

a  rote  was  takt  ti  "n  the  concurrence  ol  th*-  i - 

on  the  merits  of  the  measure.     There  are 


PASSAGE    OF    A    BILL    IN    CONGRESS    OF    GENERAL    INTEREST. 


-l-o'.t 


always  members  of  committees  who  talk  antl  vote 
against  the  dominant  party  in  Congress.  There 
was  one  in  this  committee,  and  he  voted  against 
Smith's  bill.  Otherwise  the  committee  agreed 
unanimously  to  report  the  bill  favorably  to  the 
Senate. 

Next  day  the  chairman  of  the  committee  so 
reported  it  to  the  Senate,  without  amendment. 

The  Tenure-of -Office  law  being  then  under  con- 
sideration, a  Senator  moved  that  Smiths  bill  In- 
read  a  second  time,  ordered  printed,  and  laid  on 
tin-  tahle  I'm-  future  consideration.  To  this  the 
Senate  agreed. 

Several  days  passed,  for  the  discussion  of  the 
Tenure-of -Office  law  was  vigorously  and  exten- 
sively pressed. 

As  soon  as  he  saw  his  way  clearly  to  gain  the 
attention  of  the  Senate,  the  Senator  from  Wis- 
consin, who  had  considered  Smith's  bill  in  the 
Committee  on  Appropriations,  having  in  the 
meantime  conferred  with  Smith,  called  up  the  Nip- 
pewisset river-dam  bill  for  a  third  reading. 

This  motion  brought  the  bill  squarely  before  the 
Senate.  The  Senator  from  Wisconsin  recited 
the  action  of  the  committee  in  favorably  recom- 
mending it  for  passage  without  amendment,  ami 
also  the  favor  with  which  it  had  passed  the 
House.  He  briefly  dwelt  upon  the  benefit  which 
the  bill  endeavored  to  confer  upon  a  large  class  of 
intelligent  and  industrious  citizens  in  Lomax 
county  and  upon  the  interests  of  inter-State  com- 
merce. 

It  was  in  the  days  when  the  civil  service  and 
tenure-of-office  questions  deeply  agitated  both 
branches  of  Congress.  The  debates  hail  lieeii 
exciting  and  tedious,  and  the  minds  of  the  Sena- 
tors were  filled  with  conflicting  views  upon  these 
subjects.  They  gave  little  attention  to  minor 
matters;  hence  the  explanations  of  the  Senator 
from  Wisconsin  easily  served  to  settle  any  doubts 
of  the  constitutionality  or  practical  benefits  of 
Smith's  bill. 

So  the  bill  was  read  a  third  time  and  put  upon 
its  Una!  passage  with) ml  a  dissent  jug  voice  The 
vote  on  its  passage  stood:  Yeas,  37,  nays,  15, 
absent  or  not  voting,  13. 

Then  the  Secretary  of  the  Senate  announced 
that  the  hill  had  passed 

An  hour  afterwards,  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, the  Secretary  of  the  Senate  announced 
that  the  Senate  had  passed,  and  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent had  signed,  the  House  bill  to  construct  a  dam 
across  the  Nippewisset  river,  in  Lomax  county, 
Wisconsin. 

SIGNED  THE  BILL. 

The  Speaker  of  the  House  thereupon  signed 
Smith's  bill  also,  and  it  was  dispatched  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States  for  his  approval  or 
veto.     (See  "  Duties  of  the  President.") 

A  day  or  two  subsequent  to  this,  the  President's 
Private  Secretary  appeared  in  the  House  of  Rep 
resentatives  and  announced  that  the  President 
had  approved  and  signed  the  bill  to  build  a  dam 
across  the  Nippewisset  river,  in  Lomax  county, 
Wisconsin. 

Smith  was  happy,  and  received  the  congratula- 
tions of  hit  friends  for  so  successfully  getting  his 
first  hill  safely  through  Congress,  within  ten  days. 

Smith  now  owns  two  steamboat  lines  on  the 
Nippewisset  river 

A  Bill  of  General  Interest. 

IN  THE   HOUSE. 

On  the  last  day  of  the  last  session  of  the  Fortieth 
Congress,  the  President  of  the  United  States 
signed,  and  thus  approved,  a  hill,  which  had  been 
regularly  passed  by  both  Houses  of  Congress, 
entitled  "  An  Act  making  appropriations  for 
sundry  oivil  expenses  of  the  Government  for  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1870,  and  for  other 
purposes." 

mi  the  9th  Of  April.  1869,  at  the  first  se--si.ni  of 
the  Forty-first  Congress,  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives,     Mr.       Dawes,      from       Massachusetts, 

addressed  the  speaker  as  follows.  "I  ask  unani- 
mous consent  to  report  from  the  Committee  on 
appropriations  a  bill  making  available  an  appro 
pnateni  heretofore  made. for  furniture  for  the 
Presidential  Mansion.     The  appropriation   made 


at  the  last  session  of  Congress  cannot  be  made 
available  until  next  July,  unless  this  bill  is 
passed. " 

The  hill  introduced  by  Mr.  Dawes,  who  was  at 
that  time  chairman  of  the  Standing  Committee  of 
the  House  on  Appropriations,  was  a  perfect  I  v 
legitimate  piece  of  legislation.  He  also  pre- 
sented to  the  House,  at  the  same  lime  a  letter  from 
the  Secretary  Of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Boutwell,  who 
stated  that  the  appropriation  bill  of  the  previous 
session,  mentioned  above,  had  been  referred  to 
the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  for  his  views, 
and  that  the  comptroller  had  expressed  the 
opinion  that  the  money  appropriated  to  purchase 
furniture  for  the  President's  House  could  not  be 
drawn  before  July  1,  1869.  The  Secretary  also 
requested  that  a  bill  similar  to  that  now  intro- 
duced by  Mr.  Dawes  might  be  passed  by  Congress. 

The  House  received  the  bill  presented  by  Mr. 
Dawes,  which  was  read  a  first  and  second  time, 
without  opposition.  it  was  in  substance  as 
follows- 

•lir  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  Hottte  Of 
Representatives  of  the  L'nited  States  of  America, 
in  Congress  assembled.  That  the  sum  of  825,000 
appropriated  by  the  act  approved  March  3,  1869, 
entitled  'An  act  making  appropriations  for 
sundry  civil  expenses  of  the  government  for  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1870,*  for  the  purpose  Of 
refurnishing  the  President's  House,  may  be  made 
available  for  that  purpose  without  increasing  the 
amount." 

Mr.  Brooks,  of  New  York,  asked:  "Can  the 
gentleman  name  what  is  the  amount  appropriated 
for  the  White  House  this  year'" 

Mr.  Dawes  replied:  "There  has  been  none 
made  by  this  Congress.  The  last  Congress  appro- 
priated $25.000— the  usual  amount  at  the  i ung 

in  of  a  new  administration.  It  has  never  been 
less  than  that.     On  one  occasion  it  was  more." 

No  further  remarks  being  made,  the  bill  was 
ordered  to  be  engrossed  and  read  a  third  time, 
and  being  engrossed,  it  was  accordingly  read  a 
third  time,  and  passed  by  the  House  as  it  was 
in!  i  ndneed  b\    Mr'     I  Law  es. 

For  some  unexplained  cause,  Mr.  Dawes  then 
moved  to  reconsider  the  vote  by  which  the  House 
had  passed  the  bill,  and  also  moved  that  the 
motion  to  reconsider  such  vote  be  laid  on  the 
table. 

The  bill  was  now  ready  to  go  to  the  Senate  for 
concurrence,  amendment  or  defeat. 

IN  THE  SENATE. 

On  the  following  day,  in  the  Senate,  a  message 
was  received  from  the  House  of  Representatives, 
by  its  Clerk.  Mr.  McPherson,  announcing  that  the 
House  had  passed  the  bill  making  available  an 
appropriation  heretofore  made  for  furniture  for 
the  Presidential  Mansion,  and  requesting  the 
concurrence  therein  of  the  Senate. 

Mr.  Fessenden,  of  Maine,  said  "That  is  a  very 
stunt  bill,  and  I  move  that  it  be  taken  up  at  once 
and  acted  upon.  It  is  absolutely  necessary  to 
pass  it,  because  the  money  which  has  been  appro- 
priated for  that  purpose  cannot  be  used  in  the 
present  fiscal  year  as  the  law  stands.  Tins  hill 
is  merely  to  allow  the  money  to  be  used  at 
once." 

He  then  called  attention  to  the  letter  from  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  expressing  the  opinion 
of  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  as  to  the 
unavailability  of  the  appropriation  iii  its  present 
condition. 

Mr  Stewart,  referring  to  the  bill,  said:  "  It  had 
better  be  read. " 

By  unanimous  consent,  the  hill  was  read  twice 
by  ils  title,  and  was  then  considered  as  in  Com- 
mittee Of  the  Whole 

Mr  Conkling  said:  "  Let  us  hear  the  letter  read 
of  which  (he  chairman  told  US." 

The  Chief  Clerk  then  read  Secretary  Boutwell's 
letter  in  reference  to  the  appropriation. 

Mr.  Fessenden  said:  "I  notice  that  the  hill 
reads  that  'the  sum  of  125,000,  etc.,  is  hereby 
made  available  for  such  purpose.'  it  is  available 
now,  hut  not  until  the  close  of  the  fiscal  yeai  I 
think,    therefore,    that    it    will     be     necessary   to 

amend  it.     [move  to  amend  it  bj  inserting  after 

the    word    '  available '     the    words,     *  during    the 

present  fiscal  year  '  " 


fhe  amendment  mu  agrt  ed  to  as  in  I  lommittee 

of  the  Whole. 

The  bill  was  next  reported  to  the  Senate  as 
amended,  and  the  Senate  concurred  in  the 
amendment , 

It  was  ordered  that  the  amendment  be 
engrossed,  and  the  bill  read  a  third  time. 

So  the  bill  was  read  a  third  time  and  pa-      i 
IN  THE  HOl'SE. 

A  message  from  the  Senate,  by  its  Secretary, 
Mr  i. hi  ham,  announced  to  tie  House  'hit  the 
Senate  had  passed  the  bill,  with  an  amendment, 
in  which  he  was  directed  to  ask  the  concurrence 

i>l    tin-  House. 

Mi  Dawes  said:  "I  ask  unanimous  consent 
that  the  bill  just  returned  from  the  Senate  may 
i-i  taken  up,  and  the  amendment  of  the  Senate 
concurred  in. 

Messrs.  Kerr,  Brooks,  and  others   objected. 

IN   THE   SENATE. 

Mr-  Fessenden.  in  the  Senate,  on  the  same  day, 
said:  "In  regard  to  the  bill  authorizing  the 
325.000  appropriated  for  furnishing  the  Pre-nii  n\  - 
House  to  be  Used  during  the  current  year,  which 
we  vent  hack  to  the  other  House  with  an  amend- 
ment, I  understand  that  it  cannot  be  got  up  in  the 
House."— owing    to    the     objections     ,.,i 

Kerr,  Brooks  and  others.  — "and  it  is  sent  hark  to 
me  informally,  with  the  request  that  it  be  t 
as  it  is.  I  move,  therefore,  regarding  the  bill  as 
here  by  unanimous  consent,  that  «•■  reeonsider 
tin  rote  by  which  it  was  passed,  and  then  vote 
down  the  amendment,  and  pass  it  "—the  In. 
came  from  the  House  at  first  — "  without  amend- 
ment." 

Mr.  Edmunds,  of  Vermont,  said.  "It  has  not 
been  returned  formally." 

Mr  Edmunds  said:  "No,  but  informally." 

The  President  of  the  Senate  said:  "The  vote 
will  be  regarded  as  reconsidered  if  there  be  no 
objection.  " 

Mr.  Edmunds  and  others  said:  "Let  it  be  done 
by  unanimous  consent    " 

fin  President  Of  the  Senate  said:  "  There  being 
no  objection,  the  vote  on  the  passage  of  the  bill 
making  available  an  appro  nriation  heretofore 
made  lor  furniture  for  the  Presidential  Mansion 
will  be  regarded  as  reconsidered.  The  amend- 
ment will  DC  regarded  as  rejected,  and  the  lull 
passed  without  amendment— if  there  be  no  objec- 
tion." 

IN  THE  HOUSE. 
In  the  House  a  message  from  the  Senate  l.v  its 
Clerk.  Mr.  tiorham,  announced  that  the  Senate 
bad  passed,  withoutamendmcnt.au  act  making 
available  the  appropriation  heretofore  made  for 
furniture  for  the  Presidential  Mansion. 

IN    THE   SENATE. 

A  message  from  the  Hon,...  hv  its  Clerk,  Mr. 
McPherson     announced    that    the    Speaker    of     the 

House  had  signed  the  hill  making  available  the 
appropriation  for  furniture  for  the  White  Rouse; 
and  the  President  ol  the  Senate  then  stoned  it.  It 
was  then  ready  to  he  sent  to  the  President  of  the 
United  state,  tor  approval  ami  signature,  fn  the 
si form  as  that  iii  winch  Mr.  Dawes  introduced 

it  in  the  House  "I   Kepi  esni  tat  ives  on  the  pi  .\  ions 

day 

REMARKS. 

The  history  of  tin-  bill  i-  something  unusual, 
and  the  action  upon  it  irregular,  but  the   legality 

of   the  ii  nas,  ire  is  1 1  in  [  1 1 1  ■  -  ( i  oiied.       After  the  St  fiate 

had  passed  the  lull  with  the  amendment,  ii  was 
the  duty  ol  the  House  t,.  eithei   accept  or  reject 

the   amendment  by  ballot.     This   it    failed   to   do. 

it  was  irregular,  also,  t<>i  die  Senate  to  reject   its 

own  amend  men  t  without  having  the  bill  be  I 
a-  it   should  have  had.  hut    it   could  not   have  It 
The    lull    having,    therefore,    finally    passed    both 
houses  without  amendment,  ami  the    presiding 
officers  having  both  signed  it.  It  became  a  law    for 

it    is   not    likely  that     the    President    would 

lull  of  so  much  Importance  to  the  house  in  which 
in-  hved.  it  was  something  unusual,  too,  Foi  the 
Senate  to  first  consider  the  hit)  "  as  in  Committee 
of  the  Whole,"  there  agree  to  it.  report  it  to  the 

Senate  as  a  body,  and  then  put  it  on  Its  passage. 


Congressional    Committees. 


Committees  are  appointed  in  the 
different  houses  of  Congress  to  con- 
sider hills  relating  to  the  following 

Elections. 

Ways  and   Means. 

appropriations. 

Judiciary. 

Banking  and  Currency. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

Commerce. 

agriculture. 

Foreign  Affairs. 

ttilltary  Affairs. 

Post  Office  and  Post-Roads. 

Public  Lands. 


Indian  Affairs. 
Territories. 
Railways  and  Canals. 
Hanufactui  i  - 
Miners  ami  Mining 

Public   Buildings   and  Croutlds. 

Pacific  Railroad. 

Improvement   of    the   Uissi  sippl 

River. 

Education   and  Labor. 
Militia. 

Patents. 

Invalid    Pensions. 

Pensions. 

Claims. 


War  claims. 
Public  Expenditures 

Private    Land   Claims. 

District  of  Columbia. 

Revision  of  the  Laws, 

Expenditures  in   the   Department 
of  State. 

Expenditures      in      the     Tn 
Department. 

Expenditures  in  the  Wai    Depai  I 
ment. 

Expenditures  in  the  Navy  Depart 

ment. 

Expend  it  u  res    in     the     Post-OIHee 
Department. 


Inures      in       the       Interior 
Department. 

i  cpendituree   in    the  Department 
ol  Justice. 

■i  inures  in  Public  Buildings. 

Rules. 

acoou 

Mileage 

Pnhhc  Library. 

Printing. 

Enrolled  lulls. 

■  ■ 

Civil  Service. 

Ventilation  of  Hall. 


A, 


jL^^/i^V^y 


Territorial  Laws. 


; 


The  Duties  of  United  States  Officers  in  the  Territories. 


!  I         ■■'iinr  power  of  the  Territories 

>■(  the  United  States  la  vesfc  d  In  a 

i    who  Is  appoint!  >I  by  the 

President,  and   who  li 

for  four  yean,  artless  sooner  removed. 
He  resides  in  the  Territory  to  which  he  la 
assigned,  although  appointed  from  some-  other 
portion  of  the  Unite  I  S 

Powers  of  the  Governor, 

in  in  t  of  the 

militia  of  his  Territory,  grunts  pardons  and 
reprieves  remits  Ones  and  forfeitures  for  offenses 
against  ■  ■  Ten  Iton     Issues  respites 

fur  offenses  against  the  laws  of  the  I 
till  tin-  decision  <>r   the  President  can  be  made 
known      thereon;       comntiaajone      all      officers 
ted  under  the  laws  of  such  Territory,  and 
takes    care    that    tin-    statutes    are    faithfully 

■    I  Tin'     gOl  ■ 

.  reto  any  bill 
by  the  Territorial  leg! 

either  case  la  similar  t..    tl  d  in  the 

description  of  the  government  of  the  several 
States  of  the  Union. 

ltuties  of  the  Territorial  Secretary. 

The  President  also  appoints  for  each 

Territoi  In  tin-  Territory  to  which 

for  four 
years,  unless  sooner  removed  tn  case  of  the 
-ignation  or  absence  of  the 
.  i  from  the  Territory,  the  secretary 
executes  all  the  powers  and  performs  all  the  duties 
of  the  governor  during  such  vacancy  or  absence. 
It  is  the  duty  «>f  the  secretary,  also,  to  record 

and  preserve  all  the  laws  and  proceedings  of  the 
embly,  J»nd  nil  the  acts  and  pro- 
ceedings of  the  governor  in  the  executive  depart- 
ment; transmit  copies  of  the  laws  and  Journals 
of  the  legislature,  after  each  session  th<  i 
the  President  and  Congress),  ami  copies  of  the 
execute  p-mdence 

of  the  Territory  to  the  President  twice  a  year; 
the  laws  passed  by  the 
turn,  and  furnish  the  copy  to   the   public 
printer  of  thi 

Territorial  Legislature. 

The  It  of    two   branches— the 

council   and   house  of   representatives,  members 

of  both  branches  being  duly  qualified  voters,  are 


circled  by  the  people  in    the   various  districts  In 
rltory.     They  remain   in  office   two  years, 
and  hold  their  i  ons  once  In  two 

I  pointing  lis  own  day  <>f  meet- 
ing.   Members  must  reside  In  the  count)  01   dli 
tricl  from  which  they  are  respectively  elected. 
The  apportionment  <>t  districts  and  the  i 
<.f  legit  ibllshed  by  the  laws  ..i   the 

United  si 

Territorial  I.ans  Submitted  to  Congress. 
Laws  passed   In  certain  Territories  have  to  be 
submitted  to)  lit  they  are  not  there 

■  I     ...  .  i..  ■  ■mi  null  and  i old     'i  I  ■ 

ires  .' I    allowed  to  ps 

Interfering  with  the  primary  disposal  <<f  the  soil, 
Imposing  taxes  upon   property   ■•!    the   United 
or  taxing  the  land  or  property  of   non- 
i    owners    higher    than    that   of     | 
ttory. 
Length  of  Time  Legislature  is  in  Session. 
The  sessions  of  each  Territorial  legislature  are 
limited    to   forty   days.    The    president    of    the 
deer  of  the  house  are  both 
elected  by  their  respective  branches  <>f  the  legisla- 
ture.    The  qualifications  of  members  and  their 
rights  to  hold  other  offices  while  they  an 

■  .are  regulated  by  United    States  law. 

■    cannot  pass  any  law  altering  the 
salary  of  the  governor!  the  secretary,  or  the  offl- 
emben  d!  the  legislature  as  fixed  by  the 
lawn  of  the  United  states. 

The  subordinate  officers  of  each  branch  of  every 
i  ■  ■  la]  legislature  consist  of  one  chief  clerk, 
one  assist. mi  clerk,  one  enrolling  clerk,  one  en- 
grossing  clerk,  one  sergeant-at-arms,  one  door- 
keeper,  one  messenger  and  oni 

Territorial  Representation  in  t  ongress. 

■  Territory  has  a  right  to  send  a  Delegate 
to  the  House  "f  Representatives  of  the  Congress 
of  the  United  Btates,  to  serve  during  each  term 
of  Congress,    and  this  Delegate  is  elected  by  a 

lined  voters  of  the  Territory.- 

Such  Delegate  '  :  it  In  Congress  with  the 

right  of  debating,  but  not  of  voting. 

How  Minor  Offices  are  Filled. 

Justices  Of  the  peace,  and  all  general  officers  of 

the    militia   of    the  Territory,   are   appointed   or 

elrrtrd  by  the  people  In  such  manner  as  may  be 

prescribed  by  the  governor  and  legislature;  all 


other  officers  not  otherwise  provided  for  by  the 
Laws  "t  the  United  States  are  appointed  by  the 
governor,  with  the  advice ol  the  Tei  rltorlal  coun- 
cil, vacant  lea    being    oiled    temporarily  bj  the 

or*s  appointment  during    a  of  the 

legislature  until  it  meets  again. 

When  a  Resident   May  Vole. 

Voters  must  be  twenty-one  years  old,  and  cltt< 

zens  nf  the  United  States,  or  persons  who  have 
legally  declared  their  Intentions  •>(  becoming 
such,  and   without    regard   to  "race,  color  or 

condition   of    sen  Itude  "     Ho 
soldlei .  leamen    marine)    or  ol  her  person  In  the 

service  Ol    the    fluted    SLilcs  run  vuli'   in    .m-,     I  ■  i 

uritii  he  has  been  permanently  domiciled 
01  -iv  months,  and  no  person  helonf 
the  army  or  navy  can  be  elected  to,  >>r  hold,  any 
cii  ii  office  or  appointment  In  any  Territory. 

All  township,  district  aud  county  officers,  except 

justices  ■•nil  genera]  officers  ol  the  milll 
appointed  or  elected  in  such  manner  as  the  gov- 
ernor and  legislature  provide. 

Territorial  supreme  Gouts* 
The  supreme  court  of  every  Territoi  j  e 

a  chief  Justice  and  two  a  any  two 

■  if  whom  constitute  a  quorum  for  business.    They 

arc  appointed  by  the  President,  hold 

foi  four  yeai     unless  soonei   re red,  and  open 

a   term  of  their  court    annually  at  the  seat  of 
01 1..!  government. 
Each  Territory  is  divided  Into  thret 

districts,  In    each   of  which  a  Territorial  district 

court  i-  held  by  one  of  the  justices  of  the  supreme 
court,  at  such  time  and  place  as  the  law  preset  Ibes; 

and  each    judge,  after    his  assignment,  re; 
the  district  t0  Which  In-  )-  aligned 

The   supreme   court    and    1 1*»-   di-itn-t    ...mi 
respectively,  of  the  Territories,  possess  chancery 
as  well  as  common  law  jui  i -diction. 

Territorial    Prisoners. 

A  penitentiary-  established  in    some  of  the  Terrt- 

:,.  n  ready  for  the  reception  of  con 
Is  placed  in  charge  of  the  att"i  n.\  general  of  the 

:  r,  who  makes  all  needful  rail 
regulations  for  its  government,  and  the  marshal 
ha*  ing  charge  over  such  |iniitnitinry  musl 
tii.  in  to  be  duly  executed  and  obeyed;  and  the  rea- 
sonable compensation  of  the  marshal  and  his  depu- 
ties for  their  services  under  such  regulations  are 
fixed  by  the  attorney-general. 


HE  diplomatic  officers  of  the 
Doited  States  include  the 
folio  wine:: 

Embassadors.  — Persons 
sent  by  onesovereign  power 
to   another    sovereign 
power    to    transact    public 
business  of  importance  and 
interest  to  one  or  both  of 
them. 
Envoys— Extraordinary — 
Public  ministers,  or  officers, 
sent  from  one  sovereignty  to 
another  on  special  business  of  importance: 

Ministers  — Plenipotentiary— Embassadors,  or 
negotiators,  or  envoys,  sent  to  a  foreign  seat  of 
government  with  full  diplomatic  powers. 

Ministers — Resident — Embassadors  with  diplo- 
matic powers  who  reside  continually  at  a  foreign 
seat  of  government. 

Commissioners— Persons  appointed  by  a  sover- 
eign power  to  confer  with  simitar  persons  from 
another  sovereign  power,  and  decide  any  special 
and  disputed  question  of  international  interest  or 
importance. 

Charges  D'AFFAIRES— Ministers  of  the  third  or 
lowest  class,  sent  to  a  foreign  seat  of  government. 
Agents — Officers  sent  to  a  foreign  country,  with 
limited    powers,    to    treat    upon    specified    inter- 
national matters. 

Secretaries  of  Legation'—  Officers  appointed 
by  the  President  to  accompany  ministers  to 
foreign  governments  to  assist  them  in  their  official 
duties. 

Appointed  by  the  President. 
The  foregoing  diplomatic  officers  are  appointed 
by  the  President,   and  confirmed  by  the   United 
States  Senate. 

But   one    minister   resilient    is    accredited    to 
Guatemala,  Costa  Rica.  Honduras,  Salvador,  and 
.  _'ua,  living  in  either  of  these  States  lli.it 
he  may  select. 

Ministers  resident  and  consuls-general,  com- 
bined in  the  same  person,  are  accredited  to  the 
Republics  of  Hayti  and  Liberia. 

The  consul-general  at  Constantinople  is  the 
secretary  of  legation  to  Turkey,  but  receives 
compensation  only  as  a  consul-general. 

Any  regularly-appointed  diplomatic  officer  upon 
whom  devolves  another  similar  office  while  hold- 
ing the  first,  is  allowed  50  per  cent,  additional 
pay  as  long  as  he  holds  the  second  office. 


All  fees  collected  at  the  legations  are  accounted 
for  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Consular  Officers. 

"Consul  general,"  "consul,"  and  "com- 
mercial agent,"  denote  full,  principal  and 
permanent  consular  officers. as  distinguished  from 
subordinates  and  substitutes. 

Either  of  these  terms  designate  an  officer  of 
greater  or  less  degree,  appointed  to  reside  at  a 
certain  place  in  a  foreign  country,  to  protect  the 
commerce  and  commercial  interests  of  the  United 
States. 

' '  Deputy-consul  "  and  ' '  consular  agent "  denote 
consular  officers  who  are  subordinate  to  such 
principals,  exercising  the  powers  and  per- 
forming the  duties  within  the  limits  of  their 
consulates  or  commercial  agencies,  respt 
the  former  at  the  same  ports  or  places,  and  the 
latter  at  ports  or  places  different  from  those  at 
whlcb  such  principals  are  respectively  located. 

•onsuls"  and  ■'vice-commercial  agents" 
denote  consular  officers  who  are  temporarily 
substituted  to  fill  the  places  of  consuls-general. 
consuls  or  commercial  agents  when  they  are  tem- 
porarily absent,  or  relieved  from  duty. 

The  term  "  consular  officer"  includes  the  fore- 
going persons  and  none  others. 

nsul-general  or  consul  may  hold  those 
offices  at  any  other  place  than  that  to  which  each 
is  appointed. 

Restrictions  I'pon  Consuls. 

All  consular  officers  whose  salaries  exceed  si, 000 
a  year,  cannot,  while  holding  office,  be  interested 
in  or  transact  any  business  as  merchants,  I 
brokers  or  other  traders,  or  as  clerks  or  agents 
for  any  such  pel 

Consular  Clerks. 

The  President  has  authority  to  appoint  consular 
clerks,  oo(  exceeding;  thirteen  in  number,  who 
citizens  of  the  United  States  and  over 
eighteen  years  old  when  appoint) 
them  from  time  to  time  to  such  consulates  and  with 
such  duties  as  he  shall  direct.  Such  clerks  must 
be  duly  examined  as  to  their  qualifications  by  an 
examining  board,  who  report  to  the  Secretary  of 
State,  before  their  appointment. 

Duties  of  Consular  Officers. 

Consuls  and  vice-consuls  have  the  right,  in  the 
ports  or  places  to  which  they  are  severally 
appointed,  of  receiving;  the  protests  or  declara- 
tions which  captains,  masters,  crews,  passengers 


or  merchants,  who  are  citizens  of  the  United 
i  make  there,  and  also  such 
as  any  foreigner  may  make  before  them  relative 
to  the  personal  interest  of  any  citizen  of  the 
United  States.  Every  consular  officer  i 
required  to  keep  a  list  of  all  seamen  and  mariners 
shipped  and  discharged  by  him,  giving  the  par- 
ticulars of  each  transaction,  the  payments  made 
on  account  of  each  man,  if  any;  also,  of  the 
number  of  vessels  arrived  and  departed,  the 
amounts  of  their  tonnage,  the  number  of  their 
seamen  and  mariners,  and  of  those  who  are 
ted,  and  whether  citizens  of  the  United 
States  or  not,  and  as  nearly  as  possible  the  nature 
and  value  of  their  cargoes  and  where  produced, 
making  returns  of  the  same  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury;  also  to  take  possession  of  the 
personal  estate  left  by  any  citizen  of  the  United 
States  i  other  than  seamen  belonging  to  any 
who  dies  within  the  jurisdiction  of  that 
consulate,  leaving  no  representative  or  relative  by 
him  to  take  care  of  his  effe 

The    consul     inventories    the     effects,    collects 

debts  due  to  the  deceased,  pays  those  dne  from 

him.      sells     such      of     the      property     of     the 

;  as  i-  perishable  in  its  nature,  and  after 

one  year  the  remainder,  unless,  in  the  meantime. 

some  relative  or  representative  of  the   di 

comes    to  claim    his  effects,  paying  the  accrued 

i-i    case     no     relative     or    representative 

appears,  the  consul    forwards   the  remainder  of 

:>,  etc. .  to  the  Secretary  of 

the  Treasury  in  trust  for  the  legal  claimant-. 

Persons    dying    abroad    may  appoint    consular 

their    agents  for  the   disposal  of   their 

BtC,  or  any  other  person  instead,  and  the 

officer  may  be  called  upon  bo  assist  In 

caring    for    the    property    and    interests    of    the 

Consular  officers  are  required  to  procure  and 
transmit  to  the  Department  of  State  authentic 
information  concerning  the  commerce  of  such 
countries,  Of  such  character,  in  sin-h  manner  and 
form,  and  at  such  times  as  the  Department  of 
State  may  prescribe:  also,  the  prices  current  of 
all  articles  of  merchandise  usually  exported  to 
the  United  States  from  the  port  or  place  at  which 

solar  officer  is  stationed     Other  d 
a  commercial  character  are  fully  prescribed  by 

the  laws,  with  restrictions  and  penalties  for 
violations  of  the  rules  and  regulations  governing 
consulates. 


4  I  •_' 


HOW    ELECTIONS    MUST    BE   CONDUCTED. 


^r 


■.-  ■-■  \     .     !  !    ■-■  v  v  ■.'  v  v  v  v  v  '.         " 


v  -:--i--v- 


SECTION.1  L[  A  WS.:N 

OF   THE 


^  A  A  A  A 





(IIMIITIIIVS 

I  MIHI 

WHICH 

11TIZKNS 

aiv 
row. 


^^zz^zs 


-  ■  ■        . 


— 1 


Who  May  and  Who  May  Not  Vote. 


LL  PERSONS  bom  in  the 
United  States,  and  not 

robjecl  to  any  foreign 
power,  excluding  Indi- 
ol  taxed  :  all 
children  born  out  of 
the  limits  ami  jurisdie- 

tion    of     the    United 

Slates,    whose    lather- 

0)  maj  be  at  the 

time  of  their  birth 
citizens  thereof,  and 
any  woman  who  Is  now 
or  may  hereafter  be 
married  to  a  citizen  of 
the  United  Bti 
who   might    herself  be  lawfully  naturalized,  are 

deemed  cltiseni  of  the  United  Btatee;    bat   the 
on  of  .v  foreign  subject,  residing  Id 
the  United  States,  must  be  natoralUed. 

Mights  of  Citizens  in  foreign  Countries. 
All  naturalised  ottiscns  <>f  the   United  Btatee, 
while    In    fOB  are  entitled   to  and 

rceeiw  from  till-  <  i>  >*  ernment  t  lit-  same  protection 
of    persons  and    property    which    i-    accorded    to 
native-born  cltliens;    and   11   la  the  duty  of  the 
President,     s  benever    an    american    citizen     Is 
unjustly  deprived  of  hi*  liberty  bj  anj 
government,    to    demand    the    reason    for    his 
Imprisonment,  and,  if  hie  imprisonment  la  unjust 
or  in  violation  "f  the  rights  of  American  citizens, 
mil   )n-  t.  |.  .!-.  :    ihould  this  demand  be 
or  dju  aasonablj   delaj  ed,   the  President 
may  titk«-  measures,  (not    amounting  to  acta  of 
■   have  him   released,  communiea! 
.  ad    proceedings    i  elative   t"  the 

practicable.  After  that,  any 
InTaslon  of  the  rights  of  any  such  american 
citizen  by  a  foreign  government  i-  a  reasonable 
ground  for  i lipliiina tie  adjustment  or  a  declaration 
of   war  by  the  United  St  it. ■-. 

Military  Forte  Not  Allowed  at    Elections. 

IWBOf  the  United   BtatU   forbid  any  naval 

or  mllltarj  officer  to  bring  anj  armed  troops  to 
■    Hon,  genera]  or  special,  onle      Ittx 
to  repel  armed  enemies  of  the  United  Bte 

to  keep  peace  at  the  polls;  and  no  military  or 
pi  rmitted  to  pi  escribe  or  fix,  or 
attempt  to  prescribe  or  fix.  by  proclamation, 
order,  or  otherwise,  the  -jualiflcations  of  voters 
In  any  state,  or  in  any  manner  interfere  with  the 
i  of  any  election  In  any  State,  or  with  the 

right  ol  suffrage  therein. 

The  laws  also  provide  that  neither  "race,  color. 


or  previous  condition  of  servitude"  can  affect 
the  rights  of   tfttsena   to   rote,  and    prescribe 

penalties  f"[  iriu-iiii:  to  1<  t  '  it  i/.ti-  vote  lawfully. 

for  wrongfully  refusing  to  receive  a  lawful  vote 
i    for  unlawfully  hindering  a 
punson  from  rotlng, 

Supervisors  of  Klection. 

In  ordei  to  correct    any  abuses  ol   this  sort,  it  is 

iU-crced  [  bat  mi  the  application  of  any  two  citizens 

m  any  city  or  town  of  more  than  90,000  Inhabit 
ante,  or  wheneTer  In  any  county  or  parish,  in  any 

i  ■•■iiL'i-1  --imm.lI  ill- tint,  ten  citizens  of  ^ood  stand- 
ing, previous  to  any  registration  of  voters  for  an 
.  lection  foi   Repn  v  ntativee  or  Delegate  in  Con- 

greee,  or  previous  to  any  election  at   win.  d   racfa 

Repn  tentative  or  Delegate  Is  in  bo  voted  for, 
maj  make  known  In  writing  to  the  judge  of  the 
United  States  circuit  court,  in  that  circuit,  their 
desires  to  have  such  registration  or  election,  or 

both,  guarded  and  scrutinized,  the   judge,  within 

nol  less  than  ten  days  prior  to  the  n 

election,  .1-  i  tie  ■  i  ■>■  m. i  \  he,  i  i  .-.pnred  to  open 
the  circuit  court  at  the  most  convenient  point  In 
his  circuit.  He  then  pr-..reed-  to  appoint  and 
commission,  from   day  to   day  and    from    time   to 

time,  under  bis  hand  and  the  seal  of  his  court,  two 
residents  of  the  city,  town,  election  dis- 
trict Or  Vol  HI  II     pi  ee|  fir  t  <  if    t  lie  t  ■  'Wll.   elt  V .   COUII  t>' 

and  parish,    who  shall  be  of  different    political 

parti.-,  and    able    tO    read   and  write    the    English 

language;  and  these  citisens  shall  be  known  and 
ited  as   "supervisors  or  election."      Any 

circuit  judge  may  appoint  a  United  Btatee  district 

judge  to  perform  this  duty  for  him.  In  case  he  Is 
unable  !•>  perform  It  himself. 

What  Supervisors  «f  Flertion  Shall  Do. 

The  supervisors  of  election,  so  appointed,  are 
authorised  and  required  to  attend,  at  all  times 

and    places    fixed    for    the   registration    of    legal 

e  any  person  offering  to  regis* 

tei ;  t.i  attend  at  all  tunes  and  places  «hen  the 

names      ■  ■>..tei-    mm    be  marked  for 

i  ge,  and  to  cause   such    na  mOB  registered    tO 

be.  as  they  deem    proper,  so  marked;  to  make, 

when  required  ih<  lists  id  pei  i>n  whose  right  to 
register  and  vote  is  claimed  ami  verify  the  same; 
and  upon   any  occasion,  and   it   any  tune  when   in 

att.  ndance  upon  the  duty  here  noted,  to  per 

racfa  registry,  and  for  pur- 
poses  of  Identify  pi  their  names  to  each 

the  original  h>t  and  of  each  copy  of  any 
such  ii-t  of  registered  voters,  at  such  time  when 
any  name  may  be  received  or  registered,  and  in 
such  a  manner  aa  will,  in  their  judgment,  detect 


hnd<  cpOM  improper  removal  or  addition  of  any 

name  therefrom  bi  thereto. 

The   hut)    to  Challenge   Votes. 

The  supervisors  of  election  are  authorized  •<  all 

tunes    ami    place-    for   holding    elections  of    ltepre- 

sentativi  - .  n  1 1. 1,  gates  In  Congress,  and  for  count- 
ing the  ro at  such  elections  to  challenge 

any  BUOfa   TOtS  Off)  fOd     DJ    nn    person    Whose    legal 

qualifications  the  supervisors,  or  either  of  them, 
i"'  nbt;  to  be  and  Km. mi  where  the  ballot* 
boxen  are  kept  at  all  tunes  after  the  polls  are  open 

until  every  voto  cast  at     acfa  time  and  place  has 

bee ted,    the    canvass   Of    all    rotas    polled 

wholly  completed,  ami  the  proper  and  requisite 
returns  or  certificates  made,  a-  required  by  any 
si. i.     Territorial,  municipal  or  Federal   lawj    and 

i  i  I-  i  onallj  Inspect  and  Bcrutlnlse,  from  time  to 
time,  ami  at  all  times,  on  the  daj  "i  elect the 

manner   in  which  the  voting   is  done,  and  tin-  way 

and  method  In  which  the  poll-books,  registry  lists, 

and  tallies  or  cheek   bonks  are   kept 

in  ordei   that  each  candidal    for  Delegate  or 
■  ntatlvetn  Congress  raaj  obt  tin  the  benefit 

Of    every   vote   cost   for   him.   the   BUpervl 

election  are.  and  each  of  them  is.  required  to 
illj    scrutinise,  eounl   and   canTass    eaofa 
ballot  cast  In  their  election  district  or  Toting  pre- 
cinct, whatever  the  indoi  anient  on  the  ballot,  or 

in  whatever  bOS  It  may  have  been  placed  Or  Is 
found;  to  iiuike  and  forward  to  the  Officer  known 
as  chief  super  \  i  ■.,],    .  .  r  t  iflcates  and    returns 

of  all  such  ballots  as  such  offloer  may  direct  and 

re. piire,   and    !o    eertlfyon    all    registry  lists  any 

i.i  as  to  the  truth  or  accuracy  of  the  lists 

Or    tO    the    tinth    Or    fairness    Of     the  election    ami 

.  (hat  they  de,  in    l,.iiM    t     .ml  proper  to  he 

made.  In  order  that  th<   facti  maj  become  known, 

Kusl    stand  Where    Fach  Voter   (an  be  Seen. 

The  better  to  enable  the  supervisors  of  election 

large  their  duties,  they  are  authorized  and 

required,  In  theii  respective   election  districteor 

voting    preemet-.    on    the    day  or    registration,  on 

I  Im-   d.i  v       ■.   I  .     i:.t  ked    to 

be  challenged,  or  on  the  day  of  election,  to  take 

SUCh  a  position,  from  time  to  time,  as  will,  in  th.  ir 

Judgment,  best  enable  them  to  see  each  person 
who  offers  himself  for  registration  or  to  vote,  and 
permit  them  to  scrutinize  the  manner  in  which 
the  registration  or  voting  is  being  done;  and  at 
nig  of  the  polls  for  the  reception  of  votes. 
they  are  required  to  sit  or  stand  in  such  a  position 

Dearths,  ballot-boxes  as  will  i»--t  enable  them  to 
Canvass  the  ballots  ond  see  thut  the  election  has 
been  fairly  conducted 


TIME    OF    RESIDENCE    REQUIRED    IN    DIFFERENT    STATES    IN    ORDER    TO    VOTE. 


HOW  FOREIGNERS  ARE  NATURALIZED  AND  BECOME  CITIZENS. 


)  ERSONS  born  in  foreign  nations  and 
coining  to  the  United  States  Do  reside, 
are  required  to  submit  to  certain 
tonus  of  law  before  they  can  become 
citizens  of  any  State  or  Territory,  as 
follows: 
Going  before  either  a  district  or 
circuit  court  of  the  United  States,  or  a  district  or 
supreme  court  of  any  Territory,  or  any  court  of 
record  having  jurisdiction  in  auch  cases,  he  must 
declare  on  oath  that  he  intends  to  become  a  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States,  and  to  renounce  forever 
his  allegiance  to  any  foreign  sovereign  or  State. 
especially  naming  the  kingdom  or  empire  of 
which  he  was  formerly  a  subject. 

Two  years,  or  more,  after  thus  declaring  his 
intention  to  become  a  citizen,  he  applies  to  the 
court  for  admission  to  all  therightsand  privileges 
of  a  citizen  of  the  United  States.    At  this  time  he 


must  clearly  state,  under  oath,  that  he  will  sup- 
port the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and 
again  renounce  all  allegiance  to  any  foreign 
sovereign  or  government,  especially  the  one 
under  whom  he  formerly  lived.  He  must  also 
show,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court,  that  he  has 
resided  within  the  United  States  five  years,  and 
within  the  State  or  Territory  in  which  the  court  i- 
then  held  for  a  certain  period;  that  he  has  during 
that  time  behaved  as  a  man  of  good  moral 
character,  attached  to  the  principles  of  the 
Federal  Constitution:  that  he  is  well  disposed  to 
the  good  order  and  happiness  of  the  United  States, 
and  that  he  expressly  renounces  and  abandons 
any  hereditary  title  of  nobility  or  association 
with  any  of  the  orders  of  nobility  which  he 
possessed  in  his  native  or  adopted  foreign  country, 
and  this  renunciation  is  recorded  In  the  court. 
Witnesses  are  necessary  to  prove  the  fact  of  his 


having  resided  in  the  country  the  requisite  time 
before  applying  for  citizenship,  his  own  oath  not 
being  sufficient. 

Any  person   who   immigrates   into    the    United 
State?     from     a     foreign    country    threi 
before  coming  of    age,  and  maintains  hie   resi- 
dence here  until  twenty-one   years   old 
years  longer,  may,  at  tlie  expiration  of  tin 
live   years,  be  admitted   to  all   the   righl 
privileges    of    a    citizen    without    making    the 
preliminary    declaration     of     bis     Intention      to 
become  men;  but  he  most  then  make  oath  that 
for  two  years  past  such  has  been  his  im 
and  fully  comply  with  all  the  other  requlri 
of  the  naturalization  laws. 

The  provisions  of  this  law  apply  equally  to 
white  persons  of  foreign  birth,  of  African  nativ- 
ity or  African  descent. 


When  Native-Born  Citizens  and  Foreigners  May  Vote. 


HE  CONDITIONS  under  which  a  person  born  in  the  United  States 

rk  \ ULL       0I  TerriEor*es  mav  vote  at  general  State  elections  are :   That  the 

person  shall  be  a  male,  twenty-one  years  of   age,   and  have 

resided  in  the  State  where  he  votes  a  definite  period  of  time. 

Certain  States  require  educational  and  property  qualifications. 

After  arriving  in  the  United  States,  a  foreigner  may  go  before  a  competent 

court  and  make  oath  that  he  desires   to  become  a  citizen  of    the    United 

States.      The  paper  given    him    by   the  court    is  a  certificate  that  he  has 

"  declared  his  intention"  to  become  a  citizen. 

Five  years  afterwards  he  may  go  again'before  a  proper  court  and  take  out 
papers  of  naturalization.  The  foreigner  is  then  naturalized,  and  is  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  entitled  to  vote  the  same  as  a  native-born  citizen. 

Each  State  has  its  own  law  as  to  the  time  a  foreigner  shall  have  lived  in 


the  United  States  before  he  can  vote  in  that  State.  Thus  in  Illinois  the 
law  requires  that  the  voter  must  be  a  citizen.  This  makes  it  necessary  that 
the  foreigner  must  have  taken  out  his  naturalization  papers,  and  have 
been  a  resident  in  the  United  States  for  five  years  preceding  the  time  »  hen 
he  can  vote.     This  is  the  law  in  several  States. 

Other  States  require  only  that  the  foreigner,  in  order  to  be  allowed  to  vote, 
shall  have  declared  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen.  He  then  has  the  same 
privilege  as  the  native-born,  concerning  the  length  of  time  he  shall  remain 
in  the  State  where  voting.  Different  States.it  will  be  seen,  have  different 
laws  as  to  the  time  the  voter  shall  be  a  resident  of  the  State. 

In  most  of  the  States  voters  are  required  to  be  registered  before  election. 

The  length  of  time  that  those  persons  entitled  to  vote  must  remain  in  the 
State,  county,  or  election  precinct  before  voting,  is  shown  in  the  following 
list  of  States. 


Time  of  Residence  Required  in  State,  County  and  Precinct. 


ninety    days.     Women 


Alabama  —  State,  one  year;  county,  three 
months-,  ward  or  precinct,  thirty  days. 

Arizona —Territory,  one  year;  county,  ten 
days. 

Arkansas  —  State,  one  year;  county,  six 
months,  precinct  or  ward,  thirty  days. 

California  — State,  one  year;  county,  ninety 
ii  precinct,  thirty  days.     Foreigners  must    be 

naturalized.     Chinamen    not  allowed  to   become 
citizens. 

Colorado— State,  six  months;  women  vote  at 
school  elections. 

Connecticut  —  State,  one  year.  town,  six 
months.  Uust  be  able  to  read  State  laws. 
Foreigners  required  to  be  naturalized.  Uust  have 
good  moral  character  and  a  freehold  yielding  S7 
annually,  or  pay  State  tax,  or  have  done  military 
duty. 

Dakota'  —  Territory, 
allowed  to  vote, 

Delaware'  —  State,  one  year;  county,  one 
month;  Must  pay  a  county  tax.  Foreigners 
must     be    naturalized.      Paupers  not    allowed     tO 


District  of  Columbia  —  No  elections  are 
held  here  The  various  local  officers  are  ap- 
pointed by  Congress  and  the  President. 

Florida— State,  one  year;  county,  six  months. 

Georgia  State,  one  year;  county,  six  months. 
Voters  must  have  paid   then   taxes. 

Idaho*— Territory,  four  months;  county, thirty 
days.    Foreigners  must  be  naturalized. 

Illinois  —  State,  one  year;  county,  ninety 
days,  election  district,  thirty  days.  Foreigners 
must  be  naturalized. 

Indiana"  —  State,  six  months:  town,  sixty 
days;  ward  or  precinct,  thirty  days.  Foreigners 
must  be  residents  of  the  United  State-,  one  year. 

Iowa — State,  six  months;  county,  sixty  days; 
town  or  ward,  ten  days.  Foreigners  required  to 
he  residents  of  the  State  two  years. 


Kantian  —  State,    six    months; 
ward,  thirty  days. 


township     or 


Kentucky  '—State,  two  years;  county,  town, 

orcity,  one  year;  precinct,  sixty  days.    Foreigners 
must  be  naturalized. 

Lou isl a n a— State,  one  year;  parish,  ten  days. 

Maryland— State,  one  year:  city  or  county, 
six  months.     Foreigners  must  be  naturalized. 

Maine— State,  three  months.  Paupers  and 
Indians  not  allowed  to  vote.  Foreignei-s  must  be 
naturalized. 

MaM«arluiMett*—  State,  one  year:  Congres- 
sional district,  town  orcity,  six  months.  Uust 
have  paid  a  State  or  county  tax.  Husl  be  able 
'"  ""I  and  write.  Paupers  not  allowed  to  vote. 
Foreigners  must  be  naturalized. 

Miclilffaii  '—State,  three  months;  township 
or  ward,  ten  days.     Foreigners  must  be  residents 

of  the  State  two  years  and  six  months. 

Minnesota,  —  State,  four  months;  election 
district,  ten  days.  Foreigners  must  nave  lived  in 
the  United  States  one  year. 

Mississippi — State,  six  months;  county,  one 
month,      Foreigners  must  be  naturalised. 

MlNNourl  —State,  one  year;  county,  city  or 
tow  ti.  sixty  days. 

Nebraska— State,  six  months;  county,  forty 
days;  ward  or  precinct,  ten  days. 

Xevada  star.-  -iv  months ;  count}  or  district, 
thirty  days.     Foreigners  must  be  naturalized. 

New  Hampshire  — 'Town,  six  months  Must 
be  tax-payers.     Foreigners  must  be  naturalised, 

New  Jersey — State,  one  year;  county,  five 
months      Foreigners  must  be  naturalised. 

Xew  Mexico — Territory,  six  months;  county 

three  months:  precinct,  thirty  days.      Foreigners 
must  be  naturalized. 

Xew  York— State,  one  year:  county,  four 
months;  district,  town,  or  ward,  thirty  days. 
Foreigners  must  be  naturalized. 

"  No  registration  required. 


North   Carolina — State,  one  year; 
thirty  days      Voter  must  own  tifty  acres  of  land 

or  have  paid  taxes. 

Ohio— State,  one  year;    county,    thirtj 
town,  \illage  or  ward,  twenty  days.      Foreigners 
must  be  naturalized. 

Oregon— State,  six  months;  county  or  district, 
ninety  daj  - 

Pennsylvania  — State,    one  year;    election 
district,  two  months.     Must    have    paid    Si 
county  taxes  within  two  years.     Former  citizens 
returned  from  abroad  may  vote  iftei  sia  months* 
residence     Foreigners  must  be  naturalized. 

Rhode    Island— State,  one    year;    i 
city,  -iv  months.     Must  own  property  In  Ins  town 
and  pay  taxes  on  it.     Foreigners  must  be  natural- 
ized. 

South  Carolina  —  state,  one  year:    county, 

sixty  days.      Foreigners  must  be  naturalised. 

Texas  "—State,  one  year:  county  or  election 
district,    six    months.      Paupers    nol 
vote. 

Tennessee  "  — State,  one  year;  county  sis 
months,  and  must  pay  poll-tax.     Foreigners  must 

be  naturalized. 

Utah  Territory,  six  months.  Wives,  widows 
and  daughters  ol  citizens  can  vote. 

Vermont  •  —  State,  one  year;  town,  three 
months.     Foreigners  must  be  naturalised. 

Virginia  -  4State,  one   year:    county,    citv.    or 
town,  -l\  months      Foreigners  mu 
ized.     Paupers  not  allowed  to  vote. 

Weil  Virginia  State,  one  reai  county, 
thirty  days.  Foreigners  must  be  naturalized. 
Paupers  not  allowed  to  vote. 

Wisconsin  — State,  one  year.  Paupers  not 
allowed  t"  i  >te. 

Wyoming'— Territory,  ninety  days.      Women 

allowed  to  vote. 


411 


CONSTITl'TIONS    AND     l:V-I.A\VS. 


ARTICLES  AND  SECTIONS. 


General  Directions  Relating  to  Constitutions  and  By-Laws. 


Constitutions. 

S  A  BASIS  of  action  in  the  government  of  an 
association  of  people,  who  propose  to  hold 
regular  and  frequent  meetings,  it  becomes 
necessary  to  make  a  specific  agreement  by 
such  association  of  the  course  of  action  they 
will  pursue,  and  the  rules  by  which  they 
shall  be  governed  in  their  deliberations. 
This  agreement  is  termed  a  "  Constitution." 

In  its  preparation,  care  should  be  taken,  while  making  it 
sufficiently  explicit,  to  have  the  document  as  concise,  clear  and 
distinct  as  possible. 

In  the  adoption  of  a  constitution  by  an  assembly,  it  is  usually 
customary  to  consider  it  section  by  section.  After  it  has  been 
accepted,  the  secretary  should  make  record  of  the  constitution 
in  a  blank-book  suitable  for  the  purpose.  This  should  be 
signed  by  the  members  of  the  society,  who  consent  to  accept 
of  the  same  as  their  fundamental  rule  of  action. 

Amendments  to  the  constitution  should  be  made  in  the  same 
book  with  convenient  marks  for  reference  showing  where  they 
may  be  found. 

By-Laws, 

When  it  is  desired  to  add  matter  more  clearly  defining  cer- 
tain articles  of  the  Constitution,  such  explanatory  notes  are 
termed'  By-Laws."  When  the  Constitution  is  quite  explicit, 
for  most  associations  by-laws  are  unnecessary.  If  it  is  desir- 
able, however,  to  be  very  minute  in  explanation,  that  members 
of  an  association  may  fully  understand  their  rights  and  duties, 
by-laws  are  sometimes  quite  essential.  When  added,  they 
should  follow  immediately  after  the  Constitution. 

Explanatory  words  giving  the  character  of  each  article  in 
the  Constitution,  may  be  placed  above,  or  at  the  left  side  of 
the  article,  as  shown  in  the  following  forms. 


Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animal*. 

I'UKAMHI.K. 

BUELTY  to  Animals  being  a  prevailing  fault,  i -ai- 
ciilatcd    to   cultivate  the   baser  passions  of  man's 

nature,  II  becomes  necessary,  in  order  t interact 

the  same.iD  take  Individual  ami  united  action  in 
Opposition  thereto.  The  better  lo  accomplish  a  re- 
form iii  tiiis  direction,   the   undersigned   agree   to 

form  an  association,  and  be  governed  In tnelr  fun- 
damental action  by  the  following 

CONSTITUTION 


ARTICLK  I.  The  title  anil  name  of  this  Society  shall  be  "TllK  SAC- 
RAM  KM  n  mm  11   i  V    Hilt  THE  PREVENTION  OF  CRUELTY  TO  AmmaI.S." 

O1-TK0T3. 

artici.k  ii.    The  objects  of  tids  society  are  to  provide  effective 

pn  rentlon of  crueltj  to  animals  wltbln the  limits ol  the 

City  of  Sacramento;  to  enforce  ail  law  s  w  blch  are  now  or  may  hereafter 

,,   ,  .1  foi  i  in'  in  "let  ion  of  dumb  animals,  ami  to  secure  by  lawful 
means  tin-  arrest,  conviction  and  punishment  of  ail  persona  violating 

such  laws. 

OFFICERS. 

artici.f.  ill.   The  officers  of  this  Society  shall  be  a  President,  six 

\  ic-  -  presidents,  a  Counsel,  a  s<  <  "  '  ■  i  i  I  icasurcr,  and  an  Exccutlvo 
I  e  ot  nine  persons,  who  shall  constitute  the  Hoard  ol  Directors. 
ii,,-  President,  Counsel,  secretary,  ami  Treasurer  shall  be  ea 
members  of  the  Executive  Committee.  The  officers  shall  be  elected  an- 
nually  by  ballot,  and  shall  hold  their  ofllcen  until  others  are  elected  to 
(ill  their  plaoes. 

MKMl'.KUS. 

Artici.k  IV.    Anv  person,  male  or  female,  may  in me  a  member  of 

this  Socict  v  n  i  ii  iii  elect  ion  by  tin-  Society,  or  Executive  Committee,  ami 
t in-  payment  of  tin-  -.inn  of  two  dollars  ;  and  the  annual  membership 
ice  shall  not  exceed  thai  amount. 

Sec.  2.— Any  person  may  become  a  life  -  member  of  this  Society,  upon 
tin-  payment  to  the  Treasurer  of  the  sum  of  twenty-five  dollars. 

ANNCAL   MKKTIM1. 

Artici.k  V.    The  annual  meeting  of  Mil*  Society  shall  be  held  on  the 
ti  i  -i  Thursday  In  April  of  each  year,  w  lieu  the  annual  election  of  o 
shall  take  place. 

Sec.  8.— Every  member  of  the  Society  who  has  been  Bnch  fur  ten  days 
or  more,  ami  who  is  not  In  arrears  for  dues,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at 
i  in-  said  election. 

Sec. :}.  —  At  tin-  annual  meeting  the  Executive  committee  shall  present 
a  general  report  of  it--  proceedfngfl  during  tin-  past  \  ear.  ami  tin-  St  ■  i e- 
tary  and  Treasurer  shall  nl-n  present  their  annual  reports. 

s.c  I.    special  meetings  ol  the  Boclety  maj  tic  called  by  the  President, 

o  ui  case  01  I-'-  absence  or  Inability,  by  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents), 
and  shall  be  so  called  upon  tin-  written  request  of  fifteen  members. 
Notice  of  such  meeting  snail  be  Inserted  In  at  least  two  dally  papers  of 
the  city  of  Sacramento. 


CONSTITUTIONS   AND   BY-LAWS. 


41. ' 


COUNSEL. 

Article  VI,    The  Counsel  shall  be  the  legal  adviser  of  the  Society, 

Its  Officers  and  Executive  Committee,  and  shall  have  general  charge 
and  conduct  of  all  suits  and  proceedings  instituted  by  or  against  It,  or 
them,  or  either  of  them,  or  in  which  tin*  Society  may  be  interested.  He 
shall  receive  for  his  services  such  pecuniary  compensation,  or  fees,  as 
shall  be  determined  by  the  Executive  Committee. 

SECRETARY. 

Article  VII.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  to  keep  minutes  of 
all  the  proceedings  of  the  Society  and  of  the  Executive  Committee,  and 
to  record  the  same  in  the  Society's  books  provided  for  that  purpose  ;  to 
conduct  the  correspondence  and  keep  copies  thereof,  and  to  perform 
such  otherfduties  as  are  customary  for  such  an  officer,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Executive  Committee. 

TREASURER. 

Article  VIII.  The  Treasurer  shall  have  charge  of  all  the  funds  be- 
longing to  the  Society,  and  shall  disburse  the  same  under  the  direction 
of  the  Executive  Committee.  He  shall,  previous  to  the  annual  meeting 
of  the  Society,  prepare  and  submit  to  the  Executive  Committee  f"r 
audit,  a  detailed  account  of  ids  receipts  and  disbursements  during  the 

East  year,  which  annual  account,  duly  audited,  he  shall  present  to  the 
oclety  at  Its  annual  meeting. 


Article  IX.  The  Executive  Committee  may  appoint  from  time  to 
time  such  special  agents  as  it  may  deem  advisable,  and  shall  have  the 
power  to  remove  the  same  at  its  pleasure. 

Sec.  2.— The  appointment  of  every  agent  of  the  Society  shall  be  in 
writing,  and  he  shall  receive  such  pecuniary  compensation  for  his  ser- 
vices as  may  be  determined  by  the  Executive  Committee. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

Article  X.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  have  the  management, 
control  and  "disposition  of  the  attairs,  property  and  funds  of  the  Society, 
and  shall  have  the  power  to  fill  for  the  unexpired  term  any  vacancy  that 
may  occur  in  any  of  the  offices  of  the  Society  or  in  its  own  body. 

Bee.  2.— No  member  of  the  Executive  Committee,  except  the  Counsel 
and  the  Secretary,  shall  receive  or  derive  any  salary  or  pecuniary  com- 
pensation for  his  services. 

Sec.  3.— The  Executive  Committee  shall  hold  meetings  for  the  trans- 
action of  business  at  least  once  in  every  mouth,  and  at  ail  such  meetings 
five  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum. 

alterations  or  amendments. 

Article  XI.  This  constitution  may  be  altered  or  amended  by  a  two- 
thirds  vote  of  all  the  members  present,  at  any  regular  or  special  meeting 
of  the  Society,  provided  such  alteration  or  amendment  has  been  propos- 
ed and  entered  on  the  minutes,  together  with  the  name  of  the  member 
proposing  it,  at  a  previous  meeting  of  the  Society. 


By  -  Laws. 

HOURS  OF  MEETING. 

Article  I.  The  hours  of  assembling  for  the  stated  meetings  of  the 
Society  shall  be  as  follows:  From  the  1st  of  April  until  the  1st  of  Octo- 
ber, at  eight  o'clock  P.  M.,  and  from  the  1st  of  October  until  the  1st  of 
April,  at  half -past  seven  o'clock,  P.M. 

ADMISSION   OF   MEMBERS. 

Article  II.  The  names  of  all  persons  desiring  admission  to  this 
Society  shall  be  presented  to  the  Secretary,  who  snail  bring  the  same 
before  the  members  of  the  Society  for  election  at  any  regular  meeting. 

DUTIES  OF  AGENTS. 

Article  III.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  agents  appointed  tn  use  their 
utmost  efforts  to  secure  kind  and  gentle  treatment  to  all  dumb  animals, 
by  rigid  prosecution  of  violation  of  law  relating  to  the  same. 

Sec.  2.  The  agent  shall  be  empowered,  and  Is  expected  to  use  Ids  best 
efforts  to  distribute  all  tracts,  papers  and  literature  placed  hi  bis  bands 
which  may  be  calculated  to  accomplish  the  work  for  which  the  Society 
Is  organized. 

Sec.  3.  The  agent  Is  authorized,  if  in  a  locality  where  no  Society 
exists,  to  organize  an  association  to  be  governed  by  such  officers,  and 
such  action  as  will  most  effectually  abolish  cruelty  to  animals. 

At  each  regular  meeting  of  the  Society,  the  following  shall  be,  after 
calling  the  meeting  to  order,  and  the  opening  exercises,  the 

Order  of  Business. 

1.  Reading  of  the  minutes. 

2.  Report  of  the  Board  of  Directors. 

3.  Reports  of  Standing  and  Special  Committees. 

4.  Reportsvof  officers. 

6.    Receiving  communications  and  bills. 

6.  Admission  of  new  members,  and  election  of  officers  at  the 

annual  meeting. 

7.  New  business. 

8.  Report*  of  the  Secretary  and  Treasurer 
9-    Adjournment. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  A  VILLAGE  LYCEUM 


PREAMBLE. 

ROWTH  and  development  of  mind,  together  with 
readiness  and  fluency  of  speech,  being  the  re- 
sult of  Investigation  and  free  discussion  ef 
religious,  educational,  political,  and  other  topics, 
the  undersigned  agree  to  form  an  association, 
and  for  its  government,  do  hereby  adopt  the 
following 

CONSTITUTION. 


The  name  and  title  of  this  organization 


Name 

and 

Object 


Officers  Of 

the 

Society. 


Duties  of 

the 
Officers, 


Appointment 

of 
Committees. 


Conditions  of 
Membership. 


Times  of 
Meeting. 


Collection  of 
I>ues. 


Parliamenta- 
ry a  ttthority. 


Penalty  far 

Viol'iting 

IiiUes. 


Alterations 

and 

Amendments. 


Article  I. 
shall  be 

"The  Cambridge  Literary  Association," 

and  its  object  shall  be  the  free  discussion  of  any  subject 
coming  before  the  meeting  for  the  purpose  of  diffusing 
knowledge  among  its  members. 

Article  II.  The  officers  of  the  Assoc. ation  shall 
consist  of  a  President,  two  Vice-Presidents,  a  Corres- 
ponding Secretary,  a  Recording  Secretary,  a  Treasurer 
and  a  Librarian,  who  shall  be  elected  annually  by  ballot; 
on  the  first  Monday  in  January  of  each  year,  said  offi- 
cers to  hold  their  position  until  their  successors  are 
elected. 

Article  III.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President 
to  preside  at  all  public  meetings  or  the  Society.  The 
first  Vice-President  shall  preside  in  the  absence  of  the 
President,  and  in  case  of  the  absence  of  both  President 
and  Vice-President,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  second 
Vice-President  to  preside. 

The  duty  of  the  Secretary  shall  be  to  conduct  the  cor- 
respondence, keep  the  records  of  the  Society,  and  read 
at  each  meeting  a  report  of  the  work  done  at  the  pre- 
ceding meeting. 

The  Treasurer  shall  keep  the  funds  of  the  Society, 
making  an  annual  report  of  all  moneys  received,  dis- 
bursed, and  amount  on  hand. 

It  s^all  be  the  duty  of  the  Librarian  to  keep,  in  a 
careful  manner,  all  books,  records  and  manuscripts  in 
the  possession  of  the  Society. 

ARTICLE  IV.  There  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Pres- 
ident, at  the  first  meeting  after  his  election,  the  follow- 
ing standing  committees,  to  consist  of  three  members 
each,  namely:  On  lectures,  library,  finance,  and  print- 
ing, whose  duties  shall  be  designated  by  the  President. 

The  question  for  debate  at  the  succeeding  meeting 
shall  be  determined  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  members 
present. 

Article  V.  Any  lady  or  gentleman  may  become  a 
member  of  tnia  Society  by  the  consent  of  the  majority 
of  the  members  present;  the  signing  "f  the  constitution, 
and  tli  e  payment  of  two  dollars  as  membership  fee.  It 
shall  be  the  pi  allege  ol  the  Society  to  elect  an]  person 

whose  presence  ni.iv   be  advantageous  to  the  Society.  an 

honorary  member,  who  shall  not  be  required  to"  pay 
membership  fees  or  dues. 

Article  VI.  This  association  shall  meet  weekly, 
and  at  such  other  times  as  a  majority,  consisting  of  at 
least  five  mrniin'i  so  I  ibr  association,  shall  determine, 
The  President  shall  be  authorized  to  call  special  meet- 
ings upon  the  written  request  ol  anj  five  members  of 
the  Society ,  winch  number  Bhall  be  sufficient  to  consti- 
tute a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business. 

Article  vi  i.  it  shall  bethedutyofthe finance  com- 
mittee to  determine  Hie  a  niouid  of  dues  necessary  to  be 
collected  from  each  member,  and  to  inform  the  Treas- 
urer of  tin-  amount,  n  ho  shall  promptly  proceed  to  col- 
lect the  same  at  such  time  as  the  committee  may  desig- 
nate. 

Article  VIII.  The  parliamentary  rules  and  general 
form  of  conducting  public  i  n  ettngs.  as  shown  in  Hill's 
U  \m  \i    shall  be  the  standard  authority  in  governing 

the  deliberations  ot  this  association. 

Article  IX.    .\nv  member  neglecting  to  pay  dues 

or  who  shall  be  guilty     f  improper  conduct,  calculated 

to  brine  this  association  into  disrepute,  shall  be  expelled 
from  the  membership  of  the  Socletj  bj  a  two-thirds 
rote  ot  the  members  present  at  anj  regular  meeting. 

No  member  shall  be  expelled,  however,  until  be  shall 

have  had  no!  Ice  of  such  intention  on  l  lie  part   Of  the   M- 

Boclatlon,  and  has  been  given  an  opportunity  of  being 

heal  d  In  bis  o\\  D  del'    Q  ■  ■  . 

Article  X.  Rv  giving  written  notice  of  change  at 
an\  regular  meeting, this  constitution  may  be  altered 
or  amended  at  the  next  stated  meeting  by  a  vote  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  members  present. 


•in; 


FORMS   OF   CALLS   FOR    IT1SLIC    MEETINGS. 


Calls  for  Public  Meetings. 


(3Rx^     Forms  of  Wording  in  Calling  Public  Meetings 


MONG  the  duties  of  the  projector 
of  a  public  meeting  will  be  the 
■writing  of  the  "  ( 'all,"  whiehshould 
be  clear,  distinct,  and  brief,  yet  suf- 
ficiently explicit  to  enable  people 
to  know  when,  where,  and  for  what 
objecl  they  meet. 

The  following,  which  may  be 
varied"  according  to  circumstances,  will  suffi- 
ciently illustrate  the  general  form : 

Democratic  Rally! 

At  the  Court  Room,  Monday  Evening,  Nov.  7,  at  8  o'clock.  The 
DEMOCRATS  OK  PAXTON,  Wobkihq  Men,  BUSINESS  Men,  AMD 
Citizens  oknebai.i.v.  are  cordially  ItaiUed  to  be  present  The  meeting 
will  be  addressed  by  the  Hon.  JOSIAH  ADAMS,  Hon.  T.  M.  BAXTER, 

AND  OTHER  ABLE  SPEAKERS. 


School  Meeting. 

The  Friends  of  Education  are  requested  to  meet  at  the  house  of 
Solomon  Biggs,  In  Walnut  Grove,  Saturday  evening,  Si  p.  1st,  at  7 
o'clock,  to  take  action  relative  to  opening  a  public  school  in  this 
vicinity.  The  meeting  will  consider  the  selection  of  directors,  the 
location  of  the  school  building,  and  the  propriety  of  opening  a  school 
this  fall,  before  the  building  is  comph  t  . 


Old  Settlers'  Reunion. 

Ail  persons  in  Adams  and  adjoining  counties,  who  settled  here  prior 
to  1850,  are  requested  to  Hi'  .  t  at  the  Court  House,  in  Clinton,  Satur- 
day afternoon.  June  10,  at  two  o'clock,  to  make  arrangements  for  an 
tiers1  Reunion,  to  be  held  at  such  place  and  time  as  the  meeting 
shall  determine. 


Firemen's  Review. 

The  entire  Fire  Department  of  this  dtyl*  hereby  notified  to  appear 

on  dress  parade.  Saturday  afternoon,  at  1,80,  on  Broadway,  between 

Green  and  Spruce  streets,  provided  the  wiather  is  ph  asant,  and  the 
streets  dry.  If  1  lie  weather  does  not  permit,  due  notice  of  postpone- 
ineiit  will  be  given. 

GEO.  H.  BAKER, 

Fire  Marshal. 


Woman  Suffrage  Convention. 


The  Friends  of  Woman  Suffrage  are  invited  to  meet  in  mass  conven- 
tion, at  Dixon's  Ball,  in  Chester,  .June  14,  at  ten  o'clock,  a.m.,  at  which 
time  the  session  will  commence,  and  continue  two  days,  closing  on 
Friday  evening.  Hon.  Asa  Cusbing,  Rev.  H.  W.  Cooper,  Mrs.  Garduer, 
Mrs.  clias.  Fuller,  and  other  distinguished  speakers  will  be  present, 
and  participate  in  the  proceedings  of  the  convention. 


Hot  for  Horse  Thieves! 

All  Citizens  of  Jonesville    and  surrounding  country,  favorable  to 
protecting  thelrstock  from  the  depredations  of  thieves,  are  expected 

to  be  present  at  the  Eagle  School  House,  in  District  No.  10,  on  Saturday 
evening,  July  12,  at  8  o'clock,  sharp,  to  aid  in  forming  an  association 
that  will  give  horse  and  cattle  thieves  their  just  dues. 


Railroad  Meeting. 

Tlie  Midland  and  Great  Western  Railroad  Company  are  about 
locating  their  railway  tliroitL'li  this  county,  haviug  surveyed  three 
routes,  one  through  Hastings,  one  byway  of  Brownsville,  and  the 
other  throuu'h  this  village,  passing  up  the  river  just  east  of  Fuller's 
mill.  The  Company  propose  to  take  this  route  on  one  condition, 
namely:  that  we  furnish  depot  grounds  and  right  of  way  through  this 
village. 

Citizens  of  Pikeville!  what  action  shall  we  take  in  this  matter! 
Shall  we  have  a  railroad  at  our  own  doors,  or  be  compi  lied  henceforth 
to  go  ten  miles  to  the  nearest  depot?  Evc-y  citizen  interested  in  the 
growth  of  our  beautiful  village  is  requested  to  be  present  at  the  Town 
Hall,  next  Tuesday  evening.  May  7,  at  half  past  seven  o'clock,  to  con- 
sider this  subject.  Let  there  be  a  full  expression  from  all  the  people 
at  this  meeting. 


RESOLUTIONS   SUITABLE   FOR   VARIOUS   OCCASIONS. 


41< 


Fourth  of  July ! 

The  liberty-loving  citizens  of  Eagleville,  who  deeire  to  participate 
this  year  at  home  in  a  genuine,  old-fashioned  Fourth  of  July  celebra- 
tion, Buch  as  will  make  the  American  Eagle  proud  of  the  village  that 
bearB  his  name,  will  meet  at  Allen's  Hall  next  Saturday  evening,  at  8 
o'clock,  to  consider  the  advisability  of  holding  such  celebration. 


Shall  We  have  an  Agricultural  Fair? 

Agriculturists,  Horticulturist-.  Mechanics,  Artists  and  others,  favor- 
able to  the  establishment  of  an  Agricultural  and  Mechanics'  Fair, 
are  desired  to  meet  at  the  Town  Hall,  next  Monday  evening,  June  20, 
at  8  o'clock,  to  take  the  necessary  steps  towards  perfecting  such  organ- 
ization. 


Eight  Hour  Meeting. 

All  mechanics,  artisans,  laborers,  and  others,  who  favor  making 
eight  hours  a  legal  day's  work,  that  they  may  occasionally  see  tin  ir 
wives  and  children  during  the  winter  months,  in  the  day  time,  are  re- 
quested to  meet  in  Boyd's  Hall,  Monday  evening,  June  14,  at  8  o'clock, 
on  which  occasion  the'meeting  will  be  addressed  by  that  distinguished 
advocate  of  the  rights  of  the  working  man,  Hon.  Archibald  P.  Green. 


Temperance  Convention. 

The  Friends  of  Temperance,  independent  cf  party  or  sect,  are  invited 
to  meet  in  convention  at  Fullerton  Hall  in  Fairbury,  Wednesday, 
Oct.  9,  at  10  a.m.,  to  consider  and  discuss  the  means  by  which  we  may 
arrest  the  present  increasing  tide  of  intemperance  in  this  vicinity,  by 
which  our  youth  are  corrupted,  our  Sabbaths  desecrated,  and  our  homes 
impoverished  and  desolated. 

Come  up  and  help  us,  sons,  husbands,  fathers  I  Come  up  and  aid  us, 
daughters,  wives,  mothers  !     We  want  the  influence  of  your  presence. 

Dr.  Carr,  the  eloquent  champion  of  temperance,  will  be  with  us. 
Mrs.  Arnold,  Mrs.  John  Berryman,  Rev.  Dr.  Williams,  and  others  will 
participate  in  the  discussions  of  the  convention,  and  Prof.  Carter,  the 
world-renowned  musician,  will  add  interest  to  the  occasion  by  leading 
in  the  singing. 

The  convention  will  continue  in  session  two  daye,  being  addressed 
Wednesday  evening  by  Rev.  H.  D.  Williams,  and  on  Thursday  evening, 
in  the  closing  address,  by  Mrs.  John  Berryman. 


Vermonters,  Attention ! 

All  Vermonters,  resident  in  this  city  and  vicinity,  who  are  favorable 
to  holding  a  Vermonters'  pic  nic  sometime  during  July  or  August,  are 
requested  to  meet  next  Wednesday  afternoon,  June  15.  at  Judge  Miller's 
office  in  Canton,  to  arrange  time,  place,  and  programme  of  exercises 
for  that  occasion. 


ESOLUTIONS 


Appropriate  for  Many  Occasions. 


RESOLUTIONS  are  a  brief,  terse  method 
of  expressing   the  opinions   and  senti- 
ments of  a  company  of  people  relative 
to  any  subject  which  it  is  desirable  to  discuss 
or  place  on  record. 

They  are  applicable  to  nearly  any  subject, 
and  should  be  characterized  by  the  utmost  brev- 
ity consistent  with  a  clear  expression  of  the  idea 
sought  to  be  conveyed. 

Resolutions  Complimenting  a  Teacher. 

"At  the  close  of  Mr.  Hall's  writing  school,  lately  in  session 
at  Springfield,  which  was  very  fully  attended,  numbering  over 
one  hundred  pupils,  Prof.  Hamilton,  Principal  of  Springfield 
Academy,  offered  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions, 
which  were  unanimously  adopted  : 

"Whereas,  Prof.  Geo.  B.  Hall,  in  giving  instruction  in  pen- 
manship to  a  very  large  and  interesting  class  in  this  place,  has 
given  most  unbounded  satisfaction  as  a  teacher  of  writing, 
therefore  : 


"Resolrsil.  That,  as  a  teacher  and  penman  he  is  pre-eminently 
superior,  changing  as  he  does  the  poorest  scribblers  almost  invari- 
ably into  beautiful  penmen,  dnrlng  his  course  of  lessons. 

"Resolved,  That  his  lectures  on  epistolary  correspondence,  punctua- 
tion, use  of  capital  letters,  and  the  writing  of  business  forms,  of  them- 
selves are  worth  infinitely  more  than  the  cost  of  tuition  in  his  schools. 

"  Resolved,  That  we  recommend  him  to  the  people  of  the  entire 
country,  as  a  teacher  whose  schools  will  he  found  a  gn  at  intellectual 
good  in  any  community  so  fortunate  as  to  seen  re  hi-  -.  r 

"  Resolved,  That,  while  we  thank  him  for  the  very  efficient  instruction 
given  this  class  here,  we  tender  him  a  cordial  invitation  to  visit  our 
city  again,  professionally,  at  his  earliest  convenience." 


Resolutions  of  Respect  and  Condolence. 

On  the  Death  of  a  Freemason. 

"At   a  regular  communication  of  Carleton  1  No.  156, 

A.  F.  and  A.  M.,  held  Feb.  10,  iS — ,  the  following  preamble 
and  resolutions  were  unanimously  adopted  : 

"Whereas,  It  has  pleased  the  Great  Architect  of  the  Uni- 
verse to  remove  from  our  midst  our  late  brother  Benjamin  W. 
Rust :  and 

"  Whereas,  It  is  but  just  that  a  fitting  recognition  of  his 
many  virtues  should  be  had  :  therefore  be  it 


418 


KKSOLI'TIONS   APPROPRIATE   FOR   VARIOUS   OCCASIONS. 


**  ^solved*  By  CarUton  Lodge,  No  156,  on  the  registry  of  the  Grand 

Lodge  of ,  of  Ancient  Pree  and  Accepted  Masons,  that,  while  we 

how  with  hnmble  BubmlaslGO  to  the  will  oJ  the  Musi  High,  we  do  not 
tin-  less  mourn  for  our  broth,  r  who  has  been  taken  from  us. 

"/.v  <<''</,  That,  in  tlu*  d*ath  of  Benjamin  W,  Rust,  this  Lodge 
laments  the  lose  of  a  brother  who  was  ever  ready  to  proffer  the  hand 
of  aid  and  tiie  voice  of  sympathy  to  the  needy  and  distressed  of  the 
fraternity;  an  active  member  oi  this  society,  whose  utmost  endeavors 
w<  re  exerted  for  its  welfare  and  prosperity  j  a  friend  and  companion 
who  was  dear  to  us  all ;  a  citizen  whose  upright  and  noble  life  was  a 
standard  of  emulation  to  his  f<  Hows. 

"JgsfOfoftZ,  Thai  the  heartfelt  sympathy  of  this  Lodge  be  extended 
to  his  family  in  their  affliction. 

"  SsfOfotff,  That  these  resolutions  be  spread  upon  the  records  of  the 
Lodge,  and  a  copy  thereof  be  transmitted  to  the  family  of  our  deceased 
brother,  and  to  each  of  the  newspapers  of  Carleton." 


On  the  Death  of  a  Member  of  any  Society,  Club,  or  Other 
Association. 

"Whereas,  in  view  of  the  loss  we  have  sustained  by  the 

decease  of  our  friend   and  associate, ,  and  of  the 

Still  heavier  loss  sustained  by  those  who  were  nearest  and 
dearest  to  him  ;  therefore,  be  it 

M  Resolved,  That  it  is  hut  a  just  tribute  to  the  memory  of  the  departed 
to  say  that  in  regretting  his  removal  from  our  midst  we  mourn  for 
one  who  was,  in  every  way,  worthy  of  our  respect  and  regard. 

"  Resolved,  That  we  sincerely  condole  with  the  family  of  the  deceased 
on  the  dispensation  with  which  it  has  pleased  Divine  Providence  t<> 
afflict  them,  and  commend  them  for  consolation  to  Ilim  who  orders  all 
things  for  the  best,  and  whose  chastisements  are  meant  in  mercy. 

"  Resolved,  That  this  heartfelt  testimonial  of  our  sympathy  and  sor- 
row be  forwarded  to  the of  our  departed  friend  by  the  secretary 

of  tliis  meeting.1' 

On  the  Death  of  a  Clergyman. 

"  Whereas,  the  hand  of  Divine  Providence  has  removed 
our  beloved  pastor  from  the  scene  of  his  temporal  labors  and 
the  congregation  who  sat  under  his  ministry,  and  profited  by 
his  example,  are  desirous  of  testifying  their  respect  for  his 
memory,  and  expressing  their  earnest  and  affectionate  sympathy 
with  the  household  deprived  by  this  dispensation  of  its  earthly 
head  ;  therefore,  be  it 

**  Resolved,  That  we  tenderly  condole  with  the  family  of  our  deceased 
minister  in  their  hour  of  trial  and  affliction,  and  devoutly  commend 
them  to  the  keeping  of  Him  who  looks  with  pitying  eye  upon  the 
widowed  and  the  fatherless, 

"  RtaolVi '/,  That  In  our  natural  sorrow  for  the  loss  of  a  faithful  and 
beloved  shepherd,  we  find  consolation  in  the  belief  that  it  is  well  with 
him  for  whom  we  mourn. 

"Resolved,  That  while  we  deeply  sympathize  with  those  who  were 
bound  to  our  departed  pastor  by  the  nearest  and  dearest  ties,  we  share 
with  them  the  hope  of  a  reunion  in  that  better  world  where  there  are 
no  partings,  and  bliss  ineffable  forbids  a  tear. 

"  Resolved*  That  these  resolutions  be  transmitted  to  the  family  of  the 
deceased,  as  a  token  of  our  respect  and  veneration  for  the  Christian 
character  of  a  good  man  gone  to  his  rest,  and  of  the  interest  felt  by  his 
late  congregation  in  those  he  loved  and  cherished. 


Resolutions  Complimenting  a  Public  Officer  upon  Retirement. 

■' Whereas,  the  retirement  of  our  esteemed  fellow  citizen, 
,  from  the  office  of ,  presents  a  suitable  oppor- 


tunity for  expressing  the  esteem  in  which  we  hold  him  as  a 
faithful  and  courteous  public  servant ;  therefore,  be  it 

"Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  meeting  and  the  community  are 
due  to ,  for  the  ftDle  and  impartial  manner  in  which  he  baa  mil  - 

formly  performed  his  public  duties,  and  that  we  sincerely  regret  his 
determination  to  retire  from  public  life. 

lt  Rssotvt '/,  That  he  carries  with  him,  on  leaving  the  position  which 
he  has  ho  satisfactorily  filled,  the  regard  and  good  wishes  of  all  who 

had  occasion  to  transact  oilhial  business  with  him. 

"  Bsfofesd,  That  bis  late  associates  In  office  regard  hi*  return  to  pri- 
vate nfe  as  a  lose  '«>  them,  while  they  sincerely  hope  that  it  will  prove 
a  gain  to  hi  in,  and  trust  that  his  future  will  In;  as  bright  and  prosperous 
BS  tie  ran  anticipate  or  desire, 

"  Resolved^  That  the  secretary  of  the  meeting  he  requested  to  trans- 
mit to  him  the  preamble  and  resolutions  adopted  on  this  occasiou. 


Resolutions  Complimenting  a  Captain  of  a  Steamer  on  a 
Successful  Voyage. 

11  At  a  meeting  of  the    cabin   passengers  of  the  steamship 

,  Captain  ,  arrived  at  this  port  from ,  on  the  — 

inst.,  the  following  preamble  and  resolution  were  unanimously 
adopted : 

"  In  token  of  our  grateful  remembrance  of  the  watchful 
seamanship  and  agreeable  social  qualities  displayed  by  Captain 

and   his  officers  during  our  late  voyage  from to  this 

port  ;  be  it 

11  Resohrd,  That  if  skill  in  navigation,  urbane  and  gentlemanly 
attention  to  the  wants  and  wishes  of  the  passengers,  and  a  sound, 
swift,  and  comfortable  vessel,  are  among  the  essentials  of  a  pleasant 
voyage,  then  we  have  reason  to  congratulate  ourselves  on  having 

crossed  the  sea  in  the  good  ship  — -,  Captain ;  that  we  tender 

to  him,  and  to  all  the  officers  Of  the  vessel,  our  thanks  for  the  kindness 
with  which  they  administered  to  our  comfort;  that  we  commend  the 
ship,  her  appointments,  her  commander,  and  his  subordinates,  to  the 
favor  of  the  voyaging  public,  because  we  are  of  opinion  thai  they 
deserve  it;  and,  that  we  hereby  request  the  gentleman  acting  as 
BCCP  tary  of  this  meeting  to  Bee  that  a  copy  of  this  testimonial  be 

placed  in  the  hands  of  Captain ■" 

(Signed  by ,  etc.) 


Resolutions  Thanking  a    Conductor,    and    Commending  a 
Railway. 

"  At  a  meeting  of  the  passengers  on  the  Palace  Sleeping  and 

Dining  Car ,  nearing  their  journey's  end,  June  2,  1872,  at 

,  the  following  preamble  and   complimentary  resolutions 

were  unanirrously  adopted  : 

11  Whereas,  It  has  been  the  good  fortune  of  the  persons 
comprising   this   meeting    to   make  a  safe,   quick,    and  most 

delightful   passage  from to ,  over  the railroad; 

therefore  be  it 

M  Resolved,,  That  our  thanks  are  due,  and  are  hereby  tendered,  to  the 

Conductor  of  the  l'alace  Car ,  for  the  numerous  favors  received 

at  his  hand  throughout  the  journey;  and  we  commend  him  for  the 
many  gentlemanly  and  agreeable  qualities  which  characterize  him  as 
a  mat),  and  eminently  fit  him  for  the  position  he  now  holds. 

"  Resolved*  That  commendation  is  especially  due  the  rail  roan  com- 
pany for  the  excellent  accommodations  furnished  travelers  in  their 
comfortable  and  luxurious  coaches,  and  the  superior  condition  of  the 
track  and  road-bed,  which  ifi  BO  smooth  that  the  traveler  rides  over  the 
same  resting  with  almost  as  much  ease  and  pleasure  as  when  seated 
in  his  own  parl«>r. 


SPECIMEN    OF    RESOLUTIONS    ENGROSSED    WITH    A    PEN. 


41!> 


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120 


RESOLUTIONS    APPKOPBIATE    FOB    VABIOTJ8   OCCASIONS. 


"^    . 


-v~ -,~^. -*^W 

RESOLUTIONS.       «-=<-■ 

c* »  < «■ 

Suitable  for  Forming  Associations.   Remonstrance,   On   the   Departure 
of  Friends,  Expression  of  Wishes,  etc. 


Resolutions  at  a  Temperance  Meeting. 

"  Mr.   Chairman  :  Your    committee  on  resolutions   re 
fully  submit  the  following:  — 

"  WHEREAS,  The  saloons  of  this  city  arc  being  kept  open  at 
all  hours  of  the  day  and  night,  in  violation  of  the  ordinances 
governing  the  same  ;  and 

"WHEREAS,  Drunkenness  is  evidently  on  the  increase,  in 
consequence  of  the  total  lack  of  necessary  legal  restraint,  which 
should  close  their  doors  at  proper  hours  of  night,  and  Sundays  ; 
therefore,  be  it 

"  Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  five  he  appoint? d  by  this  meeting  to 
Investigate  the  -  stent  of  this  \  iulation,  and  report  the  same  to  the  city 
council  at  their  next  meeting. 

" Resolve!,  Thatwecall  upon  the  mayor, aldermen, and  city  mar- 
aba]  of  this  city  to  enforce  the  law  relating  to  tin-  sale  ol  liquors,  and 
w?  hereby  remind  them  that  the  people  will  hold  them  to  Btrict 
accountability  for  allowing  the  ordinances  governing  and  restraining 
saloon  keepers   to  be  violat    ! ." 


Resolutions  on  tbe  Departure  of  a  Clergyman. 

"  At  a  meeting  of  the  Presbyterian  society,  held  in  the 
lecture  room  of  their  church,  on  Tuesday  evening,  the  loth 
instant,  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions  were  ado 

"Whereas,  Our  pastor,  the   Rev.  Hiram  G.  Morgan,  has 

received  a  call  from  the  First   Presbyterian  church  of  , 

and,  for  the  purpose  of  accepting  the  same,  has  tendered  his 
resignation  as  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  this  city  ; 
and 

"  Whereas,  We  all  realize   that  none  but  a  selfish  in 
can  prompt  us  to  retain  him,  when  a  broader  field   with  nobler 
unities   is  open  to  him  ;  therefore,  lie  it 

"  liesolrtil.  That  we  accept  the  resignation  whicb  severs  our  relation 
as  pastor  and  people  with  feelings  of  heartft  1'  sadni  --. 

"  Resolved,  That  the  ten  years  of  faithful  bi  rv  Ice  rendered  by  him  to 
ociety  have  been  greatly  blessed  in  upbuilding  onr  church.  It 
log  its  membership,  and  creating  feelings  of  Christian  fellowship  and 
good  will  among  other  denominations. 

"■Beiolved,  That  f"r  hi-  ministering  to  tin'  temporal  wants  of  the 
poor,  and  the  spiritual  needs  of  all;  for  the  tender  solicitude  ami 
i  sympathy  which  have  always  brought  him  to  tie-  b<  dslde  «<f 
the  sick  and  dying;  fur  bis  ellorts  in  behalf  of  tin  education  of  the 
mass  s;  and  for  his  exertions  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  Buffering 
humanity  at  all  times  and  under  all  circumstances,  the  members  of 
this  parish,  and  tin  people  of  this  city,  owe  him  a  debt  of  gratitude 
which  they  can  nevi  r  repay. 

••  Retolved,  That,  in  parting,  our  kindest  wishes  will  ever  attend  him, 
r  commend  him  to  the  parish  to  which  he  is  to  minister 
as  one  worthy  their  full  confidence  and  high 


Resolutions  on  the  Departure  of  a  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

"Win  REAS,  Mr.  Grant  Watkins  is  about  to  remove  from  our 
midst  and  sever  his  connection  with  this  school,  in  which  lie 
has  so  long  and  faithfully  labored  as  teacher  ;  therefore,  be  it 

That  we  deeply  regret  the  necessity  of  losing  him  in  tbe 
Sunday  Bchool  work,  ami  most  fervently  wish  for  bin)  a  fnt 
active  usefulness  in  hie  chost  □  Held  of  n,  n  associations  and  lnt< 
.v.  r  praying  that  by  a  wall  ordered  life  and  a  christian  consecration 
In-  DUt]  at  la-l   unit.-,  with   all    tin-   truly  faithful,  In  BWeetl  r  BOI 
r.  .1.  mptlon  in  the  bright  hereafter.'' 


idtlee. 


Resolutions  Favorable  to  Forming  an  Association. 

"  Mr.  Chairman  :  Vour  committee,  to  whom  was  referred 
the  duty  of  preparing  resolutions  expressive  of  the  sense  of 
this  meeting,  beg  leave  to  report  the  following  : 

"WHEREAS,  Our  county  is  being  infected  by  a  band  of 
organized  horse  thieves  and  highwaymen,  making  property  and 
human  life  insecure;  ami 

"WHEREAS,    The  safety  of  the   people   demands  that  some 
immediate  action  be  taken  looking  to  the  protection  of  lift 
property  ;  therefore,  be  it 

olved.  That  an  association  of  citizens  favorable  to  Bucb  pro- 
tection be  formed,  to  be  known  and  styled  'The  Crant  County  Protect- 
ive Association.1 

"  Resolved,  That  this  association  be  governed  by  five  directors,  chosen 
by  this  meeting.  Such  directors  to  choose  their  president,  secretary, 
and  treasurer  from  their  number,  any  one  of  whom,  upon  bearing  of 
the  loss  t.f  property  b<  longing  to  an\  m>  inh.-r  of  this  association,  -hall 
bave  authority,  apon  consulting  with  two  other  directors,  to  take  the 
necessary  steps  to  r.-c..v  r  tin-  same,  ami  punish  the  thief,  the  expenses 
of  recovery  not  to  exceed  the  value  of  said  property. 

■■  Resolved,  That  each  member  of  this  association  shall  pay  to  the 

treasurer  two  dollar-,  as  membership  fee,  upon  signing  tin-  consti- 
tution, and  shall  bear  his  share  of  ttie  necessary  expeh-.  incurred  in 
recovering  stolen  property,  and  convicting  thii  \  i  -. 

■■  /;•  mint i,  Thai  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  by  this  met  ting 
to  draft  articles  of  association  for  the  government  of  the  society,  regu- 
lating dues,  times  of  meeting,  etc.,  for  each  member  to  sign,  essentially 
embodying  the  ideas  expressed  in  these  resolutions." 


Resolutions  Remonstrating  against  a  Nuisance. 

"Resolved,  That  the  continuance  of  the  bon^  boiling  establishment 
and  glue  factory  of  Messrs.  Smith  &  Jones  In  tin-  midst  ol  a  densely 

populated  neighborhood,  is  an  intolerable  nul  am  blch  i-  Incom- 
patible with  the  health  ami  comfort  of  those  who  reside  in  the  vicinity. 
"Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  three  be  appoint.-d  In  the  Chair, 
whose  duty  it  shall  b.-  to  apprise  the  authorities  of  the  existence  and 
nature  of  the  nuisance;  and,  in  case  such  action  shall  not  produce  its 
abatement,  then,  to  employ  counsel,  and  take  such  other  legal  steps  as 
the  case  may  require." 


Resolutions  at   a  Stockholders'    Meeting,  in   Favor  of  a 
Certain  Route. 

"  Resolved,  That  the' proposed  railroad  bridge  of  this  company,  at 
in,  he  located  north,  rather  than  south,  of  the  village,  for  these 
reasons: 

11 1.  To  build  a  bridge  south  of  the  town  will  necessitate  placing  a 
depot  so  far  from  the  o  nter  of  the  village  as  to  prevent  the  people 
of  Jackson  from  patronizing  the  road.  -  the  South  Western 

railway  already  has  a  depot  near  the  center  of  the  town. 


PETITIONS    TO   PUBLIC    BODIES. 


421 


"2.  The  south  line  will  require  more  than  double  the  amount  of 
trestle  work  for  the  bridge, 

"3.  The  right  of  way  by  the  southern  route  is  much  the  most  ex- 
pensive. Even  with  the  purchase  of  the  Jackson  foundry  grounds 
(which  will  remove  the  abrupt  curve  in  the  upper  ronte),  the  right  of 
way  will  cost  less  than  by  the  south  survey,  to  say  nothing  of  bring- 
ing the  depot  nearer  the  center  of  the  village,  and  lessening  the 
expense  of  trestle  work;  therefore 

Ll  Resolved,  That,  for  the  foregoing  and  other  reasons,  the  directors 
are  recommended  to  take  the  northern  instead  of  the  southern  route, 
for  the  proposed  railway  through  the  town  of  Jackson." 


Resolution  Instructing  Members  of  the  Legislature. 

"  Resolved,  That  we  are  opposed  to  the  present  oppressive  law  on  our 
statute  books  relative  to  stock  running  at  large,  and  we  hereby  pledge 


ourselves  to  vote  for  no  candidate  for  either  house  of  the  legislature 
who  is  not  pledged  to  its  speedy  repeal. 

"Resolved,  That  the  secretary  is  instructed  to  furnish  a  report  of 
this  meeting,  together  with  this  resolution,  to  such  papers  as  will  bring 
the  subject  most  generally  before  the  people." 


Resolution  of  Thanks  to  the  Officers  of  a  Convention. 

The  following  resolution,  presented  just  before  the  close  of 
a  convention,  is  put  by  the  member  who  makes  the  motion  —  it 
being  personal  to  the  presiding  officer. 

"  Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  convention  are  hereby  given  to 
the  president,  for  the  able,  dignified,  and  impartial  manner  in  which 
he  has  presided  over  its  deliberations,  and  to  the  other  officers  for  the 
satisfactory  maimer  in  which  they  have  fulfilled  the  duties  assigned  to 
them." 


ETITIONS 


* 


A  PETITION  is  a  formal  request  nr  supplication,  from  the 
persons  w  ho  present  or  sign  the  paper  containing  it,  to  the 
body  or  individual  to  whom  it  is  presented,  for  the  grant 
of  some  favor. 
It  is  a  general  rule,  in  the  case  of  petitions  presented  to  courts 
that  an  affidavit  accompany  them,  setting  forth  that  the  statements 
therein  made,  so  far  as  known  to  the  petitioner,  are  true,  and  that 
these  facts,  by  him  stated  as  within  his  knowledge  and  that  of  others, 
he  believes  to  be  true. 

PETITIONS  TO  A  CITY  COUNCIL. 
The  people  of  a  town  or  city  very  frequently  have   occasion  to 
petition  their  town  authorities  or  city  government  for  the  granting  of 

favors  nr  the  enactment  of  laws. 
The  following  are  among  the  forms  of  petition  to  a  city  council: 

For  Opening  a  Street. 

TO  THE  MAYOR  AND  ALDERMEN  OF  THE  CITY  OF 

ASSEMBLED 

0i  ntlemen  —The  undersigned  respectfully  solicit  your  honorable  body  to 
open  and  extend  walnut  street,  which  now  ten     ■■■<  ■      il    tdams  street. 

through  blocks  Nos.  10  and  12  in  Hall's  addition  to .to  Benton  street, 

|     making  Walnut  a   nearly  straight    and  continuous  street    for    iv 
miles,  and  greatly  accommodating  the  people  in  that  portion  of  the  city. 

B  A  dMC.) 

[Signed  by  two  hundn  d  tax  payers,  more  or  leas."] 


,  in  Common  Council 


Remonstrating  Against  a  Nuisance. 


To  the  Mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  City  OF  - 

■I  HLED. 


,  in  Common  Council 


Gentlemen  —Your  petitioner-  pespeotfulh  represent  that  during  the  past 

summer  .1  eh  n  ,1  i   verted  i  lie  Ik.i  n    I  ■  ■  ■  -  - « r  t  ■ .  i  .  t  t   N..    i-i    ■■■ 

between  Van  Buren  and  Jackson  nil.,  b  slaughter  house,  which,  with  the  de- 
caying offal  about  the  premises,  pi  nch  that  Is  unbearable  to  the 
■■  living  in  that  vicinity,    in  all  respects  1  nuisance  to  the 
iieik'Minrhood,  and  we  ask  your  honorable  bodj  to  bare  the  same  removed. 

Stale  aii-l  .lit*  ) 

■!  hy  one  hundred  persons,  more  or  less,  residing  in  the  neighborhood.] 


in  Common  Council 

.  feeling 


Asking  lor  a  Policeman. 

To  THE   MAYOR  AND  ALDERMEN  OF  THE   CITY  OF  

ASSEMBLED: 

'  tiemen. — The  undersigned  citizens  and  tax-payers  <>f 
that  life  and  property  n  ]  -  of  this  town, 

Lsb  \..m  honorable  b<  in  policeman  to  have 

supervision  of  the  streets  and  alleys  from  Harrison  to  walnut  streets,  on 
Broad*  1 1 

{Utrt  0tc  dtj.  BtKta  »nd  date  ) 

Signed  by  one  hundred  tax-payrrs,  more"  or  less.] 


PETITIONS  TO  THE  STATE  LEGISLATURE. 
Petition  from  Farmers  Asking  for  the  Extermination   of   the  Canada 

Thistle. 
To  the  Honorable  the  Senate  and   House  OF  Representatives  of  the 

State  OF ,  IN  LEGISLATURE  CONVENED 

The  undersigned  citizens  of county,  respectfully  represent  that 

this,  and  neighboring  ming  infested  with  that  pest,  the 

Canada  thistle.     As  vet  they  are  not  In  sufficient  quantity  to  be  beyond  con- 
trol, but  it  is  feared   if  they  are  allowed  to  go  without   restraint  twi 
longer,  they  will  be  so  spread  as  Co  make  their  extermination  next  ti 
sible.    We,  therefore,  respectfull3  request  your  honorable  body  to  tali 

a  to  their  Immediate  subjection,  thus  saving  the  farming  com- 
munity from  an  evil  which  cannot  be  removed  if  allowed  to  exist  much  longer. 
(Here  pie  county.  SLit*  an.i  dxia  | 

[Signed  by  one  thousand  farmers,  more  or  less.] 


Petition  Irom  Farmers,  Relative  to  Stock  Running  at  Large. 
To  the   Honorable  the   Senate  and   Hocse   OF   Representatives  of  the 

State  of .in  Legislature  Convened- 

Your  petitioners,  o  payers  ol  county,  n 

fully  represent  to  your  honorable  bo 

lire  sent  subjected  to  an  immense  drain  on  their  resources,  by  being  COn 

to  build  thousands  of  miles  of  I'etx-e.  not  foi  theii  own  use,  bnt  for  the  pur 
pose  of  preventing  the  encroachment  ol  others  At  a  low  estimate,  it  is 
costing  millions  of  dollars  everj    yeai    for  this  -       ng.    The  man 

who  wishes  to  keep  stock  maj  fence  the  necessary  pasturage  For  thi 
but  t"  <■'  impel  the  farmer  who  does  not  have  stock 
quantity  to  keep  up  miles  of  fence,  continually  to  rot  down  and  be  rebuilt,  is 
an  oppression  which  is  causing  many  farmers  to  remain  in  poverty,  who 
otherwise  might  be  in  comparand  i  nt  circumstai) 

We,  therefore,  petition  you  to  enact  a  law-  to  prevent  stock  of  every  descrip- 
tion from  running  at  large. 

(Here  pn  countT.  SUM   10 


is 


igned  by  Jive  hundred  farmers,  more  or  less.] 


Petition  to  the  Governor  Asking  lor  Pardon. 
To  John  m.  Palmes,  State  of  litis,  is 

77ie  Petition  of  the  underst  ~nts- 

That  on  the  ninth  day  ol  July,  1871,  J  ■■>  of  Chicago, 

ivicted  before  the  en;  of  the  crime  of  man- 

Slaughter,  and  sentenced  tlo  :ie  now 

remains,  for  the  term  of  tvi  - 

■  I.  as  will  be  seen  i.v  the  summai  \  append  I 

previous  to  thai  time  the  said  Jones  had  maintained  the 

tion  ol    ;  and    upright    man      and   that    his  conduct   since 

imprisonment,  according  to  (lie  tetter  of  the  warden,  filed  herewith,  fa 

cemplary.    Thi  who  need  his 

under  the  impression  that  the  well  bell  ety  will  not  be  injured  by  bis 

and  that  the  i  I  ■■.under  the  c  S  Oi  the 

case,  have  been  sufficiently  answered,  they  respectfully  Implore  executive 

clemency  in  h 

(Ucr«  j»t  toon.  Miu  *od  .Jit*  ) 

. 


422 


HiiW    TO    CONDUCT    PUBLIC    ENTERTAINMENTS. 


-'  i  ■- 


U-.T 


-V 


/^. 


il 


Celebrations 


SUGGESTIONS 

CONCERNING  FOURTH  OF  JULY 

CELEBRATIONS.  Etc 
J-.^=3=^-i 


n 


w 


Has? 


■-v 


■;-\ 


'i- 


and  Festivals. 


i^. 


HINTS  RELATING  TO 

PUBLIC  DINNERS,  PICNICS 

FESTIVALS.  Etc. 

— !-^=a=^-i — 


The  Committees  Necessary  and  the  Plan  of  Organization. 


fg   PLEASING   variety  in  the  routine 
of  life  is  an  occasional  celebration. 

These-  are  given  often    by  certain 
societies,   and    comprise   festivals, 

public  dinners,  i>icnics,  excursions, 
reunions,  etc. 

FOURTH   OF  JULY. 

A  very  appropriate  day  for  a  general  celebration,  in  the  United 
States,  is  the  Fourth  of  July. 

In  preparing  for  such  a  celebration  it  is  first  necessary  to  appoint 
suitable  committees  to  carry  oal  the  details  of  the  work  Incident  to 
such  an  occasion.  This  Is  done  by  calling  a  meeting  of  the  citizens 
at  some  public  place,  "for  the  purpose  of  making  arrangements 
for  celebrating  the  forthcoming  anniversary  of  American  J 
dence!'"  which  meeting  should  organize  in  the  usual  form,  by  the 
appointmenl  of  a  president  and  secretary. 

The  meeting  should  consider  the  feasibility  of  Buch  celebration, 
and,  if  it  is  deemed  advisable  to  celebrate  this  anniversary,  should 
appoint  an  executive  committee  of  three,  to  have  general  supervision 
"f  the  whole  affair,  to  be  assists 

1.  A  finance  committee,  who  will  solicit  the  necessary  funds. 
•£.     L  committee  on  ground  toe  for  holding  the  cele- 

bration, tarnishing  etc. 

:s.  immltteeon  orator,  who  will  provide  speakers,  reader  of  Declaration 
ol  Independence,  etc 

4.     <  Uld,  singing  by  the  glee  club.  etc. 

.%.  Committee  on  procession,  who  will  induce  the  various  societies,  and  a 
n  from  the  different  trades,  t<>  appear  In  rtreel  procession,  along 
with  the  representation  <>(  the  dlffi  In  the  L'nion. 

6.  Committee  on  military  display,  who  will  organize  any  military  exhibi- 
tion  that  m  i>  be  thought  advisable,  take  charge  »f  fixing  guns,  etc. 

7.  i  ommlttee  on  fireworks,  who  will  attend  to  the  arrangements  for  such 
exhibition  in  the  evening. 

8.  Commit'  ments,  whose  especial  duty  it  shall  be  t<>  organize 
treet  display  ol  ill  entertain  and  amuse  the  people. 

The  executive  committee  may  appoint  the  president  of  the  day,  the 

-  iry  marshals,  and  arrange  for  additional  attractions  and  novel- 

ricnlated  to  Been  re  the  Bnccess  of  the  celebration. 

Lei   these  arrangements  be  made  three  or  four  week*  before  the 

"Fourth."     Now,  let  the  executive  committee  thoroughly  advertise 

the  list  of  committees,  and  what  it  is  proposed  to  accomplish.      In 

the  meantimi  should  report  to  the  executive 

what  amount  Of  money  may  be  relied  upon,  and  the  committee  on 


orator  should  report  the  names  of  their  speakers,  while  the  various 
other  committees  will  report  what  the  attractions  are  to  be  In  their 
several  departments. 

Then  the  executive  committee  should  prepare  their  posters  and 
programmes,  descriptive  of  what  may  be  seen  by  strangers  from 
abroad  who  attend  the  celebration,  and  crowds  of  people  will  come 
from   near  and   fur. 

It  is  not  necessary  for  many  people  to  be  interested  at  first  in  the 
celebration,  to  make  the  same  a  success,  The  resolve  by  otu  person 
to  have  a  grand  celebration,  who  will  call  a  public  meeting,  associate 
with  himself  two  others,  as  an  executive  committee,  and  follow  by 
tdc  appointment  of  the  necessary  committees,  publishing  the  whole 
to  the  world,  and  going  ahead,  will  generally  make  a  \  ery  successful 
celebration. 

In  the  smaller  towns  so  many  committees  may  not  be  necessary, 
but  having  a  good  executive  committee,  the  work  i-  made  much 
lighter   by  being  distriln.  mni>  persons,  though  it 

Will  always  devolve  upon  two  or  three  individuals  to  carry  the  affair 
through  to  a  successful  conclusion. 


PUBLIC    DINNERS. 

The  same  regulations,  to  a  certain  extent,  as  in  the  Fourth  of  July 
celebration,  may  be  observed  In  other  public  entertainments,  though 
it  maj  uol  be  necessary  tohavt  ommittees. 

When  B  public  dinner  to  s  distinguished  man, 

the  ftrsl  move  Is  to  extend  to  the  person  an  invitation,  as  numerously 
signed  as  possible.     If  he  accepts,  he  either  fixes  the  day  himself, 
or  leaves  that  to  the  option  of  the  party  inviting  him.      In  the 
case,  tip  b  time  thai  will  best  suil  oience. 

Arrangements   having  been    made    thus    far,  e«. mini; 
appointed   on    table,   invitation-,  toasts,  etc.,  the    affair   being  con- 
ducted accord!  I  iquette  of  bucd  occasions. 


PICNICS  AND  FESTIVALS. 

These  Boclal  ent  -.  which  are  usually  conducted  In  the 

interest  of  certain  &  mostly  pleasant  affairs  in  proportion 

as  they  are  agreeably  conducted  b\  the  managers. 

They    should    be    especially  for    the    absence    of    all 

formality,  jollity  and  mirth  reigning  supreme.     Tf  another  committee 

Inted,  outside  of  the  executive,  let  it  be  a  committee  on  fun. 


TOASTS   AND   SENTIMENTS   APPROPRIATE   FOR   VARIOUS   OCCASIONS. 


423 


ENTIMENTS: 


sy* 


AMONG  the  delightful  titbits  that  afford 
variety  and  merriment  on  certain  festal 
occasions,  may  be  toasts  and  sentiments,  thus : 

For  a  Christmas  Dinner. 

"  Christmas  hospitality:  And  the  ladies  who  make  it  delightful  by 
their  mincing  ways." 

"The  sports  of  the  holidays:  Sleighing  the  Dears^  and  taking  com- 
fort among  the  Buffaloes/'' 


For  the  Thanksgiving  Festival. 

"  Onr  opinion  on  the  Eastern  Question :  We  agree  with  Russia,  that 
Turkey  ought  to  be  gobbUd." 

"The  health  of  our  venerable  host:  Although  an  American  citizen, 
he  is  one  of  the  best  Grand  Seniors  that  ever  presided  over  Turk')/." 

"Thanksgiving: The  magnetic  festival  that  brings  back  erratic  wan- 
derers to  the  Old  Folks  at  Home.11 

"The  thanksgiving  board:  While  it  groans  with  plenty  within,  who 
cares  for  the  whistling  of  the  wind  without." 

"Thanksgiving:  The  religious  and  social  festival  that  converts  every 
family  mansion  iuto  a  Family  Meeting  House." 


For  the  Fourth  of  July. 

"The  American  Eagle:  The  older  he  grows  the  louder  he  screams, 
and  the  higher  he  flies." 

"The  Union  of  the  States,  and  the  Union  of  the  Sexes:The  one  was 
the  beginning  of  man's  independence,  the  other  is  the  end  of  it." 

"Our  Standard  Sheet:  It  has  often  been  badly  mangled,  and  terribly 
scorched,  but  is,  nevertheless,  the  noblest  sheet  that  ever  covered  :i 
hero  on  the  bed  ol  glory." 


For  a  Wooden  Wedding. 

"Our  Host  and  Hostess:  The  fire  of  nflYction  they  mutually  kindled 
five  years  ago  has  not  gone  out ;  on  the  contrary,  we  are  glad  to  see 
them  wooding  up." 


"  The  Wooden  Wedding  of  our  Friends:  And  may  all  the  children  be 
chips  of  the  old  block." 

"  The  Hero  and  Heroine  of  this  Wooden  Festival :  May  they  flourish 
like  green  bay  trees  in  their  youth,  and  retain  all  their  pith  when  they 
become  elders.11 


For  the  Tin  Wedding. 

"The  Golden  Rule  of  Matrimony:  Marry  the  first  time  for  love  —  the 
second  time  for  Tin." 

'"  The  Fair  Bride :  She  blushed  at  her  first  marriage,  but  she  shows 
more  metal  to-day." 

"Tin  Weddings*.  And  the  bright  reflections  to  which  they  give  rise." 


For  the  Crystal  Wedding. 

"  Crystal  Weddings:  The  medium  through  which  the  bliss  of  endur- 
ing affection  is  magnified^  reflected^  and  made  transparent  to  every- 
body." 

"The  fifteenth  year  of  Wedlock:  A  matrimonial  Stage \  chiefly  re- 
markable for  its  Tumblers.'1'' 

"Our  Hospitable  Hostess:  And  may  it  never  be  her  fate  to  look  on 
life  *  as  through  a  glass  darkly.1 " 

"The  New  Married  Couple:  They  will  not  find  the  friendship  of 
their  friends  as  brittle  as  their  gifts." 


For  a  Silver  Wedding. 

"A  quarter  of  a  century  of  Married  Happiness :  The  best  five-twenty 
bond  iu  the  world." 

"The  Bridal  Pair:  Their  admirable  performances  in  double  harness 
well  entitle  them  to  the  plate.1' 

"Our  Kind  Entertainers :  Know  all  men,  by  these  presents,  how  sin- 
cerely we  love  them." 


For  the  Golden  Wedding. 

"Matrimony's  Pleasant  Autumn:  May  it  always  bear  golden  fruit." 
"The  Bridegroom's  Prize:  Not  toys  of  gold,  but  the  more  attractive 
metal  by  his  side." 


*  Selected  from  Barber's  Ready-made  Speeches,  published  by  Dick  A  Fitzgerald.  New  York. 


HOW   TO  ORGANIZE  AND  CONDUCT    PUBLIC    MEETINGS. 


^ISI^x 


'Public  ^Meetings. 


HOW  TO  CALL,  ORGANIZE  AND  CONDUCT  PUBLIC  ASSEMBLAGES. 


Duties  of  Officers,  Order  of  Business,  Introduction  of  Resolutions,  and  Parliamentary  Usages  in  the  Government 

of  Public  Gatherings. 


'  HE  people  of  every  community, 
in  order  to  introduce  laws, 
regulations,  and  organizations 
by  which  they  shall  be  gov- 
erned and  benefited,  find  it 
necessary  to  meet  from  time 
to  time  in  public  assemblages. 
Thus,  before  a  school  can  be 
established,  it  is  necessary  to  bave  a  meeting 
of  the  citizens,  to  take  the  preliminary  steps 
towards  obtaining  the  school.  Before  a  church 
organization  can  be  had.  a  meeting  of  persons 
favorable  to  such  proceeding  must  first  take 
place,  to  secure  sufficient  concert  of  action  to 
accomplish  the  object.  To  obtain  unity  of  sen- 
timent, and  harmony  of  action,  in  the  carrying 
forward  of  any  important  enterprise,  the  people 
must  be  called  together,  and  the  minds  of  a  suf- 
ficient number  directed  into  the  desired  channel 
to  effect  the  contemplated  purpose. 

In  educating  public  sentiment,  calling  the 
people  together,  and  introducing  the  resolutions 
that  shall  embody  the  sense  of  the  meeting, 
much  written  business  is  required  that  may 
properly  be  considered  here. 


To  show  the  manner  in  which  a  meeting  is 
convened,  called  to  order,  organized,  and  con- 
ducted, we  will  take  a  political  gathering  as  an 
example. 

To  illustrate:  William  Jones,  who  lives  in  the 
town  of  Monroe,  being  a  zealous  politician,  is 
desirous  of  having  a  republican  meeting  in  his 
town,  just  before  election.  He,  therefore,  con- 
sult s wit li  John  Belden, Arthur  Bennett,  George 
Moody,  at  a  I  oi  hers,  who  ha\  e  a  certain  influence, 
as  to  time  and  place.  Arrangements  are  also 
made  with  two  or  three  persons,  accustomed  to 
public  speaking,  to  address  the  meeting. 

Notice  is  then  given,  by  written  placards  or 
printed  posters,  as  follows  : 

"  Republican  Meeting. 

AixCitizbns  oi  Monroe,  who  favor  the  principle*  of  the  REPtTBLI- 
i   \  \  PARTY, ap  requested  to  meet  on  Tin  u-i,  w  Bvbhino.  Oct.  1st, 
ii  >\v\  u  \ 1. 1..  :n  Sbvbn  o  i  i  ,.i  k,  '"  take  snefa  ai  tfon   > 

a  A  b<  Bl  i"  pn >te  the  >/  [o  the  < '•  >M I  "•' I 

ELECTION      Thi    Meeting  will  be  addri  ssed  bj  the  Hon.  WII.ma.M 
SPENCER,  THOMAS  HOPKINS,  E-^.,  ami  Othjsbs." 

The  projectors  assemble  at  the  Hall  earl}',  and 
decide,  from  an  examination  of  the  audience, 
who  will  make  a  suitable  presiding  officer,  and 
secretary,    or  these    persons  may  be  selected 


SELECTION   OF   OFFICERS   AT   PUBLIC   MEETINGS. 


4:25 


previous  to  the  meeting,  with  the  understanding 
that  they  will  be  present. 

Selection  of  Chairman. 

Half  or  three-quarters  of  an  hour  is  usually 
given  from  the  time  when  the  meeting  is 
appointed,  for  general  conversation,  while  the 
audience  is  assembling.  At  half-past  seven, 
Wm.  Jones  steps  forward,  and  says  : 

"  The  meeting  will  please  come  to  order." 

As  soon  as  the  audience  becomes  still,  Mr. 
Jones  continues : 

"  I  move  that  Samuel  Lockwood  act  as  Presi- 
dent of  this  meeting." 

Mr.  Arthur  Belden  says  : 

"  I  second  the  motion." 

Then,  Mr.  Jones  puts  the  question  thus  : 

"  It  has  been  moved  and  seconded,  that  Mr. 
Samuel  Lockwood  act  as  President  of  this  meet- 
ing. All  in  favor  of  the  motion  will  manifest 
the  same  by  saying,  '  Aye.'  " 

As  soon  as  the  affirmative  vote  has  been 
expressed,  he  will  say : 

"  Those  who  are  opposed  will  say,  '  No.' ' 

If  the  "  Ayes  "  predominate,  he  will  say  : 

"  The  '  Ayes '  have  it.  Mr.  Lockwood  will 
take  the  chair." 

If,  however,  the  '  Noes '  are  in  the  majority, 
he  will  say : 

"  The  '  Noes  '  have  it ;  the  motion  is  lost." 

Thereupon,  he  will  nominate  another  person, 
or  put  the  question  upon  the  nomination  of 
some  one  else.  * 

As  soon  as  the  chairman  is  chosen,  he  will 
take  his  place. 

Appointment  of  Secretary. 

Mr.  Arthur  Bennett  then  says  : 

"  I  move  that  Mr.  Hiram  Cooper  act  as  Secre- 
tary of  this  meeting." 

This  motion  being  seconded,  the  Chairman 
puts  the  question,  and  declares  the  result. 

*  If  considerable  political  excitement  exists  in  the  community,  the 
opposite  party  will  Bometimee  gather  in  large  force,  which  Is  termed 
"packing"  tnemeeting;  will  vote  their  own  officers  into  place,  and 
conduct  tin-  meeting  according  to  their  own  wish)  s.  When,  however, 
a  meeting  is  called  in  the  Interestof  a  certain  political  party,  it  is  con- 
sidered disreputable  for  another  party  to  s.  ek,  through  overwhelming 
force,  to  control  the  meeting  in  their  own  interi  st 


The  meeting  is  now  organized.  The  Chair- 
man will  direct  the  Secretary  to  read  the  call, 
or,  if  a  cop}'  of  the  call  is  not  to  be  obtained,  he 
will  ask  one  of  the  projectors  to  state  the  object 
of  the  meeting. 

Order  of  Business. 

That  speech  being  concluded,  the  President 
will  say  : 

"  You  have  heard  the  call,  and  understand  its 
object ;  what  is  the  further  pleasure  of  the 
meeting  ?  " 

Mr.  Jones,  thereupon,  says  : 

"I  move  that  a  Committee  of  three  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  chair  to  draft  resolutions  express- 
ive of  the  sense  of  this  meeting." 

This  is  seconded. 

The  Chairman  then  says  : 

"  Gentlemen,  you  have  heard  the  motion ; 
are  you  read}'  for  the  question  ?  " 

If  any  one  desires  to  speak  against  the  motion, 
or  lias  any  remark  to  make,  he  arises,  and  says : 

"  Mr.  Chairman." 

The  Chairman  turns  towards  the  speaker,  and 
listens  to  him,  and  each  in  succession.  When 
they  are  all  done,  or  in  case  no  one  respond-  tit 
the  call,  he  puts  the  question  in  the  previous 
form,  and  declares  the  result. 

Committee  on  Resolutions. 

The  resolution  being  adopted,  the  Chairman 
says: 

"  I  will  appoint  as  such  Committee — "William 
Jones,  Albert  Hawkins,  and  Henry  Peabody." 

Whereamotion  is  made  moving  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  committee,  it,  is  parliamentary  usage 
to  appoint,  as  the  first  person  selected  on  such 
committee,  the  mover  of  the  resolution. 

The  Committee  withdraws  to  prepare  the 
resolutions,  or  to  examine  those  \>w\  i<'U>]y  pre- 
pared for  the  purpose. 

Upon  the  retirement  of  the  Committee,  the 
audience  will  call  for  the  leading  speakers  of  the 
evening  to  address  tlie  meeting.  When  tin' 
speeches  are  concluded,  the  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  comes  forward,  and  says: 


426 


REPOKTa   <>!■•    MEETINGS   AND   GOVERNMENT  OK  CONVENTIONS. 


'•  Mr.  Chairman,  the  Committee  report  the 
following  resolutions." 

lie  then  reads  the  resolutions,  and  gives 
them  to  the  Secretary. 

The  Chairman  now  says  : 

"You  have  beard  the  resolutions.  What 
shall  be  done  with  them  ?  " 

Arthur  Bennett  says: 

"  I  move  they  be  adopted." 

The  motion  is  seconded. 

The  Chairman  then  says  : 

"  The  question  on  the  passage  of  the  resolu- 
tions is  now  before  the  house.  Are  there  any 
remarks  to  be  made  on  the  subject  ?  "  * 

If  no  objections  are  made,  the  President  will 
put  the  question,  and  declare  the  result.  The 
formality  of  appointing  a  Committee  on  Resolu- 
tions may  be  avoided  by  the  resolutions  being 
introduced  and  read  by  one  of  the  projectors  of 
the  meeting. 

The  resolutions  adopted,  and  the  speeches 
concluded,  the  Chairman  will  ask  : 

"  What  is  the  further  pleasure  of  the  meet- 
ing?" 

Adjournment. 

If  there  be  no  further  business,  some  one 
moves  an  adjournment.  As  the  question  is 
not  debatable  the  Chairman  puts  it  direct.  If 
carried,  he  says : 

"  The  meeting  is  adjourned." 

If  thought  best  to  convene  another  meeting, 
the  Chairman  will  declare  : 

"  The  meeting  is  adjourned  to  the  time  fixed 
upon." 

The  foregoing,  it  will  be  seen,  by  varying  the 
call,  and  changing  the  business  to  suit,  will 
answer  for  most  political  gatherings,  or  any  pub- 
lic meeting. 

If  it  is  desirable  to  make  the  proceedings 
public,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  to  fully 
write  up  the  business  of  the  meeting,  and  trans- 
mit the  same  to  the  nearest  newspaper  favorable 
to  the  cause.     If  the  meeting  be  of  sufficient 

•  Tf  there  i«  a  good  deal  of  business  before  the  meeting,  tlie  chairman 
may  dispatch  men  business  much  more  rapidly  by  Immediately  pntting 
a  queeliou,  when  moved  aud  seconded,  without  Inviting  remarks. 


importance,  it  maybe  well  for  him,  immediately 

after  being  chosen  to  fill  the  position,  to  move 
the  appointment  of  two  Assistant  Secretaries, 
who  will  aid  him  in  writing  up  the  proceed  in;.:-, 
for  two  or  three  newspapers. 

The  Secretary's  Report. 

The  Secretary's  report  of  a  meeting,  will,  of 
course,  vary  according  to  circumstances.  In  tin1 
record  of  the  foregoing  meeting,  it  would  read 
as  follows : 

Pursnant  to  call,  a  meeting  of  the  Republican  ciilzen»  of  Monroe 
was  held  in  the  Town  Ball  on  Thursday  evening,  Oct.  Kith.  Samuel 
I.ockwood  being  chosen  president  of  the  meeting,  and  Hiram  Cooper 
appointed  secretary. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  William  Jones,  the  chairman  appointed  as  a  com- 
mittee on  resolutions,  Messrs  Wm.  Jones.  Albert  Hawkins,  aud  H«  ury 
P<  abody. 

During  the  absence  of  the  committee,  the  meeting  was  very  ably 
addressed  by  Hon.  W.  Spencer,  of  Belmont,  who  reviewed  the  work 
that  had  been  done  by  this  party,  in  a  speech  of  some  forty  minutes. 

Mr.  Spencer  was  followed  by  Thomas  Hopkins.  Esq.,  of  Cambridge, 
In  a  half  hour's  speech,  in  which  In'  particularly  urged  upon  all  Rt  pub- 
licans the  necessity  of  vigilant  effort  from  this  time  lorward  till  the 
election. 

The  committee  on  resolutions  reported  the  following,  which  were 
unanimously  adopted. 

(/fere  the  Secretary  inserts  the  Iienulut'wne.) 

On  motion,  the  meeting  was  adjourned. 

Government  of  Conventions. 

While  the  foregoing  form  is  applicable,  with 
suitable  variations,  to  the  management  of  ordi- 
nary public  meetings,  it  is  generally  necessary 
in  political  conventions,  which  contain  fre- 
quently a  large  number  of  delegates  with  a 
great  diversity  of  interests  to  subserve,  several 
candidates  being  often  before  the  convention 
seeking  position,  to  make  first  a  temporary,  and 
afterwards  a  permanent  organization. 

Comprised,  as  the  convention  is,  of  delegates, 
who  arc  representatives  from  constituencies 
of  different  parts  of  the  county,  or  state,  the 
assemblage  is  a  legislature  of  the  party,  and  is 
governed  bj  nearly  the  same  rules.  The  strict- 
est application  of  these  rules  is  often  necessary, 
in  order  to  preserve  decorum  in  its  discussions, 
and  dignity  in  its  action. 

A  convention  may  be  called,  either  by  some 
committee  appointed  by  previous  conventions 
to  make  the  call,  or  it  may  be  convened  by 
invitation  of  the  leading  friends  of  a  particular 


GOVERNMENT    OF    MEETINGS    AND    CONVENTIONS PARLIAMENTARY   RULES. 


427 


cause,  or  measure.  The  call  should  contain 
some  general  directions  as  to  the  mode  of  elect- 
ing delegates. 

The  night  before  the  convention  a  caucus  is 
generally  held  in  the  several  towns  of  the 
county,  for  the  purpose  of  selecting  delegates 
to  attend  the  same.  These  delegates  are  some- 
times instructed  by  the  meeting  to  vote  for  cer- 
tain men  or  measures,  in  the  convention. 

Two  sets  of  officers  are  chosen  in  the  conven- 
tion—  temporary,  and  permanent.  The  first  is 
for  the  purpose  of  conducting  the  business  pre- 
paratoiy  to  organization. 

The  temporary  chairman  is  chosen  in  the 
manner  heretofore  designated.  In  selecting 
the  permanent  officers,  it  is  usual  to  allow  the 
delegation  from  each  county,  district  or  town- 
ship, the  right  to  name  one  member  of  the  com- 


mittee on  permanent  organization.  In  order  to 
save  time,  it  is  common  to  appoint  a  committee, 
at  the  same  time,  on  credentials,  wlio.se  duty  it 
is  to  ascertain  if  each  delegate  is  entitled  to  vote 
in  the  convention. 

During  the  interval  that  follows,  it  is  custom- 
ary, while  the  committees  are  engaged  in  their 
labors,  to  call  upon  various  prominent  men  to 
address  the  gathering. 

The  officers  recommended  by  the  committee 
chosen  for  the  purpose,  are  generally  elected ; 
the  real  business  of  the  convention  can  now  be 
performed. 

It  is  customary  to  give  the  thanks  of  the  con- 
vention to  its  officers  just  previous  to  adjourn- 
ment. In  that  case,  the  member  who  makes  the 
motion  puts  the  question  upon  its  adoption, 
and  declares  the  result. 


PARLIAMENTARY   RULES/ 


HE  foregoing  illustration  of  the  method 
of  conducting  public  meetings  and 
conventions  will  give  the  reader  a 
general  idea  of  the  mode  of  procedure 
in  the  organization  and  management 
of  any  public  gathering ;  as  many 
questions  arise,  however,  concerning  parliament- 
ary usage  on  disputed  questions,  the  following 
rules  of  order  will  be  of  interest  to  all  persons 
who  may  have  occasion  to  participate  in  the 
work  of  public  meetings : 

Duties  of  the  President  of  a  Meeting. 

The  presiding  officer  of  a  meeting  should  possess  acuteness 
of  hearing,  a  clear,  distinct  voice,  positiveness  of  manner,  self- 
possession,  and  a  clear  understanding  of  his  duties,  which  are 
as  follows : 

First,  if  the  meeting  be  temporary  in  its  character,  the 
president,  having  been  appointed  by  the  members  of  the 
congregation  present,  will,  after  taking  the  chair,  proceed  to 
state  the  object  of  the  meeting,  or  call  upon  some  member  in 
the  audience,  who  is  supposed  to  know  the  object  of  the 
gathering,  to  do  so. 


SELECTION   OF   A   SECRETARY. 

Should  no  one  move  the  appointment  of  a  secretary,  the 
president  will  suggest  the  necessity  of  a  recording  officer,  and 
will  call  upon  the  meeting  to  nominate  a  suitable  person  for 
the  position.  Upon  his  nomination  the  chairman  will  put  the 
same  to  vote  and  announce  the  result,  as  he  will  all  motions 
and  propositions  properly  presented,  that  may  necessarily  arise 
in  the  course  of  the  proceedings. 

In  making  a  statement  to  the  assembly,  or  putting  a  ques- 
tion, it  is  customary  for  the  chairman  to  arise  and  stand  while 
doing  so,  though  he  may  retain  his  seat  if  much  more  conve- 
nient, while  reading  any  communication  or  message  to  the 
meeting. 

ORDER. 

He  should  strictly  maintain  order,  or  call  upon  some  one  or 
more  persons  in  authority  to  do  so  ;  should  see  that  members 
of  the  meeting,  while  engaged  in  the  presenting  of  motions  or 
in  debate,  observe  the  order  and  decorum  enjoined  by  parlia- 
mentary rules  ;  should  decide  all  questions  of  order ;  should 
appoint  members  of  committees  when  required  by  motion  to 
do  so,  and  should  not  leave  his  chair  unless  the  same  be  tilled 
by  a  vice  president  (if  there  be  one)  or  by  the  appointment  of 
a  pro  tempore  chairman. 

QUORUM. 

When  presiding  over  a  deliberative  assembly,  such  as 
a  council    or   legislature,  his  actions  will  be  largely  governed 


*  Parliamentary  rules  are  called  parliamentary  from  the  firt  that  the  rules  end  regulations  that  now  govern  public  bodies,  throughout  this 
country,  are  substantially  those  that  have  been  long  in  ufie  by  the  British  Parliament  in  England. 


i28 


DUTIES    OF   CHATRMKN    AND   SKCKKTAKIl'.P —  I'AIU.IAMKXTAKY    1:1   LE8. 


by  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  body  itself.  In  such 
cases  it  is  customary  for  the  chairman  to  ascertain  whether 
or  not  a  quorum  of  members  be  present.  Should  such  not 
prove  to  be  the  case  within  thirty  minutes  from  the  time 
appointed  for  the  opening  of  the  meeting,  it  will  be  in  order  to 
adjourn  from  lack  of  a  quorum,  though  it  will  be  proper  to  send 
an  officer  in  authority  to  secure  the  attendance  of  a  sufficient 
number  of  members  to  make  a  quorum,  whereby  business  may 
be  transacted. 

At  any  time  during  the  session,  should  it  be  ascertained  that 
less  than  a  quorum  of  members  is  in  attendance,  the  chair- 
man must  announce  the  fact,  and  suspend  the  transaction  of 
business,  as  the  proceedings  of  the  meeting  are  illegal  when 
less  than  a  quorum  is  present. 

Should  the  meeting  open  with  a  quorum  of  members,  some 
of  whom  should  afterwards  leave,  and  the  fact  be  discovered 
when  calling  the  yeas  and  nays  upon  any  question,  that  a  quo- 
rum is  not  present,  the  meeting  should  adjourn.  It  will  be  in 
order  to  take  up  the  uncompleted  business  at  the  next  meeting 
exactly  at  the  same  point  it  was  when  the  absence  of  a  quorum 
was  ascertained  at  the  preceding  meeting. 

SIGNING   TUBLIC   DOCUMENTS. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  presiding  officer  to  place  his  signature 
to  all  documents  and  proceedings  of  the  assembly,  when  neces- 
sary, in  order  to  authenticate  the  same. 

In  general,  the  chairman  being  created  by  the  meeting,  as  a 
representative  of  the  members  present,  his  duty  is  to  obey  their 
commands,  and  declare  the  will  of  the  assemblage  in  a  just  and 
impartial  manner. 

Duties  of  the  Secretary. 

The  secretary,  upon  taking  the  chair  at  a  temporary  meeting, 
will  provide  himself  with  the  necessary  stationery  with  which 
to  note  the  proceedings  on  the  occasion. 

READING  CALL,  ETC. 
He  will,  upon  request  of  the  president,  read  the  call  for  the 
meeting,  all  communications,  messages,  and  resolutions  that 
maybe  offered  ;  will  furnish  a  copy  of  the  proceedings  for  pub- 
lication, if  desirable,  or  for  any  person  interested  who  may 
wish  to  examine  the  same  ;  and  will  preserve  the  record  of  pro- 
ceedings for  presentation  and  examination  at  a  subsequent 
meeting,  if  held. 

WHAT  TO  MAKE  RECORD  OF. 
The  secretary  of  a  deliberative  assembly  will,  after  reading 
the  minutes  of  preceding  meeting,  make  note  of  and  enter  upon 
his  journal  the  substance  of  all  proceedings  and  enactments 
passed  by  the  assemblage.  All  discussions,  motions  proposed, 
and  other  matter  not  voted  upon,  are  not  entered.  Such  is  the 
rule  in  legislative  assembles.  In  other  meetings  it  is  frequent- 
ly customary  to  present  a  report,  not  only  of  what  is  actually 
done,  but  also  an  outline  of  the  discussions  and  proceed- 
ings in  the  meeting. 

PRESERVATION   OF    IMPORTANT    PAPERS. 
The  secretary  should  file  all  papers  of  importance,  after  hav- 
ing read  the  same,  and  being  the  custodian  of  all  such,  should 


never   allow  any    member  or   other    person  to    remove   them 
without  permission  from  or  direction  of  the  assembly. 

CALLING   ROLL   AND   SIGNING    PAPERS. 

I  Ie  should  call  the  roll  when  ordered,  for  the  purpose  of 
either  noting  the  absentees  or  taking  a  vole  of  the  yeas  and 
nays.  lie  will  inform  committees  of  their  appointment,  the 
nature  of  the  business  they  are  chosen  to  consider,  will  authen- 
all  proceedings,  acts,  and  orders  of  the  meeting  by  his 
signature,  and  will  issue  calls  for  special  sittings. 

It  is  customary  for  the  secretary  to  stand  while  reading  any 
extended  document  or  calling  the  roll  of  members  in  large 
assemblages,  and  to  retain  his  place  throughout  the  session  of 
the  meeting  unless  some  one  be  appointed  pro  tempore  to  act  as 
secretary  during  his  absence.  Where  one  or  several  assistant 
secretaries  arc  chosen,  less  inconvenience  is  occasioned  by  the 
temporary  absence  of  the  secretary. 

The  Treasurer. 

The  office  of  treasurer,  while  often  distinct,  is  frequently 
coupled  with  that  of  secretary.  This  portion  of  his  duty  con- 
sists in  entering  in  a  book  provided  for  the  purpose,  an  account 
of  all  moneys  received  and  disbursed  in  behalf  of  the  body 
which  he  serves. 

ORDERS  TO   PAY    MONEY. 
The  rule  is,  to  pay  out  no  moneys  without  an  order  bearing 
the  signatures  of  the  president  and  secretary,  or  the  chairman 
of  a  finance  committee,  who  is  empowered  to  audit  bills,  which 
orders  the  treasurer  should  carefully  preserve  as  vouchers. 

BONDS. 
It  is  further   customary  to    require  bonds   of  such  officer  for 
the  faithful   performance   of  his   duty,  where   any  considerable 
amount  of  money  is  handled,  he   being  also  required  to  yield 
possession  of  his  books  to  his  successor,  in  good  order. 

The  Committees. 

All  public  bodies  find  it  necessary,  in  order  to  systematize 
their  work  and  expedite  business,  to  appoint  certain  individu- 
als of  their  number  to  have  charge  and  control  of  certain  de- 
partments of  the  work,  relating  to  their  deliberations. 

SELECT    AND    STANDING    COMMITIEES. 

Where  appointed  for  a  particular  occasion,  the  committee  is 
known  as  and  called  a  select  committee  ;  where  appointed  at 
the  beginning  of  a  session,  to  consider  all  matters  of  a  certain 
nature,  it  is  termed  a  standing  committee. 

COMMITTEE    OF    THE    WHOLE. 

A  "committee  of  the  whole"  consists  of  all  the  members. 
As  it  is  the  duty  of  the  standing  and  select  committees  to  pre- 
pare measures  to  be  acted  upon  by  the  full  assembly,  so  it  is 
the  duty  of  the  "committee  of  the  whole  "  to  consider  and  ar- 
range the  preliminaries  of  the  business  that  the  assembly  is  to 
consider.  This  committee  can  act  with  much  less  formality 
than  is  consistent  with  the  customary  forms  of  parliamentary 
usage  in  full  assemblage. 


DUTIES   OF   COMMITTEES — PARLIAMENTARY   RULES. 


4:29 


Appointment  of  Committees. 

The  constitution  and  by-laws  of  an  association  usually  pro- 
vide for  the  appointment  of  standing  committees,  who  sit  per- 
manently during  the  session.  The  members  of  such  commit- 
tees in  deliberative  assemblies,  unless  otherwise  ordered,  are 
appointed  by  the  presiding  officer. 

The  necessity  of  a  select  committee  is  usually  suggested  by 
some  member  of  the  assembly,  who  frequently  moves  that  a 
certain  number  be  appointed,  either  by  the  chairman  or  the 
meeting.  Should  this  committee  be  appointed  by  the  meeting, 
it  is  customary  to  select  by  majority  vote  one  at  a  time,  thus 
giving  the  assembly  ample  time  to  consider  the  fitness  of  each 
candidate  for  the  proposed  committee  ;  though  the  entire  num- 
ber may  be  voted  upon  at  once,  if  thought  desirable,  to  save 
time. 

CHAIRMAN    OF    A    COMMITTEE. 

While  the  members  of  the  committee  possess  the  right  to 
select  their  chairman,  it  is  a  recognized  courtesy  to  select  the  first 
person  appointed  on  the  committee  as  chairman  of  such  com- 
mittee. 

The  necessity  of  appointing  a  new  committee  is  sometimes 
obviated,  if  there  be  already  a  committee  appointed,  by 
assigning  the  matter  to  be  considered  to  such  committee. 

VARIOUS    COMMITTEES. 

In  most  legislative  bodies  the  committees  appointed  by  the 
presiding  officer  at  the  opening  of  the  session,  are  sufficient  in 
number  to  appropriately  consider  any  subject  that  may  be 
brought  before  the  meeting.  Thus,  in  the  City  Council,  there 
is  usually  provision  made  for  the  appointment  of  a  committee 
on  "police,"  on  "  fire  and  water,"  on  "abatement  of  taxes," 
on  "streets  and  alleys,"  on  "license,"  public  grounds,"  etc. 
Committees  are  also  appointed  by  legislative  assemblies,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  consider  everything  of  a  judicial  character,  mat- 
ters relating  to  taxation,  public  institutions,  etc.  Any  matter 
arising  during  the  session,  decidedly  distinct  in  its  character, 
and  requiring  considerable  deliberation,  is  usually  referred,  by 
motion  of  one  of  the  members  of  the  assembly,  to  the  commit- 
tee having  jurisdiction  over  that  kind  of  business. 

CALLING  THE  COMMITTEE  TOGETHER. 
When  a  committee  is  appointed,  it  is  usual  for  the  first 
named  member  to  call  such  committee  together  as  soon  as 
possible,  though  it  is  not  allowable  for  a  committee  to  hold  its 
meeting  during  the  session  of  the  main  body,  unless  ordered  to 
do  so. 

Committee  Reports. 

No  order  is  necessary  to  require  a  committee  to  report. 
Whenever  a  conclusion  is  arrived  at  by  the  majority,  a  report 
should  be  made  by  the  chairman  of  the  committee  to  the  main 
body.  The  minority  of  a  committee  can  also  present  a  report, 
by  obtaining  leave  to  do  so.  If  a  majority  cannot  be  obtained, 
or  an  agreement  made,  the  committee  should  report  the  fj 
ask  to  be  discharged.  Upon  being  discharged,  a  new  com- 
mittee may  be  appointed  as  before,  or  the  matter  may  be  dis- 
posed of  by  the  main  body. 


RECEIVING  THE  REPORT. 
When  a  report  is  made,  the  chairman,  or  person  appointed 
to  present  the  report  of  the  committee,  rises  in  the  assembly, 
and  states  to  the  presiding  officer  that  the  committee  which  he 
represents  is  ready  to  make  their  report  concerning  the  matter 
which  they  have  had  under  consideration.  The  person  making 
this  announcement  may  himself  move  that  the  report  be  re- 
ceived and  (if  a  select  committee)  the  committee  discharged, 
though  it  is  more  usual  for  some  other  member  of  the  assem- 
bly to  make  such  motion.  The  question  is  then  put  by  the 
presiding  officer  to  the  meeting,  as  to  whether  the  report  will 
be  received  then  ;  or,  if  not  then,  a  time  is  fixed  upon  when  it 
will  be  received. 

REPORT    IN    WRITING. 

The  person  making  the  report  usually  presents  the  same  in 
writing,  reading  the  document  in  his  place,  after  which  he  pre- 
sents the  report,  and  all  papers  relating  to  the  subject,  to  the 
secretary  ;  or  the  report  may  be  given  to  the  secretary  to  read, 
after  which  the  meeting  will  consider  the  matter  of  its  accept- 
ance. As  a  rule,  upon  someone  member  of  the  meeting  moving 
the  acceptance  of  the  report,  the  same  being  seconded,  the  presid- 
ing officer  will  announce  the  report  accepted,  without  taking  a 
vote  thereon.  If,  however,  decided  objection  is  made,  a  vote 
by  the  meeting  will  be  taken. 

A  report  by  a  select  committee  being  accepted,  the  commit- 
tee is  dissolved,  though  anything  further  arising  on  the  ques- 
tion, the  matter  may  be  recommitted  to  the  same  committee. 
When  accepting  a  report,  it  is  common  for  a  member  to  move 
that  the  report  be  accepted  and  the  committee  discharged. 

Reports  may  be  made  by  the  simple  expression  of  opinion 
by  the  committee,  or  by  resolution  or  resolutions. 

Committee  of  the  Whole. 

When  it  becomes  necessary  for  the  assembly  to  form  itself 
into  a  committee  of  the  whole,  such  action  is  taken  on  motion 
of  some  member  of  the  meeting.  The  motion  being  carried, 
the  presiding  officer  appoints  a  chairman  of  the  committee, 
and  himself  takes  a  seat  with  the  other  members  of  the  assem- 
bly, the  chairman  of  the  committee  taking  his  seat  with  the 
clerk  at  the  secretary's  desk. 

CHAIRMAN    OF    THE   COMMITTEE    OF    THE   WHOLE. 

The  chairman  appointed  by  the  presiding  officer  is  usually 
accepted  by  the  meeting,  though  the  meeting  possesses  the 
power  to  select  another  chairman,  should  the  members  see  fit 
to  enforce  the  privilege,  some  one  member  of  the  meeting  put- 
ting the  question  on  the  selection  of  another  candidate. 

QUORUM. 

The  same  number  is  necessary  in  the  committee  of  the 
whole  to  form  a  quorum  as  in  the  main  body,  and  should 
the  number  be  less  than  a  quorum,  the  committee  is  com- 
pelled to  rise,  when  the  chairman  informs  the  presiding 
officer  that  the  committee  is  unable  to  transact  business  for  want 
of  a  quorum. 

DISSOLVING    THE    COMMITTEE. 

While  the  committee  of  the  whole  is  in  session  the  president 
usually  remains  in   the  room,  so  that,  should  any  disturbance 


430 


BIGHTS    AND    DUTIES    OF    MEMBKKS    OF    MKKTINCS I'AKLIAMENTAKV    IiT'LICS. 


arise  in  the  committee,  he  may  take  the  chair,  dissolve  the 
committee,  and  restore  the  body  to  order.  Should  such  action 
be  taken,  the  motion  must  be  put  as  before,  that  the  committee 
may  sit  again. 

The  secretary  makes  no  record  in  his  journal  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  committee,  but  only  the  report  of  such  committee 
to  the  main  body. 

COMMITTEE  OK   THE   WHOLE   CANNOT  ADJOURN. 

A  committee  of  the  whole  cannot  adjourn  ;  it  must  rise. 
Neither  does  it  take  the  ayes  and  noes,  nor  take  up  the  pre- 
vious question. 

If  unable  to  finish  the  business  before  time  for  adjournment, 
the  committee  may  rise ;  the  presiding  officer  will  resume  the 
chair;  the  chairman  of  the  committee  will  report  progress  and 
ask  leave  to  sit  again,  which  leave  is  usually  granted  upon  mo- 
tion. 

REPORT  TO  THE   MAIN   BODY. 

Should  the  subject  be  concluded,  on  motion  the  committee 
will  rise,  the  president  will  resume  his  seat,  and  the  committee 
will  report  its  proceedings  and  conclusions  to  the  main  body, 
upon  the  motion  of  some  member,  as  with  other  reports. 

With  the  exception  that  members  may  speak  as  often  as 
they  can  obtain  the  floor  in  committee  of  the  whole,  the  same 
rules  apply  to  the  committee  of  the  whole  as  govern  the  main 
body. 

THE   SECRETARY. 

The  assistant  clerk  usually  acts  as  secretary  of  the  commit- 
tee of  the  whole,  and  the  presiding  officer  of  the  main  body 
may  participate  in  the  proceedings  of  the  committee  of  the 
whole,  along  with  the  other  members  of  the  assembly. 

EXAMINATION   OF   MATTER   BEFORE  THE    COMMITTEE. 

In  the  case  of  any  communication  referred  to  a  committee, 
it  is  usual  to  proceed  to  have  it  read  by  the  clerk,  section  by 
section,  or  paragraph  by  paragraph,  he  noting  such  sugges- 
tions as  the  members  may  see  fit  to  make,  and  adding  such 
amendments  as  may  be  thought  best. 

Should  the  paper  originate  in  the  committee,  erasures  and 
interlineations  may  be  made  on  such  paper,  in  such  number  as 
may  be  though)  best,  though  a  clean  copy  of  the  same  should 
be  made  when  completed.  Should  the  paper  originate  out- 
side of  the  committee,  amendments  and  changes  should  be 
made  on  a  separate  sheet  of  paper.  When  the  amendments 
are  complete,  the  committee  should  rise,  and  report  to  the 
general  assembly. 

Duties  of  Members  of  a  Meeting. 

Having  defined  the  duties  of  the  officers  and  committees,  it 
is  equally  important  that  members  of  the  assembly  also  under- 
stand their  duties  and  privileges. 

EQUALITY  OF  MEMBERS. 
An  assemblage  of  citizens,  meeting  in  deliberative  assembly 
is,  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  term,  a  representation  of 
a  free  and  independent  people,  standing,  for  the  time, 
upon  a  plane  of  exact  equality.  Every  member  of  the  meet- 
ing will  assume  the  position  he  is   fitted  to  fill,  and  will  win 


the  esteem  and  respect  of  his  associates  there,  in  proportion  to 
his  worth,  perhaps  more  nearly  than  anywhere  else. 

APPRECIATION   OF   EACH   MEMBER'S  ABILITY. 

If  well  informed  in  parliamentary  usage,  the  fact  is  very 
clearly  seen.  If  possessed  of  a  high  degree  of  intellectual 
culture  —  if  gifted  with  fluency  of  speech  and  readiness  in  de- 
bate—  the  fact  is  clearly  shown  on  such  an  occasion  as  this. 
Wealth  and  poverty  stand  side  by  side.  Eminence  in  position 
and  lowliness  of  condition  are  lost  sight  of  for  the  time,  and 
the  real  worth  of  the  speaker,  and  active  participator  in  the 
public  meeting,  is  revealed  in  the  proceedings  of  the  as- 
sembly. 

The  same  rights  being  accorded  to  all,  it  therefore  becomes 
each  member  to  exhibit  such  deportment  as  will,  in  the  highest 
degree,  promote  the  harmony  and  efficiency  of  the  meeting. 
ORDER   AND   DEPORTMENT  OF  MEMBERS. 

Upon  calling  the  meeting  to  order,  every  member  should,  if 
possible,  become  seated,  with  head  uncovered.  The  member 
wishing  to  speak  will  arise  and  address  the  presiding  officer, 
when  the  president,  upon  hearing  such  address,  will  call  the 
member  by  name,  or  indicate  him  by  position,  that  the  body 
may  give  attention  to  his  remarks. 

It  is  customary  for  a  member  to  stand  while  speaking,  if  able 
to  do  so,  and  the  rules  of  decorum  forbid  any  unseemly  con- 
duct upon  the  part  of  other  members,  calculated  to  disturb  the 
speaker,  such  as  general  conversation,  laughing,  hissing,  or 
passing  about  the  room  between  the  speaker  and  the  presiding 
officer. 

Right  to  the  Floor. 

Two  or  more  persons  arising  to  speak  at  nearly  the  same 
time,  the  chairman  will  decide  who  was  first  up,  by  calling  the 
name  or  otherwise  indicating  such  person,  whereupon  he  pro- 
ceeds, unless  he  voluntarily  withdraws  in  favor  of  another.  In 
case  the  president  is  unable  to  decide  the  matter,  it  should  be 
left  for  the  meeting  to  determine  who  is  entitled  to  the  floor. 
Readiness  of  discernment,  and  promptness  of  decision,  how- 
ever, upon  the  part  of  the  chairman,  usually  render  this  appeal 
unnecessary. 

TREATMENT   OF   A   DISORDERLY    PERSON. 

In  cases  of  persistency  in  any  improper  course  of  action,  or 
breaches  of  decorum,  it  is  in  order  for  any  member  of  the 
assembly  to  make  complaint  of  such  offending  member  to  the 
chairman,  who  names  the  offender,  states  in  presence  of  the 
meeting  the  offence  complained  of,  and  offers  the  offender  an 
opportunity  for  explanation  of  his  conduct. 

WITHDRAWAL   FROM   THE   ASSEMBLY. 

If  the  offence  is  of  such  grave  character  as  to  require  the  ac- 
tion of  the  meeting  upon  the  same,  the  member  so  offending 
should  withdraw,  though  the  privilege  may  be  given  him  of  re- 
maining. It  is  optional  with  the  meeting  whether  the  member 
be  allowed  to  remain  or  not,  while  his  conduct  is  being  con- 
sidered by  the  assembly.  In  no  case,  however,  should  he  vote 
upon  matters  relating  to  himself.  If  he  does  so,  the  vote 
should  not  be  received,  as  no  person  has  a  right  to  act  as  judge 
upon  his  own  conduct. 


INTRODUCING    BUSINESS    AT    PUBLIC    MEETINGS PARLIAMENTARY    RULES. 


431 


KINDS  OF  PUNISHMENT  INFLICTED. 
After  a  due  consideration  of  the  offense,  the  assembly  may 
reprimand  the  offender  ;  may  deprive  him  of  the  privilege  of 
voting,  or  speaking,  for  a  certain  length  of  time ;  may  compel 
him  to  apologize,  or  suffer  expulsion  ;  or,  if  deemed  for  the 
best  interests  of  the  assembly,  may  expel  him  from  the  associa- 
tion. 

Speaking  to  the  Question. 

No  one  can  speak  more  than  once  to  the  same  question, 
without  permission  from  the  assembly,  even  though  he 
may  change  his  mind  on  the  subject ;  when  he  obtains  the 
floor,  he  may  speak  as  long  as  he  chooses,  unless  a  regulation 
exists  to  the  contrary.  The  person  introducing  the  subject, 
however,  after  every  one  else  wishing  to  speak  on  the  matter 
has  spoken,  may  close  the  debate. 

MAKING  EXPLANATION. 
A  member  may,  however,  be  permitted  to  make  an  explana- 
tion relating  to  any  material  part  of  his  speech,   though  he  is 
not   allowed    to    review   the  same   at  length  for  the  purpose 
of  introducing  additional  arguments. 

RESPECT   DUE   THE   CHAIRMAN. 

Upon  the  chairman  rising  to  make  any  explanation  or  state- 
ment, the  member  occupying  the  floor  at  the  time  should  re- 
sume his  seat,  giving  the  president  an  opportunity  of  being 
heard. 

DESIGNATING   MEMBERS   OF  THE  ASSEMBLY. 

The  rule  of  a  well  conducted  meeting,  in  order  to  prevent 
personalities,  is  to  avoid  calling  any  person  by  name  during  a 
debate  in  assembly  ;  it  being  customary  to  designate  the  person 
referred  to  by  number,  or  as  the  member  from  such  a  state, 
such  a  county  or  district,  or  "  my  opponent,"  "  my  colleague," 
or  the  member  who  spoke  last,  etc. 

Impropriety  of  Personalities. 

To  secure  continued  harmony  among  members  of  a  public 
assembly,  everything  of  a  personal  nature  should  be  studiously 
avoided.  Any  allusion  to  the  personal  appearance  of  another 
member,  reference  to  his  peculiarities,  ridicule  of  his  private 
opinions  on  political  or  religious  matters,  is  all  very  ungentle- 
manly,  and  will,  in  the  end,  react  to  the  injury  of  the  person 
making  the  remarks.  Such  a  course  of  action  will  sometimes 
make  a  lifelong  enemy  of  the  person  alluded  to.  It  is  desirable 
for  each  member  of  the  assembly  to  secure  all  the  friends  in  the 
meeting  it  is  possible  to  obtain  ;  to  do  this,  he  should  treat 
every  member  of  the  meeting  as  he  would  wish  to  be  treated, 
under  like  circumstances.  The  speaker  should  confine 
himself  closely  to  principles  involved  in  the  subject  he  is 
treating,  though  he  may  criticise  the  position  taken  by  his  ad- 
versary. Any  personal  allusions,  however,  should  be  of  a 
courteous  and  complimentary  character. 

NECESSITY   OF   THE   CHAIRMAN   PRESERVING   ORDER. 

When  a  member  fails  to  observe  the  rules  of  decency  and 
decorum,  becomes  personal  and  offensive,  it  is  the  duty  of  the 
chairman  to  call  the  speaker  immediately  to  order,  and  check 
such  language.    The  neglect  of  a  presiding  officer  to  do  this  will 


frequently  cause  a  body  that  meets  in  continuous  session  to  be- 
come greatly  demoralized,  and  cause  it  to  lose  its  power  and 
efficiency  for  good. 

CALLING    TO    ORDER. 

When  a  member  is  called  to  order  by  the  president  he  should 
take  his  seat,  unless  allowed  to  explain.  In  case  the  meeting 
be  appealed  to,  the  question  is  decided  without  debate.  If  the 
body  is  not  appealed  to,  the  question  shall  be  decided  by  the 
chair.  If  the  decision  be  favorable,  the  speaker  is  allowed  to 
proceed  ;  if  unfavorable,  the  speaker  is  not  allowed  to  proceed 
without  permission  of  the  assembly. 

Introducing  the  Business  of  a  Meeting. 

The  officers  and  members  of  an  assembly  understanding 
their  duties,  they  are  then  in  readiness  for  the  transaction  of 
such  business  as  may  come  before  the  meeting,  or  any  work 
they  may  have  met  to  consider. 

In  legislative  assemblies,  generally,  the  order  of  business  is 
provided  for  in  the  by-laws  of  the  association,  and  generally 
comes  in  the  following  order: 

I.  The  secretary  reads  his  record  of  the  preceding  meeting. 
2.  Reports  of  standing  committees.  3.  Reports  of  special 
committees.  4.  Special  orders.  5.  Unfinished  business.  6. 
New  business. 

Official  Form  of  Conducting  a  Meeting. 

The  rapidity  with  which  business  maybe  transacted  in  a  de- 
liberative assembly  will  greatly  depend  upon  the  readiness  of 
action,  and  executive  ability  of  the  presiding  officer.  If  such 
officer  be  thoroughly  informed  in  parliamentary  usage,  quick 
and  positive  in  decision,  the  council  or  association  that  other- 
wise would  be  detained  in  discussions  and  business  half  the 
day  or  night,  may  have  the  same  business  dispatched  in  an 
hour. 

PROMPTITUDE   OF  THE   PRESIDING   OFFICER. 

The  president  should  be  promptly  in  his  seat  at  the  minute 
appointed,  and  should  strictly  enjoin  upon  members  the  neces- 
sity of  punctuality.  Thus,  much  time  is  gained  in  the  early 
part  of  a  meeting. 

Upon  taking  the  chair,  the  president  will  give  the  signal, 
and  will  say,  "  The  meeting  (or  council,  society,  club,  associa- 
tion, as  the  case  may  be)  will  please  come  to  order." 

READING   OF   THE   MINUTES. 

If  a  previous  meeting  has  been  held,  and  the  record  of  the 
same  has  been  kept  by  the  secretary,  the  president  will  say  : 

"  The  secretary  will  please  read  the  minutes." 

The  minutes  of  the  preceding  meeting  should  be  as  brief  as 
possible,  and  plainly  state  the  work  transacted  at  the  last  meet- 
ing.    At  the  close  of  their  reading,  the  president  will  say: 

"  You  have  heard  the  minutes  read  ;  what  action  will  you 
take  on  them  ?  " 

If  the  minutes  are  correct,  some  member  will  say  •  "  I  move 
the  minutes  stand  approved."  This  motion  is  seconded,  when 
the  president  says : 

"  It    is    moved    and  seconded   that    the     minutes    stand    ap- 


!.;•_' 


PRESENTING    PETITIONS;    CALLING    AYES    AND    NOES ]'A  1: 1.1  AMENTA  I:  V     RULES. 


I       All    in   favor  of  the   motion     manifest    the   same    by 
saying  '  Aye  ! '  " 

"Those  of  the  contrary  opinion,  '  No!'" 

The  formality  of  a  vote  on  the  minutes  is  dispensed  with  in 
many  associations,  as  follows  : 

At  the  close  of  the  reading  of  the  minutes,  the  president 
says  : 

"  You  have  heard  the  reading  of  the  minutes  ;  what  action 
will  you  take  thereon  ? " 

A  member  says,  "  I  move  that  the  minutes,  as  read,  stand 
approved." 

The  president  says,  "  If  no  objection  is  offered,  the  minutes 
will  stand  approved." 

The  president  will  then  promptly  call  for  reports  of  " 
ing  committees,"  if  there  be  a  standing   rule  to    that  effect, 
"  special  committees,"  etc.,    reports,   petitions,  etc.,  from  the 
members,  passing  in  under  each  hi 

New  Business. 

New  business  usually  comes  in  under  live  head  of  communi- 
cations or  petitions,  and  is  presented  by  some  member  rising 
to  his  feet   and  saying  : 

"  Mr.  president  (or  Mr.  chairman)." 

The  attention  of  the  president  having  been  arrested,  he  will 
call  the  member  by  name,  or  designate  his  number,  and  an- 
nounce his  willingness  for  the  member  to  proceed. 

TWO   PERSONS    KIsim;   AT   THE   SAME   TIME. 

If  two  members  should  vise  at  nearly  the  same  time,  the  presi- 
dent will  determine  «ho  was  first  up.  If  his  opinion  is  ap- 
pealed from,  the  matter  will  be  decided  by  a  majority  vote 
of  the  meeting.  Should  there  be  a  tie,  the  president  will 
vote  and  determine  the  matter. 

A  member  making  a  statement  relating  to  some  matter,  or 
presenting  a  communication  or  petition  in  writing  from 
some  person  or  persons,  such  communication  or  petition  should 
be  signed  by  the  petitioner  or  petitioners. 

Presenting  Petitions. 

The  member  who  presents  a  petition  should  be  so  informed 
of  the  character  of  his  petition,  as  to  be  able  to  make  a  plain 
statement  of  the  nature  of  its  contents,  and  whether  it  is 
worthy  of  consideration  or  not. 

The  person  presenting  the  petition,  or  some  other  member, 
may  move  that  the  communication  be  received,  and  refer] 
the  committee  having  charge  of  that  class  of  business.     At  the 
same  time,  he  should  give  the  paper  to  the  secretary. 

M  :■-  motion  being  seconded,  the  president  will  say: 

"  If  no  objection  is  offered,  the  communication  (or  petition, 
as  the  case  may  be)    is  so  referred. 

The  secretary  makes  note  of  the  fact,  and  holds  the  papei  in 
his  custody,  until  given  to  the  proper  committee. 

IMMEDIATE   ACTION   ON  THE    PETITION. 

If  it  is  desirable  to  have  the  petition  acted  upon  at  once,  the 

person  presenting  it  offers  a  tion  to  that  effect,  and  upon  its 

being  seconded   it  is  put  to  vote  by  the  president,  as  follow,  ■ 

"  It  has  been  moved  and  seconded  that  (here  the  president 
should  so  distinctly  state  the  question  that  all  may  understand  t  lie 


\tion  before  the  meeting).  All  in  favor  of  the  motion  will 
manifest  the  same  by  saying  'Aye  ! '" 

When  the  ayes  have  voted,  he  will  say  : 

"All  opposed  to  the  motion,  '  No  !'" 

Or  the  motion  having  just  been  made,  the  president  may 
say  : 

"  It  has  been  moved  and  seconded  that  (here  he  states  the 
question)  be  passed.     All  in  favor  of  the  same,  etc." 

Calling  the  Ayes  and  Noes. 

Frequently  the  member  who  makes  a  motion,  for  the  purpose 

of  placing   the  ayes  and   noes  of  each   member  on  record,  will 

say : 

"  I  move  the  adoption  of  the  resolution,  and  that  the   clerk 

call  the  ayes  and  noes  thereon." 

The  president  will  then  state  the  question,  and  say: 

"  The  clerk  will  please  call  the  ayes  and  noes." 

As  a  rule,  unless  a  motion  receives  a  second,  the  question  is 

not  put  to  vote  ;  the  idea  being  that  if  a  motion  does  not  pos- 
iilticient  popularity  to  secure  a  second,  it  i-  not  worth  the 

while  to  take  up  the  time  of  the  assembly  in  putting  the  same 

to  vote. 

Stating  the  Question. 

A  motion  that  has  been  made  and  seconded,  has  next  to  be 
stated  by  the  president  Until  it  is  so  stated,  no  action  can  be 
taken  thereon,  as  it  is  not  yet  before  the  meeting  for  d 
sion.  Having  been  stated,  and  being  before  the  meeling.it 
can  only  be  withdrawn  by  motion  and  second,  the  same  as  it 
was  introduced. 

EXPLANATION   OF   THE   QUESTION. 

Whenever  any  member  fails  to  understand  the  question,  the 
nt   should   state  the  same  for   the   information  of   the 
member,  if  desired. 

The  assembly  can  consider  but  one  question  at  a  time,  which 
should  be  disposed  of  before  another  question  can  be  intro- 
duced. 

INTRODUCTION   OF   MOTIONS. 

As  a  rule,  to  insure  the  passage  of  a  resolution,  it  is  safest 
for  the  person  introducing  the  same  to  have  the  proposition 
plainly  reduced  to  writing  (see  chapter  on  resolutions).  Thus 
the  clerk  or  president  having  occasion  to  announce  the  motion, 
is  much  more  likely  to  bring  the  matter  clearly  before  the 
meeting. 

Whether  the  proposition  readily  receive  the  sanction  of  the 
assembly  or  not  will  depend  upon  the  following  conditions : 

1.  The  assembly  should  completely  understand  the  objects, 
tendency,  and  character  of  the  resolution,  or 

2.  If  the  resolution  relate  to  a  matter  of  public  interest, 
and  is  obviously  a  subject  that  requires  immediate  atten- 
tion, and  its  passage  will  be  of  very  decided  benefit,  an  assem- 
bly will  be  apt  to  consider  it  favorably  at  once,  and  will  be 
likely  to  take  immediate  action  relating  to  its  passage. 

TEMPORARY   SUPPRESSION   OF   THE  QUESTION. 
If,  however,   the  body  deem   the   proposition  of  no  especial 
consequence,   or  wish   more  lime   for  the   investigation   of  the 


HOW   TO   ADOPT   OR    DEFEAT   RESOLUTIONS  —  PARLIAMENTARY   RULES. 


subject,  or  an  opportunity  to  make  amendments  and  changes 
rendering  it  more  acceptable,  then  they  may  cause  its 
suppression,  at  least  for  a  time,  by  some  member  moving 
that  the  question  lie  on  the  table.  If  this  is  seconded,  this 
question  takes  precedence  of  any  other  before  the  assembly. 

If  this  motion  is  decided  in  the  affirmative,  the  main  ques- 
tion, and  all  matters  relating  to  it,  is  removed  from  before  the 
meeting,  until  such  time  as  it  suits  the  convenience  of  the  as- 
sembly to  take  the  matter  up. 

If  decided  in  the  negative,  the  business  relating  to  the  prin- 
cipal motion  before  the  house  will  proceed,  as  though  the  mo- 
tion to  "  lie  on  the  table  "  had  not  been  made. 

Previous  Question. 

A  question  may  be  postponed  by  moving  the  previous 
question,  which  is  done  as  follows : 

Upon  a  motion  being  made  to  adopt  a  resolution,  it  is  allow- 
able for  a  member  to  move  that  "  the  question  be  now  put." 
This  last  motion,  which  is  termed  moving  the  previous  ques- 
tion, becomes  the  immediate  question  before  the  house,  and  at 
once  shuts  off  debate  on  the  main  question.  When  the  friends 
of  a  measure  are  afraid  to  have  the  same  discussed,  it  is  com- 
mon for  them  to  move  that  "  the  question  be  now  put ; "  hoping 
to  have  strength  enough,  if  the  resolution  is  not  discussed,  to 
carry  their  point.  If  their  motion  is  carried,  then  the  original 
question  is  put,  and  immediately  disposed  of. 

It  is  common,  also,  for  the  party  anxious  to  defeat  a  measure, 
being  fearful  that  its  discussion  will  make  a  favorable  impres- 
sion on  the  members,  to  move  "  that  the  question  be  now  put ;" 
their  hope  being  that  the  members,  being  unacquainted  with 
the  resolution,  will  not  consent  to  its  adoption,  until  it  has  been 
more  thoroughly  discussed. 

POSTPONEMENT    OF    THE    QUESTION. 

When  it  is  decided  that  the  question  should  not  then  be  put, 
all  further  discussion  of  the  original  question  is  usually  post- 
poned for  that  day.  This  depends  upon  the  standing  rule  of 
assembly,  however.  With  some  state  legislatures  it  is  the  rule, 
if  the  question  is  decided  in  the  negative,  to  resume  the  debate 
and  proceed  with  the  discussion. 

Formerly,  in  the  English  parliament,  when  it  was  decided 
that  the  question  be  not  put,  the  question  could  not  be  brought 
up  again  during  the  session.  At  the  present  time,  however,  the 
decision  that  the  motion  shall  not  be  put,  effects  a  postpone- 
ment only  until  the  next  day.* 

*  "The  operation  of  a  negative  decision  is  different  in  different 
assemblies;  iu  some,  as  for  example,  in  llie  house  or  representatives  of 
congress,  it  operates  to  dispose  of  the  principal  or  main  question. 
by  suppressing  or  removing  it  from  before  the  house  for  the  day; 
but  in  others,  as  in  the  house  of  representatives  of  Massachusetts, 
and  in  the  house  of  assembly  of  New  York  (in  the  former  by 
usage  only,  and  in  the  latter  by  rule),  tbe  effect  of  a  negative  <: 
of  the  previous  question  is  to  leave  tin;  main  question  under  debate  lor 
the  residue  of  the  sitting,  unless  soouer  disposed  of  by  taking  the 
question,  or  in  some  other  manner. 

In  England,  the  previous  question  is  used  only  for  suppr-  - 
main  question ;  the  object  of  the  mover  i-  to  oi>;ain  a  decision  of  it  in 
the  negative;  and  the  effect  of  such  a  decision,  though  in  - 
only  to  suppress  tbe  question  for  the  day.  is,  practically  and  by  parlia- 
mentary usage,  to  dispose  of  the  subject  altogether.  In  this  country, 
the  previous  question  is  used  chiefly  i>>r  suppressing  debate  on  a  main 
question;  theohjectof  tin  t rer  ts  to  obtain  a  decision  of  it  in  tin- 
affirmative;  and  the  effect  of  a  decision  the  other  way.  though  in  some 


Suppression  of  Questions. 

When  it  is  desirable  to  suppress  a  question,  or  prevent  its 
passage,  there  are  several  plans  resorted  to  by  parliamentarians. 
Among  these  are  : 

1st.  Moving  an  adjournment,  which  is  immediately  in  or- 
der; and  if  the  hour  be  late,  will  oftentimes  be  passed. 

2d.  Moving  that  the  question  be  laid  on  the  table  for  the 
present ;  the  argument  being  that,  on  a  subsequent  occasion, 
the  meeting  will  have  more  time  and  better  opportunity  to 
consider  the  merits  of  the  question,  and  hence  will  be  better 
informed  concerning  its  merits. 

3d.  To  secure,  if  possible,  an  indefinite  postponement  of  the 
question,  which  virtually  defeats  it.  If  the  maker  of  the  mo- 
tion for  postponement  is  fearful  that  the  question  is  so  popular 
with  the  assembly  that  the  members  will  not  submit  to  an  in- 
definite postponement,  he  will 

4th.  Aim  to  secure  at  least  a  postponement  to  a  certain 
time  in  the  future,  hoping  that  it  will  be  subsequently  forgotten, 
or  the  pressure  of  business  will  be  such  that  it  cannot  be  taken 
up  at  the  time  appointed. 

Or,  the  member,  trusting  to  the  unpopularity  of  the  ques- 
tion, or  the  unwillingness  of  the  meeting  to  pass  a  measure 
without  due  consideration,  may  move  the  "  previous  question," 
by 

5th.     Moving  that  the  question  be  now  put. 

The  member  may  suggest  indefinite  changes  in  the  question, 
sufficient  to  show  the  importance  of  some  amendment,  and 
thereupon 

6th.  Move  its  reference  to  a  committee  having  jurisdiction 
over  that  class  of  questions,  or  a  select  committee,  as  the  case 
may  be.  If  the  question  has  been  once  considered  in  com- 
mittee, it  may  be  recommitted.     Or  the  member  may 

7th.  Move  an  amendment  to  the  question,  which  will  great- 
ly change,  modify,  or  weaken  the  force  of  the  question. 

Should  all  these  means  fail,  and  the  question  be  put  and 
carried,  subsequent  light  on  the  subject  may  cause  the  mem- 
bers to  change  their  opinions,  in  which  case 

8th.  The  question  may  be  taken  up  at  the  next  sitting  or 
any  subsequent  meeting,  and  be  reconsidered. 

To  Secure  the  Passage  of  a  Question. 

1st.  The  member  introducing  a  question  should  have  given 
the  matter  very  careful  and  considerate  attention;  being  thus 
thoroughly  informed  concerning  its  merits,  and  consequently 
able  to  fully  illustrate  and  represent  the  claims  of  the  measure 
he  advocates. 

2d.  Personal  acquaintance,  conversation,  and  explanation 
with  various  members  of  the  assembly  relative  to  the  question 
to  be  brought  forward,  will  aid  much  in  securing  favorable 
consideration  of  the  subject. 

3d.     The  introduction  of  the  motion  when  adjournment   is 

assemblies  operating  technically  to  suppress  the  main  qnestion  for  the 
day  only,  is.  in  general,  merely  to  Buspend  the  taking  of  the  question 
it  day;  either  leaving  the  debate  to  go  on  dui  -Mue  of 

the  day,  ortni 

ration  of  an  affirmative  decision  is  the  same,  in  both  countries, 
namely,  the  putting  of  the  main  question  immediately,  and  without 
further)  lay,  or  consideration."— <  VanuaL 


28 


434 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE   QUESTION — PARLIAMENTARY    RULES. 


not  probable,  and,  if  possible  at  a  time  when  there  is  not  a 
sufficient  amount  of  business  before  the  meeting  to  make  an 
excuse  for  laving  the  question  on  the  table,  will  aid  in  having 
it  passed. 

4th.  The  motion  being  seconded,  the  member  introducing 
the  same  should  then  obtain  the  floor,  and  properly  present 
the  claims  of  the  question  to  the  members  of  the  assembly. 

5th.  If  the  meeting  is  adjourned,  the  question  laid  on  the 
table,  or  the  consideration  of  the  motion  postponed  to  a  cer- 
tain time,  the  motion  should  be  promptly  brought  up  at  the 
first  opportunity. 

6th.  Should  the  matter  be  referred  to  a  committee,  the 
privilege  may  be  obtained  of  fully  acquainting  the  committee 
with  the  claims  of  the  question. 

7th.  Should  the  question  be  so  amended  as  to  entirely 
change  the  character  of  the  original  question,  and  thus  passed, 
the  member  may  subsequently,  under  another  name,  introduce 
a  question  embracing  essentially  the  same  principles,  indirect- 
Iv.  as  the  original  question,  and  perhaps  secure  for  the  propo- 
sition favorable  consideration. 

8th.  Another  trial.  Subsequent  events  may  so  change  the 
opinions  of  members  of  an  assembly  as  to  induce  them  to  vote 
favorably  upon  a  question  that  they  have  before  rejected. 

The  Disposal  of  Questions. 

Motions  and  questions  while  nearly  synonymous  in  parlia- 
mentary usage,  are  somewhat  different  in  meaning.  To  move 
that  an  act  be  passed,  is  termed  a  motion.  The  subject,  how- 
ever, to  be  acted  upon,  is  called  a  question.  The  action  of  the 
assembly  is  termed  a  resolution  or  vote.  The  motion  being  put, 
and  the  question  adopted  by  a  vote  of  the  assembly,  the  deci- 
sion is  then  known  as  an  ordinance,  order,  law,  statute,  resolu- 
tion, etc.    according  to  the  character  of  the  meeting. 

To  move  the  previous  qui  tion  by  moving  that  the  question 
be  now  put,  if  carried  in  the  affirmative,  causes  the  question  to 
be  put  immediately,  and  is  thus  at  once  disposed  of  without 
further  debate.  If  decided  in  the  negative,  the  question  was 
formerly  disposed  of  for  the  session.  At  the  present  time,  it 
disposes  of  the  question  for  the  day  only.  In  some  parliament- 
ary bodies,  according  to  the  standing  rules,  the  debate  goes  on. 

The  effect  of  securing  a  postponement  of  a  question  with- 
out date,  is  to  suppress  the  motion  entirely.  If  postponed  to 
a  certain  day.  it  can  be  taken  up  on  that  day,  or  as  soon  as  the 
business  of  that  day  is  completed. 

PUTTING  THE  QUESTION. 
In  putting  a  question  to  the  assembly,  after  it  has  been  care- 
fully considered,  altered,  amended,  etc.,  as  the  case  may  be, 
the  presiding  officer  should  ask  if  the  assembly  is  ready  for 
the  question?  If  no  further  suggestions  are  offered  by  the 
members,  the  chairman  will  then  state  the  question,  and 
call  for  a  vote  of  the  members,  in  the  first  place  on  the  affirma- 
tive, the  form  of  which  has  been  heretofore  considered. 

TAKING   UP   THE   QUESTION. 
A  question  having  been   postponed  to  a  certain  time,  the 
member  interested  in  the  question  has  a  right  to  insist,  at  the 


appointed  time,  that  the  question  be  taken  up.  No  delay  or 
debate  is  allowed  on  the  matter  of  taking  it  up.  The  presid- 
ing officer  will  then  put  the  motion  whether  the  meeting  pro- 
ceed  to  take  up  the  order  of  the  day.  If  the  decision  be 
favorable,  the  members  will  proceed  to  consider  the  business 
appointed  for  the  day. 

Referring  to  a  Committee. 

If  it  be  thought  best  to  refer  a  question  to  a  committee,  it  is 
done  on  motion.  Such  reference  to  a  committee  is  termed  a 
"commitment"  of  the  question.  If  to  a  special  committee! 
the  chair  may  name  such  committee,  or  they  may,  upon  request 
of  the  presiding  officer,  be  appointed  by  the  meeting.  Fre- 
quently, the  person  moving  that  the  question  be  referred,  not 
desiring  to  be  on  the  committee  himself,  will,  with  the  motion, 
suggest  the  name  of  some  one  as  chairman  of  the  committee. 
If  no  objection  is  made,  such  person  may  be  selected. 
APPOINTMENT   OF   THI'.  COMMITTEE. 

It  is  more  common,  however,  for  the  person  interested  in  a 
measure,  to  move  its  reference  to  a  committee,  the  presiding 
officer  to  appoint  the  same.  If  it  be  a  select  committee,  it  is 
in  accordance  with  parliamentary  rule  I'm  the  presiding  officer 
to  appoint  as  chairman  on  the  committee,  the  mover  of  the  res- 
olution.* 

When  a  question  is  referred,  the  committee  may  be  instructed 
by  the  assembly  to  take  such  course  of  action  in  the  examina- 
tion of  the  subject  as  is  desired,  and  report  upon  the  whole,  or 
portions  of  the  subject,  as  may  seem  advisable.  A  portion  may 
be  referred  to  one  committee,  and  the  remainder  of  the  prop- 
osition, involving  a  different  principle,  may  be  given  to  an- 
other committee. 

The  clerk  may  give  the  bill  to  any  member,  but  it  is  usual 
to  hand  it  to  the  one  first  named  on  the  committee. 

PLACE  OF   MEETING. 

The  committee  may  meet  where  they  please,  unless  ordered 
to  meet  in  a  certain  place  by  the  assembly  ;  and  can  meet  at 
such  time  as  they  desire,  when  the  main  body  is  not  in  session. 

t  ny  member  of  the  main  body  may  be  present  at  the  meet- 
ing of  the  committee,  but  cannot  vote. 

Amendments  to  the  Question. 

The  committee  having  given  their  report  to  the  meeting,  or 
the  question  having  been  considered  by  the  assembly  itself, 
may  lack  yet  a  few  essential  points  necessary  to  make  the  same 
what  it  should  lie  when  passed.  To  add  these  is  what  is 
termed  amending  the  question. 

IHVIDING  THE  QUESTION. 
Mr.  Cushing  recommends  where  a  question  contains  two  or 
more  parts  that  are  so  distinct  from  each  other  as  to  form  sep- 
arate propositions,  some  of  which  the  assembly  may  favor,  and 
the   others   not,  that  the  motion  be  divided,  and  submitted  in 

•  "Though  the  majority  on  n  committee  should  he  favorable  to  ft 
measure,  the  minority  may  he  of  those  who  are  opposed  lo  it  in  some 
particulars.  But  those  lotally  opposed  to  it  should  never  be  appointed: 
and  if  any  one  of  that  view  he  named,  he  should  rise  and  state  the  fact, 
when  the  main  body  will  excuse  him  from  serving."—  Chairman'! 
Assistant. 


REFERENCE    TO    COMMITTEES PARLIAMENTARY    RILES. 


435 


parts  to  the  assembly,  for  their  approval  or  rejection.  This  is 
thought  a  more  expeditious  manner  of"  disposing  of  the  same 
than  to  add  several  amendments  to  the  question,  the  result  in 
the  end  being  the  same. 

This  division  may  be  made  by  motion  ;  the  mover  designat- 
ing in  his  motion  the  manner  in  which  he  would  have  the  di- 
vision made. 

JUDGMENT   OF  THE   ASSEMBLY. 

It  is,  of  course,  for  the  presiding  officer  and  the  assembly  to 
consider  whether  the  question  is  of  such  a  complicated  nature 
as  to  require  such  division.  As  a  rule,  no  division  should  be 
made,  unless  the  parts  are  so  separate  and  distinct  that  either 
alone  would  form  a  separate  and  distinct  proposition. 

BLANKS. 

The  member  of  an  assembly  who  introduces  a  long  and  com- 
plicated question,  containing  several  points,  yet  one  so  depend- 
ent on  the  other  as  not  to  be  separable,  may  prepare  his  ques- 
tions with  blanks  for  the  assembly  to  fill  up. 

The  proposition  before  the  meeting,  in  such  case,  may  con- 
tain an  outline  of  all  that  is  required,  while  the  members  of 
the  assembly  will  very  readily  fill  the  blanks  with  the  time, 
amount,  cost,  or  whatever  they  may  wish  to  particularize. 

Amendments. 

Much  time  may  frequently  be  saved  in  a  deliberative  assem- 
bly by  the  member  who  introduces  a  motion,  carefully  consid- 
ering the  question  himself  before  presenting  it,  as  well  as 
learning  the  wishes  of  the  members  by  private  consultation. 
As  this  is  not  always  practicable,  however,  many  questions 
must  first  be  made  ready  for  being  voted  upon  by  being 
amended  in  the  public  assembly  itself. 

For  the  purpose  of  effecting  such  changes  in  a  question  as 
the  members  may  desire,  the  question  may  be  altered: 

1st.     By  an  amendment. 

2d.     By  an  amendment  to  an  amendment. 

As  there  must  be  a  line  drawn  somewhere,  parliamentary 
law  prevents  there  being  any  more  amendments  to  amend- 
ments than  the  foregoing  ;  but  still  more  changes  may  be  made 
in  the  proposition  before  the  meeting,  by  alterations  in  the 
amendments. 

AN  AMENDMENT  TO  AN  AMENDMENT. 

To  illustrate  :  John  Smith,  member  of  the  assembly,  says: 

"  I  move  that  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  by  this 
meeting   to  collect  funds  for  the  poor  of  this  town." 

The  motion  being  seconded,  and  the  question  stated  by  the 
chairman,  William  Jones  says: 

"  I  move  an  amendment ;  that  this  committee  to  collect 
funds  consist  of  seven  persons,  to  be  appointed  by  the  chair. 

The  amendment  being  seconded,  and  stated  as  before,  James 
Brown  says: 

"  I  move  an  amendment  to  the  amendment  ;  that  the  chair- 
man of  this  meeting  appoint  seven  persons  a  committee  to 
collect  funds,  to  be  used  wholly  in  the  interests  of  the  poor  of 
the  west  division  of  this  city." 

The  question  being  again  before  the  house  as  in  the  former 
case,  Walter  Harper  says: 


"  I  move  anothei  amendment ;  that  one  half  of  the  funds  col- 
lected go  to  the  children's  aid  society,  the  other  half  to  the 
general  poor  fund  of  the  entire  city." 

The  chairman  here  remarks  that  the  last  amendment  is  out 
of  order,  as  there  can  be  but  one  amendment  to  an  amend- 
ment. 

He  further  says : 

"  The  amendment  to  the  amendment  is  first  in  order.  It  is 
moved  "  (here  he  stales  the  amendment  to  the  amendment,  or 
calls  upon  the  mover  to  do  so,  puts  the  question  and  declares  the 
resutt). 

If  the  motion  is  lost,  he  says  : 

"  The  next  question  in  order  is  the  amendment  to  the  ques- 
tion, (here  he  slates  the  amendment,  and  puts  the  same  as 
before).     Should  this  be  lost,  he  says  : 

"  The  question  is  now  on  the  original  motion."  (I/e  here 
states  the  question,  puts  the  motion  as  before,  and  announces  the 
result.) 

Nature  of  Amendments. 

Amendments  cannot  be  made  to  privileged  questions  ;  such 
as  a  motion  to  adjourn,  the  previous  question,  or  to  lay  on  the 
table. 

An  amendment  to  an  amendment,  even  though  greatly  at 
variance  with  the  amendment,  will  still  be  in  order,  it  being 
left  to  the  discretion  of  the  assembly  to  determine  whether 
they  will  change  from  their  previous  action. 

SPEAKING    TO    AN    AMENDMENT. 

A  member  who  may  have  spoken  to  the  main  question,  may 
speak  to  the  amendment,  after  the  same  is  moved. 

If  it  is  desired  to  add  to  a  sentence  a  new  paragraph,  it  is 
important  that  the  paragraph  be  very  carefully  considered, 
being  made  as  perfect  as  possible,  as  it  cannot  be  changed  after 
being  adopted  in  that  form.  Or,  should  it  be  resolved  to  strike 
out  a  paragraph,  the  same  care  should  be  taken  to  have  the 
sentence  as  complete  as  may  be,  after  the  words  are  stricken 
out.* 

COMMITMENT   TO   A   COMMITTEE. 

When  a  long  and  complicated  question  is  before  the  house, 
if  there  be  a  standing  committee,  the  easiest  method  of  dis- 
posing of  the  question  is  to  refer  the  same  to  such  committee. 
If,  however,  the  time  of  the  convention  will  admit,  and  there 
be  no  other  business  appointed  or  occupying  the  present  atten- 
tion of  the  assembly,  it  will  be  in  order  for  the  members  to 
immediately  proceed  to  the  disposal  of  the  question,  by  the 
following  process : 

1st.     By  amendments  striking  out  all  unnecessary  matter. 

2d.     By  the  addition  of  all  essential  matter. 

3d.  By  combining  two  or  three  propositions,  where  it  can 
be  done,  in  one. 

*  When  it  is  moved  to  amend  by  striking  out  certain  words,  and  in- 
serting others,  the  mannvr  of  Btatlug  the  question  is,  first  to  reud  the 
whole  passage  to  be  amended,  as  it  namls  at  present,  then  the  words 
proposed  to  he  struck  out;  next,  these  to  he  inserted;  and  lastly,  the 
whole  passage,  as  it  will  be  when  amended.  And  the  question,  if  de- 
sired, is  then  10  he  divided,  and  pat,  first,  on  striking  out.  If  carried, 
it  is  next  on  inserting  the  words  proposed.  If  that  be  lost,  it  may  be 
moved  to  insert  others. — llatmll. 


436 


QUESTIONS   TO   ISE   CONSIDERED   FIRST  —  PARLIAMENTARY   RULES. 


4th.  By  voting  separately  on  each  distinct  proposition,  un- 
til all  are  disposed  of. 

WHAT   AMENDMENTS   ARE   IN   ORDER. 

An  amendment  may  be  made  to  the  question ;  and  an 
amendment  to  that  amendment  is  in  order  ;  but  no  amend- 
ment to  the  amendment  of  the  amendment  can  be  made. 

If  it  is  desired  to  introduce  a  change,  it  is  best  to  state  the 
objection  to  the  amendment  of  the  amendment,  and,  if  pos- 
sible, defeat  such  amendment,  when  another  amendment  may 
be  introduced  and  possibly  carried,  in  the  place  of  the  one 
defeated. 

If  an  amendment  has  been  accepted  by  the  assembly,  it 
cannot  afterwards  be  altered  or  rejected,  but  the  amendment 
may  be  so  amended  as  to  present  the  question  in  the  desired 
shape. 

Thus,  if  the  amendment  consist  of  one,  two,  three,  and  it  is 
moved  to  insert  four,  and  the  motion  prevails,  four  cannot 
afterwards  be  rejected,  for  it  has  been  adopted  in  that  form. 
Should  it  be  moved  to  strike  out  two,  three,  and  the  motion  be 
lost,  two,  three,  cannot  afterwards  be  stricken  out,  as  the  meet- 
ing resolved  to  allow  them  to  remain. 

The  only  alternative  now  left  the  meeting,  should  it  seem 
very  desirable  to  strike  out  two,  three,  is  to  make  the  proposi- 
tion to  strike  out  one,  two,  three,  or  the  amendment  may  be  to 
strike  out  two,  three,  four. 

The  rule  in  parliamentary  practice  is,  that  while  certain 
words,  which  have  been  accepted  or  rejected,  cannot  after- 
wards be  changed,  such  words  may  afterwards  be  adopted  or 
rejected,  if  accompanied  by  other  words.* 

Inserting  Clauses  and  Striking  Out. 

When  it  is  proposed  to  amend  by  adding  a  certain  para- 
graph, and  such  paragraph  or  words  are  rejected,  such  para- 
graph or  words  can  only  be  subsequently  added  by  the  adding 
of  other  words  with  the  same,  thereby  changing  the  sense  of 
the  words  intended  to  be  added. 

When  it  is  proposed  to  reject  certain  words  or  a  paragraph, 
and  the  meeting  vote  to  allow  such  words  to  remain,  those 
words  cannot  afterwards  be  stricken  out,  unless  other  words 
be  added  with  these  words,  thereby  changing  the  sense  of  what 
it  was  before  designed  to  strike  out. 

Amendments  Changing  the  Question,  by  Striking  Out 

Certain  Words  and  Adding  Others. 
The  following  changes  may  be  made  in  a  proposition  : 
I.     To  strike  out  certain  words  and  insert  nothing  in  their 
place. 

*  Wben  amotion  for  striking  oat  words  is  put  to  the  question,  the 
parliamentary  form  always  is.  whether  the  words  shall  t 
of  a  principal  motion,  and  not  whether  tin  .  >kout.    The 

reason  for  this  form  of  stating  the  question  probably  is,  that  the  qm  s- 
tion  may  be  taken  li  manner  on  a  part  as  on  the  whole  of  t  he- 

principal  motion;  which  would  not  he  the  caseif  the  question  was 
plated  on  striking  out ;  Inasmui  h  ;i-  the  question  on  the  principal  mo- 
tion, when  it  comes  to  ho  stated,  will  he  on  agreeing  to  it,  and  not  on 
Btrikingout  01  B  as  an  equal  division  of  the  as- 

semblywonld  produce  a  different  decision  of  the  question,  according 
manner  of  stating  it,  it  might  happen,  if  the  question  on  the 
amendment  was  stated  on  striking  out.  that  the  same  qaestion  would 
be  decided  both  affirmatively  anil  negatively  by  the  same  vote.  The 
common,  if  not  the  only  mode  of  statin.'  the  question,  in  the 
tive  assemblies  of  this  country,  la  on  Unking  out. ~  Cashing^  s  Manual. 


2.  To  insert  other  words  in  the  place  of  those  stricken 
out. 

Amendments  may  then  be  made,  striking  out  a  part  of  the 
words  added,  with  others,  or  adding  words  stricken   out   with 

ntlier^. 

Fixing  Time,  Amount,  Etc.,  by  Amendments. 

In  determining  the  time  at  which  the  assembly  shall  convene 
in  the  future,  or  the  number  of  anything  desired,  the  rule  is 
not  in  the  amendment  to  lix  the  time  and  amount  at  so  short 
a  period  or  small  an  amount  as  to  be  certain  to  unite  the 
members  upon  the  proposition  at  first ;  as  to  adopt  a  less  would 
preclude  the  adoption  of  a.  greater;  but  the  vote  is  to  be  taken 
on  the  greater,  and  recede  until  a  sufficient  number  of  votes 
can  be  secured  to  carry  the  amendment.* 

Privileged  Questions. 

Parliamentary  usage  has  determined  that  when  a  question 
is  being  debated,  no  motion  shall  be  received  except  the  fol- 
lowing, which  are  termed  "  privileged  questions,"  and  come  in 
the  following  order: 

1st.  A  question  having  been  moved,  seconded,  and  put  by 
the  chair,  must  be  decided  by  a  vote  of  the  assembly  before 
anything  else  is  in  order. 

2d.  A  motion  to  adjourn  takes  precedence  over  all  others, 
for  the  reason  that,  otherwise,  the  assembly  might  be  compelled 
to  continue  in  session,  without  such  motion,  an  indefinite  time 
against  its  will.  This  question,  however,  cannot  be  enter- 
tained after  a  question  has  been  actually  put.  and  while  the 
members  of  the  meeting  are  voting  upon  the  same. 

3d.  An  order  of  the  day  stands  next  in  precedence.  That 
is,  a  question  that  has  been  postponed  to  a  certain  hour; 
should  the  person  interested  in  the  question  move  that  it  be 
taken  up  and  disposed  of  then,  such  motion  is  in  order.  Thus, 
if  a  question  has  been  postponed  to  9  o'clock,  and  at  that  time 
it  is  moved  to  take  up  that  question,  even  though  there  be  an- 
other question  before  the  house,  that  motion  must  be  received 
by  the  chair. 

4th.  The  previous  question  stands  next  in  order,  and  when 
moved  and  seconded,  must  be  put.  This  question  admits  of 
no  lesser  motion,  such  as  amendment  or  postponement  to  a 
certain  time. 

•  In  Senate,  .Tannary  25.  ITOsi,  a  motion  to  postpone  until  the  second 
Tuesday  in  February,  some  amendments  proposed  to  the  constitution. 
The  words  "  until  the  second  Tuesday  in  February ''  were  struck  out 
by  way  of  amendment.  Then  it  was  moved  to  add'"  until  the  first  day 
of  June.'1  Objected,  that  it  was  not  In  order,  as  the  question  should 
first  he  put  on  the  longest  time;  therefore,  a  shorter  time  decided 
against,  a  louger  cannot  he  put  10  question.  It  was  answered,  that 
this  rule  takes  place  only  in  filling  blanks  for  a  time.  But  when  a 
specific  time  stands  part  of  a  motion,  that  may  he  struck  out  as  well 
as  any  other  part  of  tbe  motion  ;  and  when  struck  out.  a  motion  may 
i\ed  to  insert  any  other.  In  fact,  it  is  not  till  they  are  struck 
out,  and  a  blank  for  the  time  thereby  produced,  that  the  rule  can  begin 
to  operate,  by  receiving  all  the  propositions  for  different  times,  and 
putting  the  questions  successively  on  the  longest  Otherwise,  it  would 
be  iii  the  power  of  the  mover,  by  Inserting  originally  a  short  time,  to 
preclude  the  possibility  of  a  longer,  I  or  till  the  short  time  is  siruek 
out,  vou  cannot  insert  a  longer;  and  if,  after  it  is  struck  out.  you  can- 
not do  it,  then  it  cannot  be  done  at  all.  Suppose  the  first  motion  Dad 
0  amend,  by  striking  out  "the  second  Tuesday  in  February," 
and  inserting,  instead  thereof,  "the  first  of  June."  "it  would  have 
been  regular  then  to  divide  the  question,  by  proposing  first  the  ques- 
tion to  strike  out.  and  then  to  insert.  Now  this,  is  precisely  tbe  effect 
of  the  present  proceeding;  only,  instead  of  one  motion  and  two  ques- 
tions, there  are  two  motion-  and  two  questions  to  effect  it :  the  motion 
beiug  divided  as  well  as  the  questiou,  — Jfjftrgon's  Manual. 


VOTE   OF   THE   CHAIRMAN  ;    A   TIE   VOTE  —  PARLIAMENTARY   RULES. 


4::7 


AMENDMENT   AND    POSTPONEMENT. 

If  an  amendment  and  postponement  are  proposed,  the  latter 
is  put  first,  because,  in  case  of  postponement,  the  amendment, 
at  the  time  appointed,  may  be  then  brought  up,  when  the  main 
question  is  again  considered. 

A  motion  for  postponement  being  followed  by  one  referring 
the  question  to  a  committee,  the  latter  must  be  put  first. 

Reading  Papers. 

A  motion  being  made  relative  to  reading  papers  which  relate 
to  the  principal  question,  must  be  put  before  the  main  ques- 
tion. 

In  referring  to  a  committee,  the  order  of  the  commitment 
is  as  follows : 

1st.     Committee  of  the  whole. 

2d.     Standing  committee. 

3d.     Special  committee. 

A  motion  being  made  and  seconded  cannot  be  withdrawn, 
though,  if  no  one  object,  the  chairman  need  not  put  the  ques- 
tion. 

A  motion  having  been  made  and  it  being  subsequently 
moved  to  commit  the  question,  or  to  postpone,  to  amend,  or  to 
lay  on  the  table,  the  motion  to  lay  on  the  table  comes  first. 
That  being  lost,  the  next  question  is  on  the  amendment.  Next 
comes  the  postponement ;  then  the  commitment,  and  lastly, 
the  putting  of  the  question. 

POSTPONEMENT. 

If  it  is  moved  that  a  question  be  postponed  to  a  certain 
time,  the  time  appointed  can  be  amended,  and  the  amendment 
can  be  amended.  The  amendment  to  the  amendment  comes 
first,  and  the  amendment  before  the  main  question. 

It  being  moved  to  insert  or  strike  out  anything,  and  the 
matter  to  be  inserted  or  stricken  out  being  amended,  the 
amendment  must  be  put  first. 

DATES    AND   NUMBERS. 

Blanks  being  filled  with  different  sums  or  dates,  the  ques- 
tion is  to  be  put  first  on  the  longest  time  and  largest  sum. 

A  disagreement  between  members  should  be  disposed  of  be- 
fore the  putting  of  the  main  question. 

An  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  chair,  or  a  motion  to 
withdraw  a  question,  must  be  acted  upon  before  the  putting  of 
the  main  question. 

Orders  of  the  Day. 

When  several  questions  have  been  postponed  to  a  certain 
day,  such  questions  are  termed  the  orders  of  the  day.  Upon 
a  motion  being  made  on  the  day  appointed,  that  the  orders  of 
the  day  be  taken  up,  such  motion  takes  precedence  of  any 
other  question  that  may  be  introduced  at  the  time,  and  being 
decided  in  the  affirmative,  must  be  first  put.  The  questions 
are  then  considered  in  the  order  of  their  priority,  in  their 
appointment  for  that  particular  day. 

A  question  which  has  been  postponed  to  a  certain  hour,  or 
which  lies  on  the  table,  it  is  regarded  discourteous  to  call  up 
in  the  absence  of  the  mover  or  against  his  wishes,  provided 
the  matter  has  reference  to  private  and  local  concerns  in  his 
particular  charge  ;  especially  if  the  delay  of  the  question  does 


not  particularly  interfere  with  the  order  of  business  before  the 
general  assembly. 

Decisions  as  to  Order. 

Whenever,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  disagreements  and  ques- 
tions of  order  arise  among  members  of  an  assembly,  and  the 
chairman  is  appealed  to  as  the  arbitrator  in  such  case,  he  will 
himself  decide  the  matter,  and  the  expression  of  his  decision 
is  in  order  before  the  transaction  of  other  business.  If,  how- 
ever, any  member  of  the  assembly  objects  to  the  ruling  of  the 
chair,  he  can  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  presiding  officer, 
and  have  the  matter  decided  by  a  vote  of  the  meeting. 

In  such  cases  the  presiding  officer  will  put  the  question  on 
the  appeal  as  follows : 

"  //  is  desired  that  an  appeal  be  taken  from  the  chair.  Do  the 
members  of  this  meeting  sustain  the  decision  of  t)u  chairman?" 

The  question  is  then  before  the  assembly  for  consideration 
and  debate,  in  which  the  chairman  will  take  part  if  he  desires 
to  do  so. 

Vote  of  the  Chairman. 

As  a  rule  in  most  assemblies,  on  ordinary  questions,  the 
chairman  is  not  expected  to  participate  in  the  debate,  but  sim- 
ply to  make  statement  of  facts,  maintain  order,  and  facilitate 
the  business  of  the  meeting  by  affording  information  relative 
to  questions  in  order,  put  questions,  determine  the  vote,  etc. 
While  the  chairman  does  not  usually  vote,  he  nevertheless  re- 
tains the  great  advantage  of  being  able  to  determine,  if  he 
chooses,  in  case  of  a  tie  vote,  what  the  majority  vote  shall  be. 

A  TIE  VOTE. 
In  legislative  assemblies,  such  as  councils,  legislatures,  etc., 
the  regulations  of  the  code  under  which  the  assembly  works 
sometimes  give  the  presiding  officer  the  privilege  of  voting  only 
in  case  of  a  tie  vote,  and  in  that  case  he  is  compelled  to  vote. 
In  all  other  meetings,  the  chairman  may  cast  his  vote  when 
a  ballot  is  taken.  This  privilege  he  does  net  usually  exercise, 
however,  unless  he  is  desirous  of  making  a  tie,  for  the  purpose 
of  preventing  the  passage  of  a  question. 

AN   EXAMPLE. 

Thus,  if  there  be  eleven  persons  to  vote  besides  the  chair- 
man, and  the  vote  stands  six  for  the  adoption  of  the  resolu- 
tion and  five  against,  the  chairman  may  vote  with  the  minori- 
ty, and  thus  defeat  the  resolution    by  making  the  vote  a  tie. 

HE   MAY   VOTE  OR   NOT. 
Or,  in  case  the  vote  is  a  tie,  he  may  vote  with  the  opponents 
of  the  measure,  and  thus  defeat  the  proposition,  or,  if  unwilling 
to  have  his  vote  go  on  record,  he  may  decline  to  vote,  as  the 
question  is  defeated  in  either  case. 

Reading  All  Papers. 

When  papers  are  brought  before  the  meeting,  it  is  the  con- 
ceded right  of  every  member  of  the  assembly  to  have  them 
read  at  least  once,  before  he  can  be  compelled  to  vote  on  them, 
though  no  member  should  insist  on  the  privilege  of  all  papers, 
accounts,  etc.,  being  read,  without  the  consent  of  the  other  mem- 


138 


MEMBERS    OB    MEETINGS    UNTITLED    TO    SPKAK     FIRST I'AKI.l  AMENTAK V    KII.ES. 


bers.  To  do  so  would  so  trespass  on  the  time  of  the  assembly 
as  to  seriously  prevent  the  transaction  of  business.  If,  however, 
it  is  evident  that  when  a  member  caUs  for  the  reading  of  any 
document  pertaining  to  the  question,  that  his  object  is  infor- 
mation, and  not  delay,  the  chairman  may  instruct  the  clerk  to 
read  the  paper  without  a  vote  of  the  members,  unless  the  same 
be  objected  to,  in  which  case  the  question  must  be  put. 

READING   SPEECHES. 

Neither  has  a  member  a  right  to  insist  on  the  clerk  reading 
any  book  pertaining  to  the  subject,  nor  can  the  member  him- 
self claim  the  privilege  of  reading  a  document,  even  his  own 
speech,  without  leave  of  the  house,  if  the  same  be  objected 
to.  If  the  speaker,  however,  is  earnestly  desirous  of  affording 
more  light  on  the  subject,  without  consuming  time  unneces- 
sarily, he  is  u»ually  allowed  to  proceed,  without  objection. 

If  the  time  of  the  assembly  be  taken  up  with  a  large  amount 
of  business,  it  is  customary  to  read  the  title  of  a  petition  or 
communication  to  be  considered,  and  refer  the  same  to  the  ap- 
propriate standing  committee.  If,  however,  any  member  of 
the  assembly  insists  that  the  paper  shall  be  read,  his  right  is 
admitted  to  exist. 

Proper  Time  for  Speaking  on  a  Question. 

The  usual  plan  of  procedure  in  speaking  to  a  question  is  as 
follows : 

1st.     A  motion  is  made  by  a  member. 

2d.     The  motion  is  seconded  by  another  member. 

3d.  The  question  is  then  stated  to  the  meeting  by  the  chair- 
man, with  the  further  remark,  as  follows : 

"  The  qtustion  is  now  before  the  meeting,  what  is  your  pleas- 
ure in  reference  to  it." 

The  question  is  now  in  condition  for  debate.  Every  mem- 
ber has  a  right  to  the  expression  of  his  opinion  once  upon  the 
subject,  either  for  or  against.  He  has  also  the  privilege  of 
talking  as  long  as  he  chooses,  even  adjourning  to  the  next  day, 
and  the  next,  in  legislative  assemblies,  unless  by  common  con- 
sent a  regulation  has  been  imposed,  restricting  the  time  of 
speaking  to  a  certain  period. 

HINTS   TO  CEASE   SPEAKING. 

If,  however,  the  person  speaking  fails  to  secure  the  attention 
of  the  house,   it  I  be  a  sufficient  evidence  that  his  re- 

marks arc  without  influence  and  effect,  and  good  judgment 
will  dictate  that  he  should  resume  his  seat.  If  disorder  is 
caused  by  his  continuance  in  speaking,  it  is  the  duty  of  the 
chairman  to  preserve  decorum  in  the  meeting,  by  calling  the 
speaker  to  order,  and  requesting  him  to  take  his  scat. 

The  Member  Entitled  to  Speak  First. 

As  between  several  speakers  who  may  wish  to  speak  upon  a 
question  which  has  been  introduced,  the  person  making  the 
motion  is,  by  courtesy,  entitled  to  speak  first.  The  person 
moving  an  adjournment  is  entitled  to  speak  first  upon  the 
reassembling  of  the  meeting,  after  the  adjournment ;  and  of  two 
members   rising  at   the   same   time,   the  person  opposing  the 


question  has  a  right  to  the  floor  before  the  member  favoring 
the  proposition. 

LOSING   THE   RIGHT   TO   THE   FLOOR. 

A  speaker  having  resigned  his  right  to  the  floor,  thereby  for- 
feits   his   privilege  of  speaking   any  more  to  the  question  then 
under  discussion,  except  by  express  permission  of  the 
bly,  unless  for  the  purpose  of  offering  some  brief  explanation  in 
reference  to  his  former  remarks  on  the  question. 

The  question  having  been  put  in  the  affirmative,  and  a  vote 
taken  on  the  same,  any  member  who  has  not  yet  spoken  may 
speak  to  the  question  before  the  negative  is  put.  The  coining 
of  other  members  into  the  room  after  the  affirmative  of  the 
question  has  been  put,  when  the  negative  is  under  discussion, 
makes  it  necessary  to  put  the  affirmative  again. 

Times  of  Speaking. 

As  a  rule,  no  member  can  speak  more  than  once  to  the  main 
question.  Should  the  question  be  referred  to  a  committee, 
however,  he  may  speak  on  the  report  of  the  committee,  though 
the  question  is  the  same  as  before. 

Should  there  be  an  amendment,  he  may  speak  upon  that, 
though  it  may  involve  essentially  the  same  principles  as  the 
main  question  ;  and  he  may  also  speak  upon  an  amendment 
to  an  amendment.  Thus,  a  member  desirous  of  speaking 
to  a  question  again,  may,  by  moving  its  reference  to  a  com- 
mittee, and  the  addition  of  amendments,  obtain  the  floor  sev- 
eral times,  essentially  upon  the  same  question. 

Suspension  of  Rules. 

When  it  is  discovered  that  a  standing  rule  of  the  assembly 
is  in  conflict  with  a  question  of  very  considerable  importance, 
which  it  is  desirable  should  be  acted  upon,  it  has  become  the 
custom  to  suspend  such  rule,  for  the  purpose  of  passing  the 
question ;  such  suspension  taking  place  by  motion,  being 
seconded  and  passed  by  a  majority  vote.* 

Taking  a  Vote. 

There  arc  several  methods  of  putting  a  question  to  vote  ; 
being  by  ballot,  viva  voce,  by  calling  the  yeas  and  nays, 
by  raising  of  hands,  by  standing,  and  by  dividing  the  house, 
one  party  going  to  one  side  of  the  room,  the  other  to  the  op- 
posite side. 

The  question  is  in  all  cases  put  first  in  the  affirmative,  and  if 
the  chairman  cannot  himself  determine  by  either  of  the  above 
methods,  in  consequence  of  there  being  a  large  number  of  per- 
sons present,  he  may  appoint  certain  members  to  act  as  tellers, 
to  take  the  vote  in  different  divisions  of  the  house,  taking  the 
affirmative  vote  fir>t. 

The  method  adopted  will  depend  upon  the  number  and  char- 
acter of  the  audience,  and  the  size  and  convenience  of  the  room 
in  which  the  meeting  convenes. 

*  It  Is  usnal,  In  the  code  of  rules  adopted  in  deliberative  assemblies, 
and  especially  legislative  bodies,  to  provide  that  a  certain  number  ex- 
ceeding a  majority,  as  two  thirds  or  three  fourths,  shall  be  competent 
tii  1h<-  BUepenston  Of  a  rule  in  a  particular  casts  wheu  thfa  is  DOt  pr<»- 
\  Ided,  there  Beema  to  be  no  other  mode  of  disposing  with  a  rule  than 
by  general  consent.—  Cuahutg's  Manual. 


HONORARY    MEMBERS    OF    MEETINGS  ;    THE    LADIES  ;    ADJOURNMENT. 


439 


Concluding  Remarks. 

The  harmony  and  success  of  a  public  meeting  will  depend 
very  largely  upon  the  order  preserved  by  the  presiding  officer. 

If  the  assemblage  be  of  a  character  where  any  trouble  is  to 
be  apprehended,  it  is  well  for  the  projectors  of  the  meeting  to 
notify  officers,  having  authority  to  preserve  order,  to  be  in  at- 
tendance. The  chairman,  however,  will  greatly  aid  in  the 
preservation  of  stillness,  by  requesting  all  persons  in  the  room 
to  come  forward  and  be  seated  in  his  near  presence  Let  him 
see  that  every  seat,  if  possible,  is  filled  in  front.  A  magnetic 
connection  and  sympathy  exists  between  the  presiding  officer 
and  the  audience,  when  the  congregation  is  placed  closely 
around  the  chairman's  desk,  that  is  favorable  for  the  president 
of  a  meeting.  Seated  near  the  chairman,  the  audience  can 
more  distinctly  hear  all  that  is  said,  they  will  take  a  greater 
interest  in  the  meeting,  and  hence  will  observe  better  order. 

HONORARY  MEMBERS. 
Veteran  members  of  the  meeting,  and  persons  who  have  won 
honorable  distinction  in  the  cause  that  the  meeting  assembles 
to  consider,  distinguished  past  presiding  officers,  and  other 
notabilities  whose  presence  will  lend  dignity  to  the  rostrum, 
the  chairman  may  appropriately  call  to  the  stand,  to  occupy  a 
seat  beside  him,  all  of  which,  well  managed  by  the  presiding 
officer,  tends  to  give  dignity,  respectability,  and  influence  to 
the  proceedings  of  the  assemblage. 

The  Ladies. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  work  on  parliamentary  usages, 
the  author  has,  for  convenience  sake,  made  reference  to,  and 
spoken  only  of,  the  masculine  gender.      Realizing,  however, 


that  the  time  is  now  at  hand  when  the  women  of  the  country 
will  take  a  much  more  active  part  in  public  affairs  than  they 
have  done  hitherto,  this  chapter  is  also  prepared  with  special 
reference  to  the  wants  of  conventions,  and  other  assemblages, 
composed  wholly,  or  in  part,  of  ladies  ;  the  only  change  re- 
quired in  the  wording  being  the  personal  pronouns,  which 
make  reference  to  the  male  sex. 

Titles  of  Women  who  act  as  Officers. 

When  a  woman  acts  as  presiding  officer  of  a  meeting,  the 
person  addressing  her  should  say,  "  Mrs.  President,"  or  "  Miss 
President,"  as  the  case  may  be. 

The  presiding  officer  will  designate  the  speaker,  if  a  lady,  by 
name,  by  number  ;  or  as  the  lady,  the  number,  the  delegate,  the 
representative,  etc.,  as  may  be  most  convenient. 

The  titles  of  clerk,  secretary,  recording  officer,  treasurer, 
etc.,  are  the  same,  whether  applied  to  ladies  or  gentlemen. 

Adjournment. 

If  the  meeting  be  a  regular  session  of  a  legislature,  or  coun- 
cil, and  it  is  moved  and  voted  to  adjourn,  such  adjournment  is 
understood  to  be  until  the  next  regular  meeting.  If  it  is  de- 
sired to  meet  before  that,  the  meeting  will  adjourn  to  reassem- 
ble at  the  time  specified. 

If  the  meeting  be  not  in  regular  session,  it  is  necessary,  if 
the  business  be  unfinished  at  the  time  of  adjournment,  to  ad- 
journ to  a  certain  time.  If,  however,  the  business  for  which 
the  assembly  was  called  is  completed,  and  no  subsequent  as- 
semblage is  necessary,  it  is  moved  and  seconded  to  adjourn, 
which  being  put  by  the  president,  and  carried,  the  meeting  is 
dissolved. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  — PARLIAMENTARY  RULES. 


ADJOURNMENT. 

1.  Adjournment  from  one  hour  to  another  the  same  day  is  called 
a  recess, 

2.  A  motion  to  adjourn  is   always  in  order  with  reference  to 
the  order  of  business. 

3.  Should  not  be  made  when  another  person  occupies  the  floor. 

4.  Must  be  seconded. 

5.  Cannot  be  debated  ;    but  remarks  are  sometimes   allowed, 
without  debate  or  reproof. 

6.  Must  not  have  a  reference  to  the  main  question. 

7.  Cannot  be  amended. 

8.  A  simple  majority  determines  I  he  motion. 

9.  If  carried,  cannot  be  reconsidered. 

10.  If  carried,  closes  the  session  until  another  day  and  postpones 
all  pending  proceedings. 

11.  Where  a  special  hour  for  the  nest  meeting  has  been  pre  viously 
agreed  upon,  an  arrangement  to  change  it  may  be  made  after  the 
adjournment  has  been  carried. 

12.  But  in  such  discussion  all  reference  to  the  main  question 
under  debate  before  the  motion  to  adjourn  was  made,  must  be  omitted. 

AMENDMENTS. 
1.     A  motion  upon  any  question  under  discussion  may  seem  cor- 
rect in  all  points,  yet  circumstances  not  known  to  the  mover  may 
lead  another  member  to  offer  an  amendment  to  the  language  or  bear- 
ing of  the  motion,  to  improve  its  meaning  or  importance. 


2.  Or  a  part  of  the  first  motion  may  suit  several  members  and 
be  objected  to  by  others. 

3.  An  amendment  is  not  in  order  while  another  is 

but  if  presented  at  a  proper  time  may  prevent  a  division  of  the  meet- 
ing and  the  defeat  of  its  obj 

4.  Every  motion  to  amend  must  be  seconded. 

5.  A  majority  vote  adopts  or  rejects  an  amendment. 

6.  If  the  original  motion  or  resolution  consists  of  several  pro- 
positions, they  may  be  divided  on  the  demand  of  a  member,  amend- 
ed, and  each  submitted  to  a  Beparal     vote 

7.  An  amendment  must  have  direct  reference  to  the  original 
motion  and  its  objects,  and  may  either  favor  or  oppose  it. 

8.  Amendments  ran  be  debated. 

9.  only  one  amendment  u>  an  amendment  is  allowable. 

10.  The  amendment  to  the  amendment  must  first  be  voted  upon; 
then  the  amendment  as  amended, anil  then  the  original  proposition  as 
amended. 

11.  Should  any  wish  to  postpone  the  adoption  or  rejection  of 
the  original  motion,  the  vote  should  be  taken  before  amendments  are 
adopted;  but  those-  adopted  will  stand  as  a  part  of  the  original  mo- 
tion. 

12.  An  amendment,  or  an  amendment  to  an  amendment,  can  be 
reconsidered  after  adoption  or  rejection. 

13.  A  motion  to  refer  the  original  motion  to  a  proper  committee 
mnst  tie  \  nit  d  upoi  r  amendments  can  he  offered. 

14.  Amendments  may  consist  of  striking  out  certain  words  and 


440 


committees;  chairman's  decision;  conduct  of  debate. 


sentences,   of    Inserting  new  ones,  or  of    adding  others,  or  of  all 
these. 

15.  The  following  motions  cannot  be  amended:  To  adjourn — 
do  lime  mentioned;  f<>r  order  of  the  day;  all  Incidental  questions, 
i  -mil  m  appeal,  or  questions  of  order,  objections  to  consideration  of 
a  question,  the  reading  of  papers,  leave  to  withdraw  a  motion,  bus- 
on  of  i In-  rules  «>f  order) ;  to  lie  on  1 1 1* -  table;  for  the  previous 
question;  to  amend  an  amendment;  to  postpone  indefinitely ;  to  re- 
consider a  vote. 

COMMITTEES. 

1.  Committees  in  legislative  bodies  are  of  three  kinds — Stand- 
ing, Select,  and  Committee  of  the  Whole, 

STANDING    COJUKI  (TEES. 

2.  Standing  committ*'*  form  :ni  important  feature  in  every 
legislative  or  other  permanent  deliberative  assembly. 

3.  They  are  appointed  by  the  presiding  officer,  after  consultation 
with  hia  advisers,  or  a  caucus  of  members  may  recommend  certain 
persons  for  eat  b  comml  1 1 

4     They  remain  in  office  until  the  final  adjournment  <>f  the  as 
Bembly,  unless  sooner  relieved  for  cause,  <>r  removed  by  death  or  re- 
■  ion. 

5.  Bach  standi]  ee  has  one  class  of  deliberative  work 
confided  t<>  it  for  consideration. 

6.  \\  ith  Its  i  halrman  11  constitutes  a  Btrong  branch  of  the  as- 
sembly :  baa  power  in  Legislative  bodies  to  summon  witnesses  and  call 
for  papers  to  expedite  its  work,  and  employs  a  clerk. 

SELECT    COMMITTEES. 

7.  Select  (or  special)  committeee  are  appointed  by  the  presiding 
officer  of  the  assembly  for  s  specific  purpose,  such  as  the  consideration 
of  any  one  branch  of  regular  business  thai  may  be  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee. 

8.  The  first  person  appointed  to  serve  on  a  committee  is  usually 
Honored  with  its  chairmanship. 

9.  The  mover  of  the  appointment  of  a  committee  should  be  the 
first  person  named  by  the  chairman  to  serve  upon  it,  and  bis  refusal 
to  do  so  is  a  breach  of  legislative  conrtesy,   unless   a  good  n 
given  for  declining. 

10.  The  decisions  Of  a  committee  are  made  by  a  majority  vote. 
Bud  an  i--riuhly  in  the  form  of  a  report,  which  may  em- 
body a  serie-  of  resolutions. 

11.  It  le  the  privilege  of  the  minority,  however,  to  express  their 
views  in  another  report,  and  present  it  to  the  assembly,  Bhowlngwhy 
they  differ  from  the  majority. 

12.  After  a  committee  has  reported  upon  the  question   which  it 
i lied  to  consider,  it  should  be  moved  by  some  member  of  the 

My  that  the  report  of  the  committee  be  accepted  and  the  com- 
Lscharged,  unless  it  is  derided  to  recommit. 

COMMITTEE    OF   THE   WHOLE. 

13.  A  committee  of  the  whole  includes  every  member  of  the  as- 
aembly,  and  I  to  interchange  view-  on  the  merits  of  any 

I  matter  nnd<  d,  prior  to  putting  it  upon  its  passage. 

14.  This  form  of  consideration  i-  usually  moved  by  a  member 
who  i-  interested  in  the  measure,  is  seconded,  and  then  adopted  or 
defeated  by  a  majority  vote. 

15.  It-  business  is  confined  to  the  one  measure  to  be  consid- 
ered 

16.  The  presiding  officer  "f  the  assembly  does  not  act  as  chair- 
man of  the  committee  Of  the  whole,  although  he  must  be  present, 
but  appoint-  gome  competent  member  to  take  bis  i 

17.  As  the  committee  of  the  whole  i-  simply  a  deliberative  body, 
it  cannot  call  the  -  on  the  main  question,  bnt  may  limit 

-ion  I  at  the  outset)  to  a  certain  lenghl  Of  time,  and  regulate  the 

debate  by  rule. 

18.  When  she  discussion  is  ended,  the  committee  does  not  ad- 
journ— it  only  "  rises,"  then  dls*  "  the  original  assemblage, 
report-  progress,  and  asks  for  permission  to  -it.  again,  if  the  business 


19.  A  quorum  of  the  assembly  constitutes  a  quorum  of  a  com- 
mittee of  the  whole. 

20.  The  assistant  of  the  clerk  of  the  assembly  usually  acts  as 
clerk  of  the  committee  of  the  whole. 

COMMITMENT. 

1.  A  motion  to  refer  a  measure  to  a  committee  opens  the  main 
question  to  debate. 

2.  It  cannot  be  made,  however,  while  the  Hoor  is  occupied. 

3.  A  motion  tO Commit  must  be  seconded. 

4.  Has  preference  in  debate  to  the  mam  or  previous  question, 
i  for  it  is  debatable),  a  motion  to  postpone,  or  a  motion  to  amend. 

5.  It  can  be  so  amended  a-  to  name  the  number  of  persons  to 
eompri-e  the  committee,  the  manner  of  their  appointment,  and  the 
time  h  hen  they  Bhall  report 

6.  It  requires  only  a  majority  vote  to  carry  it. 

7.  If  carried  it  may  be  reconsidered. 

8.  A  measure  thus  committed  may,  or  may  not,  be  accompanied 
with  specific  Instructions  as  to  its  consideration. 

9.  Such  instructions,  when  given,  must  be  followed. 

10.  If  no  instructions  are  given,  the  committee  may  exercise  its 
own  methods  untrammelled. 

11.  If  a  measure  has  been  reported  by  a  committee  to  the  as- 
sembly in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  unsatisfactory,  it  may  be  returned 
to  the  same  committee  for  reconsideration.  This  is  called  recom- 
mitment^ and  requires  a  new  report. 

CHAIRMAN'S  DECISION. 

1.  A  motion  to  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  chairman  may 
be  debated. 

2.  Cannot  be  amended. 

3.  May  be  reconsidered,  if  carried. 

4.  May  be  made  at  any  time,  whether  the  floor  is  occupied  or 
not 

DEBATE— HOW  CONDUCTED. 

1.  A  debate  cannot  begin  until  a  motion  is  made,  thus  bringing 
Borne  measure  before  the  assembly,  nor  until  the  motion  i-  seconded. 

2.  No  member  may  speak  more  than  twice  on  the  same  meas- 
ure, unless  a  motion  to  amend  is  made,  and  then  only  concerning 
the  amendment,  unless  by  a  vote  of  the  assembly. 

3.  Whatever  time  i-  allotted  by  rule  to  each  member  for  de- 
bale,  it  may  be  extended  by  a  rote  of  tin  assembly. 

4.  The  member  who  Introduced  the  measure  may  open  and  close 
the  debate,  if  he  chooses  to  do  so. 

5.  Random  reflections  on  individual  members  or  on  the  acts  of 
the  assembly  are  forbidden  during  debate. 

6.  A  member  speaking  must  yield  the  floor  to  the  chairman 
when  he  rises  to  state  a  point  of  order  or  of  information. 

7.  A  call  to  order  requires  a  member  to  cease  speaking  until  the 
question  Is  decided. 

8.  liespeetful  attention  to  the  speech  of  the  member  who  has 
tin-  floor  is  only  ordinary  courtesy, 

9.  To  interrupt  a  member  who  is  speaking  by  hisses  or  other 
marks  of  dislike  is  a  breach  of  deeorum,  to  be  frow  ned   down   by  the 

ibly. 

10.  If  two  or  more  members  rise  at  the  same  time  to  speak  to  a 
question,  etiquette  gives  the  one  opposed  to  it  the  preference. 

11.  Members  are  not  to  be  spoken  of  by  name,  but  custom  al- 
lows reference  to  them  by  such  terms  as  "  the  gentleman  from  TV 

•■  the  previous  speaker/1  or  "  the  member  on  my  right" 

12.  If  a  member,  through  courtesy,  yields  the  floor  to  another, 
he  loj.es  his  opportunity  to  speak  again,  unless  the  assembly  gives 
him  permission  to  do  B0 

13.  If  the  chairman  wishes  to  speak  on  cither  side  in  a  debate, 
he  calls  another  member  to  preside  during  the  time   he  occupies  the 

floor. 

14.  A  motion  to  close  the  discussion  is  not  debatable,  but  may 
be  amended  or  reconsidered,  and  the  same   is   true  of  a  motion  to 

limit  the  debate. 


motions;  questions  of  order;  previous  question;  beading  papers. 


441 


DIVISION  OF  A  QUESTION. 

(  PEE    AMENDMENTS.  J 

MOTION  TO  -LIE  ON  THE  TABLE. 

1.  A  motion  to  lay  a  measure  on  the  table,  and  so  take  it  from 
before  the  assembly  until  it  comes  up  again  in  order,  or  is  called  up, 
maybe  received  when  it  is  apparently  or  really  useless  or  inexpedient; 
or  when  more  time  to  gather  information  concerning  its  value  is 
desired,  or  when  more  pressing  business  demands  attention,  or  when 
it  is  not  presented  in  an  acceptable  form. 

2.  The  motion  to  lay  upon  the  table  cannot  be  debated,  or 
amended;  nor  can  the  vote  be  reconsidered  if  the  assembly  decides  to 
table. 

3.  If  laid  on  the  table,  the  measure,  with  all  previous  action 
upon  it,  is  temporarily  dead. 

4.  The  motion  to  take  it  from  the  table  for  consideration  is  not 
debatable,  nor  can  it  be  amended;  but  if  the  assembly  decides  not  to 
take  it  from  the  table,  a  motion  to  reconsider  that  vote  is  in  order. 

5.  A  motion  to  lay  on  tin-  table  ha-  the  preference  over  other 
motions  to  call  the  main  question,  to  postpone,  to  commit,  or  to 
amend. 

MOTIONS. 

1.  Most  motions  are  required  to  be  seconded  before  being  put  to 
vote.  In  one  or  more  State  legislatures,  this  is  not  required — as  in 
Massachusetts. 

2.  Only  a  majority  vote  is  required,  in  most  cases,  to  carry  a 
motion;  the  exception  is  a  special  rule. 

3.  A  motion  to  take  up  a  question  out  of  its  proper  order,  or  to 
suspend  the  rules,  or  to  amend  them  (after  previous  notice),  requires, 
under  general  rules,  only  a  majority  vote. 

4.  A  motion  must  be  stated  by  the  chairman  before  discussion, 
when  an  amendment  is  proposed,  and  before  a  vote  is  taken. 

5.  A  principal  motion  is  the  main  one  under  consideration. 

6.  Other  motions  relating  to  the  principal  question,  such  as  to 
amend,  to  refer  to  a  committee,  to  postpone  further  action,  to  lay  on 
the  table,  etc.,  are  called  subsidiary  motions. 

7.  Principal  motions  and  subsidiary  motions  cannot  be  made  to- 
gether. 

8.  Principal  motions  should  always  be  offered  in  writing;  sub- 
sidiary motions  may  be  verbally  made. 

9.  Members  may  call  for  the  re-reading  of  a  motion  under  dis- 
cussion. 

10.  No  motion  can  be  withdrawn  from  consideration  by  the 
mover  without  the  consent  of  the  assembly. 

11.  In  making  a  motion  the  mover  must  stand  in  hie  place  and 
address  the  presiding  officer,  or  the  motion  cannot  be  received;  and 
it  is  required  that  the  chair  recognize  the  mover. 

12.  When  a  motion  is  before  the  assembly,  only  privileged 
motions  can  be  introduced.      (See  Questions  of  Privilege.) 

13.  As  almost  all  legislative  business  is  transacted  by  motions, 
the  list  of  those  ordinarily  in  use  is  quite  extensive,  and  most  of 
them  are  noted  throughout  this  summary  of  Parliamentary  Rules. 

14.  Motions,  ordinarily,  as  to  precedence,  rank  as  follows:  To 
fix  the  time  to  which  to  adjourn;  to  adjourn — no  time  named;  for  the 
order  of  the  day;  to  lie  on  the  table;  for  the  previous  question;  to 
postpone  to  a  certain  time;  to  commit;  to  amend:  to  postpone 
indefinitely.  A  motion  to  reconsider  a  vote  may  be  made  at  any 
time,  but  cannot  be  acted  upon  until  the  business  before  the  as- 
sembly is  disposed  of. 

ORDER  OF  THE  DAY. 

1.  Amotion  may  be  made  and  carried  to-day  to  bring  up  for 
consideration  an  important  topic  one  week  from  this  day,  and  when 
the  time  arrives,  that  topic  will  be  the  order  of  Uh 

2.  When  the  time  named  arrives,  a  call  for  the  order  of  the  day 
has  preference  over  all  other  motions,  even  though  a  member  has  the 
floor. 


3.  If  the  call  is  voted  down,  the  order  of  the  day  stands  post- 
poned indefinitely,  and  the  regular  business  of  the  assembly  proceeds 
as  usual. 

4.  If  the  call  for  the  order  of  the  day  prevails,  all  other  busi- 
ness is  laid  aside. 

5.  A  motion  to  call  up  the  order  of  the  day  is  not  debatable, 
nor  can  it  be  amended;  but  whether  adopted  or  defeated,  its  recon- 
sideration can  be  moved. 

6.  By  a  vote,  the  assembly  can  postpone  a  portion  of  the  order 
of  the  day  to  a  future  time. 

QUESTIONS  OF  ORDER. 

1.  If  a  member,  in  his  speech,  breaks  a  rule  of  the  assembly, 
another  says,  "  I  rise  to  a  point  of  order,"  although  the  offending 
member  is  still  speaking,  and  states  the  nature  of  the  infraction. 
The  chair  decides  at  once  upon  the  complaint,  without  discussion. 
His  decision  may  be  objected  to  by  some  member,  who  says,  "  I  ap- 
peal from  the  decision  of  the   chair."     The  chairman  then 

the   point  of  order  and  his  decision,  and    says  "Shall  the  decision 
of  the  chair  stand?"  Thisqnestion  may  be  debated  (in  some  -    -   - 
but  not  in  all.)  by  a  majority    vote  of  the  assembly.      Duringthese 
proceedings  the  offending  member  suspends  his  speech. 

2.  Or,  if  the  speaking  member  breaks  a  rule  of  decorum,  an- 
other may  rise  in  his  place  and  say,  "  I  call  the  gentleman  to  order," 
and  the  chairman   proceeds  as  before. 

3.  If  the  appeal  from  the  chair's  decision  is  laid  upon  the  table 
by  a  vote  of  the  assembly,  it  is  considered  as  sustaining  that  decis- 
ion. 

4.  All  deliberative  bodies  are  not  equally  strict  in  observing 
parliamentary  rules,  and  slight  infractions  of  them  are  not  noted.  It 
is  not  profitable  for  a  member  to  be  always  calling  others  to  order; 
he  becomes  disliked,  and  gains  nothing. 

THE  PREVIOUS  QUESTION. 

1.  The  "call  of  the  previODG  question,"  in  a  deliberative  as- 
aembly,  is  a  term  applied  to  a  measure  introduced  when  it  is  desired 
10  stop  discussion  of  the  main  question,  and  has  that  effect  unless  the 
call  is  voted  down. 

2.  The  call  for  the  previous  question  may  be  made  by  any 
member. 

3.  It  cannot  be  debated  or  amended. 

4.  It  must  be  seconded  before  it  can  be  voted  npon. 

5.  It  takes  precedence  over  all  former  motions  on  the  main 
question,  except  to  lay  or  the  table. 

6.  It  havingbeen  caned  and  seconded,  the  chairman  asks,  "Shall 
the  main  question  be  now  put  ':" 

7.  If  the  vote,  then  taken,  favors  the  affirmative,  the  main  q 
tion  is  given  to  the  assembly  for  action,  without  debate. 

8.  If  then  the  vote  upon  the  main  question  is  in  favor  of  it- 
adoption,  its  fate  is  decided.  Hut  if  the  nays  have  a  majority,  the 
main  question  is  only  postponed  f>>r  Father  ronsideraiion. 

READING  PAPERS. 

1.  Paper-  supporting  any  measure  under  consideration,  explain- 
ing particular  point-  al  Issue,  or  L'iviiiL,'  any  important  information  on 
the  subject,  may  be  received  by  the  secretary  and  announced  by  the 
chairman  to  the  assembly. 

2.  Such  papers  cannot  be  brought  into  any  discussion  on  which 
they  have  a  bearing  until  they  have  been  once  read  aloud  to  the  as- 
sembly. 

3.  Any  member  may  call  for  the  reading  ->f  the  papers  when 
the  question  to  which  they  relate  i-  before  the  assembly. 

4.  The  motion  cannot  be  debated  or  amended,  but  is  usually 
consented  to  tacitly,  ami  the  papers  are  accordingly  read  by  the  clerk, 
under  the  instructions  of  the  chair. 

5.  Members  cannot  read  other  paper- or  books  aloud  daring  a 
discussion,  without  the  permission  of  the  assembly,  and  a  motion 
and  vote  on  the  privilege  may  be  required,  if  necessary. 


Ill' 


POSTPONEMENT  J    QUORUM  J    RIGHT   TO    FLOOR;    BUSPBNSIOfl    OF    RULE8. 


6.     Papers  relating  to  measures  In  charge  "f  maj 

be  received  and  sent  to  the  committee  without  reading;  although,  if  in- 
1  upon,  the]  must  be  read  aloud  to  it"'  assembly. 

POSTPONEMENT. 

1.  Motions  to  postpone  action  on  any  measure  before  the  as 
ire  of  two  tdnds. 

2.  One  kind  proposes  a  postponement  to  a  definite  date;  the 
other,  a  postponement  Indefinitely. 

3.  A  motion  for  either  is  debatable,  and  may  be  so  amended  as 
i  time,  or  change  a  time,    to   which   the   postponement   ex- 
tends. 

4.  Such  an  amendment  changes  an  indefinite  postponement  to  a 
definite  i 

5.  A  motion  to  postpone  a   measure   si  a   motion   to 
to  a  committee,  to  amend  it,  or  to  call  the  previous  question, 

until  the  proposed  postponement  la  voted  down. 

6.  A.  motion  to  postpone  indefinitely  opens  the  main  question 

7.  If  Buch  a  motion  is  carried,  it  permanently  Buspende  ill 
further  consideration  of  the  main  question  and  subsidiary  motions 

'  to  it. 

8.  If  such  a  motion  Is  defeated,  consideration  of  the  measure 
may  be  resumed  at  the  point  ol  p  -  when  it  was  interrupted. 

PRIVILEGED  QUESTIONS. 

1.  Privileged  questions,  as  noted  bi  low,  possess  more  import- 
i  ban  ill  other  motions  or  questions  under  discussion. 

2.  Some  of  them  are  debatable  and  others  are  not.  The  fol- 
lowing Is  their  order  of  precedence: 

pint. — To  !ix  the  time  to  Which  the  meeting  shall  adjourn — 
no)  debatable. 

S$eondi — To  adjourn — not  debatable. 

Third.  — Relating  to  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  assembly, 
or  any  member  of  it— debatable. 

fourth,  —(ail  for  the  order  of  the  day — not  debatable. 

3.  Any  of  these  may  be  reconsidered  after  a  vote. 

QUORUM. 

1.  A  quorum  i-  a  -p'  titled  number  i>f  members  of  any  deliber- 
ative body  required  to  be  present  before  a  seesi an  be  held. 

2.  This  number  is  fixed  In  different  bodies  Invarioue  countries, 
but.  If  not  otherwise  agreed  upon,  a  majority  i-  sufficient  to  organize. 

3.  Unless  a  quorum  is  presenl  when  the  meeting  proceeds   to 
--,  its  proceedings  are  not  usually  deemed  legal  or  author! 

tative. 

4.  A  wise    chairman  will  refuse  to  preside  unless  a  quorum   is 
i.     Should  be  take  the  chair,  ell  be  can  do  Is  to  order  the  roll 

called  and  declare  'be   meeting  adjourned  if  a  quorum  does  not  re- 
spond.    The  fact  that  the  necessary  number  of  members  to  consti- 
qnorumina  body  are  in  the  room  does  not  form  a 

quorum,  nnlese  they  answer  to  their  names  when  the  roll  is  called. 

5.  While  the  chair  may  allow,  if  no  quorum  i-  present,  the  dis- 
f  the  business  first  in  order,   in  preference  to  adjourning, 

no  voir,  except  to  adjourn,  can  be  taken. 

6.  If  there  is  a  quorum  present  when  the  Besslon  begins,  and 
the  mi  I  until  leBS  than  a  quorum 
remain-,  unless  some  one  objects  a  debate  can  proceed,  but  no 
questions  can  be  d< 

RIGHT  TO  THE  FLOOR. 

1.  A.  member  desiring  to  speak  upon  some  pertinent  subject, 
to  present  a  petition  or  other  document  to  the  assembly,  or  to  cor- 
rect a  statement,  mnsl  rise  in  his  place,  uncovered,  and  call  out 
"Mr.  President,'1  "Mr.  Chairman,"  or  whatever  title  the  presiding 
officer  bears.  Two  or  three  members  may  do  this  at  the  same  mo- 
ment, and  it  is  the  duty  of  the  presiding  officer  to  announce  the 
name  of  the  first  whose  voice  he  heard.  This  ia  the  signal  for  the 
others  to  sit   quietly  down   until   another  opportunity  occurs.      The 


member  whose  name  has  been  pronoui  Door  for  «.ie  time 

being. 

2       If   the  decision  Of  the  chair  is  not   satisfactory  to  a    majority 

of  the  members,  on<  of  them  rises  to  a  point  of  order,  staUe  tin 

and,  on  motion,  the  matter  is  carried  by  a  vote  as   to  whom  the    floor 

belongs. 

3.  The  mover  of  a  measure  which  has  been  seconded,  ai 
fairly  before  th<  meeting  for  debate,  is  customarily  allowed  to  make 
the  first  speecb  upon  it. 

4.  If  any  member  having  the  Boor  yields  it,  in  courtesy,  to 
another,  II  Is  n  disputed  question  whether  the  first  can  again  claim  it 
after  the  second  has  finished  his  remarks.     The  firsl  ia  generally  con- 

lin,  but   strict   parliamentary  discipline   does  not 
favor  it. 

RECONSIDERATION  OF  A  VOTE. 

1.  A  vote  to  adjourn  cannot  be  reconsidered 

2.  a.  vote   to  r sidei  a  past  rote  brings  the  original  measure 

or  motion  again  before  the  assembly. 

3.  The  vote  to  reconsider  may  be  argued  with  the  original  mo- 
tion, but  cannot  be  amended,  nor  can  it,  after  the  ballot,  be  recon- 
sldered  again. 

4.  A  majority  in  favor  of  reconsidering  a  past  vote  opens  the 
main  question  to  general  discussion. 

RECOMMITTAL. 

1.  A  motion  to  recommit  to  a  committee   may  be 

debated,  amended,  ><r  reconsidered. 

2.  » >['i-n-  the  main  question  to  debate. 

SUSPENSION  OF  RULES  OF  ORDER. 

1.  A  motion  to  suspend  the  rules  cannot  be  debated  or  amended, 

under  special  rules  may  require   a   two-thirds   vote   to  adopt   it,    and 
the  vote,  either  for  or  against  the  motion,  cannot  be  reconsidered. 

2.  If  the  motion  to  suspend  the  rules  Is  defeated,  it  cannot  be 
renewed  for  the  same  purpose  until  after  one  adjournment  has  been 
made. 

3.  The    motion    to    BUSpend    the    rule-    niu-t    stale    its    object — 

usually  some  business  whlcb  the  rule-  do  not  allow  members  to  act 
upon  at  certain  Btagea  of  legislation. 

4.  If  any  member  Infringes  a  rule  of  order  it  is  the  right  of  any 
other  member  to  Jake  notice  thereof  and  to  insist  that  the  rub-  be  en- 
forced,    [n  that  case  the  rub-  Bhould  be  enforced  by  the  chairman 

without  delay.      When  a   member   has   called    another  to   order   it   is 
then  too  late  to  suspend,  to  alter,  or  repeal  the  ride.      It  must  be  en- 

lurr.  d 

SUBSTITUTE. 

1.  U  classed  as  an  amendment,  andis  governed  by  the  same-jvn- 
eral  rules  of  order. 

2.  Cannol  be  received  while  an  amendment  to  an  amendment  is 
pending. 

3.  May    be   directly  opposite    in    spirit    to    original    motion,    of 

which,  until  disposed  of,  it  take-  the  place  in  discussion. 

4.  Must  be  seconded  and  stated  by  the  chairman  before  being 
voted  upon. 

5.  Debate  must  be  confined  to  its  merit-. 

6.  it  can  be  amended  once,  out  an  amendment  to  it  cannot  be 
amended. 

7.  By  amendmenl  b  substitute  can  be  referred  to  a  proper  com- 
mittee for  deliberation  and  report. 

8.  On  motion,  tin-  vote   upon  a  substitute  can  be  reconsidered. 

WITHDRAWING  A  MOTION. 

1.  A  motion  that  has  been  received,  seconded  and  discussed, 
cannot  be  withdrawn  by  the  mover,  without  passing  the  ordeal  of  a 
vote,  unless  permission  he  obtained  to  do  so,  by  a  unanimous  vocal 
consent  of  the  assembly. 

2.  A  motion  once  withdrawn  is  dead,  so  far  as  any  further  action 

18  concerned. 

3.  A  motion  to  withdraw  cannot  be  debated,  but  may  be  amend- 
ed, and  a  VOte  upon  it  may  be  reconsidered. 


SUMMARY    OF    PARLIAMENTARY    PBOI  !EE1  UNGS. 


±43 


RECAPITULATION PARLIAMENTARY  RULES. 


The  following  is  a  Condensed  Summary  of  Important  Parliamentary  Usage  as  Observed  in  the  United  States 

Congress  and  other  Public  Bodies. 


Motion  to  Adjourn— Must  be  seconded;'  can- 
nut  be  amended;  cannot  be  reconsidered; 
must  not  refer  to  main  question;  requires  a 
majority  vote;  is  not  in  order  when  another 
has  the  floor;  if  carried,  postpones  all  fur- 
ther proceedings  ;  time  of  next  meeting  can 
be  changed  after  adjournment,  ii  previously 
fixed. 

Motion  to  Amend— Must  be  seconded;  can  be 
debated;  allows  reference  to  main  question; 
yields  to  all  motions  except  to  indefinitely 
postpone;  may  be  amended  only  once;  not 
in  order  when  another  member  has  the 
floor;  may  be  referred  to  a  committee;  may 
strike  out  words,  add  words.  Insert  words,  or 
substitute  words;  requires  a  majority  vote; 
can  be  reconsidered  after  vote. 

Motion  to  Amend   an   Amendment  — Same 

rules,  except  that  it  cannot  be  amended. 

Motion  to  Amend  the  Rules— Must  be  sec- 
onded; is  debatable;  does  not  allow  refer- 
ence to  main  question  then  under  discus- 
sion; not  in  order  when  another  is --peaking; 
may  be  amended;  requires  a  majority  vote, 
unless  special  rules  otherwise  provide  ;1  maj 
be  reconsidered  after  vote. 

Motion  to  Appeal  from  Speaker's  De- 
cision—When relating  to  indecorum — Must 

be  seconded;  allows  no  reference  to  main 
question;  is  not  debatable;  r;tnnot  be  amen- 
ded ;  is  in  order  at  any  time,  requires  a  ma- 
jority vote;  may  be  reconsidered  after  vote. 
In  other  cases— In  order  at  any  time;  must 
be  seconded;  does  not  allow  reference  to 
main  question;  is  debatable;  cannot  be  amen- 
ded; requires  a  majority  vote;  can  be  re- 
considered. 

Motion  to  Call  to  Order— In  order  at  any 
time  when  indecorum  suggests  it;  needs  no 
seconding;  undebatable;  allows  of  no  refer- 
ence to  main  question;  cannot  be  amended; 
requires  only  a  majority  vote;  vote  can  be 
reconsidered. 

Motion  to  Refer  to  a  Committee— Not  in 

order  when  a  member  is  speaking;  must  be 
seconded;  is  debatable;  opens  the  main  ques- 
tion to  debate;  may  be  amended;  requires 
only  a  majority  vote;  vote  may  be  recon- 
sidered; may  include  instructions  to  the 
committee. 

Motion  to  Recommit— Assembly  may  refuse 
committee  report,  when  motion  to  recom- 
mit will  be  in  order,  must  be  seconded  .  "("li- 
the main  question  to  debate;  may  be  de- 
bated, may  be  amended;  majority  vote  de- 
cides;   vote  may  be  reconsidered. 

Motion  to  Extend  Time  for  Debate— Not 

in  order  when  a  member  has  the  floor;  mus1 
be  seconded;  is  undebatable;  does  not  allow 
reference  to  main  question;  may  be  amen- 
ded; requires  only  a  majority  vote;  vote 
may  be  reconsidered. 

Motion  to  I^imlt  Debate— Not  in  order  when 
a  member  is  speaking,  must  be  seconded; 
is  undebatable,  does  not  allow  reference  to 
main  question;  may  be  amended;  requires  a 
majority  vote,  which  ma>  be  reconsidered. 

•  True  parliamentary'  law  presumes  that  every 
motion  is  seconded,  and  saves  time  bj  UOt 
asking  for  the  second. 

t  Two-thirds  votes  are  only  required  under  spe- 
cial rules— not  general  ..in-. 


Motion  to  Clowe  Debate— Not  in  order  when 
member  has  the  floor;  must  be  seconded; 
may  be  amended;  does  not  allow  reference 
to  main  question;  not  debatable;  requires 
a  majority  vote;  vote  can  be  reconsidered. 

Motion  to  Reconsider  an  Undebatable 
Question— May  be  moved  and  recorded 
while  a  member  has  the  floor,  but  business 
in  hand  must  not  be  Interrupted  by  it;  must 
be  made  same  day  the  original  vui< 
taken,  and  by  member  who  voted  with  the 
majority;  must  be  seconded;  cannot  be  de- 
bated; does  not  allow  reference  to  main  ques- 
tion; cannot  be  amended;  majority  vote  Ifl 
sufficient;   vote  cannot  be  reconsidered. 

Motion  to  Refer  a  Question— (See  Motion 
to  Commit;  sami    rules  apply.) 

Motion  for  Committee  to  Rise— Not  in 
order  while  member  is  speaking;  must  be 
seconded;  not  debatable;  does  not  allow  re- 
ference to  main  question;  cannot  be  amen' 
ded ;  requires  only  a  majority  vote;  vote 
cannot  be  reconsidered. 

"Shall   the   Question    be    Discussed*"  — 

Question  must  first  be  introduced;  objection 
to  discuss  it  must  then  be  made,  before  de- 
bate; motion  to  discuss  is  in  order  at  any 
time;  needs  no  seconding;  cannot  be  de- 
bated; cannot  be  amended  does  not  allow 
reference  to  main  question;  requires  a  ma- 
jority vote;  vote  maybe  reconsidered. 

Motion  to  Make  Subject  n  Special  Or* 
der— Not  in  order  when  floor  i>   occupied; 

must  be  seconded;  can  be  debated;  in  i\  be 
amended;  does  not  allow  reference  t><  main 
question;  requires  a  majority  vote;  \  ote 
can   be  reconsidered. 

Motion  to  Substitute— Same  rules  as  in 
Motion  to  Amend,  to  which  the  reader  is 
referred. 

Motion  to  Suspend  the  Rules— Not  in  order 
when  a  mem  neris  Bpeaking;  must  be  second 
ed ;  cannot  be  amended;  not  debatable-,  does 
not  allow  reference  to  main  question,  n 
quires  a  majority  vote;  vote  cannot  be  recon- 
sidered. 

Motion    to  Take   from   Table— Not    In      i 

der  when  another  has  the  floor;  must  be  ft  ■ 
onded;  cannot  be  amended;  does  not  allow 
reference  to  main  question;  is  not  debatable; 
requires  only  a  majority  vote;  a  vote  In  the 
affirmative  cannot  be  reconsidered. 

Motion  to  Take  tip  Question  out  of  its 
Proper  Order— Not  in  order  when  the 
Hoot-  is  occupied;  must  be  seconded;  cannoi 
i.  amended;  does  not  allow  reference  to 
main  question;  not  debatable  requir 
majority  vote;  can  be  reconsidered. 

Motion    to   Withdraw   a    Motion  — Not   in 

order  while    a  member  is    speaking,  must    be 

seconded .  is  not  debatable    must  not  refer 

to  mam  question;  cannot   be  amended 

quires  only  a  majority  vote;  vote  can  be 
reconsidered. 

Motion*    Order    of    Precedence       I 

i  i       _     To  adjourn  without 

day;  (3)  To  take  up  the  orders  of  the  day; 
(4)  To  be  on  the  table;  [S  Foi  the  previous 
question,  (6)  To  postpone  a  measure  or  mo- 
tion to  a  ininie  i  nne;  ,  7  i  To  refer  a  measure 
or  motion  to  a  committee:  (8)  To  amend  a 
motion  or  To    posl  pon 

question  without  specifying  a.  certain  time 
to  take  it  up. 


Motion  f^rLeave  to  Speak  after  Rreaeh 
of  Indecorum    Not   in  order  while   the 
floor  i-  occupied  .  musl  be  seconded;  does  not 
allow-  reference  to  main  question;  cann 
debated;  cannot  be  ami  n  9 only 

a  majority  vote,  vote  can  be  reconsidered. 

Motion  to  Lie  on  the  Table — Cannot  be 
made  until  the  floor  is  deal  be   sec- 

onded;   does  not  allow    reference  to 
question;  cannot  be  debated  »r  amended, 
only  a  majority  vote  required;  affirmative 
vote  cannot  be  1  e&  msidered. 

Objection  to  Consideration  of  a  Ques- 
tion.—Must  be  made  as  Boon  as  the  qoes- 
tion  is  introduced,  although  a  member  is 
speaking,  and  before  it  is  edsno 

seconding;  i-  undi  riot  be  amen- 

ded; requires  a  majority  rote,  unless  spe- 
cial rules  prevent ;  vote  may  be  reconsidered. 

Motion    for  the  Orders   of  the  Day— Is  in 

order  although  a  member  has  the  floor; 
need  not  be  see.. tided;  cannot  be  debated  or 
amended;  allows  of  no  reference  to  main 
question;  requires  only  a  majority  rote; 
vote  may  be  reconsidered. 

Motion  to  Postpone  to  a  Definite  Time. 

— Not  in  order  when  a  member  has  the  floor; 

must  be  seconded;  limited  debate  allowed 
only  on  the  propriety  of.  postponing;  does 
not  allow  reference  to  main  question;  may 
be  amended  ;  requires  only  a  majority  rote  ; 
vote  may  be  reconsidered. 

Motion   to    Postpone  Indefinitely/— Not  in 

order  while  a  member  is  speaking;  must  be 
seconded;  cannot  be  amended  ;  is  debal 

and  opens  main  question  to  dif 

quires  only  a  majority  rote;  rote  maybe 
reconsidered. 

Motion  for  the  Previous   Question  — Not 

in  order  while  the  floor  is  occupied;  must 
be  seconded;  does  not  allow  reference  to  'lie 

main  question;  cannot  DC  amended;  i-  unde- 
batable; ri  majority  vote;  vote 
may  be  reconsidered. 

Motions  Relating  to  Priority  of  Busi- 
ness—Are  not  in  order  while  n  member  Is 
speaking;  must  be  seconded;  are  unde- 
batable; allow  of  no refei  n  ques- 
tion; may  be  amended,  require  Only  B  major- 
ity vote;  vote  can  be  reconsidered. 


Questions  of  Privilege     Not  in  order  while  a 
member  has  the  O001  .  motions  must  bt 
onded;  are  debatable;  maybe  amendi 
not  allow  a    reference    to  main    qnt 
only  a  majority  vote  required;  rote  may  be 
reconsidered. 

Motion  to  Read  Papers— Not  in  order  while 
member  1-  speaking;  must  be  seconded; 
cannot  be  amended;  cannot  be  debated; 
does  not  allow  reference  to  main  question; 
is  decided  by  a  majority  rote;  rote  ma] 
reconsidered. 

Motion      to      Reconsider    n     Debatable 

Question— May  he  moved    and    enter. 

record  while  ■  member  la  Bpealtlmr,  but  must 
not  Interrupt  business  In  hand;  must  be  made 

the  same  day  tin-  Original  rote  was  taken, 
and  by  one  who  roted  Oil  the  successful 
side;    must    be    seeonded;    may    be    d.  ■ 

cannot  be  amended;  opens  main  question  to 

debate  ,  requires  ..nly  a    luaj.>iit\     rote 
!     led. 


iU 


SUGGESTIONS    RELATING    TO    PUBLIC    8P1    IKING. 


Introductions,  Inaugurations.  Valedictories,  Celebrations, 

Funerals,     Reunions.     Banquets,     Anniversary 

Exercises.     Fairs,    Commencements, 

Improvement  Meetings,  Etc. 


SUCCESTIONS  FOR  BECINNERS. 


Q  man    or   wo- 
man in  anv  o  im- 
munity who  can 
.   express   ideas  cor- 

f/G      iSi^-                ;  J   rectl.v,  plainly,  and 
.-■•Ib --?<-<iie#rift  '    readilv.  with   g 1 

v< lice  and  Belf- pi is- 
session,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  others, 

always  wit'  Ids  a 
commanding  influence 
— provided  this  accom- 
plishment   is  guided  by 
good    judgment,    whicb 
teaches  inhen  to   speak,    trju'l't     to 

ipeak,  what  to  speak,   and  how  to 
speak. 

The  art  which  enables  an   indi- 
vidual, when  standing  on  the  feet,  to  express  a 

thought  methodically  and  clearly  to  an  intel- 
ligent  and  critical  audience,  in  a  manner  such  as 
will  influence  and  instruct  the  auditors,  is  one 
very  much  to  be  desired.  Can  it  be  acquired  by 
the  average  individual?  The  consideration  of 
that    question     is    the    purpose    of    the  following 

chapters. 


MANY   people  who  have    an   ambition  for 
public   Speaking   do  not    awake   to   the   lie- 
yy.  cessity  and  importance  of  this  subject  until 

tin-   period    of  their    school-daxs    has    long 

"f       passed,    when    the   < viction    is    likely  to 

force  itself  upon  their  minds  that  they  are  too  late 
to  acquire  the  art.  Such,  however,  should  not  he 
discouraged.  To  begin  practice  in  extempore 
speaking,  establish  a  debating  club,  which  should 
include  a  membership  of  half  a  dozen  or  more 
persons,  to    meet    regularly  during  the  week,  at 

stated  times,  for  the  discussi f  current  topics 

of  the  day,  either  at  a  private  residence,  some 
hall  chosen  for  the  purpose,  or  at  a  schoolroom-. 
the  exercises  of  the  occasion  being  interspersed 
with  essays  by  members  of  the  club,  the  whole 
to  be  criticised  by  critics  appointed.  A  few  weeks 
thus  spent  will  oftentimes  develop  in  the  club 
several  fluent  essayists  and  speakers. 

If  desirous  of  distinction,  it  is  not   enough  that 
the   speakers    simply    utter   their   own    thoughts. 

There  should  be  especial  effort  made  t<>  present 
the  idea  in  an  original,  attractive  and  efficient 
form.  To  be  effective,  the  speaker  must  exhibit 
variety  in  gesture,  tone  of  voice,  ami  method  of 
illustration.     Gestures  and    sentences  should  be 


VIEW    OF    A    LITERARY    SOCIETY    IN    SESSION    AT    A    PRIVATE    HOUSE. 


44. 


gracefully  rounded ;  the  illustrations,  in  strong 
and  telling  words,  should  be  so  proportioned,  and 
the  arguments  so  arranged,  as  to  grow  stronger 
from  the  beginning  to  the  end  ;  while  the  thoughts 
should  be  so  presented  as  to  be  appropriate,  and 
in  harmony  with  the  occasion. 

The  sj leakers  and  essayists  whom  we  know  as 
wielding  the  greatest  influence  in  the  world's  his- 
tory, added  to  these  graces  of  oratory  depth  of 
investigation,  3.^ 
independence  ^  > 
of  thought, 
and  freedom 
of  expression. 
They  scorned 
to  traverse  the 
beaten  paths, 
simply  be- 
cause of  cus- 
tom and  pop- 
ularity. They 
chose  to  be  in- 
dependent. 
Rather  than 
follow,  they 
p  r  e  f  e  r  r  e  d  t<  > 
lead  the  opin-  - 
ion  of  others. 

The  follow- 
ing sugges- 
tions give  an 
outline  of 
what  is  ne- 


he  may  design  to  speak,  in  order  that  clear  ideas 
may  be  expressed.  The  mind  should  not,  how- 
ever, be  so  absorbed  with  the  subject  in  hand  as 
to  prevent  its  acting  readily  in  the  development 
of  the  topic  under  consideration.  It  is  possible 
for  the  feelings  to  become  so  vehement  in  their 
expression  as  to  paralyze  utterance  from  their 
very  fullness. 

Fourth.     The   feelings,  in  speaking,  must  be 
£^&  resolved    into 


C-&- 


A 


^^HPIIIS  Society,  organized  for  the  purpose  <>f 

^JP     Social,  Literary  and  Oratorical  Culture, 

?&      meets  weekly  at  the  residence   of  its 

members. 

Order  of  Exercises: — Calling  meeting  to 

order   by    President;  Roll    Call    and    Reading 

Minutes   of  previous    meeting    by    Secretary; 

Music;  Recitation;  Essay,  by  a  member  se- 

CeSSary  for  the       lected  at  previous  meeting,  which  takes  fifteen 

1         .  _       minutes  to  read.      Four  critics,   appointed  by 

production    OI       the  President,  make  each  a  five  minutes   talk 

1  upon  the  subject  of  the  essay:  Music.      ReceM 

a  ready,  easy     o/  Tm  .,/,„„,,., 
speaker. 

First.    The  foundation  of  the  discourse  should 
be  thoroughly  fixed  in  the  mind,  and  the  order 

of  succession  in  which  the  arguments  are  to  follow. 
Second.    These  should  be  so  arranged  that  one 


thought  should  be  the  natural  outgrowth  of  the 
other,  .•iml  each  idea  should  he  s<>  distinctly 
marked  out  as  to  be  in  readiness  the  moment 
it  is  wanted. 

Third.     The  speaker  should  vividly  feel  all  that 


ideas,  thought 
into  images, 
to  expr.i  — 
which  there 
must  be  suit- 
able language. 
While"  the 
main  idea 
should  be  firm- 
ly grasped,  in 
its  elucidatii  in 
it  should  be 
separated  into 
i  t  s  principal 
members,  and 
these  again  di- 
vided intosub- 
The  Cambridge  Literary  Club  in  Session.  ordinate  parts, 

each  under 
perfect  com- 
mand of  the 
speaker,  to  he 

called  upon 

and  Used  at 
will,  until  the 
subject  i-  ex- 
hausted. 

Fifth.  The  full,  complete  and  ready  use  of  the 
imagination  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the 
extemporaneous  speaker,  which  power  may  he 
greatly  cultivated  by  reading  the  works  of  Wal- 
ter Scott.  Dickens,  and  other  standard  writers 
who  excel  in  imaginative  description.  To  hold 
up  before  the  audience  a  clear,  distinct  outlineof 
the  subject  in  hand,  and  paint  the  picture  in  fit- 
ting language  so  vividly  that  the  auditors  will 


Twenty  minutes  devoted  to  reading,  by  the 
editress,  of  the  "Vanguard,"  the  paper  of 
the  club,  composed  largely  of  contributions 
from  different  members  of  the  society;  An- 
nouncement, by  the  President,  of  Bubji 
debate;  Four  debaters  consume  each  five  min- 
utes in  discussing  the  subject;  Music;  All- 
nonncement  of  time,  place  and  Essavist  for 
next  meeting;   adjournment 

The  foregoing  programme  »>f  exercises  is 
subject  to  variation  according  to  vote  of  a 
majority  of  the  club,  or  as  the  President  may 
think  last. 


1 16 


THE    Mil*   I    OF     PERSONAL    APPEARANCE    CPON    AN    AUDIENCE. 


delightedly  follow  its  progress,  step  by  Btep,  is 
the  distinguishing  excellence  ol  the  off-hand 
speaker.  With  many  persons  of  real  talent,  the 
powers  of  imagination  work  too  slowly  to  hold 
the  attention  of  the  audience.  This  hindrance, 
however,  ran  be  Largely  overcome  by  practice. 

Sixth.  The  difficulty  of  embarrassment,  which 
afflicts  some  people  upon  public  appearance,  is 
overcome  by  practice,  and  by  having  a  perfectly 
distinct  understanding  ol  what  is  \< 1  In-  said,  which 
consciousness  tends  togive  confidence  and  self- 
possession.  To  obtain  the  ability  to  present  this 
clear  conception  of 
the  subject,  the 
speaker  should 
study  logic,  geom- 
etry, and  kindred 
subjects,  thai  ar- 
rive at  conclusions 
through  a  process 
of  analytical  reas- 
oning. The  speak- 
er should  be  able 
to  think  method- 
ically, being  able 
to  decompose  his 
thoughts  into  parts, 
to  analyze  these  in- 
to their  elements, 
to  recompose,  re- 
gather,  and  COn-  Who  fails  on  the  P  ise  the 
cent  rat  f     these     diamond  and  fane;  i 

tention  of  the  hearers,  and  com. 
again  in  a  manner     Impression  that  be  gives  more  thought  to 
...     ,        ,  dress  than  he  dm 

such  as  will  clearly 

illustrate  the  idea  sought  to  be  conveyed. 

Si  v>  nth.  <  me  of  the  most  efficient  aids  to  pub- 
lic speaking  i-  the  ability  to  write.  The  public 
speaker  will  do  well  to  commence  by  writing  in 
full  what  he  is  desirous  of  saying.  He  should, 
at  the  same  time,  make  a  study  of  the  various 
masters  oi  oratory.  Writing  gives  greal  clear- 
ness to  the  expression  of  thought,  and.  having 
plenty  of  time  in  its  composition,  the  mind  is  able 
to  look  at  the  subject  in  every  phase.  With 
the  main  idea  clearly  defined  and  kept  constantly 
in  view,  let  the  speaker  examine  the  subject  in 


every  light,  the  different  faculties  of  the  mind  con- 
centrating upon  a  single  point.  Thus,  step  by 
step,  the  subjeel  is  considered  in  all  its  bearings, 
the  various  details  of  the  idea  being  completely 
studied,  and  the  whole  matter  thoroughly  develop- 
ed, until  the  subject  has  reached  it-  perfect  form. 
Eighth.  The  daily  study  ofsynonymous  words 
and  their  meanings  will  give  greater  facility  of 
expression.  The  mind  should  also  be  stored 
with  a  variety  of  information  on  subjects  per- 
taining to  the  arts  and  sciences,  from  which  one 
can  constantly  draw  in  cases  of  emergency.    It  is 

impossible  for  the 
speaker  to  extem- 
porize what  is  not 
in  the  mind.  And. 
further,  all  reading 
and  study  should 
be  done    with  such 

care  thai  everj  idea 
thus  acquired  will 
be  so  thoroughly 
impressed   on   the 

mind  as  to  be 
available  when  we 
wish  to  commu- 
nicate our  idea-  to 
others. 

Ninth,    in  pub- 
lic  speaking,    one 
Fig.  2-soiid  Man  ,,  of  the  great  secrets 

\\  hi  -  substantial  ° 

appearance  is  so  much  in  his  favor,  when    of    SUCCe8S     is    a 
before  an  aodience,  as  to  make  him  a  per-    . 
Bon  of  very  considerable  power,  however    Knowledge    oi    hu- 

littlu  lit-  may  say.  rr» 

man    nature.       To 

acquire  this,  the  speaker  should  carefully  study 
men — the  pas-ion-  and  impulses  that  influence 
mankind — their  phrenological  characteristics,  and 
know  them  a-  they  are.  To  do  this,  he  should 
freely  mingle  in  society,  interchanging  ideas,  and 
seeking  every  opportunity  for  the  practice  of  ex- 
tempore speaking. 

'/'>  nth.  An  important  element  necessary  to  suc- 
«•(•--  in  the  off-hand  speaker  is  courage.  While 
it  i-  essential  that  he  use  choice  and  fitting  lan- 
guage in  the  expression  of  ideas,  let  him  not  hes- 
itate, when   he   has   commenced   a   sentence,    be- 


CONTRAST    IX    DRESS    AM)    MANNER    WHEN    Sl'EAKING. 


■iV, 


cause  he  cannot  readily  call  to  mind  the  exact 
language  necessary  to  beautifully  clothe  the 
thought.  Push  vigorously  through  to  the  end, 
even  though  at  a  sacrifice,  for  a  time,  of  the  most 
perfect  forms  of  speech.  This  courage  that  dare 
stand  up  and  speak  a  sentence  ungrammatically, 
even,  is  necessary  to  make  the  good  speaker  of 
the  future. 

Finally,  while  all  cannot  become  equally  profi- 
cient in  oratory,  the  industrious  student  of  average 


talent,  who  earnestly  resolves  to  win  success  as  an 
extempore  speaker,  will  rind  himself,  in  the  ma- 
jority of  cases,  in  time,  self-possessed  in  the  pres- 
ence of  others.  With  ideas  clear  and  distinct, 
vivified  and  quickened  by  imagination,  clothed  in 
fitting  words  and  beautiful  language,  lie  will  be 
enabled  to  instruct  and  entertain  an  audience  in  a 
manner  vastly  better  than  most  people  would 
suppose  who  may  have  listened  to  his  maiden  ef- 


forts in  the  commencement  of  his  public  speaking. 

Instruction  and  Practice  in  Elocution. 
Facts  relative  to  Oratory,  El:^uen::e,  Expression,  Gesture  and  Perscr.al  Appearance. 

to  sweetness  and 
the  earnestness  of 
true  confidence. 
In  the  school,  in  the 
various  trade-  and 
occu p a  fci  on  s  o  f 
men.  in  the  hall-  of 
legislation,  in  the 
courts,  on  the  plat- 
form, in  the  pulpit. 
and  in  the  drama, 
nature  and  art 
have  established 
utterances  greatly 
diversified.  Lan- 
guage lias  thus  be- 
come a  j  lower  in 
our  human  exis- 
tence, and  on  the 
lips  of  the  orator 
can  sway  the  na- 
tions, as  the  winds 


KtXP$  £an  t0  mu'~ 
"^    tiply  upon 

the  earth,  the  uses 
of  language  in- 
creased  and  assum- 
ed new  expressions 
in  accordance  with 
the  desires  and 
needs  of  individ- 
uals. Thus,  af- 
fection required 
one  tone  of  voice 
and  one  collection 
0  f  words  and 
phrases  especially 
adapted  to  its  com- 
munications. The 
voice 


Fig.  I.— Careless, 
Ungainly  and  slovenly  in  appearance, 
OI      petition      consequently  lacks  the  power  to   favor- 
(roe.,    nttomrna    (-        ab'-v  >mPress  uis    hearers   as    a    public 
g«*vt     uiuiance    10     speaker,  although  he  may   possess   real 

another  (das s  of  talent  of  a  high  order, 

tones  and  sentences  expressive  of  its  wis 
Anger,  and  fear,  and  hope,  and  every  sentiment 
common  to  humanity,  each  found  a  rhetoric  of  its 
own,  of  such  a  distinctive  character  that  it  could 
not  be  easily  mistaken  for  another.  The  civ  of 
grief,  the  exultation  of  joy,  differed  then,  as  now. 
as  widely  as  the  East  from  the  West,  and  tin- 
ear  conveyed  to  the  brain  the  peculiar  sound  of 
each.  By-and-bye,  when  savage-life  gave  way  to 
civilization,  new  sentiments  were  bom,  and  na- 
ture and  custom  have  given  Language  to  all. 
In  the  calm  home-life  the  voice  is  modulated 


Fig.  2.  —Orderly, 
Self-poised,  genteelly  dressed,  and  has 
large    [nflaence  with   his    auditors,    be- 
cause of  tine   personal  presence,  though 
he  may  lack  the  genius  that  makes  11c 
finished  orator. 


awaken  and  arouse  the  sleeping  ocean. 

The  human  voice  has  been  created  an  instru- 
ment in  which  are  united  the  melody  of  the  flute. 
the  violin  and  the  organ.  The  lungs  supply  the 
air.  and  the  throat  and  nostrils  serve  as  pipes  for 
the  construction  of  sweet  sounds,  producing  tunes 
and  all  the  changes  of  expression  required  by 
every  consonant  and  vowel,  and  by  every  vary- 
ing sentiment  So  perfect  is  this  arrangement 
for  the  formation  of  language,  that  rapid  speakers 
are  enabled  to  pronounce  from  7,000  to  7 
words  an  hour,  or  about  two  words  in  a  second. 


1 I- 


BOME    OK    TIIK    REASONS    WHY    A    l'llll.ic    SI'I.AKKI:    IS    NOT   SUCCKSSFC  I.. 


The  art  of  correct  and  impressive  speaking  em- 
braces elocution,  oratory,  eloquence,  rhetoric, 
emotion,  feeling,  agitation,  and  logic,  or  the 
power  of  demonstrate  »n. 

Elocution  is  the  correct  method  of  giving  utter- 


most  varied   and  strongest  emotions  of  human 
nature  without  experiencing  them. 

Emotion.  Feeling,  and  Agitation  are  varying  results 
ut'  true  oratory,  and  are  produced  by  the  elo- 
quence of  the  speaker.     Emotion  is  a  mental  ex- 


ance  to   a  connected  discourse,   either  long  or     citement,  inducing  pity,  grief,   tear,  joy,   enthu- 
brief,  before  an  audience,  accompanied  with  ap-     Biasm,    or    other    natural    passions.       Peeling 


propnatc  gestures. 

Oratory  is  the 
highest  degree  of 
elocution,  and  is 
the  art  of  present- 
ing a  subject  in  its 
most  effective  and 
eloquent  manner. 

Eloquence  is  the 
expression  ofagreat 
degree  of  emotion, 
whether  pleasura- 
ble or  Bad,  with 
such  earnestness 

and  Skill aa  t"  excite 

a  similar  emotion 
in  the  breasts  of  the 
audience.  With 
fervency  and  fluen- 
cy it  utters  the  most 
elevating  thoughts 


Disadvantages  in  Public  Speaking. 


ttt'iik  m i h . \ . ■  Illustration  >lin\\>  the  fol- 
™  lowing  unfavorable  conditions  f"r 
Hi.-  Bpeaker. 


appl  ies  to  a  sym- 
pathetic condition 
of  either  mind   or 

In idy.  and  is  mani- 
fested with  less  ex- 
citement than  emo- 
tion. Agitation  is 
the  violence  ut'  in- 
tense excitement. 
arising  from  phy- 
sical nr  mental 
disorder. 

Logic  is  the  art 
of  reasoning  sys- 
tematically upon 
any  subject,  and 
embraces  its  cause, 
progress  and  effect. 

••Pure  logic"  is  the 

forma]    expression, 


in  the  choicest  lan- 


1.     If  in  tin-  day-time,  the  liirlit  in 
the  hall,  coming  wholly  from  windows 
in    tin-   rear  o!  tin-  speaker,   throws  :i 
guage,  and  with  the     Bhadov,  wherebj  his  face  cannot  be  seen. 

mnct  Mi,  i,  v.,  n  i'i  -itc         2.     If  in   tin-   night,    the    unshaded 

mostappropriaw     |lghU)  |n  the  vlclnlty  of  the  8pcakeri 

and   Orraceful    move-     upon  which  tin-  audience  an-  compelled 
O  t  tn  look,  will    pain    the   eyes   anil   ilivrrt 

mentS  of  the  entire     attention  of  the  bearers. 

3.     The      disordered     condition    of 
mil.-,  pictures,  etc.,  upon  the  wall  will 


I'll 


vsical    organ- 


ization annoy  and  hold  the  attention  of  some 

auditors  "  !  rder  and  are 

Rhetoric  i-  the  art     keenlj  sensitive  to  disorder. 
....  .  4.    Tin-  holding  of  ilit*  manuscript  by 

nt  training  correct;,    lh,  speaker,  in  front  »r  bis  face,  «iii 

fui'ceful  and  eleffant     ,,rt'-'k  ">e  magnetic  connection  between 

sentence-,  either  in  writing  or  speaking,  and 
tin-.'  may.  mi  the  lips  of  an  acknowledged 
orator,  supply  the  place  of  genuine  emotion. 
Rhetoric  may  thus  become  an  artificial  eloquence, 
conveying  powerful  sentiments  which  the  speaker 
may  not  feel  in  his  heart.  A  true  actor  on  the 
stage,  "V  platform,  may  become  so  perfect  in  the 


that    may     present 
itself       ••Applied 

logic "'  i>  the  appli- 
cation of  this  metli 

od  and   these  rules 


bimsi  If  ami  in  arers,  ami  tlii'ti  tin-  audi- 
ence "ill  become  listless  ami  Inattentive. 

5.  Tin*  balustrade  ami  table  in  front 
of  the  speaker  pn-vi-ni  the   effect  that     iruveriled  hv  Li'elieral 
may  in-  exerted  upon  an  audience  by     °  •  -j 
gesture  and  posture  of  the  lower  limbs,      rules,    ut'    any    idea 

6.  Tin-  seating  "f  a  -ma!!  audience 
in  the  rear  of  a  hull  gives  an  empty 
appearance  to  I  i.  ■  depress- 
ing in  Bpeaker  ami  bearers. 

7.  The  scattering  of  an  audience 
apart  breaks  magnetic  conditions  that 
are   favorable  to   a  Bpeaker   when   the 

ailtlirliee  i-  sealed    eluselv  lnL'rtlii'1-  ami 

near  the  platform. 

8.  Members  "f  the  audience  com-     to  any  Specific  topic 
iting  ■  wiiii    another,  reading  ',  .   , 

newspapers, moving  about  the  room,  or  OH  W'lilcli  an  argU- 
going  out,  make  conditions  unfavorable  t     •       ,„..„„. _.,| 

p.  tin-  speaker  and  those   who  would  mem    ]>    proposed, 

listen  to  the  discourse.  LogicwaS  first  USed 

as  a  form  of  reasoning  \>\  Aristotle,  the  great 
Greek  philosopher,  who,  indeed,  gave  form  and 
character  tn  the  principles  and  practice  ut'  public 
speaking. 

Aristotle  divided  oratory  into  three  classes,  as 
follows  : 

The  Demonstrative,  which  embraces  praise  in  a 


rhetoric  "f  his  performance  as  to  represent  the     high  degree,  as  eulogies  of  great  men;  censure, 


ACCESSORIES    THAT    ARK    <  IF    ASSISTANCE    TO    THE    PUBLIC    SPEAKER. 


44'.! 


reproach,   or  severe  accusation  against  individ-         In  Oratory,  the  features  and  the  hands  per- 
uals,  the  acts  of  public  hodies,  or  of  governments;     form  an  important  part,  introducing  illustrations 

of  the  topic  under  discussion,  emphasizing  the 

language  as  it  varies 

"From  grave  to  gay,  from  lively  to  severe." 

and  vividly  depicting  each  emotion  or  passion  as 


philosophic  addresses,  etc. 

The  Deliberative,  which  includes  debates  on  sub- 
jects of  national  or  district  importance,  in  the 
halls  of  legislation  or  other  public  places,  educa- 
tional or  moral  lectures,  etc. 

The  Judicial,  which 
relates  to  the  ora- 
tory of  the  courts 
of  justice,  v  he  in- 
cases are  pleaded  or 
defended  under  the 
rules  of  current  law- 
practice. 

All  of  these  class- 
es admit  of  the 
purest  and  most 
brilliant  elocution- 
ary efforts.  Aris- 
totle also  classified 
rhetoric  into  three 
distinct  parts — pier- 
suasion,  expression, 
and    arrangement. 

In    peTSUasUm,    the  VrfHE  following  arrangements  in  a  hall 

orator  presents  him-  ':'     favor  the  speaker,  who  would  have 

.....                  .  the  best  conditions  by  which  he  may 

sell,     HIS     motives,  have  influence  with  an  aadience. 

and     the    object     of        L     The  stand  used  for   mannscript 
,  should  occupy  as  littleroom  upon  the 

his    discourse,    111   a     platformas  possible. 

persuasive   atti-      2\  A"  ligbt8  '?,  tbe,v'cinity  ",f  "" 

I                                ■»»»*  speaker,  or  upon  the  platform,  should 

tude,    with    the    de-  be  so  shaded  that  the  audience  cannot 

_  see  them. 

sign     of     obtaining  3.     If  convenient,  the  auditors  upon 

the      confidence     nf  Ihe  platform  should  be  so   seated  that 

me      COnnaence     OI     the  speaker  can  occasi illy  turn  and 

his  hearers.    In  ex-    address  tnem  al8a 

.  4.     The  less  the  speaker  is  confined 

preSSKm     lie     treats     tt> mannscript,   if    thoroughly    1 1 

f   ,1  Bant  with  the  subject,  the  better  \i 

01    l  lie    arguments  the  effect  of  his  speech  with  the  and- 

to   be  advanced  in    lence" 

support  of  his  object,  and  in  this  division   he   ex- 
emplifies the  use  of  logic   as  a  means  of  mak- 


it  is  indicated  by  the  tongue. 


Conditions  Favorable  for  the  Public  Speaker. 


5.  The  speaker  should  be  carefully 
and  well  dressed,  but  nol  in  the  ex- 
treme of  fashion.  A  Prince-Albert  or 
dress-coat  becomes  the  platform  speak- 
er who  would  appear  to  the  besl 
tage  before  a  fashionable  audience. 


True  oratory 
springs  from  the 
impulses  of  the  in- 
ner life  as  affected 
by  outward  circum- 
stances, and  the 
true  orator  is  "  a 
man  terribly  in 
earnest."  Such  a 
speaker  needs  no 
manuscript  to  aid 
him  in  his  dis- 
course. Observe 
the  impassioned 
eloquence  of  Patrick 
Henry,  on  the  eve 
of  the  American 
Revolutionary  war: 

"There  is  no  retreat  but 
in  submission  and  slavery. 
Our  chains  are  forged  I 
Their    clanking    may     be 


6.     The   front   pari  of  the  platform     beard  on  the  plains  c 
should   have   nothing  upon  it  that  can      ton... The    next   gale    thai 
obstruct   the  view  of   the   entire   iigure      sweeps    from    the     North 


will  bring  to  our  ears    the 


of   the   speaker.    The  position   of  the 
feel    and  lower  part  of  the  body  fre- 
quently have  much  to  do  in  enforcing     clash  of  resounding 
an  idea  when  accompanied  by  suitable 
words. 


7.  A  large  audience,  a  congri 
well  dressed,  a  handsomely  furnished 
hall,  an  audience  composed  of  the  most 
respectable  and  influential  in  the  com- 
munity, and  who  give  close  attention — 
all  these  are  favoring  conditions,  cal- 
culated to  assist  the  public  speaker  in 
making  a  good  impression. 


I  know  not  what  i 
others  may  take:  bl 
for  me, — give  me  liberty, 

me  death!  " 


ing  his  arguments  clear  and 


strengthening  them. 


In  arrangement,  he  teaches  the  proper  method  of 
presenting  the  argument,  arranging  propositions 
in  the  most  effective  manner,  delivering  them  in 
appropriate  language,  and  enforcing  them  with 
suitable  and  impressive  gestures. 


That   was   nat- 
ural   oratory,    and 

no   studied  compo- 
sition could  carry  with  it  the  eloquence  and  power 

Of  these  few  simple  sentence-. 

The  man  who  i>  confined  to  his  manuscript 
composition  on  the  platform  is  not  an  orator — he 
is  only  a  reader.  In  this  respect  he  lacks  free- 
dom of  gesture,  and  is  unable  to  face  his  audience 
and  allow  them  to  see  the  varying  emotions 
caused  by  his  subject  reflected  in  his  features. 


i;.u 


THE    DIFFERENCE    BETWEEN    EMBARRASSMENT    AND    SEL1    POSSESSION. 


How  differently  does  the  true  orator  appear! 
Ontrammeled  on  the  platform  bj  papers,  he 
stands  before  his  audience  in  the  dignity  of  hu- 
man nature,  every  feature  enlivened  by  the 
thoughts  that  till  his  brain,  a  clear,  ringing  voice 
ethem  expression,  and  body  and  liinbs  all 
alive  with  harmonious  and  touching  gestures. 
Such  a  man  is  a  power  in  the  land,  for  good  or 
evil,  swaying  the  masses,  pleading  the  cause  he 
advocates  with  earnestness,  fidelity  and  eloquence, 
and  leaving  tin-  impress  of  his  intellect  upon  the 
minds  and  hearts  of  his  hearers. 

The  distinguishing  mechanical  features  of  a  fin- 
ished address  are  dis- 
tinct  articulation,  in-     ^* 
flections,  accent,  em- 
phasis, modulation 
and  gesture. 

Articulation  is  the 
art  of  using  the  vocal 
organs,  including  the 
teeth,  with  such  ease 
and  perfection  that 
every  portion  <> t'  a 
word  or  sentence  is 
distinctly  uttered, 
every  vowel  and  con- 
sonant  fully  pronoun- 
ced, and  no  words  or 
letters  clipped  off,  as 
it  were,  or  omit  t ed 
from  any  sentence. 
Beginners,  especially 

children,  in  their  haste  to  get  through  a  sen- 
tence, when  "speaking  a  piece,"  often  do  this 
in  a  verv  ridiculous  manner.  l>ut  no  finished  ora- 
tor is  guilty  of  the  practice.  In  the  sentence. 
••He  could  pay  nobody,"  the  words,  by  careless 
speaking  become,  "He  could  pain  nobody." 
This  example  will  serve  to  show  the  necessity 
..f  a  clear  enunciation  of  every  word  and  syllable, 
lest  the  entire  passage  lie  changed  and  its  sense 
destroyed. 

Inflection  i~  a  slide,  or  a  change  of  the  voice. 
The  monotone  is  devoid  of  any  rising  or  tailing 
changes;  hence  the  term  "monotonous"  is  ap- 


Fig.  1— Bashfulness. 


The  above  illustrations  repr 
the  effect   of   practice   and   culture. 
While  speaker  No.  I,  by  liis  unpol- 
ished manner  and  diffidence,  is  an  ob- 
!   pity  or  ridicnle,  ae  a  public 


plied  to  a  continuous  flow  of  words  in  a  single 
tone  of  voice.  Still,  the  monotone,  as  the  ex- 
pression of  great  sublimity  of  thought,  is  some- 
times used  by  the  best  orators  and  readers. 
"While  it  may  serve  to  express  earnestness,  it 
does  uot  convey  the  idea  of  deep  emotion. 

The  rising  inflection  may  start  a  sentence  with 
a  monotone,  but  becomes  louder  and  more  sig- 
nificant a-  it  proceeds.  It  is  strongly  marked  in 
the  asking  of  a  question,  as:  "Where  were  you 
vesterday?" — throwing  the  emphasis  on  "j  ester- 
day,"  with  a  gradual  raising  of  the  voice. 
The    falling    inflection    begins    with    a    high 

tone  of  voice  and 
ends  the  sentence  in 
a  moderate  one  ;  for 
example:  "Yester- 
day I  stayed  at 
home,"  answering 
the  question  and  em- 
phasizing "yester- 
day," also,  because 
that  word  covered 
the  principal  object  in 
asking  the  question. 
The  circumflex  tone 
begins  with  the  till  1- 
ing  inflection  and  ends 
with    the   rising  one, 

speaker,  No.  2,  representing  a  well-      =ls  :   "1   Went    out    yeS- 

known  orator,  as  he  i trophizes  a     /,,.,/,,..     imr     r    „  ,  ..  . 

t   water,   entrances   his   an-     '"""//•     "»'     '    s  i  a  \ 
"■  his  self- possession,  his  ear-     here    ti>-<l>tit   "       "to- 
nestness,  and  bis  natnralm  -  -  • 

day"  elevated. 

The  word  <>r  in  the  sentence:  "Will  you  stay 
— or  go '. " — throws  the  rising  inflection  on 
••stay."  and  the  falling  on  "go." 

In  the  negative  sentence  :  ••Studv  not  for  rec- 
reation, hut  for  instruction."  the  rising  inflection 
is  on  the  affirmative,  ••instruction."  while  ••re- 
creation" has  the  falling  tone. 

Affecti •  tender  emotion  requires  the  rising 

inflection,  coupled  with  softness:  ••Then  spake 
the  father.  Come  hither,  my  child." 

These  inflections  enter  into  all  the  expressions 
of  the  human  voice,  ever  varying,  according  to 
the  sentiment  to  he  promulgated.    Nature  teaches 


Fig.  2— Sell-possession. 


IMPORTANT    SUGGESTIONS    TO    THOSE    WHO    WOULD    SPEAK    WELL. 


451 


them  and  frames  their  utterances,  while  art  ac- 
quires and  simulates  them  on  the  stage,  on  the 
platform,  in  the  pulpit,  in  the  halls  of  legislation, 

or  in  the  legal  tribunal. 

Accent  is  a  peculiar  force  of  the  voice  displayed 
in  the  pronunciation  of  a  particular  syllable  in  a 
word,  or  a  particular  word  in  a  sentence,  to  make 
it  more  effective.  A  variety  of  English  words 
have  two  or  more  accentuations.  Thus  the  word 
"ac-cent,"  in  the  sense  here  used,  has  the  accent 
on  the  first  syllable — "ac";  but  if  we  say  that  such 
a  word  should  be  accented,  the  "cent"  is  most 
stri  ragly  pronounced. 

Emphasis  is  a  stronger  expression  given  to  the 
utterance  of  a  word  or  sentence,  for  the  purpose 
of  impressing  it  upon  the  mind,  than  can  be  given 
by  inflection  or  accent  alone:  requiring  elevation 
of  tone,  indicating  either  earnestness  or  emotion, 
i  >r  calling  attention  to  some  peculiarity  i  >f  thought 
or  argument  advanced  by  the  speaker.  In  writ- 
ing, the  emphasized  word  is  usually  underscored; 
in  type,  it  is  put  in  italic  letters. 

Modulation  is  the  natural  or  acquired  melodious 
form  of  utterance  to  suit  the  sentiment  with  musi- 
cal precision.  Indeed,  modulation  is  a  feature 
of  music  as  well  as  of  elocution,  giving  sweetness 
of  tone  and  variation  t<>  the  voice.  It  combines 
articulation,  inflection,  accent  and  emphasis,  and 
enriches  the  entire  discourse  with  harmony  of  ex- 
pression. 

Gesture  is  any  natural  movement  of  the  limbs 
or  body  that  indicates  the  character  <  if  the  prevail- 
ing feeling  or  emotion  of  the  heart.  It  appeals 
at  once  to  our  sympathies  with  tar  greater  elo- 
quence than  words,  and  when  combined  with 
oratory  makes  the  latter  more  effective.  Withi  >ut 
proper  gestures,  an  orator  loses  much  of  his  pow- 
er to  control  the  thoughts  and  opinions  of  his 
auditors;  they  add  to  the  earnestness  of  his  ex- 
pressions, increasing  his  eloquence,  and  carrying 
conviction  with  every  proposition  advanced.  In 
real  oratory  the  eye  speak-  as  well  as  the  lips; 
the  motions  of  the  arms,  ami  hands,  and  head. 
and  body,  are  all  brought  into  subjection  to 
the  dominant  argument,  and  the  grace  and  dig- 
nitv  of  the  human  form  are  exhibited  in  all  their 


brilliancy.  ■•Hamlet'-"  advice  to  tin-  players 
—  ••Suit  the  word  to  the  action,  and  the  action  to 
the  word."  is  worth  heeding.  A  downward 
movement  of  the  arm  or  hand  at  a  rising  inflec- 
tion would  be  but  a  burlesque. 

Volume  is  the  character  of  the  voice  as  deter- 
mined by  the  utterance  of  various  emotion-,  in 
which  the  throat  expands  or  contracts,  producing 
whispers,  wailings.  etc..  and  is  expressive  of  the 
inward  emotion,  whatever  it  may  be. 

Time  is  a  -light  pause  made  by  the  speaker, 
with  the  design  of  giving  an  opportunity  to  con- 
sider the  importance  of  the  word  or  phrase  to 
which  he  would  call  specific  attention. 

Pitch  represents  the  proper  elevation  of  the 
voice,  and  its  use  in  elocution  is  to  regulate  the 
tone  of  the  discourse  to  its  character.  If  not  re- 
garded as  it  should  be.  the  delivery  becomes 
faulty  and  disagreeable. 

Force  applies  to  the  energy  which  is  given  to 
certain  words  and  phrases,  a-  expressive  of  the 
earnestne--  with  which  they  should  be  received. 
It  is  mental  emphasis,  laying  stress,  in  degrees, 
upon  whatever  is  uttered. 

Avoid  talking  through  the  nose  and  getting 
into  a  sing-song  strain  of  delivery.  Do  not  take 
the  other  extreme  and  become  too  grand  in  lan- 
guage for  the  subject.  Speak  of  common  things 
naturally,  distinctly  and  intelligently.  Do  not 
use  great,  swelling  words,  chosen  from  the 
dictionary,  for  the  sake  of  "showing  off."  The 
Anglo-Saxon  tongue  is  tilled  with  short,  express- 
ive words — words  of  one  or  two  syllables,  that 
point  a  sentence  with  wit  and  eloquence  better 
than  a  flow  of  dissyllables. 

Pitch  the  tone  of  voice  no  higher  than  is  ne- 
cessary to  reach  the  ears  of  the  person  farthest 
from  you  in  the  audience,  but  be  sure  that  it  reach- 
es its  limit  without  losing  its  distinctness.  In 
this  lay  one  ot  the  strongest  features  of  the  elo- 
quence of  the  lamented  Wendell  Phillips. 

Oratory  should  express  in  the  features,  the 
position  of  the  body,  and  the  movements  of  the 
head  and  limbs,  the  emotions  which  govern  the 
utterances  of  the  speaker,  as  indicated  in  the 
figures,  explanations  and  examples  which  follow: 


152 


GESTURE     1XH    FACIAL    KXn;i'"l"\     \s    ami-    in    ORATORY. 


FACIAL  EXPRESSION  AND  GESTURE. 


■  •  — »-s- 


As  Illustrated  by  Drawings  Prepared  Expressly  lor  this  Work. 


^|J4? (  ";  THE  purpose  of  setting  clearly  before 
the  student  in  elocution  and  oratory  the 
■  gesture,  posture,  and  expression  of  face  ap-     field  of  elocutionary  study,  these  examples  from 


of  the  Sice,  when  actuated  by  passion,  sentiment, 
or  emotion.     To  the  multitude  of  students  in  the 


•<j>  propriate  t<> 
the  delineation  of  an 
emotion  or  thought 
ofthe  mind  the  ac- 
c panying  illus- 
trations are  given. 

They  arc  prepar- 
ed by  us  from  atti- 
tudes representing 
Prof.  Walter* '.  Ly- 
man, a  teacher  of 
elocution  and  \  oice 
culture  in  ( JhicagO; 
who  has  grad  uated 
from  Ids  classes  ma- 
ny superior  readers, 
several  of  whom 
have  been  success- 
ful in  attracting  to 
themselves  upon 
the  stage  much  at- 


SjO^oo 


J 


"  ■■ 


MOOB 


Unexcited. 


'0*1.1.  the  muscles  of  the  features,  limbs 
^  and  body  are  relaxed;  the  eyea  as- 
-ii d  mild  and  quiet  expression;  the 

tentiom  because  of  '"""  l8ej[Panded  :"">  ,"'vvri"kll'1; "'" 

arms  and  bands  bang  idly  by  the  Bide; 

their   faithful    ren-  ,„„.  root   i-  slightly  advanced,  but  ihe 

dition  Of  Character.  '""''   rests  lightly  upon  both;  the  voice 

F,,       .           ,,  i-  natural   and  cheerful,  as  illustrated 

dlOWWg     these  inthefoIlowlrg  example: 

lOUl'teen     lllUStra-  Ladies   and    Gi  htli i»sn—  in  com- 

timts      r,  .nn-soiitinir  pliance  with  the  request  of  the  publish- 

><"<<*■     "  !'"     Bllllllg  ers  of  this  work,  I  herewith  submit  to 

tile     ProfeS80r    in  you  the  following   Illustrations 

resentattons  of  the  gesture,  postureand 

various  attitudes,  facial    expression,    Indicative     of    the 

.  emotion,  thought,  or  sentiment,   which 

arc     twelve     repre-  maystir  the  hear)   under  varying  cir- 

BeDtatlOnS    by    Mis.s        The  highest  degri fpower   by  the 

\  T  ■.,■,;, .   T     sjI  .,  ,,.^    ,.f  orator  i  -  attained  when  burning  words, 

-u'llllu      '•    '  """'  "'  bornofthe  lime  and  appropriate  tothe 

ChicaffO    a  pupil  of    occasl are    accompanied  by  natural 

•—    '   '     I      t      ^  ;ilM|  graceful  gesture. 

Professor  Lyman's. 


Weeping— Violent  Griel. 

WIIK    head   d ps,    Inclining  to  one 

sid'' ;  11 yes  overflow  with  tears; 

the  lips  ; ,  1 1 « l  countenance  are  drawn 
downward;  the  body  Inclines  forward; 
the  hands  are  wrung;  the  lower  limbs 
:ir.'  relaxed  and  retiring;  the  move- 
ments are  slow,  and  the  \ oice  low,  tin- 
less  the  grit  f  Is  excessii  e,  and  the  breath 
comes  and  goes  with  agitation,  broken 
by  moans  and  sobs, 


life  will  be  invalua- 
ble as  gii  ing  need- 
ed instruction  in 
this  important  art. 

An  int  c  resl  i  ng 
study   is   found    in 

the  c ira-is  ofthe 

appearance  of  the 
i  ndi  v  i  il  ual  when 
representing  these 
various  sentiments 
and  emotions. 

While    Dignity 

expresses  maul I 

ill    its  selt'-Jiossfssed 

andenergeticmood, 
Fear  cri nges  and 
shrinks,  and  trem- 
bles, and  the  two 
serve  to  show  the 
effect  ft'  inward 
emotions  upon  the 
outer  man.  Expec- 
tation displays 
eagerness,  hope  and 
forwardness  of  pur- 


Kxami'i.k -••  Oh,  my  sorrow  Is  more    pose,  while  Horror 
titan  I  i  an  beat  I 

My  wife,  my  child,  all  gont — wrick,     reverses     the    jnt.s, 
ed — swallowed  in  the  great   deep,  and  ,     , 

that    to",    when   1    was    so    anxiously    ami  tile  expression, 
watching — waiting    their   coming;  and 
they  bo  near  the  land  i 

A  few  hours  more  I  would  have  clasp-     pulsive  movements. 
ed  them  t"  my  heart     Alas,  thai  the    ' 
storm  should  rise  « ben  they,  in  glad 
anticipation,  were  bo  near  their  haven, 
and  sii  near  the  husband  b  and  fatbi  i  - 

arms  '  " 


with  shrinking,  re- 


Supplication   ex- 
hibits desire  and  hu- 
mility,   while     I  >es 
Much  care  has  been  taken  in  the  production  of  '  pair  indicates  the  absence  of  all  emotions  hut  one 


these  illustrations  to  truthfully  represent  natural 
posture,  ami  a  correct,  dearly  defined  expression 


the   sense  of  loss    in   its  most  extreme  form. 
<  >ther  contrasts  are  shown  in  the  following: 


SUGGESTIONS    RELATING    TO    PUBLIC    SPEAKING. 


153 


j¥N  this. illustration,  representing  the  emotion  of 

Love,  the  whole  be- 
ll ing  is   subdued,   the 

head  and  bodyinclin- 
ingforward;  thefdrehead 
is  tranquil;  the  eyebrows 
droop ;  the  eye  sparkles 
with  affection;  the  palm 
of  the  right  hand  is 
pressed  over  the  heart, 
and  the  left  hand,  with 
open  fingers,  is  fold  eel 
over  the  right  wrist ;  the 
lower  limbs  stand  to- 
gether in  easy  position, 
with  the  right  foot  in  ad- 
vance ;  the  voice  is  low 
and  musical,  and  often 
there  is  an  air  of  melan- 
choly thought. 

Example — ■**  I  love  you,  Margery  dear,  because  you  are  young  and 
fair, 
For  your  eyes'  bewildering  blueneas,  and  the  gold  of  your  curling  hair. 
No  queen  has  hands  that  are  whiter,  no  lark  has  a  voice  so  sweet, 
And  your  ripe  young  lips  are  redder  than  the  clover  at  our  feet. 
My  heart  will  break  with  its  fullness,  like  a  cloud  o'ercharged  with  rain, 
Oh! — tell  me,  Margery  darling,  how  long  must  I  love  in  vain?" 


IpIIE  height  of  enthusiasm,   the  wildness  of 
Madness  or  insan- 


struggle 


ity,   the 

going  on  within, 
are  manifested  in  this 
character.  The  head  is 
dishevelled  and  uneasy; 
the  arms  and  hands  are 
moved  about  —  now 
pressing  the  head,  now 
thrown  convulsively 
from  it.  Every  move- 
ment of  the  body  is  ir- 
regular, rapid  and  reck- 
less; the  eyes,  with  fear- 
ful effect,  turn  uneasily 
from  object  to  object, 
dwelling  on  none  ;  the 
countenance  is  distorted, 
and  the  world  is  a  blank. 


r<t 


Madness— Insanity. 


Example — "Mark  how  yon  demon's  eyeballs  glare. 
He  sees  me;  now,  with  dreadful  shriek, 
He  whirls  a  serpent  high  in  air. 
Horror!  the  reptile  strikes  its  tooth 
Deep  in  my  heart,  bo  crnshed  and  sad. 
Aye,  laugh,  ye  fiends.  I  feel  the  truth, 
Your  work  is  done — I'm  mad! — I'm  mad! 


||HE  head  is  either  erect  or  thrown  slightly  hack. 

in  Laughter  and'  Mirth; 
the  forehead  is  smooth  ; 
the  eyes  are  partly  closed 
and  full  of  eheerful  ex- 
pression,  sometimes  fill- 
ed with  tears  ofjoy  ;  the 
mouth  is  open  and  ex- 
tended; the  shoulders 
are  elevated  :  the  elbows 
are  spread,  the  hands 
resting  on  the  sides  of 
the  body  below  the  waist : 
and  the  voice  is  loud  and 
joyous  in  tone.  Should 
the  mirth,  however,  be 
inward  and  silent,  the 
firm  is  convulsed  with 
emotion,  as  in  the  ex- 
Laughter-Mirth,         pression  of  grief. 

Example — "  So  he  took  me  for  a  Priest,  did  he? 

Hal  Hall  Hal  1 1  Hal  III 
Couldn't  he  tell  the  difference  between  a  saint  and  a  sinner? 

Hal  Hall  Hall!  Hallll 
Why,  that  man  don't  know  the  difference  between  his  heels  and 
his  head, 

Hal  Hal!  Hall!  Hall!!" 


$|IRST,  in  Horror,  the  head  is  thrown  forward. 

then  upward,  and  then 
drawn  hack ;  the  eyes, 
with  tierce  expression, 
stare  wildly  at  the  ob- 
ject ;  the  countenance  is 
distorted  and  affrighted  : 
the  form  is  contracted 
and  half-turned  away 
from  the  object ;  the  low- 
er limbs  droop  and  are 
slightly  thrown  apart; 
the  elbows  are  thrustout 
from  the  body; the  hands 
are  raised  and  open, 
with  the  palms  outward, 
while  the  fingers  seem 
contract  ed  :  and  the 
voice  is  an  excited  half- 
Horror,  whisper. 

Example — ,L  Which  of  you  hare  done  this? 

Waunt  and  qui  i  my  si -in  I  Lei  the  earth  hide  tfa 
Thy  bonea  are  marrowless,  th]  Wood  is  cold; 
Thou  in--  :  .<>ii  in  those  eyee, 

Which  Hum  dosl  glare  with. 
Hence,  horrible  Bhadow  ' 

Unreal  mockery,  h< 


4:>4 


P0ST1  RE    AMi    'I  -II  BE    IN    OKATORY. 


N  1  >EB  .-i  feeling  oi 
body  are  turned 
.  away  from  the  ob- 
ject; the  lower 
limbs  are  parted,  with 
the  feel  at  right  angles, 
the  left  being  advanced  ; 
the  forehead  and  the  eye- 
brows   are    < tracted; 

the  month  is  slightly 
open ;  the  eyes  indicate 
the  feeling  within ;  the 
left  hand  is  held  partly 
in  front  of  the  face,  with 
the  fingers  extended  and 
the  palm  outward,  as  it' 
pushing  away  the  hated 
object,  while  the  tongue 
utters  a  short  and  sharp 
guttural  exclamation. 


Disgust,  the  head  and 


Disgust. 


Example—"  She  did  do)  all  too  early  die 

Unchecked  the  coarse  of  true  love  ran* 
1  married  my  Louisa  Ann. 
There  the  romance,  however,  ends; 
Dear  reader,  yon  and  I  are  friendai 
Von  don't  lik'  my  Looiea  Ann — 
Xomnredol — I  never  > 


MBUEDwith  Earnestness,  the  entire  form  stands 

erect;  the  brow  is  ex- 
—  pander! :    the    eyes 

express  si  ncerity 
and  a  desire  t'  i  convince 
the  hearers  of  the  truth 
and  importance  of  the 
Bubject  under  discussion; 
the  chest  is  thrown  well 
tin-ward  ;thelower  limbs 
are  slightly  parted,  with 
the  feel  at  right  angles  ; 
the  left  arm  i-  extend- 
ed, with  open  hand;  the 
right  hand  i>  closed,  and 
the  voice  is  full  and  dis- 
tinct, and  moderate  or 
elevated,  as  the  theme 
or  the  feelings  may  sug- 
gest 


Earnestness. 


Example — "  Ye  '  all  me  c-tiii-f :  anil  ye  do  well  to  call  him  chief,  who 

fortu.  are  baa  met  upon  the  arena  .very  sbapeof  manor 

mptre of  Rome  could  fnrnieh,  and  who  never  yel 

d  hid  arm.     If  there  lie  one  among  you  wl an  say  that  ever, 

in  public  tight  or  private  brawl,  my  actions  did  belle  my  tongue,  lei 
him  stand  forth,  and  say  it    If  there  be  three  in  all  your  company  dare 
in.-  bloody  sands,  let  them  come  on.'* 


■s^iikn 


Example- 


the  individual  is  moved  with  Anger. 
tlie  head  is  erect  •.  the 
ej  e  burns  and  flashes  : 

the  lips  are  < ipressed; 

the    brows    contracted, 

the  nostrils  are  distend- 
ed ;  the  body  is  com  uls- 
ed     with     passion,    the 

lists  are  clinched  ;  and 
the  lower  1  inihs  a  re 
spread,  with  one  foot 
Btrongly  planted  in  ad- 
vance  of  the   other:   the 

voice  is  cither  low  or  sup- 
pressed, or  harsh,  loud 
and  quick;  the  whole 
appearance  indicates  ag- 
itation, fierceness  and 
ci  inflict,  and  every  move- 
Anger, 

1  Now  Imitate  the  action  of  the  tiL'cr, 
stiiTen  tin-  sinews,  summon  up  the  blood; 
Lend  tierce  and  dreadful  aspect  to  the  eye. 
Set  tin-  tc.th  close,  and  stretch  the  no-trils  wide; 
Hold  hard  the  breath. 
And  bend  up  every  spirit  to  it-  full  height." 

'  In  the  contempt  and  anger  of  his  lip. " 


ITU  the  sense  of  Dignity,  or  self-valuation, 

the    head    is    held  erect. 

or  thrown  slightly  hack: 
the  f  rui  is  straightened 

anil  raised  to  its  full- 
est height  ;  the  forehead 

is  expanded;  the  eye- 
brows are  raised;  the 
eye-  indicate  a  subdued 
fierceness;   the    lips   are 

com  pressed,  and  the 

countenance  firm:  the 
arms  are  folded  across 

the  chest,  or  the  left 
hand  is  thrust  into  the 
In  i80m  ;  the  lower    limbs 

are  Btraight  and  together, 

with  the  feet  at  right  an- 
gles ;  the  movements  are 
Dignity.  Blow  and  methodical. 

Example — ••  I  am  a  Koman  citizen. . .  ,Here,ln  yonr capitaI,do  I  defy 
you.  Have  I  not  conquered  your  armies,  fired  your  towns,  and  dragged 
yonr  generals  at  mj  cbariol  wheels,  since  first  my  youthful  arms 
could  wield  a  spearl   knd  do  yon  think  to  see  me  ci h  and  cower 

before  a  tamed  anil  shattered  senate?  The  tearing   of  Jlesh  and  rend- 
ing of  sinews  Is  but  pastime  compared  with  the  mental  agony  that 


EMOTION    AND    FEELING    ILLUSTRATED    IN    GESTURE. 


■i:>: 


I^IXCITED  with  joyoua  Expectation,  the 
T rj.    is  thr<  >wn  fi  irwan  I ; 

*'* -^  tlie  eyes  open,  and 
beaming  with  an- 
ticipation, are  directed 
towards  the  desired  ob- 
ject; the  countenance 
and  lips  express  earnest- 
ness; the  body  inclines 
towards  the  object :  the 
hands  are  clasped;  one 
foot  is  advanced;  the 
movements  are  slow  and 
graceful ;  the  voice  is 
cheerful  and  moderate ; 
the  forehead  is  unwrink- 
led,  and  the  expression, 
not  only  of  the  counten- 
ance, but  of  the  whole 
being,  is  pleasing.  Expectation. 

Example — "There  has  fallen  a  splendid  tear 

From  the  passion-flower  at  the  gate. 

She  is  coming,  my  dove,  my  dear: 

She  is  coming,  my  life,  my  fate; 

The  red  rose  cries,  'She  is  near,  she  is  near;' 

The  larkspur  listens,  'I  hear,  I  hear,1 

And  the  lily  whispers,  lI  wait.'  " 


clan      -BISTK ACTED    l,v 


jORNE  down  with  a  feeling  of  Despair,  the 

head  is  bowed,  the 

chin  resting  upon 

the  breast ;  the  eye- 
brows are  depressed ; 
the  eyes  are  rolled  down- 
ward and  express  agony; 
the  muscles  of  the  face 
are  convulsed  and  trem- 
ulous; the  mouth  is  open- 
ed ;  the  nostrils  are  ex- 
panded ;  the  hands  are 
tightly  clasped,  or  wrung 
as  if  in  pain  ;  the  teeth 
gnash;  the  body  sways 
violently  to  and  fro ;  the 
voice,  if  heard  at  all,  is 
little  better  than  a  groan, 
and  the  breath  is  a  suc- 
cession of  sighs.  Despair. 

Example — "  0  my  offence  is  rank,  it  Bmella  to  heaven ; 
It  hath  the  primal  eldest  curse  upon  't, 
A  brother's  murder' — Pray  I  cannot, 
Though  inclination  be  as  sharp  as  will; 
My  stronger  gnill  defeats  my  strong  Intent ; 
Anil,  like  a  man  to  double  business  bound, 
I  halt  in  pause  where  1  shall  first  begin.11 


Fear. 


Fear,  the  head  is  thrown 
forward,  especially  the 
chin;  the  eye-  stare  wild- 
ly at  the  object;  then 
turn  away ;  the  should- 
ers are  elevated ;  the 
body  shrinks  and  con- 
tracts :  the  lower  limbs 
are  relaxed  and  droop, 
with  one  foot  thrown 
back  ;  the  ham  Is  are  con- 
tracted, with  the  palms 
outward,  in  front  of  the 
breast:  there  is  a  convul- 
sive motion  of  thechest, 
the  breathing  is  explo- 
sive, and  the  voice  is 
rapid,  high  and  broken. 
Fear  causes  the  form 
and  limbs  to  contract. 


Example — "  In  thoughts  from  the  visions  of  the  night,  when  deep 
sleep  falleth  on  men,  fear  came  upon  me,  and  trembling,  which  made 
all  my  bones  to  shake.  Then  a  spirit  passed  before  my  fact-;  the  hair 
of  my  flesh  stood  up  ;  it  stood  still,  but  I  could  not  discern  the  form 
thereof;  an  image  was  before  my  eyes;  there  was  silence,  and  I 
heard  a  voice  saying,  Shall  mortal  man  be  more  just  than  God  r — shall 
a  man  be  more  pure  than  bis  Maker?" 


^N  the  act  of  Supplication,  the  head  is  held  back; 

the  eyes,  lips  and  count- 
enance express  earnest- 
ness; the  body  is  bent 
forward  :  the  hands  are 
either  spread  heaven- 
ward, are  clasped,  or 
wrung,  in  intense  emo- 
tion :  one  or  both  knees 
are  bent  to  the  ground  ; 
the  movements  are  still 
or  restless,  according 
to  the  condition  of  the 
mind,  and  the  voice  is 
regulated  by  the  same 
i  n  tluen  ce — sometimes 
slow,  moderately  fast, 
low  and  pleading,  or 
high  and  exultant  with 
Supplication.  praiseand  thanksgiving. 

V'.XAMi'i.i: — •'•(.ii.liie  Manito,  the  mighty,1 

cried  he,  with  his  face  uplifted, 

In  that  bitter  hour  of  angnl  our  children  food, 

o  Father!—. 

Give  us  food,  or  we  must  perish: 

Give  mi?  rood  for  Minnehaha  1 

For  my  « t >  i n ir  Minnehaha!1 


456 


THE    ADVANCEMENT    OF    Woman    TO    NEW    FIELDS    OF    LABOR 


RESULTS  OF  HIGHER  CIVILIZATION. 


rp  HE  civilization  of  the  age  is  signalized  by  the 
advancement  of  woman  to  a  higher  plane 


4 


of  thoughl  and  action  than  she  formerly  oc- 


? 


copied.  Among  the  savage  nations,  wo- 
man's condition  is  that  of  the  very  lowest; 
in  the  semi-civilized  countries  she  is  largely 
regarded  as  titonlyfor  menial  labor,   and 

even  in  civilized  Europe,  to-day,  among  the  lower 

classes,  thewoman, 

harnessed   with   a 

dog,    transports  a 

large  Bhare  of  the 

produce  to  market, 

and   in    the  same 

manner  Bhe  serves 

as    a    creature    of 

burden  in  scaven- 
ger   and    other 

work. 
<  Inly  back  to  the 

first  of  this  century, 

among themost  in- 
telligent of  our 

best  society  in 

America  and    Eu- 
rope,   woman  was 

thought  unworthy 

and 

to    p 

requiring  any  great 

degree  of  intellect- 
uality.     She    was 

permitted  to  teach 

primary  schools  at 

a  very  low  salary  ; 

beyond  that,   very 

few  intellectual 


incompetent    ll'f.ll' 
lerform    work     1 1  I'll  .1 


pursuits  were  open 
t<>  her  outside  oflit- 
erature. 

<  rradually,  how- 
ever,   woman   has 

beaten  her  way  to  the*  front,  in  Bpite  of  ridicule, 
jealousy  and  opposition.  College  trustees  have 
resisted  the  opening  of  their  doors  to  her;  the 
managers  of  higher  institutions  of  learning  have 
opposed  the  idea  of  employing  her  as  the  superin- 
tendent of  their  schools.  I'h\  sicians  have  fought 
against  her  invading  their  domain.  Church- 
goers have  insisted  that   they  would  never  listen 


A\  D 


to  a  woman-preacher.  Lawyers  have  laughed  at 
the  suggestion  that  she  mi-^ht  enter  their  pro- 
fession, and  judges  in  authority  have  refused  her 
admission  to  practice  in  certain  courts. 

But  the  march  of  progress  lias  been  forward, 
and  the  intelligent  sentiment  of  the  age  has  de- 
manded that  woman  he  allowed  tu  enter  any  pur- 
suit, the  work  of  which  she  could  perform  just   as 

well  as  men.  The 
result  hits  been  the 
filling  of  hundreds 
of  clerkships  in  the 
Treasury  Depart- 
ment at  Washing- 
ton with  women, 
very  satisfactorily 
to  the  government 
and  a  1 1  part  ies 
concerned.     Large 

numbers  have  en 
tered  the  postal  ser- 
\  ice.  holding  va- 
ri(  his  important  po- 
sitions. Thous- 
ands have  gone  into  ■ 
the  educational 
Held,  and  as  teach- 
ers, managers,  and 
heads  of  academ- 
ies, -em  i  na  rics, 
and  advanced  pub- 
lic schools,  nave 
demonstrated  both 
business  capacity 
and  intellectual  tal- 
ent of  a  high  order. 
A  large  percen- 
tage of  women  are 
successfully  engag- 
ed in  mercantile 
pursuits.     She    i- 

Well     represented 

in  the  medical  profession,  she  is  fast  entering  the 
pulpit,  and  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  on 
the  platform,  whether  engaged  in  general  lecture, 
moral  teaching,  political  discussion,  or  legal  ar- 
gument, -he  will  be  fumd  the  exponent  of  truth 

and  co-worker  with  man  in  reform.  Ami  while 
all  this  transpires  she  will  be  no  less  the  kind 
mother,  and  the  devoted,  faithful   wit'e. 


WOMAN  8    GESTURE    IN    ORATORY    AKD    ELOCUTION. 


rTX  the  illustration  o 
tii  in  is  erect,  qui 
_L  and  graceful  :  t  he 
right  foot  is  a  little 
in  advance  of  the  left; 
the  right  arm  and  hand 
listlessly  pend  at  the 
side,  with  the  left  fire- 
arm resting  easily  upon 
a  hook  or  table;  all  the 
muscles  are  relaxed;  the 
eyes  express  tranquilli- 
ty; the  forehead  is  free 
from  lines  of  care ;  the 
voice  is  subdued,  but 
natural  and  cheerful, and 
the  whole  appearance  of 
the  individual  evinces 
inward  and  outward 
contentment. 


if  Dignified  Repose,  the  posi- 
quiet 


Dignified  Repose. 


Example — "Dear  Ladies:  With  the  multitude  of  ignorant 
people  about  us  who  need  education,  shall  we  not  lend  our  assistance 
towards  making  the  world  wiser  and  better?  To  do  this  we  should 
make  the  most  of  tin-  privileges  presented  through  the  power  of  lan- 
guage;  but  to  give  words  their  greatest  effect,  these  arts,  including 
tone  of  voice,  facial  expression  and  gesture,  must  be  studied  and 
mastered,  if  we  would  use  language  to  the  best  advantage." 


'  r 


1  VERY  indication  of  Laughter  is  represented 
here.      The    face. 


_J  h earning  with 
wreathed  smiles,  is 
slightly  elevated ;  the 
form  is  sprightly  and 
elastic,  and  convulsed 
with  joyousness;  the 
right  arm  and  hand  are 
extended,  with  the  open 
palm  turned  towards  the 
object  of  ridicule;  the 
mouth  opens  widely  to 
give  vent  to  laughter, 
and  the  voice  is  loud  and 
musical  with  gayety. 
Laughter  is  also  a  pecu- 
liar feature  in  represen- 
tations of  scorn.  This 
is  easily  distinguished. 

Example— " What  /in  love!  ha!  ha'— the  ideal  and  with  t&at 
fellow!  Tin-  thought  is  bo  supremely  ridiculous!  lay  nami 
changed  t..  Mr-.  Philander  Jacob  Stubbs !  \mi  ,,n  in,-  strength  of  the 
report— ha!  ha!— Philander  Jacob  came  around  to  sei  mothei 
last  night!  I  think  I  feel  a  pain  in  my  heart  already— ha  I  ha!  Mrs 
Philander  Jacob  stuM>-,  indeed:  Laughable,  isn't  it — ha!  ha:  ha' 
Mrs.  Stubbs! — Mrs.  Slubbt ! — ha  I  hal  ha  :  " 


Laughter. 


IgOTH"  feet,  in  Anger,  are  firmly  planted  apart 

upon  the  tl • :  the  up- 
per part  of  the  firm 
and  head  energetically 
incline  forward;  the 
forehead  contracts;  the 
eyebrows  lift :  tin:  eyes 
fiercely  flash  :  the  arms 
rigidly  stretch  down  the 
sides,  with  the  hands 
clinched :  the  breath 
comes  quick  and  heavily; 
the  voice  is  shrill  and 
harsh.  The  emotion  of 
anger,  under  a  sense  of 
personal  injury,  may  de- 
velop into  resentment 
or  revenge,  and  become 
furious  or  sullen,  accord- 
Anger,                  ing  to  temperament. 

Example — "  Smile  on,  my  lord- ' 

I  scorn  to  count  what  feelings,  withered  : 
Strong  provocations,  bitter,  burning  wrongs, 
I  have  within  my  heart's  hot  cells  shut  up! 
To  leave  you  in  your  lazy  dignil 
But  here  I  stand  and  scoff  yon    here  I  fling 
Hatred  and  full  defiance  in  your  face!'' 


^BSENCE  ot  all  hope  creates  Despair,  and  ac- 
cording to  the  sharp- 
ness of  suffering  the  ex- 
pression varies — s.  >nie- 
times  indicating  bewil- 
derment and  distrac- 
tion ;  a  look  of  wildness, 
and  then  a  taxation  of 
vitality  bordering  on 
insensibility;  again,  a 
terrific  gloom  ot  counte- 
nance; the  eyes  are  fix- 
ed ;  the  features  shrunk- 
en and  livid,  and  the 
muscles  .if  the  face  are 
tremulous  and  convul- 
sive; occasionally  tears 
and  laughter  alternate, 
but  frequently  stupidity 
and  sullenne-s  appear. 


Despair. 


Example — ••  Me  miserable! — which  way  shall  I  ilv 
Infinite  wrath  and  infinite  despair! 
Which  way  1  ilv  i-  hell;  myself  am  beli; 

And  in  thi  |.  a  lower  deep. 
Still  threatening  to  devour  me.  open-  wide. 
To  which  the  hell  1  suffer  seems  a  heaven  ' 
Farewell,  remorse  !    All 


158 


INTENS1      FEELING     AS    EXPRESSED    IN    FACE    AM'    GEE 


( •  represent  the  expression  of  Love  with  fidel- 
ity i"  nature,  the 
gaze    should    l>c 
intently  fixed  up 

on  thei  ibject  of  affection, 

with  mingled  tenderness 

a  in!  ad  m  irat  ion  ;  t  h  e 

hands  areclasped  in  the 

fervency  of  emotion  ;the 

head  and  body   incline 

forward;    the    features 

indicate  earnestness, 

the   lips  being  slightly 

parted  .  the  lower  limbs 

are  firmly  balanced  up- 
on thefeet,  and  the  voice 

is  mild  and  melodious, 

in   harmony    with    the 

thoughts  of  the  heart. 

Love  is  a  beautifier.  Love. 

ExAJii'i.E-  "Come  In  the  evening,  come  In  the  morning, 

Come  when  you're  looked  for,  or  come  without  warning; 
k, —  and  well  ome  you'll  And  here  before  you, 
And  the  oftener  yon  come  the  more  I'll  adore  you : 
I     i,i  is  my  hearl  since  the  day  we  were  plighted, 
l:,  ,i  ,-  ,,r.  ,  beek  thai  th<  ■•  told  me  wat  blighted; 
Hon  sweet  la  the  thought,  to  be  evei  united!" 


iGITATION  and  dis 
appearance  in  Mad- 
ness. Every  move- 
ment is  Budden 
and  irregular,  quick  and 
uncontrolled  :  the  eyes, 
extended  to  their  utmost 
limit,  protrude  wildlj 
and  turn  rapidly  from 
object  to  object :  the  hair 
is  tossed  loosely  aboul 
the  head  and  face ;  the 
open  hands  are  thrown 
upward  to  the  head,  and 
press  and  clasp  and  tou- 
sle it  as  it'  td  drive  away 
the  agony  of  the  brain  ; 
the  breath  comes  and 
goes  excitedly  ;  the  coun- 
tenance i-  distorted. 


whole 


f 


EPKESENTING  Dignity,  the  step  is  firm;  the 
^  body    is    stretched    t<> 

eA  its  full  height ;  tin-  head 

J£  Jp  is  elevated  and  ] >•  >i-i-i I 

a  little  i"  one  side ;  the 
eyes  arc  wide-open, 
"with  a  downward  ten- 
dency -. "  the  brow  is  ex- 
panded ;  the  right  arm 
is  thrown  energetically 
acr<  iss  the  chest,  assert- 
ing the  right  to  speak 
and  the  will  to  enforce 
that  right  ;  every  mus- 
cle is  firmly  set.  and  the 
\  I  lice  is    slightly  raised, 

with  a  tune  of  command 
that  signifies  pi  issessii  m 
of  a    perfect    woman- 
Dignity.  In "  id. 

Example — "I  perjure  myself, — I  sink  my  soul  in  falsehood  to 
gratify  your  greed  for  cold? — never  I  Oat,  wretch]  leave  my  sight  for- 
everl  Think  you  thai  I  have  no  knowledge  of  the  difference  between 

right  and  Wrong!      Think  you   I  Would  Mast   tin    happiness  of  another 

ami  carry  in  my  heart  forever  the  knowledge  of  a  lie  for  a  few  paltry 
dollars?  Ami  you  thought  to  tempi  me  to  this  by  an  offer  of  money. 
Base  creature, -I  despise  you  !  Begone  :-never  let  me  .see  yon  more  :  " 


"■JX  Earnestness,  the  form  assumes  its  full  height; 

the  head  is  erect. 


Madness- 


Examtlk — "  Here  have  I  watched,  in  tin-  dungeon  cell, 
Longer  than  memory's  tongoe  can  tell; 

bave  I  shrieked  hi  my  wild 
\\  in  n  the  damned  tn  ml-  from  their  prison  came, 
Sported  and  gamboled,  and  mocked  me  here, 
with  their  i  ;•'■-  of  tire,  ami  their  tongues  of  dame, 
Stioutim:  forever  and  aye  my  name.  ' 


Earnestness. 


with  the  features 
slightly  elevated; 
the  breath  has  a 
linn,  i|  uickened 
movent  ent;  the 

eyes  arc  clear  and 
the    brows    knit; 

the  voice  is  deep  ; 
the  lips  arc  slight- 
ly compressed; 
the    countenance 

is  fearless;  the 
right  arm  is  ex- 
tended,   with    the 

open  palm  of  the 

hand  turned  up- 
ward, and  there  is 
a  dignified  air. 


Example — "  You  think  I  love  it  '■     If  this  nerveless  hand 
Could  gain  immortal  strength,  this  very  hour, 
I'd  sweep  this  hellish  traffic  from  tin*  land, 
Ami  cru-h  its  blighting,  maddening,  nightmare  [lower 
yea,  now,  with  ;dl  iu\  latesl  dying  breath, 
I'll  curse  the  thing  that  drags  me  down  to  death! — 
Aye,  curse  it  ever,  ever!" 


OKATnlil'  AI.    POWEE    AIDED    BY    NATURAL    AND    EFFECTIVE    GESTURE. 


TT^IIE  head  and  bust,  in  Fear,  are  first  thrown 
\       '   forward   and  thi  □ 

4M    recede:    the    chin 

r<r  is  drawn  toward 
the  chest;  the  mouth 
opens  ;  the  eyes  are  ex- 
panded and  gaze  upon 
the  fearful  object ;  the 
face  is  distorted,  and  con- 
tracted ;  the  lower  limbs 
tremble  ;  the  hands,  out- 
spread, are  held,  with  the 
palms  outward,  before 
the  face  and  chest  in 
great  disorder ;  the  voice 
is  very  high  and  abrupt, 
and  the  breathing  con- 
vulsive. Fear,  protract- 
ed, becomes  dread,  ter- 
ror and  fright.  Fear. 

Example — "  Oh,  take  it  away! — take  it  away — the  evil  thing!  Ah, 
how  its  cruel  eyes,  and  blasting  breath,  and  flashing  tongue,  image 
of  Eden's  destroyer,  blight  my  very  soul  I  Take  it  away!  Oh,  how  it 
chills  my  blood  and  clogs  my  breath  !  Away  with  it — away !  Its  ghostly 
hiss,  its  slimy  folds,  whisper  of  death'  O!  Save  me  from  its  fangs! 
Ob,  this  is  terrible! — Help!  help!  help! — I  faint! — Help!  help! 
Ob,  take  it  from  me!" 


^T  TIOLEXT  agitation    pervades   the  form  in 
-'  \  / .  the  expression  of 

.AL.    Horror ;  the  chest 

"*'  and  head  are 
thrown  backward  and  to 
one  side;  one  hand  flies 
to  the  head,  while  the 
other,  with  open  palm 
and  outspread  fingers, 
a]  i)  pears  to  be  warding 
off  the  terrible  vision  ; 
the  eyes  stare  wildly  at 
the  object,  with  eleva- 
ted brows ;  the  lips  and 
other  features  have  a 
contorted  appearance, 
and  there  is  an  inward 
shrinking  of  the  entire 
form,  one  foot  being 
thrown  far  back.  Horror. 

Example — "Ota,  Horror  1  horror! — The  vessel  is  on  fire!  See  the 
red  flames  bursting  through  the  deck,  twining  and  climbing  up  must 
and  rope!  The  sails  are  a  sheet  of  flame,  and  higher,  bigtaerstill,  the 
fire  ascends!  See  the  poor  men  and  women  huddling  ;it  the  stern  as 
the  fierce  winds  blow  the  vessel  onwardl  Ob,  who  will  Bave  them 
now?  Is  there  no  hand  to  help — no  power  to  quench  the  flame! —  Oh. 
horror,  horror,  horror!  They  are  lost!11 


'-X^p  exaggerated  species  of  dignity.  Scorn,  is  ex- 
pressed in  the  straight- 
ened and  rigipl  form  :  tin- 
elevated  eyebrows;  tin- 
scowl  upon  the  forehead, 
as  the  lady  turn--  slightly 
away  from  the  object : 
the  closed  lips  ;  the  right 
hand  thrown  well  tor- 
ward,  with  the  palm 
bent  downward  ;  and  the 
voice,  as  manifested  in 
bitter  laughter,  sarcasm, 
or  disgust,  varies  in  its 
tone  and  expression. 
The  emotion  of  scorn 
frequently  involves  the 
display  of  either  deris- 
ion, mockery,  contempt, 
Scorn.  or  all  combined. 

Example — "Is  the  obligation  to  our  fathers  discharged?  Is  the 
debt  we  owe  posterity  paid?  Answer  me,  thou  coward,  who  hidest 
thyself  in  the  hour  of  trial!  If  there  is  no  reward  in  this  life,  no 
prize  of  glory  in  the  next,  capable  of  animating  thy  dastardly  soul? 
Think  and  tremble,  thou  miscreant!  at  the  whips  and  stripes  thy 
master  shall  lash  thee  with  on  eartb, — and  the  flames  and  scorpions 
thy  second  master  shall  torment  thee  with  hereafter!" 


H^HE  attitude  and  the  expression  of  Supplication 

are  represented  as  fol- 
lows: Either  one  or 
bi  ith  knees  rest  up<  pn  the 
ground  :  the  features  as- 
sume an  earnest  appear- 
ance; the  hands  are 
tightly  clasped  beneath 
the  chin,  and  the  emo- 
tions of  the  heart  are 
reflected  in  the  move- 
ments ofthe  entire  form. 
These  and  the  voice  are 
regulated  by  the  ferven- 
cy of  the  petition-  offer- 
ed, being  SOmet  i  lues 
very  subdued  in  tone; 
at  times  rising  t'>  an  ar- 
dent key,  and  tremulous 
with  feeling. 


Supplication. 


Example — "With  dashing  eye  and  burning  brow. 
The  mother  followed  heedless  bow. 
And  kneeling  in  hi-  presence  now — 

■  o.  -  bild,  my  joy,  my  pride  ! 

pp.  Sty*'  me  back  my  child!"  she  cried: 
•  Mj  chihl!  my  child!'  with  sobs  and  tears 
She  shrieked  upon  his  callous  ears." 


160 


\\II\T    TO     SAY     ANIi     lltiW    TO     S.1V     IT. 


While  These  May  not  be  Followed  Literally,  They  will  Give  Suggestions. 


?HE  forma  for  organizing  a  meeting  are  ex-  1 
plained  upon  another  page.  The  president 
.  of  the  assemblage,  when  called  to  the  chair, 
■'  will  sometimes  briefly  thank  the  audience 
for  thf  honor  bestowed  upon  him,  and  will  then 
BUggest  that  the  meeting  select  a  secretary, 
after  which  the  meeting  will  proceed  with  the  usual 
business. 

The  following  are  among  the  tonus  frequently 
used  .-it  the  opening,  and  in  the  early  portion  of 
meetings. 
Appropriate  Remarks  for  Presiding  Officer  upon  taking  the  Chair. 

Form  Xo.  1. 

I  thank  you,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  for  the  honor  yon  bestow  In 
electing  me  to  thle  position. 

Form  Xo.  2. 

With  a  deep  sense  <>r  the  responsibility  resting  npon  me  In  assum- 
duties  of  this  position,  1  nevertheless  fully  appreciate  thi  bon 
«ir  you  bestow  upon  me  in  electing  me  as  the  presiding  officer  of  your 
society.     I  nope  the  confidence  yon  have  given  me  may  be  fully  re- 
paid  upon  my  part  by  an  able  and  impartial  discharge  of  my  duty. 
Form  Xo.  :t. 

Gbittleksh:  T  suppose  it  would  become  me,  in  accepting  the 
presidency  of  this  organization,  as  is  customary,  to  assert  that  in 
choosing  me  you  have  made  a  very  poor  selection  a-  »  chairman  of 
your  meeting.  But  as  thai  would  be  a  reflection  upon  your  judg- 
ment, andas  you  will  doubtless  soon  discover  all  this,  there  ic  no 
need  of  parading  that  fact  before  you  at  this  time. 

I  have  one  consolation  In  taking  the  chair.  The  presiding  officer 
Is  not  expected  to  make  speeches,  it  Is  his  business  to  listen.  It 
is  nol  his  mission  to  Inaugurate  new  measures.  Bis  duty  is  to  serve 
the  will  of  the  meeting.  My  work,  therefore,  being  light  while  in 
the  chair,  I  accept  of  the  position.  But  I  am  not  disposed  at 
thi>  time  to  make  a  speech.  I  thank  you  for  the  trust  you  repose  in 
me,  and  I  will  endeavor  to  perform  my  duty  here  as  1  understand  it. 
Hireling  being  now  organized,  I  await  your  further  pleasure. 
Form  X'o.  4. 

M  thanks  are  due  you.  Ladles  and  Gentlemen,  for  the  honor  you 
confer  in  selei  opresideover  the  deliberations  of  yoni 

in  the  coming  year.  I  value  the  compliment  especially  as  coming  from 
a  company — a  society,  the  members  of  which  are,  in  the  highest  sense, 
intelllgi  med.    i  esteem  the  honor,  also,  because  you 

have  bestowed  upon  me  this  favor  of  your  own  free  will,entin 

ted  upon  my  part,  and  1  prize  it  because  I  hope  in  my  humble 
way.  through  this  position,  to  very  materially  aid  you  in  the  ac- 
complishment  of  that  for  which  we  labor  in  common. 

I  cannot  promise  what  the  future  will  be.      The  hereafter  is  always 


uncertain;  but  I  can  hope,  with  you,  thai  onr    work    together  will  he 
effective,  pleasant,  and  productive  of  good  results. 

I  enter  upon  my  duties  with  a  full  realization  of  the  fact,  also,  that 
my  success  will  depend  upon  your  support  and  co-operation.  Hop- 
ing for  that,  I  assume  the  position,  trusting  that  I  may  discharge  Its 

duties,   partially  :it   [east,  to  your  satisl  <• 


Speech  of  President  Stating  Object  of  Meeting 
Organized  for  tlu   genet                         fvics, 
Mv  Kiuknos:  Jf  I  do  my  duty  here   I  will   not   regret   your  se- 
lecting me  as  the  president  of  this  convention     I  especially  appn 
the  compliment  when  1  consider  the  foci   that   the  gathering  Includes 
several   who  have,  in  the  various  meetings  of  thle  - ■.  bonored 

the  same  po-ition    to  which  I  am  now  i  hosen. 

We  meet  again  on  this  occasion  to  proclaim  our  vows  of  fidelity  to 
i  tse,  to  detail  the  work  that  has  been  accomplished,  the  good 
that  has  resulted,  and  the  victory  we  hope  yel  to  achieve.  We  do  not 
hesitate  to  gird  on  our  armor  and  continue  in  the  service  fearlessly. 
Very  many  of  those  l  see  before  me  have  don.'  battle  in  the  work  for 
long  years.  They  have  performed  much  hard  labor,  and  they  have 
given  freely  of  lime  and  money  to  carry  the  cause  forward,  and  the 
result  has  been  thai  we  have  Been  the  crime,  once  so  common  upon 
our  streets,  very  largely  suppressed.  Our  young  men  have  been 
educated  to  spend  their  evenings  amid  the  refining  Influences  of  home, 
while  hundreds  of  debauchees  have  hern  rescued,  and  have  ret  a  med 
as  faithful  husbands  and  t.  mi.  r  fathers  to  their  families. 

Onr  labor  has  been  long  and  ardnous,  bu1  the  grand  results  have 
justified  the  effort. 

Fruitful,  how  iver,  as  has  been  our  work,  we  are  not  done,   its  full 

completion  is   Vet  in  the  future.       Hut  however  distant    away,  as   long 

as  there  |e  h  bouI  to  -ave  fmni  the  terrible  thraldom  of  passion  and 
vice,  so  long  will  we  press  forward  in  this  cause  \-  we  have  met, 
and  taken  counsel  in  the  past,  bo  do  wo  meet  in  consultation  again. 

Rejoicing  in  the  »ciety  lias  wrought  in  the 

post,  T  can  only  hope,  with  yourselves,  that  this  convention  of  ear* 

nest  men  and  women  will  be  fruitful  In  the  suggestion  and  adoption  of 

measures  that  "ill  give  peace  to  nnhappy  home-,  and  blessing  to 

■ 


Another  Speech  Explaining  Object  of  Meeting, 

a    th*   president  of  a  wcUty  established  for 

objects. 

Ladies  ui  d  Ges  flexes  i  1  appreciate  the  compliment  you  bestow 
in  choosing  me  to  be  the  presiding  officer  at  this  meeting,  from  the 
fact  that  whatever  the  attendance  may  be,  I  de.-m  the  purpose  of  this 
gathering  to  be  one  of  very  considerable  importance.  Important, 
in  s  certain  sense  it  Is  the  only  organization  of  the  kind  In 
il  v,  and  important  because  in  a  free  interchange  of  opinion,  such 
as  Is  proposed  here,  there  Is  opportunity  for  enlargement  of  mental 
vision  and  intellectual  growth,  such  as  will  make  this  society  of  great 
service  to    Its  members  becauseof  it-  educational  prlvl 

There  exists  great  need  of  such  an  organization  as  will  give  full  and 


USUAL    FORMS    APPROPRIATE    FOE    USE    BT    THE    CHAIRMAN    '  >V    A    MEETING. 


461 


free  opportunity  for  the  expression  of  opinions  upon  political,  mora], 
social,  and  religious  events  01  the  hour,  because  in  the  utterance  of 
our  peculiar  ideas  we  are  liable  to  give  a  new  thought,  and  in  listening 
to  a  wide  variety  of  opinions  we  learn  many  things. 

In  saying  this,  I  am  not  disposed  to  hold  the  church  or  our  clergy  in 
light  esteem.  It  is  a  fact  that  every  well-balanced  human  mind 
possesses  the  organs  of  spirituality  and  veneration, — facultii--tb.it 
tend  to  worship.  It  is  natural  for  every  people  to  have  a  religion 
of  some  kind.  It  is  best  that  they  should,  because,  through  the  exer- 
cise of  the  religious  in  man's  nature,  the  lower  and  base  in  man's 
nature  is  held  in  subjection.  It  is  well,  therefore,  for  people  to 
assemble  at  least  one  day  m  seven  at  some  stated  place,  at  some 
regular  time,  and  there,  under  the  administration  of  some  competent 
person,  receive  spiritual  and  moral  instruction,  such  as  is  calculated 
to  make  mankind  better  and  happier.  This  involves  the  necessity 
for  a  Sabbath,  a  church  and  a  clergyman.  I  grant  that  religious  teach- 
ing frequently  inculcates  nothing  but  superstition  and  bigotry.  But 
this  does  not  argue  against  the  fact  that  one  day  in  seven  should 
be  set  apart  as  a  day  for  religious  instruction  and  spiritual  im- 
provement. From  the  fact,  also,  that  the  free-thought  participants 
in  a  meeting  of  this  character  so  often  give  expression  to  feelings 
of  bitterness  toward  the  church,  I  am  inclined  to  ask  you  to  give 
credit  to  the  religious  organization  of  the  church  for  the  following: 

The  furnishing  of  a  place  where  we  can  meet  for  moral  teach- 
ing. An  earnest  effort  to  give  moral  instruction.  The  opening  of 
Sunday-schools,  whereby  the  young,  under  the  guidance  of  good  teach- 
ing, may  be  taught  the  ways  of  morality.  The  doing  of  an  immense 
amount  of  charitable  work,  the  founding  of  hospitals  and  many  in- 
stitutions of  benevolent  character,  by  which  the  sufferings  of  people 
are  relieved  and  their  condition  made  better.  In  addition  to  this,  the 
church,  through  its  efficient  organization,  affords  opportunity  for 
social  privileges  among  the  young;  in  socials,  pic-nice,  and  enter- 
tainments, while  it  gives  social  privileges  to  all  its  members  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  any  one  who  would  pass  through  life  suc- 
o  --fully  and  happily. 

I  am  turning  out  of  my  course,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  to  give  this 
eulogy  of  the  church,  though  slightly  foreign  to  the  purpose  of 
our  meeting,  from  the  fact  that  many  so-called  liberals  an-  bo  very 
illiberal  as  to  spend  much  of  their  time,  when  speaking,  in  denun- 
ciation of  those  who  may  not  meet  with  us  on  these  occasion-.  As 
all  organized  reform-effort,  in  whatever  direction,  whether  religious 
or  Becnlar,  is  a  step  in  the  scale  of  progress,  it  does  not  become  us  to 
come  here  to  spend  time  in  den  unci  at  ion.  The  purpose  of  the  organ- 
ization which  we  form  to-day  should  be  the  presentation  and  dis- 
cussion of  those  principles,  methods  of  action,  and  reforms,  which 
tend  to  the  improvement  and  elevation  of  manhood.  Whoever  will 
give  us  another  truth,  whoever  will  tell  us  a  new  plan,  w  I 
will  present  us  something  better  than  we  have  known  heretofore — 
that  person  will  Ik-  welcomed  as  a  speaker,  and  a  colaborer  in  this 
organization.  With  an  earnest  hope  that  this  society  we  are  organ- 
izing to-day  may  serve  a  beneficent  purpose,  I  am  pleased  thus  to  aid 
in  its  beginning.  Ladies  and  gentlemen,  what  is  the  further  pleasure 
of  the  meeting  t 


Suitable  Forms  for  Presiding  Officer  when  Introducing  Speaker. 

Form  Xo.  1. 

Ladies  and  Gextlemen  :  Air    Henry  K.  Williams. 

Form  \*o.  2. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  I  have  the  pleasure  of   introducli 

you  Mr.  Henry  K.  Williams. 

Form  Xo.  II. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  1  have  the  honor  to  introduce  to  you 
Mr.  Henry  K.  Williams,  of  Boston,  who  will  now  address  you. 

Form  Xo.   4. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  In  order  that  yon  may  be  well-informed 


concerning  the  prohibition  movement  throughout  the  West,  I 
duce  to  you  Hon.  Henry  K.  Williams,  of  Boston,  who  will  a 
yon  on  the  subject  at  issue. 

Form  \  ■-.  5. 

Ladies  and  Gkntlemhn:  Thanking  you  for  the  honor  bestowed  by 
selecting  me  as  the  chairman  of  this  meeting,  I  now  have  the  pleas- 
ure of  introducing  the  speaker  of  the  i  Hon.  Martin  W. 
Wilson,  of  Cleveland,  who  will  address  you  on  the  subject  of  Tariff- 
Reform. 

Form  Xo.  6. 

Fellow  Citizens:  I  am  not  unmindful  of  the  honor  you  bestow  in 
choosing  me  as  your  presiding  officer  forthis  occasion.    Tendering  you 
my  thanks  for  the  compliment,  I  proceed  to  the  business  of  the 
ing  by  introducing  to  you  General  Thos.  M.  Snow,  of  Wisconsin,  who 
will  detail  to  you  some  of  the  scenes  through  which  h< 
during  the  last  six  months. 

Form  Xo.  "7. 

As  the  chairman  of  this  meeting,  I  will  explain  the  object  of  this 
gathering.     As  is  well-known,  the  property  of  no  person  in  thi 
tion  is  secure  from  robbery.     Thieves  are  abroad  night  and  day,  and 
persons  in  this  region,  especially  farmers,  have  been  heavj 
ticularly  of  horses.      Feeling  that  definite  and  positive  action  should 
be  taken  to  more  effectually  guard  ourselves,  this  meeting  is  called 
for  the  purpose  of  organizing  aprotectU  •  ■  association.      In  order  that 
we  may  better  understand  how  such  an  organization  may  be  formed, 
and  be  made  beneficial  to  our  community,  Mr.  Walter  I).  Hammond, 
the  secretary  of  the  Home  Protective  Association  of  Mount  Hope,  in- 
been   invited   to   visit  us  and  detail  how  the  Mount  Hope  A 
tion  was  organized  ami  what  good  it  has  accomplished.     In  accord 
with    that  invitation  Mr.  Hammond  is  now  here,  and  to  you  I  now 
introduce  him. 


Speech  Announcing  Change  of  Programme. 

It  becomes  necessary  to  announce  to  you  a  change  of  programme 
for  the  exercises  of  to-day.  By  a  letter  just  received  from  the  Hon. 
William  Marsh,  we  learn  that  he  cannot  be  with  ns  until  Thursday 
afternoon;  and  through  a  telegram,  received  a  short  time  Bince,  we 
are  informed  that  the  band  must  delay  their  coming  until  to-morrow. 
Under  these  circumstances  we  vary  the  arrangement  of  t\ 
considerably,  but  fortunately,  in  no  sense,  to  tin-  disadvantage  of  our 
audience.  The  fact  is  we  have  now  present  with  us  two  superior 
vocalists,  who  have  promised  ns  songs;  a  well-known  pianist,  who 
has  volunteered  to  furnish  us  instrumental  music,  and  the  time  as- 
signed this  afternoon  to  Mr.  Marsh  will  be  occupied  by  Professor 
Holland,  with  a  paper  on  "  Universal  Suffrage.  "  Earnestly  di 
that  our  audience  may  be  all  in  their  seats  promptly  at  the  Opening  of 
each  session,  we  now  begin  the  exereises  of  the  day. 


Forms  of  Oral  Announcements, 

The  most  important  features  of  tht  a*  j  repeated,  in 

■    i  rlhattirm  andplact  bt  thoroug  ttood. 

The  meetings  of  thi-  Bociety  during  the  week  will  be  as  follows: 
The  Literary  Society  on  Wednesday  evening,  at  the  residence  of 
Charles  X.  ltrown,  at  88  Lincoln  street — Wednesday  evening, 
Lincoln  street.  The  Ladies  Aid  Society  at  Mrs.  Ira  Minimi'-.  :>:  i 
Maple  Avenue,  at  two  o'clock  Thursday  afternoon — Thursday  after- 
noon at  two  o'clock.  Mrs.  Minard's  residence  Ib971  Maple  Avenue. 
The  Young  Folks'  Prayer-meeting  in  the  vestry  of  this  church,  Friday 
afternoon  at  three  o'clock — Friday  afternoon,  in  the  church  vestry. 

The  Patrick  Henry  Debating  club  will  hold  their  meeting  at  Bveretl 
Hall,  1U1  Seminary  Avenue,  Thursday  evening,  October  11.  An 
,--i\  hv  Miss  Helen  Williams,  and  a  recitation  by  Arthur  I).  Cum- 
mings,  followed  by  a  variety  Of  instrumental  and  vocal  music,  will  he 
among  the  attractions  of  the  occasion — Everett  Hall,  101  Seminary 
Avenue,  next  Thursday  evening. 


4<;: 


INAUGURA1     ADDRESSES    AND    SPEECH    OF     WELl'OMK. 


Brief  Inaugural  Address  of  a  Mayor. 

Gi  •■  1 1  i  mi  n  01   'in  i  ..I  m  ii  -  iii  in. ,  mi  i.:  with  you  this  evening  for 

kb  the  municipal  directors  of  tbe  affaire  of  thi-  i  ty,  I 

id  i"  find  among  you  bo  manj  with  whom  In  the  paal  I  hai 

permitted  to  bq stain  mot  islness  relations  and  social  In- 

tercouret        Sucfa  relatione  anil  sncfa   Intercourse  it  is  my  wish  to 

perpetuate  in   our  deliberatione   in   tbis  chamber. 

We  are  here  to -night,  however,  as  the  servants  "f  a  numerous  and 
prosperoufi  people,  who  have  laid  upon  at  the  responsibility  of  main- 
taining good  government.     While  we  gather  here  from  evi 
of  this  mnnlcipallty,  representing  dlfferenl  wards,  I  trust  that  every 
one  of  ue  has  a  lively  interest  En  the  welfare  of  all  our  citizens. 

There  la  work  for  ae  all  to  do.  We  have  many  things  bo  re  i 
to  establish,  to  perform,  in  our  official  capacity.  In  my  hande  I  hold 
the  latest  reports  from  the  chiefs  of  the  Are  department,  thi 
treasury,  the  health  oilier,  and  the  magistrates.  From  these  I  have 
learned  facts  that  show  the  necessity  of  a  better  organization  and 
equipment  of  our  firemen;  the  judlclons  expenditure  of  our  limited 
city  fund-;  the  cleansing  of  various  unhealthy  districts  in  certain 
wards,  and  a  more  efficient  enforcement  of  several  of  our  city  ordi- 
nances. 

it  should  be  our  duty,  gentlemen,  al  tin-  earliest  moment,  to  see  that 
these  several  Interests  are  cared  for,  while  the  general  good  of  tbe 
hould  receive  onr  attention  throughout  our  term  of  of- 
fice. 

I  tru-<t  that  in  our  deliberations  we  may  be  bo  united  in  sentiment 
thai  "Hi  labors  will  be  less  arduous  than  if  hampered  by  the  delays 
and  vexations  of  inharmonious  discussions.  Let  us  now  proceed  to 
business. 


Form  of  a  President's  Inaugural. 

Members  op  the  Industrial  League:  We  meet  to-day  in  the 
third  annual  convention  of  this  association.  Ae  In  tin-  past,  we  come 
together  to  consider  the  interests  of  the  laboring  classes,  and  in  our 
discussions  l  wish  to  dlrecl  your  attention  to  the  following  subjects 
pertaining  to  the  c  ius<  of  Labor. 

1.  The  interests  of  the  country  as  affected  by  a  protective  tariff. 

2.  The  benefits  resulting  from  Labor  anions. 

3.  strike-,  whether  beneficial  or  not,  and  their  results  upon  the 
labor!  c 

4.  Arbitration,  as  a  means  of  settling  misunderstanding  between 
employers  and  employes. 

5.  New  lands,  Where  they  are,  and  how  to  reach  them,  and  the 
inducements  offered  the  unemployed  in  going  there. 

6.  Convicl  labor.  What  course  should  be  pursued  by  the  State  and 
genera]  government,  to  prevent  it  from  coming  too  strongly  In  com- 
petition with  our  workingmen. 

7.  Less  bo  aera)  labor.  The  attention  of  the  convention 
i-  i  specially  called  to  the  need  of  working  less  hour-  in  all  manufac- 
turing institutions,  and  in  all  the  Industries,  In  order  thai  the  un- 
employed may  have  an  Opportunity  to  work. 

While  much  important  matter  n  ill  doubtless  conn-  before  the  meet- 
direct  the  attention  of  the  members  to  these  topics,  as  subjects 
inn    lit,  worthy  of  your  careful  thought. 
harmony  which  has  prevailed  in  our  mei 
heretofore  may  be  shown  in  this,  I  will  now  read  the    programme  of 
for  to-day. 


Remarks  by  a  Teacher  at  the  Opening  of  School. 
To  una  Ladies  ami  Gehtlbmbr:  it  has  fallen  to  m>  lot  to  become 
your  instructor  during  the  coming  term  of  school,   and  the  hope  is 
that  in  our  intercourse  together  our  time  spent  in  each  others1  society 

may  be  pleasant  and  profitable.  It  -hould  be  understood,  in  the  be- 
ginning, that  I  have  not  come  here  to  govern  yon.  I  trust  yon  have 
such  kindly  dispositions  us  to  make  it  oseless  for  any  one  to  come 
here  to  rule.  The  real  mission  of  the  teacher  should  be  to  assist, 
to  aid  pupils  in  acquiring  an  education. 


While  we  hope  it  will  nol  be  necessary  to  have  many  laws  estab- 
lished here,  there  is  one  rule  that  it  will  be  very  important  to  have 
observed,  and  thai  Is,  "  the  golden  rule" — the  doing  unto  others  as 
we  would  have  others  do  unto  u«,  i  expect  you  to  do  to  me  as  yon 
would  be  done  by  wen-  you  a  teacher  and  I  the  pupil,  and  I  will  try 
and  do  thi  same  bj  you, 

I  doubt  not  you  ail  hope  to  grow  to  be  men  and  women,  having  sucfa 
an  education  as  will  tit  yon  to  take  any  place  that  may  be  assigned 
life  [  expect  you  to  have  an  ambition  to  gel  this  learning, 
and  having  that,  I  expect  to  asslsl  you  n  good  deal  In  getting  it. 

Now,  to  accomplish  v\ bat  we  have  undertaken  to  perform,  it  will  be 

irj  For  you  to  do  some  things.     Ami  of  these  will  be  coming 

to  the  school  regularly;  punctuality  at  the  opening  of  each  session; 

carefully  asbtainlng  from  whispering  during    school-hours,  and  a 

thorough  resolve  that  you  will  be  perfect  in  your  lessons. 

I '.lit    I   will   la\    dOVi rule-   now  I   hop.-  and  expect   you    will  be 

-in  Ii  good  pupils  thai    few   rules  will  he  Heeded.        We  will    i.ov. 

n  ise-  of  the  Bcbool. 


Speech  of  Welcome  to  a  Distinguished  Guest. 

GOVKRNOR  Ka\mo\h:  These  i:-  ml-  im  u  and  tin  self  represent  the 
citizen-  of  Chli  y  them  we  have  been  instructed  to  give  you, 

and  the  ladles  who  accompany  you,  a  hearty  welcome  to  the  hospi- 
tals v  of  ih-'  •■  Garden  i  Jlty.  " 

Although  this  may  possibly  lie  your  first  visit  to  our  city,  we  do 
nut  consider  you  at  all  in  tin-   light   of  a   stranger   in   a   strange   land; 

foi  your  fame  has  preceded  you,  and  in  our  homes  yom  name  is 

known  in  Connection  With  your  enviable  war-record  and  the  import- 
ant measures  which  have  distinguished  you  in  our  national  councils. 
Nor  are  you  In  any  sense  a  Btranger  to  the  great  metropolis  of  the 
Central  States  of  our  I  nion,  for  you  have  often  spoken  brave  words 
in  our  behalf  as  a  commercial  and  manufacturing  city-words  for 
which  we  heartily  thank  you  and  gladly  welcome  you  here  to-day. 

A-  we  have  been  informed  thai  your  visit  ha-  no  political  or  com- 
mercial significance,  we  do  not  propose,  in  welcomim:  you,  to  beset 
you  with  an  imposing  an  ay  of  fact-  ami  figures  relating  to  our  munici- 
pal position  In  the  i  nion,  but.  instead,  to  make  your  sojourn  with 
u-  a  source  of  pleasure  and  recreation.  For  this  purpose  ail  our  ar- 
rangements have  been  perfected  for  escorting  you  to  such  places  as 

we  deem  will  give  you  most    delight,    and    to   provide    such  other   en- 

tertainments  :i»  hospitality  may  suggest  for  your  comfort  ami  con- 
'■nee. 

We  have  provided  suitable  apartment-  for  yon  at  the Hotel, 

and  -hall  lie  pleased  to  regard  you  as  our  guest  while  you  remain  in 
the  city. 

We  ask,  however,  that  -hould  it  he  con- i stent  with  your  wishes  and 
arrangements,  you  will  allow  us  to  announce  a  public  reception  to- 
morrow evening,  at  yom-  hotel,  in  ordei  that  your  numerous  friend-, 

embracing  the  wealth  and  culture  of  our  population,  may    be   enabled 

to  express  their  welcome  to  you  in  person. 
The  Reply. 
Gektlbxen:  The  warm  greeting  which  meets  me  at  the  threshold 

of   your    thrifty   and    renowned    city,    1    believe,    is    an    earnest    of    the 

■   -■<   I    in    Which    I  lie    people   «if    <  'hir.rjo   ile-i  re    to   eXpHHS    for     me,     and     I 

fully  appreciate  their  kindness  and  very  generous  reception. 

My  first  \isit  to  Chicago,  gentlemen,  was  in  1882,  when  General 
Scott  (under  whom  I  was  then  only  a  subaltern  officer)    came    to   Fort 

Dearborn,  in  pursuance  of  military  order-  from  headquarters.     The 

city  was  not  then  in  exist, -nee,  and  the  place  was  a  wilderness,     i  ,■  n 
eral   Scott,    for  want   of    hotter  accommodations,   slept   in  a  wooden 
trough,  anil  I,  a  mere  lad,  w  as  glad  to  "  hunk "'  upon  the  ground    in  a 
blanket.       The  fort  W8S  a  ho-pital,  for  the  cholera  was  making  fearful 
ravages  in  the  little  garrison. 

To-day  I  come  to  a  city,  they  tell  me,  of  600,000  inhabitants,  where 
not  a  vestige  of  the  old  Indian  village  or  the  fort  remains,  a  citj  bo 
great  that  the  most  terrific  conflagration  of  modern  time?  has  not 
been  able  to  destroy  its  viL'or  or  wealth.      A  city  that  controls  the 


FORMS    OF    SPEECHES    WHEN    PLACING    CANDIDATES    IN    NOMINATION. 


4.;:; 


trade  oe  nations.  A  city  that  haa  no  equal  for  rapid  growth  and  aug- 
mentation in  the  world.  A  city  that  contains  the  elements  of  high 
civilization  in  great  profusion. 

Gentlemen,  I  am  telling  you  nothing  new,  and  I  desist;  but  I  am 
come  prepared  to  be  still  farther  astounded  than  I  now  am  at  your 
prosperity  and  the  magnitude  of  your  business  and  social  institutions. 
With  the  Queen  of  Sheba,  I  feel  that  "  the  half  has  not  been  told.11  I 
therefore  submit  myself  to  your  care  and  direction,  believing  that  as 
your  guest  I  shall  find  new  causes  for  enlarging  my  views  of  Chicago 
and  her  hospitable  citizens. 


Speeches  Nominating  a  Candidate  for  Office. 

3fo.   1. 
Mr.  President:  I  suggest  the  came  of  Henry  L.  Smith  as  that  of 
our  Assessor  for  the  coming  year. 

No.  a. 

Mr.  President:  As  a  gentleman  every  way  competent  to  fill  the 
office,  I  will  nominate  John  H.  Williams  as  our  candidate  for  the 
office  of  County  Treasurer. 

No.  3. 

Mr.  President:  I  desire  to  place  in  nomination  for  the  Presidency 
of  this  convention  a  gentleman  whose  long  acquaintance  with  educa- 
tional work,  prominent  position  in  his  profession,  and  thorough  fit- 
ness for  the  place  make  him  eminently  fitted  to  hold  this  office.  I 
therefore  nominate,  as  the  President  of  this  organization  in  the  com- 
ing year,  Colonel  Abner  D.  Kellogg. 
No.  4. 

The  needs  of  this  convention,  in  the  coming  year,  make  it  impera- 
tive that  we  select  as  the  first  officer  of  this  organization  a  person  of 
extended  experience  and  large  executive  ability,  coupled  with  the 
ability  to  preside  over  the  deliberations  of  this  body  in  a  manner 
such  as  to  do  our  meetings  credit.  As  such,  I  suggest,  as  the  Pres- 
ident of  our  convention,  William  H.  Daniels. 

No.   5. 

Ma.  President:  I  present  the  name  of  Cyrus  D.  Fillmore  as  that  of 
our  candidate  for  Mayor.  I,  in  common  with  others,  believe  him 
to  be,  in  the  present  contest,  the  strongest  man  that  can  be  selected. 
Whatever  may  be  the  personal  choice  of  individuals,  it  becomes  us, 
upon  this  occasion,  to  choose  as  a  candidate  an  Individual  whose  per- 
sonal popularity,  with  all  classes,  will  carry  tin-  largest  vote. 

We  have  many  important  issues  before  the  people  at  the  present 
time.  There  are  principles  involved  in  which  we  are  deeply  interested. 
We  cannot  afford  to  lose  the  coming  election.  We  must  not.  Hence  the 
need  of  selecting  a  man  who  will  unite  all  factions,  and,  while  he  can 
be  sure  of  election,  will,  when  in  the  place,  fill  the  office  with  honor 
to  himself  and  credit  to  the  city.  I  nominate,  as  our  candidate  for 
Mayor,  Cyrus  D.  Fillmore. 


Speech  Declining  a  Nomination  for  Office. 

Gentlemen:  I  thank  you  for  your  expression  of  approval  and  tor 
your  selection  of  myself  as  a  candidate  for  office.  But  circumstances 
will  prevent  my  acceptance  of  any  office  you  might  tender  me  at 
present.  Under  other  conditions  I  might  be  pleased  to  serve  you, 
but  at  the  present  time  I  must  content  myself  with  being  simply  a 
humble  constituent  of  the  person  who  may  be  elected. 


Ingersoil's  Speech  Nominating  James  G.  Blaine, 

Al  Republican  Convention  hehl  at  Cincinnati  in  1876. 
Mr.  President:  The  Republicans  of  the  United  states  demand,  as 
their  leader  in  the  great  contest  of  1871),  a  man  of  intelligence,  a  man 
of  integrity,  a  man  of  well-known  and  approved  political  opinion. 
They  demand  a  statesman.  They  demand  a  reformer  after,  as  well 
as  before,  the  election.  They  demand  a  politician  in  the  higheBt, 
broadest,  and  best  sense, — a  man  of  superb  moral  courage.  They  de- 
mand n  man  acquainted  with  public  affairs,  with  the  wants  of  the  peo- 


ple, with  not  only  the  requirements  of  the  hour,  but  with  the  demands 
of  the  future.  Tiny  demand  i  man  broad  enough  to  comprehend  the 
relation  of  this  government  to  the  other  nations  of  (he  earth.      They 

demand  a  man  well  versed  in  the  powers,  duties,   ind  lives  of 

each  and  every  department  of  this  government  They  demand  a  man 
who  will  sacredly  preserve  the  financial  honor  of  the  United  States  ; 
one  who  knows  enough  to  know  that  the  national  debt  must  be  paid 
through  the  prosperity  of  this  people;  on.'  who  know-  enough  to  know 
that,  all  the  financial  theories  in  the  world  cannot  redeem  a  single  dol- 
lar; one  who  know-  enough  to  know  that  all  the  money  must  be  mad.-. 
not  by  law,  but  by  labor;  one  who  knows  enough  to  know  that  Un- 
people of  the  United  star.-  Inn  e  the  industry  t<.  make  the  money  and 
the  honor  to  pay  it  over  just  as  fast  as  tbey  make  it. 

The  Republicans  of  the  United  States  demand  a  man  who  knows 
that  prosperity  and  resumption,  when  they  come,  must  come  together; 
that  when  they  come  they  will  come  hand  in  hand  throuL'h  the  golden 
harvest-fields;  hand  in  hand  by  the  whirling  spindlers  and  the  turn- 
ing wheels;  hand  in  hand  past  the  open  furnace  doors;  hand  in  hand 
by  the  flaming  forges;  hand  in  hand  by  the  chimneys  filled  with  eager 
tin-,  greeted  and  grasped  by  the  countless  m.hs  of  toil. 

This  money  has  to  be  dug  out  of  the  earth.  You  cannot  make  it  by 
passing  resolutions  in  a  political  convention. 

The  Republicans  of  the  United  States  want  a  man  who  knows  that 
this  government  should  protect  every  citizen  at  home  and  abroad : 
who  knows  that  any  government  that  will  not  defend  its  defenders, 
and  protect  its  protectors,  is  a  di-L'rare  to  the  map  of  the  world.  They 
demand  a  man  who  believes  in  the  eternal  separation  and  divorce- 
ment of  church  and  school.  They  demand  a  man  whose  political  re- 
putation is  spotless  as  a  star,  but  they  do  not  demand  that  their  can- 
didate shall  have  a  certificate  of  moral  character  signed  by  a  Confed- 
erate Congress.  The  man  who  has,  in  full,  heaped  and  rounded 
measure,  all  these  splendid  qualifications,  is  the  present  grand  and 
gallant  leader  of  the  Republican  party,— James  G.  Blaine. 

Our  country,  crowned  with  the  vast  and  marvelous  achievements  of 
its  first  century,  asks  for  a  man  worthy  of  the  past  and  prophetic  of 
her  future;  asks  for  a  man  who  has  the  audacity  of  genius:  asks  fjr 
a  man  who  has  the  grandest  combination  of  heart,  conscience,  and 
brain  beneath  her  flag.      Such  a  man  is  James  G.  Blaine. 

For  the  Republican  host,  led  by  this  intrepid  man.  there  can  be  no 
defeat. 

This  is  a  grand  year, — a  year  filled  with  the  recollection  of  the  Rev- 
olution; filled  with  proud  and  tender  mennTHs  of  the  past,  with  the 
sacred  legends  of  liberty, — a  year  in  which  the  sons  of  freedom  will 
drink  from  the  fountains  of  enthusiasm, — a  year  in  which  the  people 
call  for  a  mac  who  has  preserved  in  Congress  what  our  soldiers  won 
upon  the  field, — a  year  in  which  they  call  for  the  man  who  has  torn 
from  the  throat  of  treason  the  tongue  of  slander;  for  the  man  who 
has  snatched  the  mask  of  Democracy  from  the  hideous  face  of  rebel- 
lion; for  the  man  who,  like  an  intellectual  athlete,  has  stood  in  the 
arena  of  debate  and  challenged  all  comers,  and  who  is  still  a  total 
stranger  to  defeat. 

Like  an  armed  warrior,  like  a  plumed  knight,  Janus  <;  Blaine 
marched  down  the  balls  of  the  American  Congress  and  threw  his 
shining  lance  full  and  fair  against  the  brazen  forehead  of  the  de- 
famers  of  his  country  and  the  maliu'ners  of  his  honor.  For  the  Re- 
publican  party  to  desert  this  gallant  leader  now  i>  as  though  an  army 
should  desert  their  general  upon  the  field  of  battle. 

James  G.  Blaine  i-  now  and  has  been  for  y.-ars  tin-    bearer   of   the 
sacred  standard  of  tie-  Republican  party.      1  call    it    sacred,    t» 
no  human  being  can  stand  beneath  its   folds    without   becoming  and 
without  remaining  free. 

Gentlemen  of  the  Convention:  In  the  name  of  the  izreat  Republic, 
the  only  Republic  that  ever  existed  upon  tins  earth:  in  the  name  of 
all  her  defenders  and  of  all  her  BUpportere;  in  the  name  of  all  her 
soldiers  living;  in  the  name  of  all  her  soldiers  dead  upon  the  field  of 
battle,  and  in  the  nameofthose  who  perished  in  the  skeleton  clutch  "f 
famine  at  Andcrsonville  and  Libby,  whose  suffering-  lie  so  \  i\  idly  re- 
members, Illinois — Illinois  nominates  far  the  next  President  of  this 
country  that  prince  of  parliamentarians,  that  leader  of  leaders, 
James  G.  Blaine. 


4«;4 


THE  I  I.  i.Q  PR]  SI  S  :  VI 1'  IN. 


»•-   • 


PRESENTATION  AND  OTHER  SPEECHES. 


«;■:••:- 


- 


E presentation  speech  should  beshort  It 
may  allude  to  the  work  that  the  individual 
has  accomplished,  by  which  he  orsheis en- 
titled to  tin-  gift.  It  may  appropriately 
speak  of  the  high  regard  in  which  the 
recipient  is  held  by  the  donors  of  the  gift, 
and  it  may  bespeak  a  delightful^  prosperous 
future  for  the  person  addressed,  besides  being 
brimful  of  good  wishes;  bul  the  speech  should 
come  early  to  the  point  and  close. 

In  the  meantime  it  may  be  well  for  the  man- 
agers of  the  affair  to  have  some  one  besides  the 
recipient  of  the  gift  appointed  to  make  an  appro- 
priate response,  unless  be 
or  Bhe  Ls  thoroughly  capar 
ble  of  making  a  suitable  re- 
ply. In  most  cases  it  is  a 
relief  to  the  recipient  to  be 
informed  of  the  intended 
presentation,  as  he  or  she, 
in  that  case,  can  make  a  re- 
sponse that  will  be  more 
satisfactory  than  if  taken 
by  surprise  and  without 
timefor  preparation.  As  a 
rule,  the  article  should  be 
concealed  from  \  iew  until 
it  is  spoken  of  in  the  pre- 
sentation, when  it  will  create  renewed  interest. 

Presentation  of  a  Flag  by  a  Lady 
To  a  volunteer  company  \  the  flag  ?>?;,<({  held  by 

a  ij"  -  tiu  lady  makes  tht  '/-/'tress. 

Captain  Arthur  BBN80K  and  HBMBBRfl  of  Company  H  of  the 
FlRfiT  RBOD1ENT  Of  thk  Nkw  YORK  VOLUHTBBR  Militia — Gentle- 
men: In  recognition  of  the  public  spirit,  the  patriotism  and  the  hi 
that  move  yon  to  form  an  organisation  for  the  protection  of  your 
homes  and  your  country,  should  you  be  called  upon  to  fight  in  their 
defense,  it  becomes  my  duty,  in  behalf  of  the  Indies  of  this  town,  to 
present  you  ;i  silken  Hag. 
This  emblem  <>f  our  nationality  has  been  fashioned  into  these 
l-  been  trimmed  and  embellished  as  you  Bee  it  here, 

by  hands  that  Will  never  tire  of  working  f"r  you.  ok  upon 

its  silken  fold  inderetand  thai   i(  i-  the  grand  emblem  of 

onr  country* a  greati  Is  more.     It  is  the  bearer  of  the  hope 

and  love  of  the  donors  who  presenl   it—  whosi  ■  hearts  will   go 

the  end,  should  rate  determine  that  it  shall  be  carried  into  the 
battlefield. 

Is  that  it  may  nevei  do  other  duty  than  rnstle  peacefully 


Lady  Presenting  a   Flag 


rour  heads,  a  silent  token  of  our  respect  and  regard,  bnt  should 
■   |  lire,  h  s  are  i  onfldenl  thai  En  hi 

-.  and  in  the  bourn  of  trial  will  be  wherever  it  shall  wave  the 
ML'nai  of  victory.  Into  your  hands  we  now  place  It.  God  grant  that 
the  need  of  trailing  it  In  blood  may  never  arise,  bul   should   dntj   or 

your  country  C  ill,  WC  know  it  Will  wave  over  tin-  heads  of  bra  1 1 
— we  know  yon  will  do  it  honor. 

Response  of  the  Captain. 
Miss  Chandler  :  Responding,   In  behalf  of  my  company,   to  the 
sentiments  you  express,  I  but  speak  the  word-  wh 

would  utter,  when  I  say  that  we  deeply  feel  and  most  highly  np 

Bte    'his   appropriate    and    beautiful    gift    which    we    receive   at    your 

b  mds. 

If  i!  shall  be  our  mis-ion  to  unfurl  it  only  when  i  irmony 

shall  prevail,  it  will  be  well.     Should  it  be  our  fate  to  go  forth  in 

of  home  and  loved  friends,  we  shall  carry  it  as  a  token  of  the 

love,  the  respect  and  the  solicitude  we  bear  for  those  who  remembei 

us  thUS  kindly  , 

The  sight  of  Lhis  will  ever  nerve  our  men  ro  greater  bravery— It  will 
be  an  Inapii  al  Ion.     We  thank  you  for 
■  iffering,   and  for  the   sentiment 
that  comes  with  its  presentation. 
We  shall  carry  it   fearlessly  in 

war;  ami  throu  houl  the  length 
and  breadth  or  this  country  we  pn 
it  shall  wave  o\  rr  States  ei  er  loj 
true  to  the  government — we  n 
that  it  shall  i-.  i  r  be  i he  embh 

nation  !h a'  'hall  lic\  it  !  m-  <i ;  -lie' tube  red 

or  disunited.  Again  tend*  ring  you 
our  high  regard  for  this  testimonial, 
olor-bearer  wiU  now  receive  it, 
while  the  band  will  express  our  heart- 
felt appreciation  of  YOUr  gf ft  BS  they 
render  the   l*  Star-Spangled  Manner." 

Presentation  Speech  at  a  Silver 

Wedding. 
Mr.  and  Mrs. :    It   bei 

my  pleasant  duty,  in  behalf  of  your 
friends  assembled  here  to-ni^ht,  to 
remind  you  that  «  rorgetful 

of  the  fact  that  you  have  turned  a  quarter  of  >  century  in  wedded 

life.      Tin-  of   itself,  in  an  age  When  marital  separations  are  BO  com- 
mon, is  worthy  of  recognition;  bul  it  is  nol  alone  thai  fact  that  ■ 
your  friends  to  convene  at  thi-  time. 

For  years  it  has  been  our  privilege  to  know  your  household  in 
genial  friendship.  In  the  varied  walks  of  neighborly  and  social  in- 
tercourse, \iiu  have  contributed  abundantly  toward  the  making  of  life 
i  le  in  which  we  have  moved.  We  do  not  forget 
that  when  the  laugh  was  merriest  your  happy  presence  added  pleas- 
ure to  the  Bcene;  and  when  sorrow  visited  our  homes  your  words  of 
consolation  and  Bympathy  made  the  Borrow  I 

There  comes  b  mum.  al  various  periods  En  life,  when  we  can  honor 
■  :i  til     Such  is  the  present  occasion. 

Recollecting  our  many  obligations  for  kin..  e  rendt  re  i, 

and  the  pleasant  years  made  agreeable  through  your  acquaint , 

your  friends  herewith  present  you  this  tea-service  and  desire   your 
acceptance  of  t  he  same. 

The  gift,  while  appropriate  as  a  memorial  of  twenty- flv<    years  of 
wedlock.  Is  pr<  a  token  of  the  high  favor  in  which   you 

held  by  your  many  friends. 


PRESENTATION    AND    POLITICAL    SPKEOHE8. 


465 


May  it  adorn  your  table  in  the  fnture,  and  may  the  refreshing  bev- 
erage you  shall  sip  from  these  silver  goblets  be  such  as  will  aid  in 
prolonging  your  lives  to  that  time  when,  at  your  golden  wedding,  we 
shall,  by  the  Eight  of  these  present  gifts,  be  reminded  of  the  pleasant 
scene  that  took  place  twenty  five  years  before — the  delightful  oc- 
casion which  we  celebrate  to-night. 

Reply  to  the  Presentation  Speech. 

Dear  Friends:  It  is  at  such  a  time  as  this  that  words  fail  to  ex- 
press the  feelings  of  the  heart.  There  comes  occasionally  a  period 
in  life  when  our  unworthiness  is  made  all  the  more  manifest  by  the 
bestowal  of  kindness  upon  us.  It  is  true  that  we  have  mingled  in 
your  society  for  years.  But  while,  in  our  humble  way,  we  may 
have  contributed  some  pleasure  to  those  about  us,  we  have  ever  been 
the  recipients  of  continued  enjoyment  at  your  hands;  and  it  is  tee 
who  are  under  obligation — not  yourselves. 

We  accept  these  gifts  to-night,  dear  friends,  with  a  full  apprecia- 
tion of  the  kind  motives  which  presented  them,  and  not  that  we  de- 
serve them  as  free  gifts  at  your  hands. 

There  may  be  some  things  in  our  lives  commendatory.  We  have 
journeyed  together  in  married  life  for  twenty-five  years.  Some 
shadows  have  crossed  our  path  in  that  time,  and  many  joys  have  il- 
lumined our  way.  Upon  the  whole,  we  have  had  more  happiness  than 
sorrow;  more  roses  than  thorns  have  strewn  our  pathway.  Thus  in 
this  twenty-five  years  of  consort  together  we  have  our  recompense. 

We  have  striven  to  do  our  duty  as 
neighbors  and  friends,  and  for  the 
little  we  have  done  we  have,  in  all  our 
intercourse  with  you,  been  repaid  a 
thousand-  fold. 

We  accept  these  gifts,  therefore, 
with  a  sense  of  deep  obligation  to 
those  kind  friends  by  whom  they  are 
presented,  and  wc  shall  use  and  cher- 
ish them,  in  all  the  years  to  come,  with 
the  earnest  hope  that,  at  like  anniver- 
sary festai  gatherings  we  may  have 
frequent  opportunity  to  repay  the 
kindness  which  you  have  thus  be- 
stowed. 


much  pleasure;  first,  because  the  volume,  of  itself,  is  on'-  of  rare  value, 
which  I  shall  highly  prize,  and,  second,  because  it  comes  to  me  as  a 
token  of  your  appreciation  of  my  efforts  since  I  have  had  the  pleas- 
ure of  being  with  you. 

I  assure  you  I  will  turn  its  pages  in  happy  recollection  of  the 
pleasant  faces  I  have  met  in  this  room  during  my  school  duties.  I 
will  always  remember  your  willing  hearts,  your  kind  intentions,  your 
many  evidences  of  love  and  regard  for  me,  and  your  unceasing  efforts 
to  make  my  work  as  light  and  agreeable  as  possible. 

I  thank  you  fortius  beautiful  testimonial,  and  also  for  the  as- 
surance you  give  me,  that,  as  I  read  its  pages,  I  may  be  reminded 
that  the  donors  not  only  hold  me  in  kindly  remembrance,  but  they  are 
resolved  to  profit  by  the  teaching  that  has  been  given  here. 

My  earnest  hope  is  that  your  future  life  may  realize  all  that  your 
studious  habits  and  school-days  now  seem  to  promise.  Knowing 
you  as  I  do,  I  expect  you,  in  noble  manhood  and  womanhood,  to  honor 
this  school  by  your  future  lives  of  usefulness,  prosperity  and  happi- 


/srw 


gems   of    ancient   and 


Speech,  Presenting  a  Book, 

By  the  pupil  of  a  school  to  a  teacher 
at  the  close  of  her  last  A  rm. 

Miss  Williams:  lam  appointed  by 
the   pupils  of    this  school  to  present 
you,   in  their  name,   this  volume — a 
cyclopedia  of    poetry,  containing  the  poetic 
modern  times. 

In  presenting  this  testimonial,  I  assure  you  in  behalf  of  your 
pupils  that,  as  a  patient  teacher,  a  wise  counselor  and  a  most  excellent 
instructor,  you  will  ever  be  remembered  by  the  students  of  this  school 
with  feelings  of  the  highest  regard  and  esteem. 

We  look  back  over  the  period  during  which  we  have  received  in- 
struction from  you  with  sincere  pleasure  We  recollect  your  efforts 
in  our  behalf  with  grateful  remembrance,  and  we  learned  of  your  in- 
tended resignation  as  a  teacher,  and  the  leaving  of  this  school,  with 
sincere  regret. 

In  the  turning  of  the  pages  of  this  volume  you  will,  we  hope,  be 
reminded  of  those  who  presented  it.  In  that  remembrance  of  us 
please  do  not  recollect  the  dullness  we  have  often  shown,  and  the 
disobedience,  we  fear,  we  have  sometimes  manifested.  But 
remember  that  we  shall  strive,  in  the  hereafter,  to  profit  by  the  in- 
struction you  have  given,  and  when  we  are  far  separated  from  each 
other,  it  may  please  you  to  know  that  we  consider  that  we  are  better 
and  wiser  from  the  instruction  we  have  received  from  you. 

Response  of  the  Teacher. 
My  Dear  Pupils:  I  receive  and  accept  of  your  elegant  gift  with 


Speech  Upon  being  Nominated  as  a  Candidate  for  Office. 

Mr.  President  and  Fellow  Citizens:  My  thanks  are  due  for  the 
compliment  paid  in  selecting  me  to  represent  this  district  in  the 
State  senate.  As  I  desire  to  go  into  the  legislature  unpledged  and  un- 
trammeled,  I  shall  make  few  promises  as  to  what  I  shall  do  if  elected. 
It  may  not  be  amiss,  however,  to  state 
that  there  is  certain  work  which  our 
representative,  whoever  he  may  be, 
should  feel  himself  bound  to  perform, 
should  he  occupy  a  seat  in  the  : 
lative  councils.  And  of  this  may  be 
mentioned  the  establishment  of  a  re- 
form school  in  this  portion  of  the 
State  in  which  can  be  received  and 
trained  a  large  number  of  boys  who 
now  bid  fair  to  become  ultimately  per- 
manent inmates  of  our  prisons.  The 
law  should  be  stronger  relating  to  the 
preservation  of  game.  The  rate  of 
taxation  on  certain  manufacturing  in- 
dustries should  be  lessened.  The  law 
relating  to  less  hours  for  laboring 
men  in  the  State  service  should  be 
enforced,  and  much  other  needed 
legislation  is  evident. 

So  far  as  /  am  concerned,  I  can  only 
say,  if  elected,  I  propose  to  do  my 
duty  as  I  understand  it.  That  duty 
I  conceive  to  be  consists  in  working  for  the  beat  interests  of  the  con- 
stituency, and  in  serving  the  State  and  the  entire  people  faithfully. 
Should  it  be  my  fate  not  to  be  chosen  to  fill  the  place  for  which  yon 
have  placed  me  in  nomination,  the  sun  will  probably  rise  and 
it  has  done  heretofore,  and  I  will  console  myself  with  the  thought 
that  there  is  a  blessing  in  defeat.  But  should  I  be  elected,  I  shall 
hope  that  my  efforts  may  avail  in  accomplishing  some  work  that  will 
be    beneficial    to    yourselves  and  the   State. 

Again  thanking  you,  gentlemen,  for  your  generous  support,  I  can 
only  hope  that  the  expression  you  give  here  will  be  the  voice  of  the 
people,  and  that  our  party  in  the  coming  election  may  carry  the  ban- 
ner of  victory. 


Jt* 


Speech  of  the  Candidate  for  Congress 


Speech  of  Congressional  Candidate  from  Hotel  Balcony, 
In  reply  to  a  serenade  at  the  I  Home. 

Fellow  Citizens:  In  response  to  your  call  for  a  talk  from  me, 
1  beg  to  assure  von  that  I  appreciate  the  honor  you  do  me  iu  this 
gathering.  But  while  I  tender  you  my  thanks  for  this  ovation,  I  am 
not  unmindful  of  the  fact  that  the  cause  on  this  occasion  i-  greater 
than  any  man.  We  are  in  the  midst  of  an  exciting  political  i 
in   which   principles  are   involved  of   the   utmost    importance,  and 


.",i  I 


-jr..; 


»R]  -I  N  l  A  i  [ON    BP]  I  fill  B. 


whether  those  principles  shall  triumph  or  not,  In  the  coming  election, 

question  of  vital  significance, 
[t  mast  be  clearly  evident  to  the  unprejudiced  mind  that  th< 
cblnery  of  governm<  ■-!>  destroyed,  when  so  many  of  onr 

.  m  the  mldel  of  an  should  be  compelled  to  beg  for 

common  necessaries  of  life.     The  racl  Is  as  plain  as  the  urn 
rnment  is  wofnlly  weak  that  will  i 

able-bodied  men,  anxions  to  work,  to 

Idle,  while  their  families  suffer  for  the  means  of  maintaining 
existence.  We  arc  in  the  midst  of  plenty.  The  factories,  shops  ami 
warehouses  are  full  to  repletion  with  goods  that  people  require.  The 
llelds  are  teeming  with  grain,  tin-  hunk-  arc  plethoric  with  mom 
yet,  in  tin-  midst  of  all  this  abundance,  there  i-  no1  wisdom  enoogh 
iii  .Mir  i  iatorstose  are  a  proper  division  -f  this  wealth 

among  those  who  have  produced  it.     Hut,  fellow-citizens,  l  shall  not 

ike  your  time  in  a  discussion  of  the  cause  of  hard  times  and 
the  remedy. 

I  can  only  say  that  as  your  candidate  for  Congress  l  deeply  feel  Ihe 

f  prompt  and  efficient  action  by  our  genera]  government;  and 
if  I  am  elected,  I  hope  to  faithfully  perform  my  part  in  the  work  that 

itlj  needs  to  be  done,   [than*  yon,  gentlemen,  for  this  person- 
al compliment  to  me,  and  with  you  I  pray   for  the  success  of  that 
which  is  righteou*  and  just 


Speech  when  Presenting  a  Prize 

To  the  successful  competitors  in  a  boat-race. 

ii.emen:  Much  discussion  has  been  developed    from   time  to 

time  mi  country  school-houses  ami  village  debating  clubs)  as   to  the 

relative  superiority  of  mind  over  muscle.      Indeed,  the  question  has 

been  many  time-  definitely  settled  (by  these  authorities),  and    yet    it 

bobbing  up  in  actual   life  ami  begging   for  a   final  de< 

[am  not  here  to  boIvc  the  problem—!  only  rise  to  do 
honor  to  the  union  of  mind  and  muscle  that  has  brought  victory  to 
your  banner  and  made   you  the  proud  recipient-  <  intiful 

prize,  the  i.'ift  of  fair  hands,  which  you  have  so  gallantly  won. 

I  see  in  your  frank  and  youthful  features  the  glow  of  health  and 
energy;  [  see  in  yonr  bared  arms  the  cord-like  sinews  thai  denote 
strength  and  endurance;  and  I  see  in  the  successful  management  of 

your  boat  Ihe  expression  of  an  iron  Will  to  accomplish,  whatever  the 
opposition,  and  «.f  a  skill  indicative  of  the  intellect  that  controls  your 
muscles  and  makes  your  manhood  great. 

Yours  was  not  an  easy  triumph.  Seven  clubs  competed  with  you 
for  this  rare  ami  beautiful  prize.  I  see  in  their  crews,  as  they  stand 
around  you,  skill  and  energy  which  you  may  be  proud  to  have  de- 
feated. But  u  knowledge  the  posses-ion  of  superior  skill, 
a  superior  force,  and  I  doubt  not  that  next  to  winning  this  prize  for 
their  respective  clubs  they  rejoice  most  in   your   talents   and   suc- 

lemen,  you  are  young.    Soon  you  will  be  entering  for  a  . 

The  contest  of  life  is   before   you.      The   pri 
prosperity,   wealth  and  influence.     These  are  within   your 
reach,  for  the  same  energy,  the  same  skill,  the  same    spirit  of  emu- 
lation, that  you  have  manifested  to-day,  will  be  requisite  if  you  de- 
sire to  "go  in  and  win  "  fame  and  fortune  in  the  future. 

There  are  lessons  to  be  learned  in  this  regatta  from  which  you  will 
be  the  gainers  if  you  heed  them.  In  the  systematic  training,  the 
physical  preparation  for  •  .  you  have  been  taught  the  value 

of  healthful  diet  and  judicious  ex  n  Ise.  To  everything  that  tended 
to  insure  success  you  gave  the  closest  attention.  You  avoided  any- 
thing that  was  likely  to  weaken  your  bodily  energies.  You  practiced 
temperance  and  sobriety.  You  gave  up  late  hours  and  dissipation; 
you  studied  your  own  organization,  and  day  by  day  you  saw  the 
benefit  you  received  from  systematic  and  self-denying  regimen.  All 
pointed  to  this  crowning  victory. 

So,  in  the  mastery  of  life,  in  business  vocations,  in  hours  of  re- 
creation, the  same  careful  watchfulness  over  yourself — the  same  so- 
briety and  temperame.  the  same  healthful  treatment  of  your  vital  pow- 
ers, will  well  repay  you. 


There  i-  one  thing,  however,  Ir  this  regatta  that  you  will  have  to 
avoid  in  the  race  of  life.  As  yonr  «>;ir^  harmoniously  sw.pt  your 
boat  along  towards  tl  I  ■  thai  yon  looked  one  way 

and  Bped  another.  In  the  life-contest  you  will  do  otherwise — or  fail. 
You  will  be  your  own  look-out,  your  own  steersman,  ami  yon  will 
need  to  keep  a  keen  watch  tn  fore  you  if  you  would  win.  To-day 
lb  been  clear.  In  the  course  of  life  yon  will  encounter 
tnd  fogs,  and  other  boats  will  cross  your  bows,  and  all  your 
skill  and  energy  will  be  required  to  keep  your  way  clear,  to  avoid 
damaging  collisions,  and  to  hold  your  own. 

I  tut  you  tire  of  these  allusions,  and  wonder  where  I  « ill  take  you  to 
in  these  airy  flights.      So  1  return  to  tins  pi  me. 

Gentlemen,  this  richly  ornamented  silver  vase  that  I  hold  before 
yon  i-  yours.     Sou  ha'..'  worn  it  fairly,  and. these  fair  donor-  gladly 

give  i!  tO  yOU.       Altogether  it  is  a  fair  operation.       And  a-  1     ha  [id    it 

over  to  you,  Hr.  Captain,  and  retire  to  private  life,  I  but  echo  the 
sentiment  that  so  generally  lights  up  .very  face  about  me  n  ben  I  say, 
"Long  life  and  success  to  the  Arrow  club." 


Speech  Accompanying  Presentation  of  a  Watch  to  a  Clergyman. 

Kkverenk  am.  DSAB  >-ii;:  For  more  than  twelve  months  pa-1.  we, 

i-  members  "f  yonr  church  and  congregation,  have  pro  tiled  by  your 
ministrations,  and    within    that    period    you    have    greatly    endeared 

yourself  to  us  by  your  suavity,  your  amiable  character,  your  earnest 
devotion  to  duty,  and  the  hearty  inter*  ever  manifested  in 

our  welfare  a-  a  people. 

In  Hi  k  you  have  faithfully  advocated  your  religion  and 

ours,  have  wisely  warned  us  against  the  evils  thai  beset  ns  in  oar 
everyday  life,  and  have  earnestly  pleaded  with  us  to  seek  our  truest 
happiness  in  the  paths  "f  rectitude  and  sobriety. 

In  our  homes  you  have  been  our  sincere  and  sympathizing  counsel- 
or and  friend.  In  our  hours  of  pain  and  sorrow  you  have  spoken 
gentle  and  soothing  Words  to  our  troubled  hearts;  our  children  have 
profited  by  your  instruction;  you  have  united  our  sons  and  daughters 
in  holy  wedlock;  your  benediction  has  rested  upon  ni  in  our  domes- 
tic and  business  affair-,  and  in  all  things  you  have  proven  yourself 
our  competent  and  loving  p 

With  a  deep  s.-nr-c  of  your  many  benefactions,  those  assembled 
here  have  requested  me,  in  their  name,  t<.  present  to  yon  thisvaTi  B, 
as  a  token  of  our  mutual  and  increasing  admiration  and  esteem  for 
yourself,  and  of  our  gratitude  for  your  labors  in  our  behalf.  We  ask 
you,  dear  -ir,  !o  accept  it  as  freely  as  we  offer  il :  for  it  is  fitting  that 
you  who  are  daily  and  hourly  preparing  us  for  ihe  joys  of  Eternity, 
should  b<  t  you  this  monitor  of  passing  Time,  ever  marking,  bs 

we  sincerely  hope,  hours,  days  and  many  years  of  happiness  for  you 
and  yours. 

The  Clergyman's  Reply. 

Friends  aKB  BRETHREN :  Rapidly  as  time  has    passed    with   me 

since  T  first  came  among  you,  a  perfect  stranger,  you  have  In  one 
short  year  become  very  near  and  dear  to  me,  and  we  arc  no  more 
strangers.  On  the  contrary,  you  have  so  freely  bestowed  upon  me 
youi  'onfidence  and  generosity  that  it  seems  as  if  I  had  always 
known  and  loved  you  in  the  bonds  of  gospel  truth.  Busy  as  I  hai  e 
been  in  forwarding  the  interests  of  this  chores  and  society,  I  have 
received  from  you  so  many  tokens  of  esteem  and  affection  thai  my 
reatly  lightened,  and  I  have  found  time  to  Institute 
new  labors  in  your  behalf.      At  all  times  your  sympathy  and  encour- 

ni  has  been  freely  given,  and  gratefully  appreciated.  As  I  re- 
ceive  thi-  beautiful  watch,  which  all  must  greatly  admire,  my  heart 
warm-  with  renewed  joy  in  your  service,  for  it  assure*  me  that  your 
Friendship  is  not  for  an  hour,  or  a  day,  ora  year,  but  for  all  lime; 
ami  it  shall  be  my  heart's  endeavor  to  merit  in  future,  with   renewed 

..  the  esteem  which  you  have  thus  so  bountifully  expressed. 
I  pray  you  to  accept  my  thanks  for  your  beautiful  gift  and  the  kind 
words  accompanying  it.  As  pastor  and  people,  may  our  ties  unite 
us  closer  and  closer  in  the  bonds  of  Christian  love  throughout  time 
and  eternity. 


PRESENTATION    SPEECHES. 


467 


Address  to  a  Retiring  Public  Officer, 
Accompanying  a  testimonial  from  the  employes. 
Mr.  Hazi.itt:  We  have  learned  with  unfeigned  regret  of  your  in- 
tention to  resign  your  office  as  Superintendent  of  tfaie  railway  at   the 

close  of  the  present  month,  and  avail  ourselves  of  this  occasion  to 
express,  in  some  degree,  the  esteem  with  which  we  regard  you  in 
your  official  capacity,  and  our  admiration  for  your  private  char- 
acter. 

During  the  many  years  in  which  you  have  so  ably  controlled  the 
machinery  of  this  great  corporation,  each  one  of  us,  from  conductor 
to  engine- wiper,  has  had  reason  to  remember  your  many  acts  of  for- 
bearance and  words  of  kindness;  for  many  times,  when  we  have  un- 
intentionally neglected  duty,  or  done  that  which  we  ought  not  to  have 
done,  we  have  experienced  undeserved  consideration  at  your  hands. 
Instead  of  discharging  us,  and  thus  making  our  lives  miserable,  you 
have  given  us  gentle  counsel  and  encouragement  to  perform  our  du- 
ties better;  and  in  this  way  you  have  made  us  your  sincere  friends, 
and  taught  us  faithfulness  in  our  respective  departments.  For  all 
these  acts  and  lessons  we  now  gratefully  thank  yon. 

But  we  would  not  confine  our  gratitude  to  mere  empty  words. 
With  the  means  which  your  generosity  has  enabled  us  to  save  from 
our  wages  we  have  purchased  this  gold-cased  chronometer  watch, 
which  we  ask  you  to  accept  as  our  parting  gift.  It  is  not  much;  but 
as  a  railway  officer  you  know  the  value  of  correct  time,  and  the 
necessity  of  always  being  "on  time,"  and  we  deemed  it  not  only  an 
appropriate  present,  but  one  which  you  might  be  induced  daily  to 
wear  near  yonr  kind  and  generous  heart  Whenever  you  look  upon 
its  face,  will  you  not  think  of  us  who  gave  it  as  a  memento  of  our 
now-ending  long  and  pleasant  relations?  And  our  blessing  goes  with 
you  wherever  you  may  go. 


Speech  at  a  Wooden  Wedding. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  An  occasion  like  this  is  eminently  calcu- 
lated for  the  reception  of  congratulations.  Here  are  two  hearts  thaj 
have  beat  as  one  full  five  years  without  desiring  to  be  two  again. 
Five  years!  Ask  them  how  long  it  seems,  and  they  will  tell  you — Jive 
months!  Fortunately  the  calendar  attests  the  truth  of  the  record,  and 
if  any  further  proof  is  necessary,  we  offer  in  evidence  their  three 
curly-headed  children,  the  largest  four  years  old. 

Why  this  should  be  called  a  wooden  wedding  I  don't  know.  None 
of  us  is  willing  to  confess  being  a  blockhead,  and  it  would  be  danger- 
ous to  insinuate  that  our  excellent  host  and  hostess  are  either  sappy 
or  wooden-beaded,  gnarly  or  knotty  in  disposition,  or  inclined  to 
leave.  Why,  then,  this  array  of  washtubs,  washboards,  pails,  clothes- 
pins, rolling-pins,  potato  •mashers  and  pudding-sticks?  All  are  use- 
ful in  their  way,  especially  the  rolling-pins  and  potato-masher-  (In 
case  >if  domestic  war),  and  I  have  read  of  one  woman,  whose  husband 
neglected  to  provide  sufficient  firewood  for  the  kitchen,  who  bought 
and  burned  about  a  hundred  and  fifty  dozen  clothes  pins  for  cooking 
purposes.  But  she  was  a  rare  exception.  Our  hostess  i-i  better 
treated  than  that. 

Well,  I  suppose  wood  has  its  uses  as  well  as  everything  else,  and 
if  on  this  occasion  it  tends  to  unite  in  warmer  friendship  unr  host 
and  hostess  and  their  guests,  it  serves  a  good  purpose,  and  leads  us 
to  look  forward  with  hope  and  satisfaction  to  the  next  important  an- 
niversary of  their  married  life— the  tin  wedding  of  five  years  hence. 
May  we  all  be  there! 


Speech  Accompanying  a  Testimonial  of  Esteem. 

Sir:  A  few  more  days  and  the  term  of  your  office  will  expire.  We 
had  hoped,  until  after  the  recent  election,  that  you  might  have  held 
it  still  longer;  but  the  people  have  determined  otherwise,  and  it  only 
remains  for  ns  to  bow  submissively  to  the  will  of  the  majority. 

You  step  down  from  public  to  private  life  without  the  loss  of  one 
worthy  qualification  that  you  possessed  when  you  entered  upon  your 
official  duties.    Nor  has  the  tongue  of  slander,  in  all  the  lapse  of  time 


sine,,  then,  been  able  to  stain  a  single  attribute  of  your  private  char- 
acter. Malice  ha>  been  unable  to  overcome  you  by  it«  persistent  op- 
position, and  your  course  has  been  every  way  satisfactory  to  your 
constituents. 

We  have,  indeed,  been  proud  of  you  in  your  high  position,  and  we 
are  none  the  less  proud  of  you  now.  On  the  contrary,  we  are  eo 
proud  of  yon  that  at  the  first  opportunity  we  propose  t"  elect  you  to  a 
higher  office  than  that  which  you  now  relinquish. 

Looking  about  for  some  suitable  testimonial  to  present  to  you,  as  a 
token  of  our  admiration  and  good  wishes,   we  rene  ir  pub- 

lic spirit,  benevolence  and  love  of  country,  and  decided.  Sir,  to 
ask  your  acceptance  of  this  elegantly  engrossed  and  richly  framed 
copy  of  Washington's  Farewell  Address  when  he  was  about  to  retire, 
like  you,  to  private  life.  Its  money-value  is  small ;  but  with  it  we 
offer  you,  also,  our  unfeigned  appreciation  of  your  labors  in  our  be- 
half and  that  of  our  common  country. 

The  Reply. 

Gentlemen:  I  thank  you  not  less  for  your  hearty  words  of  en- 
couragement and  esteem  than  for  this  beautiful  memento  of  the  hon- 
est patriotism  and  counsels  of  the  Father  of  his  Country. 

In  all  my  experiences  of  public  life,  it  has  been  my  endeavor  to 
avoid  sectional  prejudices  and  to  labor  entirely  for  the  best  interests 
of  our  entire  nation.  Vet,  in  all  those  hours  of  solicitude  concern- 
ing public  affairs,  my  heart  has  warmly  turned  to  my  constituents 
for  encouragement  and  approbation,  and  I  have  not  failed  to  rec.  ivt- 
at  your  hands  the  most  gratifying  assurance  that  I  was  pursuing  a 
satisfactory  cour.-c- in  whatever  I  undertook  in  behalf  of  the  whole 
people. 

You  say  you  are  proud  of  me.  I  believe  you;  but  you  are  not 
prouder  of  me  than  I  am  of  my  constituents,  and  it  has  been  a  pleas- 
ure to  serve  you  to  the  best  of  my  ability.  I  know  not  to  what  fields 
of  public  duty  I  may  be  called  in  the  future,  but  I  now  "step  down 
and  out "  with  a  feeling  of  relief,  and  the  assurance  that  my  labors 
have  not  been  in  vain. 

Again  thanking  you  for  your  kind  appreciation  and  this  elegant 
testimonial  of  your  esteem,  I  bid  you  good-night  and  pleasant  dreams. 


Speech  ol  a  Candidate  When  Serenaded. 

Gentlemen:  I  love  music,  but  especially  that  kind  that  wakes  me 
in  the  night  to  assure  me  of  the  esteem,  kind  remembrance  and 
hearty  support  of  my  friends  in  the  exciting  conte-t  upon  which  we 
have  entered.  The  poet  may  praise  "the  music  of  the  spheres,"  but 
the  stalwart  warrior  best  delights  his  senses  by  the  "music  of  the 
spears/' on  the  eve  of  a  great  battle.  These  are  not  "piping  times 
of  peace,"  gentlemen,  in  our  camp.  We  have  our  armor  on,  our  swords 
by  our  sides,  and  our  hands  on  the  hilts,  ready  for  service,  keeping 
step  with  "the  music  of  the  Union,"  and  marching  on,  I  tru>t.  to 
certain  victory.  Still  the  strains  of  martial  music  on  the  mid- 
night air  are  very  inspiriting.  They  serve  to  arouse  our  energies,  to 
drive  away  our  cares,  and  bid  ns  hope  for  the  best. 

The  principles  involved  in  this  campaign  should  be  our  strongest 
reliance.  Good  men  may  be  nominated  on  a  bad  platform,  and  be 
defeated,  while  ordinary  candidates,  backed  by  sound  political  prin- 
ciples, to  which  they  stand  solemnly  pledged,  are  honored  by  their 
election.  It  is  of  course  best  to  advocate  good  measures  and  nomi- 
nate good  men  to  enforce  them;  but,  whatever  the  man,  let  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  party  be  such  that  every  good  citizen-voter  can  support 
them,  and  then  our  confidence  in  the  cause  will  spuruson  to  victory. 
Gentlemen,  T  congratulate  you  upon  the  very  broad  and  wise  platform 
on  which  we  base  our  prospects  at  the  coming  election.  Tour  candi- 
dates may  be  defeated,  but  such  defeat  cannot  injure  or  destroy  your 
principles.  Stand  by  them,  therefore,  till  you  have  vindicated  them 
and  the  justice  of  our  cause 

Thanking  you  again  for  this  delightful  "concord  of  sweet  sounds," 
and  rejoicing  in  your  confidence,  I  bid  you  good-night  and  pleasant 
dreams. 


468 


F0RM8   OF    MISCELLANEOUS    SPEECHES. 


Speech  ol  Welcome 
By  0*11.    W.   T.  Sherman,  at  reunion  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

1  •'Ki.i.iiw  Soldiers:  I  am  glad  to  meet  those  here  present  on  this 
day,  and  In  this  place.    It  is  said  that  we  could  not  meet  on  any  day 
which  is  not  the  anniversary  of  some  liattle,  but   it  was   not  ai 
that  we  hold  this  reunion  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  in  St.  Louis. 

The  day  was  chosen  to  do  honor  to  those  who  took  part  in  the  i  »p- 
tote  of  Camp  Jackson  in  the  suburbs  of  St.  Louis.  We  have  malice 
toward  none,  and  charity  to  all.  Forgiving  the  past,  but  not  forget- 
Hug  it.  we  will  cherish  the  memories  of  the  war  forever.  Each  year 
diminishes  the  members  of  our  society,  but  not  the  glorious  memories 
of  the  civil  war  of  1881  -'65;  beneath  this  we  have  the  kindliest  feel- 
ings toward  all.  I  am  glad  to  see  this  hall  filled  with  faces  that  come 
back  to  me  us  plainly  as  when  we  parted  at  Raleigh. 


Mayor's  Address  of  Welcome  to  Secretary  of  War. 

Sin:  In  extending  to  you  the  hospitalities  „f  this  city,  its  municipal 
authorities  and  citizens  unite  In  offering  yon  a  hearty  welcome,  wor- 
thy not  only  of  the  high  position  which  you  hold  in  the  government 
of  this  nation,  but  of  the  respect  and  admiration  that  we  cherish  for 
your  private  character. 

W<  welcome  yon  as  the  chief  of  one  of  the  most  important  depart- 
ments at  the  National  Capital— a  department  upon  which  the   ii 
ty  and  defense  of  our  country  greatly  depend. 

\\Y  well e  yon  as  one  who  in  other  distinguished  political  offices 

hat  left  a  proud  and  unsullied  record  of  do  ties  performed  in  the  spirit 
of  patriotism  and  fidelity  to  our  institutions. 

We  claim  for  our  city  a  population  of  500,000  people,  with  a  large 
mercantile  and  manufacturing  business,  which  it  will  be  our  pleasure 
to  exhibit  to  you  as  fully  as  your  inclination  and  opportunity  may 
demand. 

We  have  those  among  us  who  are  deeply  interested  in  the  higher 
branches  of  literature,  art  and  science,  whom  we  would  like  to  pre- 
-,  ,,i  to  yon  ae  worthy  representatives  „f  the  i  ulture  of  our  city. 

In  brief,  Sir.  whatever  our  city  affords  in  all  its  social  and  Indus- 
trial departments  that  may  attract  your  special  attention,  we 

I  to  submit  it  to  your  inspection  and  enjoyment.  Our  desire  is 
to  make  your  visit  here  so  agreeable  that  you  will  take  away  with  yon 
noni   bul  the  most  gratify!  incesof  onr  prosperity  and  hos- 

pitality, and  that  you  maj  be  Induced  to  rcviBit  us  with  delight. 

The  Reply. 

M«.  Mayor  and  Gentlf.sien  of The  warmth  of  yonr 

on  merits  a  grateful  response  in  my  bosom:  for  in  becoming 
yonr  most,  even  for  a  day  or  two,  I  feel  that  while  I  minister  to  your 
pleasure,  I  reap  the  purest  gratification  on  my  part. 

The  past  of  yonr  city  is  replete  w ith  historical,  commercial,  polit- 
ical and  social  associations,  which  possess  great  interest  for  me;  and 
I  see  in  her  near  future  a  wealth  of  augmented  prosperity  no  less  cer- 
tain than  deserved. 

Since  you  accord  to  me  the  privilege  of  seeing  for  myself  the  works 
which  make  your  city  great,  and  of  meeting  those  ladies  and  gentle- 
men who  have  wrought  these  triumphs  of  art,  science  and  literature, 
I  most  confidently  place  myself  in  your  hospitable  hands. 

I  thank  you,  gentlemen,  for  yonr  cordial  greeting,  and  none  the  less 
heartily  because  I  have  reason  to  believe  that  your  esteem  attaches  to 
my  person  no  less  than  to  the  position  which  I  bold  as  a  public  serv- 
ant. 


Defeated  Candidate's  Reply  to  a  Serenade, 

By  Daniel  Webster  at  the  time  of  defeat  for  the  candidacy  of  the 
presidency,  at  the  Baltimore  convention.  1862. 

Fellow-Citizens:  I  thank  you  for  your  friendly  and  respectful 
call.  I  am  very  glad  to  see  you.  Some  of  you  have  been  engaged  in 
an  arduous  public  duty  at  Baltimore,  the  object  of  yonr  meeting  be- 
Ing  t  ho  selection  of  a  fit  person  to  be  supported  for  the  office  of  Pres- 


ident of  the  United  Stales.  Others  of  you  take  an  interest  in  the  re- 
sult of  the  deliberations  of  that  assembly  of  Whit's.  It  so  happened 
that  my  name  among  others  was  presented  on  the  occasion;  another 
candidate,  however,  was  preferred.  I  have  only  to  say,  gentlemen, 
that  the  convention  did,  I  doubt  not,  what  it  thought  lust,  and  exer- 
cised its  discretion  in  the  important  matter  committed  to  it.  The 
resnlt  has  cansed  me  no  personal  feeling  whatever,:  nor  any  change 
of  Conduct  or  purpose.  What  I  have  been,  1  am  in  principles  and 
character:  and  what  I  am,  I  hope  to  continue  to  Do.  Circumstances 
or  opponents  may  triumph  over  my  fortunes,  but  they  will  not 
triumph  over  my  temper  or  self-respect. 

Gentlemen,  this  is  a  serene  and  beautiful  night.  Ten  thousand 
thousand  of  the  lights  of  heaven  illuminate  the  firmament.  They 
rule  the  night.  A  few  hours  hence  their  glory  will  be  extin- 
guished— 

"Ye  stars  that  glitter  ill  the  skies. 
And  gaily  dance  before  mine  eyes, 

What  are  ye  When  the  sun  shall  ris>'" 
Gentlemen,  there  is  not  one  among  you  who  will  sleep  better  to- 
uight  than  I  shall.  If  I  wake,  I  shall  learn  tin-  hour  from  the  con- 
ns, and  I  shall  rise  in  the  morning,  God  willing,  with  the  lark; 
and  though  the  lark  Is  a  better  songster  than  I  am,  yet  be  will  Dot  leave 
the  dew  and  the  daisies  and  spring  up  and  greet  the  purpling  east 
with  a  more  blithe  and  jocund  spirit  than  I  possess  Gentlemen,  I 
again  repeat  my  thanks  for  this  mark  of  respect,  and  commend  '-ou 
to  the  enjoyment  of  a  quiet  and  satisfactory  repose,  May  God  bl  s 
you  all. 

Speech  of  Congratulation  to  a  Candidate 

For  office.  Immediately  after  his  rum 

Sir:  At  the  very  outset  of  this  political  contest  we  bail  you  as  our 
standard-bearer,  congratulating  you  upon  your  harmonious,  almost 
unanimous  nomination  for  Congressman,  and  ourselves  upon  the 
prospect  of  being  so  ably  represented  in  our  national  councils. 

Since  you  first  came  among  us  you  have,  by  your  affability,  indus- 
try In  your  profession,  and  public  spirit,  won  deserved  con-iiliraiion 
lit  t lie  hands  of  our  citizens.  Especially  have  your  political  princi- 
ples, and  the  eloquent  earnestness  with  which  on  several  important  oc- 
casions you  have  advocated  them,  produced  the  happiest  effect  in 
convincing  the  opposition  of  their  errors  and  leading  them  to  embrace 
the  view-  of  our  own  party.  Your  arguments  in  behalf  of  yonr  prin- 
ciples have  been  nnanBwered,  ami  where  yon  have  not  succeeded  in 
converting  our  opponents,  yon  have  very  thoroughly  silenced  them. 

We  feel  that  with  you  for  our  leader  in  this  contest  we  are  going 
straight  on  to  victory,  and  that,  when  elected,  you  will  ably  advance 
our  national  and  local  Interests.  We  feel  that  you  will  he  no  mere 
ornamental  figure-head  in  the  halls  of  Congress,  but  believe  that  on 
every  question  of  importance  your  voice  will  be  lifted  and  your  vote 
cast  in  the  advocacy  of  good  government 

We  are  well-acquainted  with  your  views  of  protection,  financial  re- 
trenchment and  reform,  the  Mormon  question,  and  internal  improve- 
ments, and  we  are  satisfied  that  upon  these  and  other  issues  you  will 
capably  represent  your  party  and  constituents.  Trusting  that  our 
effort-  to  elect  you  may  be  successful,  and  we  believe  they  will  be, 
we  pledge  you  our  untiring  and  hearty  support. 

The  Candidate's  Reply. 

Gentlemen:  The  genuine  heartiness  of  your  congratulations,  and 
the  unanimity  with  which  you  have  labored  for  my  nomination,  to- 
gether with  your  pledges  to  support  me  throughout  this  campaign, 
serve  to  strengthen  the  determination  which  I  had  already  formed, 
should  I  be  elected,  to  be  the  consistent  representative  of  my  con- 
stituents. 

The  political  contest  upon  which  we  are  now  entering  will  require 
u-  to  exert  all  the  energies  we  possess  to  overcome  the  political 
chicanery  and  vindictive  animosity  of  our  opponents;  but  I  assure 
you  that,  as  your  leader,  I  will  not  flinch  a  moment,  whatever  the  op- 
position to  our  success  may  be.      If  "  eternal  vigilance  is  the  price  of 

liberty,"  like "s  detectives,  our  motto  should  be,   "  we  never 

sleep!  "  Money  and  trickery  will  confront  us  on  every  hand;  but  when 


'EECH    AT    FIREMEN  S    REVIEW    AND    CHRISTMAS    FESTIVAL    TALK. 


±i\U 


I  look  into  your  faces,  gentlemen,  and  see  written  there  the  deter- 
mination to  fight  this  battle  to  the  bitter  end,  I  feel  that  it  will  be 
manfully  fought.  It  is  too  soon  to  figure  the  result.  Ours  will  be 
no  easy  victory,  and  energy  and  watchfulness  alone  can  decide 
whether  we  triumph  or  succumb  to  a  superior  force.  We  alt  hope  for 
the  best — we  will  work  for  it — we  will  fight  for  it. 

"  Who  does  the  best  his  circumstance  allows, 
Does  well — acts  nobly — angels  could  no  more." 
Gentlemen,  you  well  know  my  principles,  and  I  am  glad  to  know 
that  they  are  yours.    Together  let  us  give  '*a  long  pull,  a  strong  pull, 
and  a  pull  altogether,"  and  after  the  votes  are  counted  I  trust  to  re- 
turn your  congratulations  of  to-day  with  compound  interest. 


Speech  of  Mayor  at  a  Volunteer  Firemen's  Review, 

T1U   different  fire  companies  being  grouped  in  the  vicinity  of  city 

hall,   the   mayor  occupying  a   position  where  he  can  overlook  the 

firemen   as  he  addresses  them. 

Friends  of  Aurora:  An  examination  and  review  of  the  different 
fire  companies  of  Aurora  by  the  city  council  recalls  the  fact  that 
one  hundred  and  twenty  firemen  report  here  for  duty  at  the  present 
time,  who,  in  case  of  fire,  are  assisted  in  extinguishing  it  by  fifteen 
hundred  feet  of  hose,  two  miles  of  Holly  water-pipe,  ten  hydrants, 
three  Holly  pumps,  hose-carts,  and  three  excellently  equipped  fire- 
steamers.  All  in  all,  in  her  fire-extinguishing  appliances,  Aurora 
can  safely  challenge  comparison  with  any  of  her  sister  cities;  not 
only  is  this  so  in  number  of  men,  number  of  steamers,  hose-carts  and 
accessories  thereto,  but  particularly  are  we  fortunate  in  having 
always  at  hand,  in  the  central  and  business  portion  of  the  city,  a 
great  abundance  of  never-failing  water. 

Two  parties  are  to  be  thanked  for  this  very  superior  fire-extin- 
guishing equipment  we  see  here  to-day — namely,  the  men  who  have 
so  generously  volunteered,  in  many  cases  at  personal  loss  and  discom- 
fort, to  do  the  firemen's  duty,  and  the  taxpayers  who  have  at  various 
times,  in  all,  appropriated  some  $50,000  in  furnishing  the  necessary 
machinery  to  aid  our  firemen  in  subduing  a  conflagration. 

That  the  department  has  attained  an  excellent  degree  of  efficiency 
is  shown  in  the  fact  that,  at  all  ordinary  times,  within  a  reasonable 
distance  from  the  engiue-houses,  water  is  thrown  upon  a  fire,  in  the 
day-time,  within  ten  minutes  after  the  first  tap  of  the  bell,  and  at 
night  the  time  for  getting  to  a  fire  need  not  exceed  fifteen  minutes. 

How  efficiently  our  fire  department  does  its  work,  and  the  large 
amount  of  property  it  saves,  has  been  repeatedly  demonstrated  to  our 
people. 

We  have  seen  several  wooden  buildings  completely  wrapped  in 
flames  and  nearly  burned  down  when  the  alarm  was  given,  following 
which  our  firemen  came  to  the  rescue  and  the  conflagration  was  sub- 
dued, while  an  adjoining  wooden  building,  directly  alongside,  not 
two  feet  away,  was  scarcely  scorched. 

It  is  not  many  months  since  we  saw,  through  the  efficiency  of  our 
fire  department,  a  fine  church  edifice  saved  from  destruction.  We 
saw  the  Hoyt  Brothers'  manufactory  rescued  from  the  flames,  while 
the  sparks  danced  like  hail-stones  upon  its  roof,  and  but  a  few 
months  ago  the  valuable  central  school-building  was  preserved  to  us 
through  the  gallantry  of  ourfiremen — a  saving  vastly  greater  than  the 
entire  amount  ever  appropriated  for  the  support  of  the  fire  depart- 
ment. 

For  this,  and  much  other  noble  work  done  by  our  firemen  in  the 
past  year,  I  desire,  in  behalf  of  the  city  council  and  the  people  of  Au- 
rora, to  tender  you  our  warmest  thanks. 

The  people  have  voted  liberally  to  furnish  you  the  needed  appli- 
ances for  extinguishing  fires.  They  now,  as  exhibited  in  this  review, 
have  the  consciousness  of  knowing  that  tin-  money  they  expended  has 
been  \wsely  appropriated — that  we  have  a  most  excellent  body  of  fire- 
men, and  that  this  department  of  our  municipal  protection  is  in  a  very 
high  degree  efficient. 

Thankful  for  our  general  freedom  from  large  fires  in  the  past  twelve 
months,  grateful  to  you  for  the  thorough  manner  in  which  you  have 
guarded  us  from  conflagration,  the  hope  is,  that  through  your  con- 
tinued efficiency  we  may  be  alike  fortunate  in  the  year  to  come. 


Speech  at  a  Christmas  Festival. 

To  Sunday-school  pupils;  the  room  being  decorated  icith  evergreens, 

while  one  or  two  Christmas-trees  laden  with  gifts  stand  near  by. 

Friends  of  the  Sabbath-School  and  Sunday-School  Pufels: 
In  the  midst  of  our  festival  rejoicings  we  assemble  here  to-night  to 
make  our  holiday  still  more  pleasant  by  the  exercises  of  this  oc- 
casion, and  as  I  look  into  the  expectant  faces  of  these  boys  and  girls, 
these  young  ladies  and  gentlemen  that  I  see  before  me,  we  ask  what 
does  this  evergreen,  hung  with  a  profusion  of  articles  to  be  distrib- 
uted among  the  pupils  of  this  school,  mean? 

It  means  that  good  parents  and  kind  friends  have  made  it  possible 
for  you  to  attend  this  Sabbath-school  in  the  past  year.  It  means  that 
you  have  been  blessed  with  a  most  able  and  efficient  pastor,  who  pre- 
sides over  the  ministrations  of  this  church.  It  means  that  your 
school  has  been  managed  by  a  snperintendent  who  is  solicitous  for 
your  welfare.  It  means  that  faithful  teachers  have  labored  through- 
out the  year  for  your  welfare:  and  together,  with  pastor,  superin- 
tendent, teachers  and  friends,  all  hold  you  in  kindly  remembrance 
to-night. 

And  now,  my  young  friends,  what  do  you  propose  to  give  back  in 
exchange  for  all  this  kindness  bestowed  upon  you  in  the  last  twelve 
months?  These  gifts  cannot  all  be  npon  one  side,  and  you  do  not 
wish  them  to  be.  You  do  not  desire  to  he  under  obligation.  You 
hope  to  pay  for  all  this  kindness;  and  I  will  tell  you  how  you  may, 
to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  your  parents,  your  pastor,  your  super- 
intendent and  your  teachers.  And  that  will  be  by  emulating,  in  the 
coming  year,  the  teaching  of  that  one  whose  birth  we  celebrate  in  this 
Christmas  festivity. 

As  I  'hrist  taught  forgiveness  to  all,  so  you  must  carry  no  hatreds, 
no  animosities  into  the  coming  year.  As  Christ  taught  love  to  all,  so 
you  must  exercise  the  kindliest  of  feelings  to  everyone.  You  should 
emulate  the  Divine  Master  in  seeking  to  do  good  to  every  one  with 
whom  you  come  in  contact;  and  particularly  by  bringing  into  this 
Sabbath-school,  in  the  next  year,  every  boy  and  girl  whom  you  know 
may  be  benefited  by  its  influence.  As  Christ  taught  charity  to  all,  so 
you  must  lend  a  helping  hand  to  those  who  need  assistance;  and  as 
Jesus  said.  Honor  thy  father  and  mother,  so  may  you  be  that  obe- 
dient to  parents,  that  kind,  that  watchful  of  their  needs,  as  to  make 
them  a  thousand-fold  glad  that  you  are  their  children. 

As  your  teachers  and  superintendent  have  labored  in  your  behalf 
in  the  past  year,  so  must  you  be  very  careful  to  remember  their  ad- 
monitions and  practice  their  teaching.  Doing  that,  your  parents  and 
your  teachers  will  feel  abundantly  repaid  for  all  they  have  done  for 
you,  even  down  to  the  distribution  of  these  iri f r s  to  you  to-ni::ht. 

President  Garfield  used  to  -say  that  he  never  stood  in  the  presence 
of  a  boy  without  a  feeling  of  veneration  at  the  thought  of  what  that 
boy  might  achieve  in  after-life. 

As  I  stand  in  your  presence  to-night  and  look  into  the  faces  of 
these  happy  boys  and  girls — life  all    before  you,    with   its  pr: 
and  opportunities — I  can  well  understand  the  sentiment  that  moved 
the  martyred  President  as  he  studied  the  life   of  a  child  and  thought 
of  its  future  possibi 

How  soon  this  little  girl — 'he  very  youngest — will  develop  through 
girlhood  to  maidenhood.  How  very  soon  she  will  pass  out  from  home 
— out  into  the  great  world,  with  confiding  step  and  heart,  leaning  on 
the  arm  of  a  trusted  companion,  to  assume  the  duties  of  wifehood, 
motherhood  and  womanhood. 

And  these  boys — how  soon  they  will  take  the  helm  to  do  our  work. 
How  the  great  world  of  travel,  adventure,  agriculture,  invention, 
manufacture,  teaching.  legislation,  and  finance  will  absorb  them. 

And  who  of  this  audience  will  be  the  good,  the  true,  the  aobl 
the  successful  in  the  coming  time?  May  you  so  heed  the  teaching  of 
this  Sabbath-school  that  you  will  all  be  of  that  number. 

May  the  year  just  opening  before  you  in  your  Sabbath- school  be 
one  of  real  profit.  May  you  each  bring  one  new  pupil  to  this  school 
in  the  coming  year,  to  enjoy  these  blessings  with  you.  May  we  all 
meet  here  again  next  Christinas-time. 

And  now,  hoping  that  you  will  enjoy  the  Christmas-tree  to  the  full, 
I  wish  you,  in  behalf  of  parents,  friends  and  teachers,  a  most  de- 
lightful, happy  Xew-Yrar. 


4:70 


A    VARIETY    "K    SP]  I  '  IIES. 


Speech  at  Old  Settlers'  Reunion. 

Fellow  Citisbhs — Old  Neighbors  ind  Pioneers  in  Hallock 
Cot  ntt:  Forty  years  ago,  in  company  with  Old  Benjamin  Crawford, 
who  died  last  year,  l  hnnted  for  ducks  on  this  very  block  of  ground, 
worth  to-day  a  larL'e  fortune  of  Itaelf.  W  thai  time  there  were  only 
seventeen  white  persons  in  the  town,  three  or  four  blacks,  and  a  tribe 
of  Winnebago  Indians,  encamped,  at  that  time,  about  three  miles  west 
of  our  rillage. 

There  were  two  frame-houses  in  the  place.  The  rest  were 
mad i;  of  logs,  containing  usually  about  three  rooms,  with  sometimes 
a  chamber.  In  a  careful  review  of  my  own  life  and  recollection  of 
those  who  were  here  In  those  early  days,  I  doubl  if  there  has  ever 
been  a  period  In  all  our  experience  when  we  bad  n  greater  amount  of 
happiness  than  fell  to  our  lot  In  those  pioneer  days. 

Everybody  had  work— plenty  of  it.  Nobody  feared  being  dis- 
charged on  Saturday  night  because  <>r  over  production.  Good  he  ilth 
generally  prevailed,  the  result  of  exercise,  fresh  air,  hard  work  and 
sound  sleep.  There  were  no  cliques  in  Boclety,  no  aristocracy,  no 
snobbery,  no  bankruptcies,  no  envy,  and  no  distress  because  certain 
men  were  Lr<-ttiuu'  very  rich  while  others  were  ^'i  j 

Then*  were  no  heart-burnings  because  one  neighbor  had  a  better 
furnished  house  than  the  others,  aim  the  women — they  were  women 
in  those  day- — had  no  worry  because  thej  had  nothing  to  wear. 

Old  Deacon  Town.-  told  me,  on  one  OCCaslOO,  When  we  were  talking 

of  the  old  iino-,  that  himself  and  family  came  from  a  handsomely 
furnished  house  in  Troy,  New  York,  to  his  log  Cabin,  up  near  the  big 
wood-,  and  in  all  his  experience  he  never  saw  Bucta  genuine  hospi- 
tality, nor  such  a  genial  and  happy  time  as  hi-  neighbors  all  had  on 

their  plain  fare  and  the  f<-'V  opportunity's  around  them.  Ye-,  we 
livid  riL'ht  down  to  the  barest  necessaries  in  those  days,  and  in  doing 
that  we  learned  that  our  real  wants,  in  order  to  make  us  happy,  are 
very  few. 

Forty  winter-,  sine.-  gome  of  us  came  here,  have  spread  their 
white  covering,  and  as  many  beautiful  springs  have  brought  the  birds 
and  flowers  i"  us,  returning  every  aeason  to  q  vastly  larger  population 
than  we  had  the  year  before.  But  I  cannot  tell  you  how,  Btep  by  step, 
we  have  grown.  I  will  leave  that  for  others,  who  will  give  yon  the 
history  Of  these  forty  years  more  in  detail.  Suffice  it  to  say,  the 
early  Bettlers  in  this  locality  have  been  most  fortunate  In  the  peace 
and  happiness  which  surrounded  them  in  their  pioneer  day-.  In  the 
wealth  which  has  been  showered  upon  them,  and  In  the  privileges 
which  they  enjoy  to-day. 


Speech  at  an  Improvement  Meeting. 

Mr.  President:  While  it  is  unquestionably  true  that  the  manu- 
facturing of  articles  that  may  be  sold  abroad  is  a  most  prolific  source 
of  revenue  and  ultimate  w,-a!th  to  a  town,  it  is  equally  Important 
that  a  healthy  atmosphere  be  about  us,  and  thai  our  homes,  by  their 
charming  surroundings,  be  such  as  will  cultivate  those  graces  of  na- 
ture which  enable  a  people  to  make  the  right  use  <>f  wealth  when  M  is 
acquired.  1  have  therefore  this  to  Buggest  as  a  means  of  beautify- 
ing this  city:  That  the  Inhabitants  upon  any  street,  for  the  space  of 
one  block,  form  an  Improvement  society  for  that  block,  to  do  the  fol- 

— To  take  away  all  front  fences  from  before  dwellings. 

Second — To  set  elms  by  the  roadside  and  a  sutneiency  of  ornamental 
trees  to  suitably  abade  the  Btrei 

Third — To  secure  a  smooth  stone  sidewalk,  at  least  eight  feet  in 
width. 

Fourth — To  L'rade  the  front  lot  from  the  house  to  the  roadway,  and 
cover  the  same  with  sod. 

Fifth  -To  have  the  street  swept  as  often  as  may  be  necessary  to 
keep  it  clean,  and  the  lawns  all  mown  and  kept  in  excellent  order. 

1 — To  have  all  alleys  and  foul  places  carefully  cleaned,  and 
put  into  a  condition  such  as  will  make  the  Btm08phere  in  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity  perfectly  healthy. 


The  taking  down  of  fences,  setting  trees,  and  putting  grounds  In 

order,  will  not  lie  very  expensive  in  tin-  llr-t  place,  and  tin-  keeping  of 

them  in  tine  condition  afterwani  i  in  b<  done  with  comparatively 
small  expense,  tie1  labor  being  performed  by  men  who  need  this  em- 
ployment 

PThen   these  improvements  which  I  have  Indicated  are  carried  into 
effect  generally,  throughout  the  town,  our-  will  he  one  of  tin-  in  alto 

lest  and  One  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  the  world. 


Selling  Goods  at  Auction. 

The  business  of  disposing  of  g i-  at  auction  is  one  of  large  mag- 
nitude. Frequently,  when  all  other  mean-  prove  futile  in  getting  rid 
Of  property,  the  auctioneer's  persuasive  language,  added  to  the  in- 
herent Impression  thai  auction  prices  are  invariably  (<>>i\  entails 
spirited  competition,  and  thus  the  figures  realized  often  exceed  the 
most  sanguine  expectations     \-  in  other  classes  of  trade,  there  are  men 

engaged  In  this  pursuit  who  are  utterly  unprincipled,  and  who  are 
very  properly  dubbed  "  Peter  Funks;11  while  on  the  other  hand  in- 
dividuals, whos,.  character  and  honor  are  as  high  as  the  highest  and 
as  L'ood  as  the  best,  also  discourse  on  the  auction-block.  In  Trinity 
building,  the  great  real-estate  mart  of  New  York  city,  million-  of  dol- 
lar- of  property  change  ownership  "  under  the  hammer"  each  year — 
and  in  all  the  leading  cities  of  the  Union  vast  quantities  of  dry-j 

i ta  and  shOKB,  and  other  staple  articles,   reach  the  jobber  through 

I  in     mie  channel. 

At  the  beginning  of  an  auction,  the  terms  of  sale  are  stated,  ir  it 
be  i  ■  ndue  of  merchandise,  the  crier  or  auctioneer  commences  about 
as  follows: 

The  Words  of  the  Auctioneer. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemkn  :  These  goods  are  to  be  sold  to  the  highest 
bidder,  without  reserve.  If  I  accept  the  first  bid  and  get  the  second, 
then  the  article  must  he  sold.  SiraiiL'irs  will  be  required,  in  evrr 
to  pay  a  deposit  Bid  promptly,  and  I  will  dispose  of  the  goods  quickly. 
I  begin  the  sale  by  offering  this  splendid  photograph  album,  known 
as  the  Superdoubousical  brand;  it  is  manufactured  in  the  cltj  "! 
Merlin  by  Henri  Von  Bytenschnltzenhelmer  and  cost  twelve  dollars, 
besides  Import- duties,  How  much  am  l  hid  to  start  It?  siart  it  along, 
— It  is  for  sale  at  your  own  price ;  how  much  do  I  hear  for  It!  Ont 
dollar!  One  dollar  is  no  money  for  it, — but  no  matter — I'm  bid  a  dol- 
lar for  it— One  dollar.  One  dollar  one  dollar-one  dollar-one  dollar- 
one  dollar;  at  one  dollar-one  dollar — andaquartcrl  have-am.'  dollar 
and  a  quarter— and  a  quarter— and  a  quarter-will  you  go  the  half? — 

/<<rh\    I'm  bid  ;  one  dollar  ami  fifty,  on.-  dollar  and  fifty  —  will  you  l.'i\.- 

the  seventy  live?  Why  what  are  you  people  thinking  about) — one 
dollar  and  fifty  cut-  wonld  not  pay  the  import -duties  on  this  magnifi- 
cent, hand-made,  morocco- bound  album,  with  separation  pages,  a 
hinge  toe*  ery  leaf  ami  a  patent  hack  and  sprim:  clasp— seventy  five — 
one  dollar  and  seventy- ill  e  1  am  bid — and  now  will  you  make  it  two 
dollar-'.'  <tt  one  dollar  and  sevml  v  -  live — two  dollars  will  you  make 
if  Will  you  <}<>  the  two— do  I  hi  flf  the  two — shall  I  have  the  two,'  i  >ne 

dollar  and  Beventy-flve  -going  at  one  dollar  and  seventy-five — going 
going  at  the  low  price  of  one  dollar  and  three-quarters — once!  twice! 
one  dollar  and  seventy-five, — fair  warning  and  a  fair  sale — going, 
going,  going,  gone!     Next  lot. 


Fourth  of  July  Oration. 

Fellow  Citizens:  The  Declaration  of  American  Independence, 
adopted  by  the  Continental  Congress  at  the  state  House,  Pblladel* 
pbla,  Jnlj  i.  1776,  to  the  reading  of  which  we  hare  just  been  listen- 
ing, stands  to  day  the  charter  of  our  national  liberty.  It  was  the 
first  grand  Step  Of  American  freedom  and  progress  in  their  march 
aero*-  this  continent,  whose  influence  now  hinds  together  a  nation 
ling  from  Lake  Itasca,  on  the  north,  to  Mexico,  on  the  South, 
and  bounded  respectively,  on  the  east  and  on  the  west,  by  the  Allan- 


INDEPENDENCE    DAY — FORM    OF    A    FOURTH    OF    JULY    ORATION. 


471 


tic  and  Pacific  oceans.  It  was  the  death-knell  of  England's  power 
over  her  American  colonies,  and  severed  the  ties  that  bound  them  to 
contribute  to  her  support  without  a  voice  in   their  own  government. 

At  this  distance  from  the  occurrences  of  that  day,  when  the  en- 
thusiastic and  just  indignation  that  prompted  this  immortal  State  pa- 
per has  passed  away,  the  allegations  against  King  George  and  his  min- 
isters have,  to  a  certain  degree,  lost  much  of  their  interest;  and  yet 
those  wrongs  still  stand,  and  will  continue  to  stand  while  the  world 
lasts,  a  momentous  page  in  our  national  history.  At  this  period, 
when  all  nations  have  learned  to  respect  us,  and  we  count  England 
among  our  best  friends  and  commercial  allies,  the  bitterness  of  these 
charges  against  her  has,  in  our  minds,  faded  away.  In  the  bosoms 
of  the  Revolutionary  fathers,  however,  they  created  a  fervor  of  pa- 
triotism stronger  than  the  love  of  life  and  property,  and  in  defense 
of  their  principles  these  men  took  up  arms,  defied  tyranny,  fought, 
bled  and  died.  With  them,  as  the  great  orator,  Patrick  Henry,  defined 
it,  the  issue  was  simply  "liberty,  or  death!"  To  gain  the  one, 
they  braved  the  other,  regarding  their  sufferings  as  a  sacrifice  to  se- 
cure the  prosperity  and  political  freedom  of  their  posterity.  No- 
where is  this  sentiment  more  forcefully,  more  brilliantly  expressed 
than  in  the  closing  sentences  of  the  Declaration  itself:  u  With  a  firm 
reliance  on  the  protection  of  Divine  Providence,  we  mutually  pledge 
to  each  other  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. " 

It  was  no  empty  boast.  Living  or  dying,  whatever  might  be  the 
result,  they  went  forth  to  battle  for  their  rights  with  such  earnestness, 
such  fidelity  to  each  other  and  their  country,  that  they  won  the  prize 
for  which  they  fought,  and  the  American  Republic,  born  of  patriotism 
and  of  strife,  won  victory  and  peace  for  succeeding  generations.  Such 
a  spectacle  entranced  the  nations,  and  the  colonies  did  then,  in  deed 
and  in  truth,  "assume  among  the  powers  of  the  earth  the  separate 
and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of  nature's  God 
entitled  them.  *' 

The  one  great  principle  established  by  the  triumph  of  the  Amer- 
ican colonies  was  this:  The  equality  of  all  men  under  the  law,  pos- 
sessing the  inalienable  rights  of  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  hap- 
piness, as  one  common  heritage. 

That  principle  prevailed,  with  one  exception,  through  all  the  vicis- 
situdes of  the  young  republic,  fortified  by  the  wisdom  of  a  Washing- 
eon,  a  Jefferson,  an  Adams,  and  a  Hamilton,  and  the  result  of  their 
deliberations  was  that  grand  guarantee  of  our  liberties,  the  Constitu- 
tion of  178&-'79.  At  that  time  negro  slavery  was  viewed  with  differ- 
ent eyes  from  those  that  witnessed  its  horror  in  after-years,  and  its 
enormity  was  not  appreciated  by  the  founders  of  the  government;  a 
fact  that  has  led  to  many  sneers,  that  while  the  continental  patriots 
fought  for  their  own  liberty,  they  forged  the  chains  of  their  slaves, 
and  thus  cast  discredit  upon  their  motives  for  freedom.  This  criti- 
cism, though  severe,  had  a  particle  of  reason  in  it;  but  in  that  day, 
and  among  that  people,  slavery  was  considered  no  offense  against 
Divine  or  human  law. 

The  benefits  secured  to  every  individual  (excepting  slaves)  were  re- 
presentation in  the  national  councils,  the  right  of  equal  suffrage,  trial 
by  jury,  freedom  from  unjust  and  onerous  taxation,  protection  tolife, 
and  peaceful  possession  of  individual  property.  And  these  rights 
and  privileges  are  our  heritage  to-day. 

It  is  in  honor  of  these  rights  and  privileges  under  the  Constitution, 
secured  to  u»  by  the  valor  of  our  forefathers,  that  we  celebrate  this 
day.  In  the  long  strides  of  the  civilization  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
our  nation  has  kept  step  with  the  progress  of  the  world,  and,  under 
our  Constitution  and  beneficent  laws,  every  encouragement  has  been 
afforded  us  for  the  development  of  the  arts  and  sciences;  labor  has 
been  appreciated  as  a  source  of  wealth  and  Improvement,  and  has  at- 
tained to  a  high  position  in  the  work  of  perfecting  the  great  enterprises 
of  the  age;  inventors  and  inventions  have  been  encouraged  and  pa- 
tronized; literature  has  achieved  honor  by  its  freBhness  and  brill- 
iancy, and  everything  that  comfort  or  luxury  could  suggest  has  been 
multifariously  furnished  at  prices  within  the  reach  of  moderate  in- 
comes. To  enumerate  the  blessings  we  have  in  this  way  enjoyed 
under  the  provisions  of  our  national  charter  would  be  a  herculean 
labor;  and  in  any  other  country  such  progress  as  we  have  made  in 
one  hundred  years  would  have  required  two  or  three  centuries. 


Above  me  wave  the  stars  and  stripes  of  our  country  amon 
peaceful  branches  of  the  grove,  and  the  shadows  of  the  flag  we  Inl- 
and venerate  as  the  ensign  of  our  liberties  flit  over  the  happy  faces 
of  our  sturdy  yeomanry  and  their  comely  wives  and  daughters.  The 
birds  are  singing  in  our  leafy  bowers;  flowers  and  fruits,  and  waving 
fields  of  grain,  enrich  our  soil;  peaceful  homes  dot  the  landscaj 
around  us,  and  the  voices  of  merry  children  fall  sweetly  upon  our 
ears.  These  are  the  blessings  of  peace  wrought  out  for  ns  by  the 
hardy  Continentals  and  their  brave  and  wise  leaders  of  the  American 
Revolution,  To-day  we  venerate  their  memory;  and  if  from  their 
spirit-homes  they  are  permitted  to  witness  our  happiness  and  the 
blessings  they  purchased  for  us  in  those  rugged  times  and  dark  days, 
I  am  sure  they  must  rejoice  with  us  in  the  triumph  of  the  princi- 
ples they  established,  and  in  behalf  of  which  they  laid  down  their 
lives  by  the  wayside  and  on  the  battlefield.  Let  us  never  forget  thefe 
men,  nor  those  noble  mothers,  wives  and  daughters  of  the  Revolution, 
whose  patriotism  was  no  less  sincere  and  enthusiastic  than  that  of  the 
men  they  encouraged  to  take  up  arms  against  tyranny,  and  was  only 
less  demonstrative  because  of  the  gentleness  of  their  sex. 

The  lessons  which  the  lives  and  deaths  of  these  brave  and  noble 
men  and  women  bequeathed  to  us  are  worthy  of  our  consideration, 
and  I  would  dwell  upon  some  of  the  peculiarities  which  made  them 
great  and  sustained  them  in  the  hour  of  trial  and  danger.  I  nave  al- 
ready referred  to  the  deep,  inborn  patriotism  which  the  rule  of  op- 
pression to  which  they  were  subjected  so  thoroughly  developed.  It 
was  a  sentiment  born  of  the  period  and  the  circumstances  of  their 
existence — a  sentiment  that  subdued  all  selfish  propensities  and 
found  expression  in  actions  of  just  defiance  and  heroism. 

They  were  men  of  simple  habits,  living  lives  of  industry  in  their 
several  vocations,  and  overcoming  difficulties  by  their  energy  and 
perseverance. 

They  were  men  of  integrity  and  honor,  knowing  and  doing  their 
duty  as  citizens  in  all  the  relations  of  life. 

They  possessed  no  false  ambition  to  become  rich  by  speculation 
and  fraud,  nor  to  aspire  to  stations  of  honor  and  profit  for  selfish 
purposes;  nor  did  they  encourage  hurtful  extravagance. 

They  respected  the  laws  of  the  government  under  which  they  lived, 
until  those  laws  became  unjustly  oppressive  and  destructive  to  the 
best  interests  of  the  entire  colonies. 

They  encouraged  morality  and  truth  in  their  dealings  with  each 
other  and  also  toward  strangers  with  whom  they  came  in  contact,  and 
were  severe  in  punishing  infractions  of  law  and  evil  practices. 

Such  were  the  men  and  women  in  "the  times  that  tried  their 
souls,*1  and  such  were  the  examples  which  they  left  for  us  to  follow. 

Young  ladies  and  gentlemen,  whose  beaming  eyes  gaze  into  mine 
as  I  look  around  over  this  assemblage,  in  your  blooming  manhood  and 
womanhood  remember  these  dead  heroes  and  their  families,  their 
sufferings  and  their  endurance,  their  unselfish  patriotism,  and,  above 
all,  the  examples  of  their  private  virtues.  The  world  needs  such  men 
and  women  as  they  were  every  day,  and  it  is  in  your  power  to  emu- 
late them  in  all  that  reflects  honor  upon  their  memories.  Tip 
battles  to  be  fought  against  wrong  and  oppression  in  numerous  forms, 
social  obstacles  to  overcome,  love  of  country  to  cherish  and  main- 
tain, truth  and  honor  to  be  upheld,  and  it  will  soon  devolve  upon  you 
to  govern  this  broad  nation,  with  all  its  interests  confided  to 
care.  In  the  near  future  this  responsibility  will  fall  like  a  mantle 
upon  your  shoulders,  and  it  will  behoove  you  to  see  that  the  trust  is 
not  misplaced.  To-day  there  is  not  one  of  the  old  Revolutionary 
patriots  alive.  They  did  their  work,  and  did  it  well,  and  then  passed 
on.  Other  generations  came  upon  the  stage  of  action,  but  through  all 
the  years  that  intervened  between  then  and  DOW,  their  staunch  prin- 
ciples and  sturdy  teachings  were  owned  ami  heeded.  Will  you  own 
and  heed  them  also?  If  you  will,  I  may  safely  prophesy  from  this 
stand  that  the  glory  of  the  I'nioii  will  not  depart  from  it  in  yon?  day 
and  generation,  and  I  foresee,  in  that  case,  greater  wonders  await- 
ing our  second  centennial  birthday  than  we  in  the  last  century  have 
witnessed.  Revere  the  stars  and  stripes  forever.  They  are  the  sym- 
bols of  our  prosperity  as  well  as  our  integrity — the  memento  i 
past  age — the  hope  of  our  country's  future. 


472 


[NDEPEKDENOE    DAY — Willi;];    TO    PLACE    DIFFEEENT    DIVISIONS    IN    A    PROCESSION. 


-^3-s  —»5X*-*-*«*-  «^- 


CELEBRATING  THE  FOURTH  OF  JULY. 


History  ol  the  Day  and  Forms  for  its  Observance. 


1 

v"*K<>M  * T * v  1  to  1773  t lit-  thirteen  American  colonies  owned  and 
r  controlled  by  Great  Britain  were  In  a  continuous  suit*  of  excite* 
ment caused  bj  the  excessive  taxation  Imposed  upon  them,  tin- 
arbitrary  rule  of  the  home  government  In  their  affairs,  and  their  in- 
sufficient representation  in  the  national  conncils  <>r  legislation.  The 
colonists  fell  Justly  aggrieved,  and  the  spirit  of  revolution  was 
Btrongly  manifested  on  several  occasions ;  so  much  so  that  in  one  or 
two  Instances  their  public  demonstrations  of  indignation  resulted  In 
the  repeal  of  certai  i  ■  \  res. 

Aft.  i  rious  collisions  between  the  colonists  and  the  na- 

tional authorities,    ■  Increased  taxation  and  oppression  of 

the  governtni  nt,  this  spirit  of  rebellion  culminated,  in  1773,   in  the 
destruction  of  three  cargoes  of  lea  sent  to  Itoston,  on  which  the  col- 
were  required  to  pay  an  onerone   tax.     This  hold  act  brought 
a  new  cri- 
Bisinto  co- 
lonial af- 
fairs.    The 
colonist  a 
w  ere      in 

open  rebel 
lion,   and 
the  m 
ry  forces  of 

■ 
ment  were 
inert 

with  new 
powers,  to 
subjugate 

the    r>      ■ 
In  tie 

which 

ied  the 
colon 

w.re    fre- 

■ 

torious, 
and  their 
enthusiasm 
in  the  work 
of  freeing 
i -elves 
from  t  h  e 
don  inlon 
nf  Great 
i  in  was 
unix  nnded. 

The  l<  rdy  which  they  formed,  known  as  the  Continental 

alzed  and  composed  of  the  most  brilliant  Intel 
spirits  in  the  country,  It  began  its  first  session 
rpenter's  Hall,  Philadelphia  (afterward  known  as  Independ- 
ence Hall),  September  5,  1774,  continuing  until  near  the  end  of  Oc- 
tobet.  Little  was  accomplished  at  this  session,  beyond  giving  ear- 
nest expression  to  their  determination  to  Becure  civil  and  political  lib- 
erty. 

The  year  I77r>  was  marked  by  the  battles  of  Lexington  and  concord, 
the  capture  of  Fort  Ticonderoga,  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  the  evacua- 
tion of  Boston  by  the  British,  and  other  Btirring  events.  Tl 
ond  session  of  the  Continental  Congress  began  at  the  Pennsylvania 
Bouse,  May  10,  and  continued  throughout  the  year,  encourag- 
ing the  efforts  of  the  patriots  in  the  field,  and  stimulating  the  project 


fnr  an  early  separation  of  the  colonies  from  the  home  government. 
June  7,  177*'»,  Richard  Henry  Lee  introduced  in  Congress  hie  fa- 
mous resolution,  »*  That  these  united  colonies  arc,  and  of  right  ooght  to 
be,  free  and  independent  states;  that  they  are  absolved  from  all  al- 
e  to  the  British  crown,  and  that  all  political  connection  be- 
tween them  and  the -taic  of  Qreal  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be,  to- 
tally dissolved."  This  resolution  was  adopted  by  twelve  of  the  col- 
onies, July  S,  1771'-.  On  the  fourth,  the  Declaration  of  independ- 
ence, prepared  by  Thomas  Jefferson,  was  adopted  amid  great  re* 

joiclnga  and  the  Wildest  enthusiasm.       Wherever  the   news  spread,  it 

was  greeted  with  Bhouts,  bonfires,   processions,  and  other  unusual 
demonstrations  of  delight 

This  i-  "the  day  we  celebrate,11  and  the  reason  why  its  joyful  ob- 
servance is  so  genera]   throughout   the  land  and  in  other  countries 

wherever 


How  to  Organize  a  Fourth  of  July  Procession. 


'/This  illustration  represents  a  lengthy  procession,  composed 

^    i  >f  many  distinct  parts,  a ng  them  the  various  trades  or- 

ebrate  the  Fourth  of  July,    In  this  the  oi 
the  day  occupies  a  central  position.    Before  his  carriage  come 
companies,  the  military  display,  chief  marshal  and  the 
:  for  the  day;  next  behind  is  theora- 

tor's  carriage,  with  the  distinguish*  en  to  ap- 


pear on  the  platform ;  nexl  follow  the  major  and  aldermen,  in 
carriages)    nocoeded  by  the  clvl  next  c the  dif- 

ferent ti  i  ,  the  reai  being  made  up  of  citizens  In  car-   ought  to  be 

riaices;  several  bandi  icatteredthroughoutthe  procession,  each    commem  - 
placed  at  the  head  of  a  distinct  division,  aiM   much  to  the  at-    or„tP,i    flfl 

session.    Tin-  Interest  la  Increased  when 
the  cavalcade  exhibits  ■  large  amount  of  variety.  ^ne  "a-v  °* 

deliverance 
I.  solemn  acts  of  devotion  to  Almigbtj  God.  It  ought  to  be  sol- 
emnized with  pomp  and  parade,  with  shows,  games,  sports,  guns, 
bells,  bonfires,  and  illuminations,  from  one  end  of  the  continent  to 
the  other,  from  this  time  forth,  forevermore." 

In  the  celebration  of  the  day  the  managers  should  seek  to  present 
s  large  and  varied  programme,  both  in  the  procession  and  upon  the 
speaker's  stand.  No  exercise  should  be  unduly  long.  The  pro- 
i.  formed  at  ten  o'clock,  and  commencing  to  move  at  eleven, 
shonld  exhibit  a  variety  of  that  which  will  instruct  and  amuse:  bands 
of  music  being  judiciously  distributed  through  the  fame  so  that  the 
music  Of  one  will  not  interfere  with  the  other.  On  the  platform, 
there  should  be  prayer,  singing  by  glee-club,  poem,  reading  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  music  by  the  band,  oration,  sinking  by  quar- 
tette,  announcement  of  afternoon  exercises,  music,  and  benediction. 


DIVISION    OF    A    FUNERAL    PROCESSION;    HOW    AND    WHERE    PLACED. 


■±73 


<4+ 


-■*■ 


EXERCISES  AT  BURIAL  SERVICE. 


^^Ss®'" 


Forms  in  Use  on  certain  Occasions. 


DECORATIOX-DAY,  one  of  the  American  national  holidays,  oc- 
-j  curs  May  30  of  each  year,  and  is  devoted,  with  appropriate 
-  ceremonies,  to  decorating  with  flowers  the  graves  of  the  sol- 
diers who  fell  in  the  civil  war  between  the  Northern  and  Southern 
States,  from  1861  to  1865,  both  inclusive.  The  custom  originated 
among  the  women  of  the  Southern  States  in  the  early  years  of  the  con- 
test, and  was  annually  observed  by  them.  This  touching  memorial 
of  the  honored  dead  soon  became  general  throughout  the  country, 
and  in  1868  and  1869  the  30th  day  of  May  was  set  apart  for  its  ob- 
servance by  order  of  General  John  A.  Logan,  who  was -then  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  military  association  known  as  the  "Grand 
Army  of 
the  Repub- 
lic." Since 
then  it  has 
been  reg- 
ularly ob- 
served, by 
the  society, 
the  follow- 
ing being 
some  of  the 
established 
forms. 

The  Post 
Comman- 
der of  each 
post  having 
previously 
issued  an 
order  for 
the  meeting 
of  all  its 
me  mbers 
at  the  Post 
Hall,  or 
elsewhere, 
on  Decor- 
ation-Day, 
the  com- 
rades,   in 


Order;  make  it  an  instrument  of  great  good;  keep  our  names  on  the 
roll  of  Thy  servants,  and  al  last  receive  ne  into  that  Grand  Army 
above,  where  Thou,  O  God,  art  the  Supreme  Commander." 

Decoration  of  Unknown  Graves. 

If  a  monument  in  memory  of  unknown  or  unreturned  soldiers  is 
to  be  decorated,  a  firing  party  of  comrades,  with  three  rounds  of 
blank  cartridges,  is  detailed  to  do  escort  duty.  These  march  to  the 
cemetery  with  arms  unloaded  and  reversed.  At  the  cemetery  the 
Post  may  be  divided  into  detachments,  or  may  keep  in  phalanx,  un- 
til all  the  graves  are  decorated,  and  then  assembles  in  some  proper 
portion  of  the  grounds  for  services,  conducted  as  follows: 

First,  there  is  usually  performed  music  by  the  band  or  a  hymn. 

Prayer  hv 


The  Arrangement  of  a  Funeral  Procession 


9^HE  procession  here  shown  represents  a  funeral  conducted 
^  by  the  masonic  fraternity,  th<-  i]rir;isnl  having  been  not 
only  a  mason,  but  prominent  in  military  circles,  and  in  munici- 
pal affairs,  as  well  as  a  patron  of  the  various  civic  societies, 
The  attendance  at  the  burial  service  by  various  orders  and 
different  classes  being  large,  the  ahuw  dii^cun  will  be  of  as- 
uniform,  sistance,  as  showing  the  proper  position  for  each  in  the  proces- 
gather  at 
the  appointed  time  and  place,  and  quietly  take  their  usual  stations. 

The  Chaplain's  Prayer. 

While  the  comrades  stand  at  ease,  the  Chaplain  offers  this  prayer: 

Almighty   Father!  humbly  we  bow   before   Thee,   our  Creator, 
Preserver,  Guide  and  Protector.    We  thank  Thee  for  our  lives;  for  the 

mercy  which  has  kept  us  until  this  hour;  for  Thy  guidance  iu  our 
marches  by  day  and  by  night;  for  Thy  eon-tan;  care  in  the 
hour  of  danger;  and  for  the  preservation  of  our  national  integrity 
and  unity.  Be  graciously  near  to  our  comrades  who  Buffer  from  dis- 
ease or  wounds,  and  to  the  widows  ami  orphans  of  those  who  fell  in 
our  holy  cause:  in  all  distress  comfort  them,  and  give  US  willing 
hearts  and  ready  hands  to  supply  their  needs.  Grant  that  the  mem- 
ory Of  our  noble  dead,  who  freely  gave  their    lives    for  the   land   they 

loved,  may  dwell  ever  in  our  hearts.      Bless  our  country;  bless  our 


sion.  In  tlii-  the  catafalque,  or  hearse,  is  Immediately  pre-  tal,  to  en- 
ceded  by  the  bearers,  the  next  before  being  the  clergyman  COUrage  by 
ami  undertaker,  the  masons,  civic  societies,  tire-department  our  solemn 
and  military  companies,  Folh  iwingr  is  the  riderless  hors>  oi  -  *  rvice  6 
deceased,  mourners,  friends,  city  councllmen  and  citizens-  more  zeal- 
Numerous  bands  distributed  through  the  cavalcade  enhance  ous  and 
the impressivenesa  of  the  affair.  Btalwart 

patriotism. 
Festival  of  the  dead !  Yes,  though  man;  eyes  are  clouded  w  1th  tears, 
though  many  hearts  are  beavj  with  regret,  though  many  Uvi 
still  desolate  because  of  the  father  or  brother,  the  husband  or  lover, 
who  did  not  come  back;  though  every  grave,  which  a  tender  rever- 
ence or  love  adorns  with  flowers,  i-  the  shrine  of  a  sorrow  whose 
influence  is  still  potenl  though  its  first  keen  poignancy  has  been 
dulled — despite  of  all,  to-day  is  a  festival,  a  festival  of  our  dead;  no 
less  a  festival  because  it  is  full  of  solemnity. 

"And  now,  as  in  this  silent  camping-ground  of  our  dead,  with 
soldierly  tenderness  and  love,  we  garland  these  passionless  mounds, 
let  us  recall  those  who  made  their  breasts  a  barricade  between  our 

country  and  its  foes.  Let  us  recall  their  toils,  their  Bufferings,  their 
heroism,  their  BUpreme  fidelity  in  camp,  in  prison -pen,  or  on  the  bat- 
tle-field, and  in  hospital,  that  the  flag  under  which  they  fought,   and 

from  the  shadow  of  whose  folds  they  were  promoted,  may  ne\  t-r  be 
dishonored;  that  the  country  for  whose  union  and  supremacy  they 
surrendered  life  may  have  the  fervent    and   enthusiasts. 


4  74 


VARI0U8    FORMS    IN    (JSE    HV    THE    GRAND    ARMY    OF   THE    REPUBLIC. 


every  citizen;  that,  afl  we  stand  by  every  grave  ae  before  an  altar, 
.  pledge  our  manhood  that,  bo  help  di  God,  the  an  awry  of  our 
dead  bo  ige  and  strengthen  In  us  all  a  more  loyal  patriot- 

ism. " 

Words  of  the  Officer  and  Chaplain. 

At  iti--  close  "f  this  address,  the  Officer  <>f  the  Day  Bays: 
"  In  your  name,  my  comrades,  l   scatter  (or   deposit)  these   me 
morial  flowers  upon  this  grave  (or  monument),  which  represents  'he 
graves  of  .-ill  who  * i i * ■  *  1  in  the  sacred  canse   of  <»nr  country.     <inr 
floral  tribute  Bball  wither.     Let  the  tender  fraternal  love  for  which  ii 
stands  endure  until  the  touch  of  death  shall  chill  tin-  warm  pulse- 
heat.-  of  our  hearts.  " 
Th«-  Chaplain  then 
l    >mr;nles,  by  this  service,  without  distinction  ol  race  or  creed, 
we  renew  onr  pledge  to  exercise  a  spirit  of  fraternity  among  our- 
Selves,  "f  charity  t..  the  destitute  wards  nf  the  Grand    Army,    and   of 
loyalty  to  the  authority  and  union  <>f  the  United  states  ,,f  America, 
and  to  our  glorious  flag,  under  whose  folds  every  Union  soldiers  or 
sailor" s  grave  Is  the  altar  of  patriotism. " 

G.  A.  R.  Public  Exercises  in  a  Hall. 

Should  inclemenl  weather  Interfere  with  tin-  foregoing:  exerciser 
at  the  cemetery,  the  public  is  invited  to  join  the  comradee  in  cele- 
brating the  da)   in  BOme  hall. 

The  audience  having  been  seated,  the  Post   enter  in  uniform,  with 
their  heads  covered,  and  Btand  in  the  portion  of  the  hall  assigned  to 
them.      <>n  the  platform  sit  invited  guests,  the  orator  of  the  d  I 
th<    I     ■ .plain. 

it.     I  ommander,  standing  he  fore  tli  or  on  the  platform. 

calls  the  Post  to  order,  to  hear  the  Adjutant  read  such  portions  of 
Instructions  from  departmental  headquarters  as  may  have  been  pre- 
viously selected  by  the  Commander. 

The  Commander's  Speech  on  Decoration. 

When  the  Adjutant  has  finished  reading,  the  I  'ommander  says: 
11  Obedience  is  a  soldier's  duty.  It  is  not,  however,  merely  In 
obedience  to  I  he  orders  read  that  we  assemble  here.  The  iii"~!  gen 
erous  Instincts  of  our  hearts  prompt  ns  to  do  what  the  orders  from 
headquarters  command.  This  day  commemorates  a  valor  on  sea  and 
on  land  that  is  illustrious.  This  day  is  eloquent  with  a  patriotism 
which  did  not  speak  only  from  the  lips.  This  day  is  sacred  with  tie 
almost  visible  presence  of  those  who,  out  of  prison-pens  and  hospi- 
tal-, from  camps  and  battlefields,  have  joined  the  innumerable  com- 
pany of  those  who  muster  to-day  upon  the  parade-ground  of  heaven. 
Comrades,  salute  the  dead!" 

At  this  order  the  Commander,  with  each  comrade,  places  his  left 

hand  upon  his  heart,  and  with  Ins  right  hand  raises  his  taal  from  his 

head.      After  remaining  in  this  position,  in   silence,   for   a  moment, 

I  ommander  drops  his  left  hand  by  his  side,   replaces  his  hat  on 

his  head,  and  commands  the  Post  to  uncover  and  be  seated. 

Words  of  Welcome. 

Removing  his  hat,  after  quiet  is  restored,  the  Commander  says  to 
the  audience: 

"Friends:  As  Commander  of  this  Post,  I  welcome  you,  in  the 
name  of  my  comrades,  to  this  public  service.  To  us  Decoration- Day 
trial  day  of  Btalwart  bravery,  of  patriotic  heroism,  of  na- 
tional faith.  It  is  the  freedom  day  of  a  race  emancipated  from 
bondage,  and  of  h  nation  redeemed  from  iniquity,  it  is  dear  to  ei  erj 
soldier.  It  deepens  in  our  hearts  a  memory  of  our  brave  and  our 
beloved, — the  grand  armj  of  the  immortals;  and  that  memory  makes 
precious  to  ii-  the  badge  of  the  t;.  ,\ .  If. ,  which  we  wear  upon 
our  breasts.  May  we  join  so  reverently  in  these  exercises  that  what 
we  call  B  rjecoration-day  may  lie  to  our  dead  their  day  of  corona- 
tion." 

Dedication  Services. 

The  following  are  the  forms  of  dedicating  memorial  shafts,  statues, 
tablets,  etc.,  as  established  hy  the  Urand  Army  of  the  Kepublic. 

The  City  or  town  officials  and  other  gueBtS  of  the  society,  by  in- 
vitation, assemble  at  the  hall,  monument,  or  other  designated  place, 
and  are  seated  on  the  platform  At  the  front  of  the  platform  stands 
a  table  or  desk,  covered  With  an  American  flag,  upon  which  rest  two 
crossed  swords,  with  their  points  toward  the  audience,  and  upon 
these  an  open  Bible.     The  comrades  of  the  dedicating  Post  are  drawn 


Up  in  front  of  the  platform,  ami,  if  in  the  outer  air,    as   near    the    Ob 
jeel  of  dedication  as  possible. 

After  muelc  bj  the  baud,  or  choir,  the  Civil  authority,  usually  the 
mayor  of  n  city,  president  of  the  village,  chairman  of  the  town  hoard, 
or  some  other  select  d  officer,  addresses  the  « lommander  of  tin-  i '. >>t , 
in  substance,  a-  follon - : 

"Commander — 1  have  been  authorized  to  [nvtte  yon  at  this  time  to 
ai  .ept  from  the  eitizens  of ,  at  the  hand-  of  it-  accredited  rep- 
resentatives, this  memorial,  and  to  requesl  that  it  may  lie  dedicated 
by  you  to  the  noble  purpose  for  which  it  has  been  set  up  (or 
erected. )" 

The  Commander's  Speech  of  Thanks. 

The  Commander  responds,  addressing  the  civil  officer  by  his  title: 
"  In  the  name  of  my  comrades  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Kepublic, 
representing  SI  the}  do  all  soldier-  and  sailors  who  defended  the  in- 
tegrity and  authority  of  the  nation,  I  thank  you  and  those  whom  you 
represent,  fortius  memorial,  (naming  it.)  Its  very  silence  is  im- 
pressive. Without  articulate  speeeli  it  i-  eloquent.  It  ne, 
words.      It  is  itself  an  oration.       It  assures  US  thai  our  dead  are  held 

in  remembrance— those  dead  who  gave  their  lives  for  the  security  of 
tin'  citizen  ami  the  union  of  the  States,  Ii  i-^  significant  of  brave  and 
loyal  obedience  to  tin-  command  of  the  nation  always  and  everywhere, 
-inn  tin-  obligations  of  citizenship  are  not  restricted  to  time  or  place, 
or  to  the  conflict  of  arm-  it  gives  encouragemenl  for  the  future, 
-line  the  recognition  and  approval  it  gives  of  patriotic  fidelity  aiid 
heroism  will  be  an  incentive  for  the  display  of  public  valor  and  virtue 
in  all  coming  time.     There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  honor  yon   pay 

to  the  patriot  dead,  and  to  their  memorable  deeds,  will  serve  not  only 

to  make  American  citizenship  in  these  days  more  reputable,  bul  also 

to  maintain  ami  perpetuate,  through  all  future  generations,  the  union 
and  authority  of  the  United  States  of  America." 

Commander's  Dedication  Speech. 

The  Commander,  giving  tlie  order,   "Attention,   Post!"    here    says. 

"  In  the  name  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  I  now  dedicate 
this  memorial  (naming  St )  I  dedicate  it  to  the  memory  of  those 
who  in  the  navy  (jtkt  Bailor  on  guard  urded  our  Inlan 

and  ocean  Coasts,  and  fell  in  defense  of  the  flag.  I  dedicate  it  to  the 
memory  of  those  who  in  the  army  (the  SOldUf  0M  f/'Utnl  salutes) 
fOUght  for  our  hillsides  and  valle)  s  and  plains,  and  fell  in  defel)-e  of 
the  (lag.  I  dedicate  it  to  the  memory  of  those  who  on  land  and  sea 
fought  for  tin-  Onion,  ami  fell  in  defense  of  the  flag;  (tfu  guard  of 
honor  Salutes  and  Stands  at  solvit  )  who  on  land  and  sea  fought  for  the 
authority  of  the  Constitution,  and  fell  in  defense  of  the  flag;  who  on 
land  am.  on  sea  fought  for  their  country,  and  fell  in  the  defense  of 
the  flag.       Comrades,  salute  tli'    i 

G.  A.  R.  Burial  Service 

Of  soldiers  or  sailors  belonging  to  the  society  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
th*.   Republic. 

At  the  request  of  the  family  or  friends  of  a  deceased  soldier  or 
sailor  who  has  been  honorably  discharged  from  the  national  service, 
a  Post  may  participate  in  the  funeral  ceremonies,  if  so  disposed. 

Assembling  at  the  recent  residence  of  the  deceased,  or  wherever 
the  religious  services  have  been  appointed,  the  Commander  details 
the  usual  number  of  comrades  to  act  as  pall-bearers,  if  no  others 
have  already  been  selected. 

The  corpse  is  then  escorted  to  the  grave  by  eomrades,  is  set  forth 
in  army  regulations,  the  left  in  front,  a  guard  of  honor  surrounding 
the  remain-,  and  the  hearse  preceded  by  the  Post,  in  charge  of  the 
Officer  of  the  Hay. 

At  the  grave  the  Post  halts,  forming  two  lines,  between  which  the 
remains  pass  to  the  front,  where  they  are  placed  upon  a  bier. 

Ceremonies  at  the  Grave. 

If  the  nature  of  the  ground  permits,  the  Post  forms  about  the  grave 
in  the  manner  best  suited  to  participation  in  the  obsequies,  and  the 
ceremony  proceeds  as  follows: 

The  Commander  stands  at  the  head  of  the   eofl'in:   the   chaplain   at 

its  foot ;  the  officers  and  Past- Commander  in  the  rear  of  the  Com- 
mander; the  Post  behind  the  Chaplain,  and  the  Post  colors  stationed 
in   the  front. 

Tin-  arrangement  having  been  completed,   the  Commander  says: 
"  Assembled  to  pay  our  last  tribute  of  respect  to  this  dead  soldier 


REFLECTIONS  UPON  THE  CHANGE  CALLED  DEATH. 


47. 


(or  sailor)  of  our  Republic,  let  us  unite  in  prayer.  The  Chaplain 
will  invoke  the  Divine  blessing.11 

The  Chaplain  offers  a  brief  and  appropriate  prayer,  to  which  the 
comrades  add  a  simultaneous  »•  Amen  !"  If  a  choir  is  present,  a  hymn 
is  suns?;  after  which  the  Commander  delivers  a  short  address  in 
unison  with  the  occasion. 

At  its  close,  a  comrade,  laying  a  wreath  of  evergreens  or  flowers 
upon  the  coffin,  says:  "In  behalf  of  the  Post,  I  give  this  tribute,  a 
symbol  of  undying  love,  for  comrades  of  the  war.  " 

A  second  comrade,  laying  upon  the  coffin  a  rose  or  other  flower, 
says:  "  Symbol  of  purity,  we  offer  at  this  lowly  grave  a  rose.  May 
future  generations  emulate  the  unselfish  devotion  of  even  the  low- 
liest of  our  heroes." 

A  third  comrade,  laying  a  laurel-leaf  upon  the  coffin,  says:  "  Last 
token  of  affection  from  comrades  in  arms,  we  crown  these  remains 
with  a  symbol  of  victory.  " 

Chaplain's  Address  at  the  Grave. 

The  Chaplain's  address,  which  immediately  follows,  is  of  the  fol- 
lowing import: 

"The  march  of  another  comrade  is  over,  and  he  lies  down  after 
it  in  the  house  appointed  for  all  the  living.  Thus  gammoned,  this 
open  grave  reminds  us  of  the  frailty  of  human  life  and  the  tenure 
by  which  we  hold  our  own.  'In  such  an  hour  as  ye  think  not,  the 
Son  of  man  cometh.' 

"  It  seems  well  that  we  should  leave  our  comrade  to  rest  where 
over  him  will  bend  the  arching  sky,  as  it  did  in  great  love  when  he 
pitched  his  tent,  or  lay  down,  weary  and  footsore,  by  the  way  or  on 
the  battlefield  for  an  hour's  sleep. 

[Should  it  be  a  sailor's  funeral,  the  Chaplain  substitutes  for  the 
foregoing  paragraph  the  following:  "As  we  leave  our  comrade  to 
rest,  no  longer  to  hear  the  sound  of  the  waves,  or  float  upon  the 
bosom  of  the  deep,  no  longer  to  sail  beneath  peaceful  skies,  or  to  be 
driven  before  the  angry  storm,  may  he  find  welcome  in  that  land 
where  there  is  no  more  sea."] 

••As  he  was  then,  so  he  is  still— in  the  hands  of  the  Heavenly 
Father.     '  God  giveth  his  beloved  sleep. ' 

"As  we  lay  him  down  here  to  rest,  let  us  in  great  charity  forget 
each  foible  of  our  deceased  comrade  as  human,  and  cherish  only  his 
virtues.  Reminded  also,  forcibly,  by  the  vacant  place  so  lately  filled 
by  our  deceased  brother  that  our  ranks  are  thinning,  let  each  one  be 
so  loyal  to  every  virtue,  so  true  to  every  friendship,  80  faithful  in 
our  remaining  march,  that  we  shall  be  ready  t<>  fall  out  here  to  take 
our  places  at  the  great  review,  not  with  doubt,  but  in  faith;  ihe 
merciful  Captain  of  our  salvation  will  call  us  to  that  fraternity  which, 
on  earth  and  in  heaven,  may  remain  unbroken. "  (A  moment's 
pause.)  "Jesus  saith,  l  Thy  brother  shall  rise  again.  I  am  the  Res- 
urrection and  the  Life.'1"  fThc  remains  are  here  deposited  in  the 
grave.)  "Behold,  the  silver  cord  having  been  loosed,  the  golden 
bowl  broken,  we  commit  this  body  to  the  grave,  where  dust  shall  re- 
turn to  the  earth  as  it  was,  and  the  spirit  to  God  who  gave  it.  Earth 
to  earth,  ashes  to  ashes,  dust  to  dust,  looking  for  the  resurrection 
and  the  life  to  come  through  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ." 

After  a  prayer,  the  Post  forms  again  in  marching  order  and  returns 
to  its  hall. 


Address  at  the  Funeral 
Of  an  active,  useful  mtm  who  diet  In  middle-life. 

Friends:  A  broken  column  most  fittingly  represents  the  untimely 
death  of  aman  thus  in  middle-life.  And  when  to  live  was  so  desir- 
able— when  the  work  to  be  done  had  been  but  just  commenced,  it  is 
doubly  painful  to  bid  adieu  to  the  friend  thus  passing  into  the  un- 
known. And  yet,  in  the  mysterious  way  by  which  great  blessings 
are  wrought,  we  are  compelled  to  admit  that  possibly  in  this  dispen- 
sation some  good  will  come  to  these  mourning  friends  that  cannot 
now  be  seen. 

He  has  laid  his  burdens  suddenly  down.  We  ran  hardly  reconcile 
ourselves  to  the  thought  that  others  should  take  them  op,  and  yet  the 
future  may  reveal  the  good,  the  discipline  that  there  may  be  in  this — 
He  goes  out  into  the  nnknown,  and  all  is  blank.  He  leal  es  hi 
here  unfinished,  and  unskilled  hands  mufll  carry  to  completion  the 
work  which  he  has  begun.  All  seems  wrong,  and  we  refuse  to  be 
comforted,  and  yet  who  shall  say  it  is  not  1" 

Other  hands  and  mind?  may  assume  his  task  and  do  it  so  well  that 


his  labor  and  influence  shall  not  be  lost.      And  he — well,  we  do  not 
know  what  grand  fields  of  thonght  and  action  lie  may  enter  upon,  bat 
we  feel  that  he  18  not  dead.     To  say  that  death  end-  all  is  to  admit 
creation  a  failure.      Why  be  born?  Why  be  brought   into  exisl 
merely  to  toil,  to  suffer  and  die,  with  no  compensation  on  earth? 

To  millions.  If  this  earth  was  all,  life  would  not  be  worth  the  liv- 
ing. To  create  man  simply  to  live  out  his  brief  time  here  without 
purpose  and  then  die,  would  be  like  the  construction  of  a  me 
for  the  simple  purpose  of  making  it.  But  as  we  do  not  construct  for 
simple  experiment,  as  we  do  not  build  to  simply  tear  down  8g 
we  do  not  believe  the  God  of  nature  makes  anything  in  vain ;  but,  on 
the  contrary,  that  in  the  creation  of  man  he  had  a  great,  grand  plan, 
the  fulfillment  of  which  we  see  but  dimly  shadowed  on  earth. 

Change  is  constantly  going  forward,  but  annihilation  and  death 
never  take  place  in  nature. 

"  There  is  do  such  thing  as  death — 
In  nature  nothing 
From  each  sad  remnant  of  decay 
Some  forms  of  life  ari  - 
The  tittle  leaf  that  falls 
All  brown  and  sere  to  earth. 
Ere  long  will  mingle  with  the  buds 
That  give  the  flower  its  birth." 

And  as  in  nature  nothing  dies,  so  man  does  not.  Life  here  is  but 
the  budding  to  a  life  beyond,  the  first  steps,  the  primer  school.  And 
what  we  call  death  is  hut  another  birth — the  passing  through  of  the 
real  self  into  a  broader  sphere  beyond,  to  be  great  and  good  and 
blessed  there,  in  proportion  to  the  life  well-lived  and  the  gooddoneon 
earth. 

The  house  in  which  our  brother  dwelt  is  left  behind.  It  was  but 
the  simple  habitation  fitted  for  his  use  while  he  remained  here.  Al- 
ways frail,  it  took  but  a  breath  to  -hatter  it,  and  when  at  length  there 
came  a  shock  strong  enough  to  weaken  it,  and  our  friend  could  no 
longer  remain,  he  passed  into  the  unseen,  and  we  behold  left  only  the 
tenement  in  which  he  lived, 

Between  himself  and  where  we  stand  there  bangs  a  curtain,  beyond 
which,  wisely,  we  cannot  in  this  life  see.  But  we  can  hope  and  be- 
lieve. And  as  in  nature  there  is  no  death,  so  failh  tells  us  our  brother 
is  not  dead,  but  living — wiser,  greater,  grander  than  ever  before,  be- 
cause he  was  great  and  good  here,  with  opportunities  multiplied  for 
happiness  and  advancement,  a  thousand  fold.  Fordo  we  not,  if  we 
live  rightly  here,  advance  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  sphere  on  earth, 
and  shall  not  our  advancement  be  always? 

Glorious  thought!  As  we  cannot  live  a  twelvemonth  on  earth  with- 
out increased  knowledge,  so,  as  the  cycles  of  time  go  their  unceasing 
rounds,  man  must,  in  obedience  to  the  eternal  law  of  progress,  be  for- 
ever growing  wiser  and  richer  in  the  knowledge  of  truth  and  justice 
and  right. 

We  gather  to-day  to  mourn  as  for  the  departure  of  a  friend  whom  we 
shall  not  soon  see  again,  but  we  have  faith  that  we  shall  meet  him  a 
little  way  on  in  the  future.  And  the  eye  that  ehone  so  brilliantly. 
and  the  voice  that  addressed  us  so  kindly,  and  the  band  thai  grasped 
our  own  so  cordially,  will  again  greet  us  on  the  other  side. 


Remarks  on  the  Death  of  a  Child. 

Dear  Friends:  I  know  how  Impossible  it  is  to  silence  your 
grief  with  word-.  The  heart  pleads  for  utterance  in  tears,  and  let  it 
speak  thus.  We  bow  iii  sorrow  at  the  taking  of  our  little  one.  reel- 
ing that  while  the  ripened  fruit  may  be  gathered,  it  is  unkind  that  the 
bud  should  be  taken  before  it  has  even  opportunity  to  unfold  into 
blossom.  But  in  nature  fruits  fall,  and  so  do  blossoms  and  buds.  In 
the  ways  of  kind  nature  this  is  perhaps  best,  and  in  the  taking  from 
our  arms  this  little  one  we  accept  the  cross  and  bear  it,  belie\  in 
the  bud  will  \  and  bear  fruit  in  the  angel-land  whither  the 

spirit  of  this  little  one  has  so  early  flown. 

Perhaps  it  is  best  that  this  child's  life  on  earth  went  out  so  soon. 
With  the  trials  that  meet  Btruggling  humankind  on  every  side,  with 
the  sorrows  that  line  the  pathway  from  childhood  to  old  age,  who  can 
contemplate  the  passing  of   an   innocent   soul   thus  into  the  beauti- 


47*; 


WORDS    "l-    CONSOLATION    TO    MOURNING    FRIENDS. 


fill  beyond  without  feeling  that  possibly  our  !■>--  i-  to  this  young  soul 
a  great  gain. 

We  do  not  fully  know  the  future  life.  It  Ifl  well  that  we  should 
not.  It  i-  best  thai  we  reel  content  OH  earth  until  we  are  called  to 
go  A  clond  is  therefore  wisely  placed  between  this  life  and  eter- 
nity, through  which  we  may  not  BOO;  but  we  may  hope,  and  we  do  hope 
with  a  belief  thai  lx  ibeolute  faith,  that  the  sun  is  radiantly 

Bhlnlng  beyond  this  portal  called  death,  and  into  a  beautiful  sunshine, 
with  glad  arms*  to  welcome  onr  little  one,  our  child  has  been  taken 
and  is  now  amid  the  pleasun  -*  and  the  beauties  that  await  the  pure  and 
the  Innocent  in  the  hereafter. 

Parents,  kindred,  friend wry  h.  -autifully  ha-  Longfellow  pictured 

the  Banny  future  of  this  child,  BO  early  taken  from  us,  as  he  asks  that 
We  accept  our  loss  in 

Resignation. 

There  is  no  Mock,  however  watched  and  tended. 

But  one  dead  lamb  is  there ! 
There  Is  no  fireside,  howsoe'er  defended, 

Bui  has  one  vacant  chair: 

The  air  is  full  of  farewells  to  the  dying. 

And  mournings  for  the  dead  . 
Thfl  heart  or  Rachel,  for  her  children  crying. 

Will  not  be  comforted  I 

Lei  u-  be  patienl '    These  severe  affl 

Nol  from  the  ground  arise, 
But  oftentimes  ci  !  dictions 

Assume  this  dark  disj  d 

\\  e  Bee  bal  dimly  through  the  mlete  and  vapors; 

Amid  these  earthly  damp-. 
What  seem  to  us  bnl  sad.  funereal  tapers 

May  be  heai  en'  -  diBtant  lamps. 

What  Triii-  bo  U  transition; 
This  life  of  mortal  bre 
Is  hut  a  siihurb  of  the  life  el] 
WhOSe  portal  we  rail    !•■ 

dead, — the  child  of  our  affection, — 
But  gone  unto  the  - 
Where  she  no  longer  needs  onr  poor  protection, 

And  Christ  himself  doth  rule. 

In  that  ureal  cloister's  stillness  and  seclusion. 
By  guardian  angels  led, 

from  temptation,  Bafe  from  Bin's  pollution, 

She  iive-,  whom  we  call  dead. 

11. -r  day  we  think  what  she  is  doing 
In  those  bright  realm-  of  :*i r ; 
Yr:ir  ifT,  r  v.-.ir,  lur  tender  steps  pursuing, 
Behold  her  grown  more  fair. 

Thus  do  we  walk  with  her,  ami  keep  unbroken 
md  which  nature  _ 
nking  that  <»ur  remembrance,  though  unspoken, 
M  iv  reach  her  where  -he  lii  es 

i-  a  child  shall  we  again  heboid  her; 
For,  when  with  raptures  wild 
In  our  embraces  we  again  <  nfold  her, 
She  will  not  be  a  child, — 

But  a  fair  maiden,  in  her  Father's  mansion, 
ted  with  celestial  grace; 

.   ,1  w  itii  all  lb--  -ou!'-  eXp  ■ 
Shall  we  l.eh. ild  her  face. 

And  though  at  times.  Impetuous  with  emotion 

And  anguish  long  suppressed, 
The  swelling  heart  heaves,  moaning  like  the  ocean 

That  cannot  be  at  rest, — 

We  will  be  patient,  and  assuage  the  feeling 

We  may  not  wholly  stay: 
By  silence  sanctifying,  not  concealing, 

The  irrief  that  musl  have  way. 


Address  on  the  Death  of  a  Young  Lady. 

Friends:    How  feeble  are  word*  to  curry  consolation  to  hearts   i>. 
reaved  of  a  loved  daughter  in   the    household.      A    tender,   dinging 
vine,  interwoven    in  sweet  memon.  -  from    the     hour   the   angel    first 

gave  her  to  onr  borne;  a  gentle  spirit  of  light  that  flitted  in  and  out 
like  a  gleam  of  sunshine,  No  one  can  fill  her  place  in  the  vacant 
chair;  no  one  will  take  her  place  in  our  heart*.  Ami  we  would  not 
have  the  void  filled,  even  if  we  could.  It  will  bea  sacred  thought  in 
all  the  years  to  come,  to  parents  and  friends,  that  she  shed  radiance 
in  the  home  as  long  as  she  did.  It  will  tie  a  blessed  recollection  that 
she  grew  up  to  love  and  he  loved  by  those  who  will  ever  cherish  her 
memory  so  tenderly. 

It  is  in  such  an  hour  as  this  thai  hope  Spreads  her  pinion,  and  we 
resl  onr  faith  on  the  belief  that  our  darling  is  nut  dead.  She  is  only- 
gone  from  us  for  a  little  while.  <  >  ;i  un  nl'  the  angels  she  is  a  star, 
ami  her  loving  ways  and  bright  eyes  are  ju*t  as  beautiful  as  they  were 
hen-.  \\V  lower  the  corse  into  the  tomb,  but  not  our  durlin.'  Mm 
nie.  We  strew  with  flowers  and  wet  with  our  tear*  only  the  frail 
casement  In  which  she  lived.  Over  the  river  she  has  gone  only  a 
little  in  advance  of  n^.  Some  one  must  go  first.  Perhaps  in  the 
ways  of  a  kind  Providence  it  is  best  that  it  should  be  the  who  is  to 
welcome  us  on  the  other  shore. 

When  falls  the  night  upon  the  earth, 

tad  -ill  in  shadow  lie-. 
The  sun's  not  dead;   bis  radiance  still 
Beams  bright  on  other  ski.  - 

And  when  the  dawn-star  groweth  dim 

I  he  brow  of  morn, 
It  -till  -tune-  nn.  though  earthly  eyes. 
That  miss  it,  grow  forlorn. 

Some  other  world  is  glad  to  sec 
Our  star  that's  gone  away; 

The  light  whose  going  make*  our  night 
Make-  soin.-w  ture  else  a  day. 

And  she  is  just  our  loved  one  still. 

Ami  loves  us  now   ii"  !<•-- : 
She  goes  away  tot  n, — 

To  watch  us.  and  to  Ideas. 


Grace  for  a  Morning  Repast. 

OtJB  Heavenly  Father,  we  returns  thank*  for  Thy  bountiful  good- 
ness  that  has  brought  us  to  the  beginning  of  this  day  in  life  and  health. 
We  thank  Thee  for  this  evidence  of  Thy  continued   favor,   and, 
ing  In  gratitude  to  Thee,  our  generous  Benefactor,  desire  Thy  bless- 
ing upon  this  food.     Amen. 


Grace  for  Noon  Repast. 

Supreme  Power:  Creator  of  all  things,  wilt  Thou  be  pleased  to 
bless  this  food  to  OUr  use?  May  we  be  -,,  guided  by  Thy  guardian 
.are,  thai  all  we  undertake  and  do  shall  be  prospered?  Go  with  us, 
and  watch  over  us  for  the  remainder  of  this  day,  and  for  the  go.nl  we 
may  accomplish,  and  the  happiness  we  shall  enjoy.  Thine  shall  be 
the  glory.     Amen. 


Grace  at  an  Evening  Repast. 

Our  Father,  who  art  in  heaven,  and  art  ever  mindful  of  our  needs, 
at  the  close  of  this  day's  labor  we  gather  around  this  board,  which 
Thy  bounty  has  so  graciously  supplied  with  nourishing  refreshment, 
and  return  our  grateful  thanks.  And  we  beseech  Thee  that  what 
Thou  hast  so  freely  provided  may  lie  blessed  to  our  use  and  Thy  glory. 
Amen. 


FORMS    OF    BENEDICTIONS    AND    SPEECHES    SOLICITING    Fl'NDS 


477 


Various  Forms  of  Ministerial  Benedictions  and  Ascriptions. 


The  grace  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  be  with  you.     Amen. 


The  grace  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  the  love  of  God,  and  the  fel- 
lowship of  the  Holy  Ghost  be  with  you  all.     Amen. 


Glory  be  to  the  Father,  and  to  the  Son,  and  to  the  Holy  Ghost,  as 
it  was  in  the  beginning,  is  now,  and  ever  shall  be,  world  without  end. 


And  now  unto  the  Father,  the  Son,  and  the  Holy  Ghost,  one  God 
ever  blessed,  be  ascribed  all  glory  and  honor,  praise,  power,  majesty 
and  dominion  forever.     Amen. 


The  peace  of  God,  which  passeth  all  understanding,  keep  your 
hearts  and  minds  in  the  knowledge  and  love  of  God  and  of  His  Son 
Jesus  Christ;  and  the  blessing  of  God  Almighty,  the  Father,  the  Son, 
and  the  Holy  Ghost,  be  with  you,  and  remain  with  you,  always. 
Amen. 


Now  the  God  of  peace,  who  brought  again  from  the  dead  the  great 
Shepherd  of  the  sheep  with  the  blood  of  the  eternal  covenant,  even  our 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,  make  you  perfect  in  every  good  thing  to  do  His 
will,  working  in  ns  that  which  is  well-pleasing  in  His  sight,  through 
Jesus  Christ,  to  whom  be  glory  for  ever  and  ever.      Amen. 


Speech  Soliciting  Funds  for  Church  Edifice. 

WORDS  OF  THE  PASTOR. 

Beloved:  Before  pronouncing  the  benediction  I  wish  to  call  your 
kind  attention  to  the  Rev.  Charles  Peabody,  of  Brooklyn,  who  has  a 
few  remarks  to  offer.  Mr.  Peabody,  as  most  of  you  know,  i-  the 
authorized  agent  of  the  Church  Extension  Committee  of  our  Eastern 
Synod,  and  whatever  he  has  to  present  to  your  consideration  you  will 
doubtless  receive  with  interest 

WORDS  OF  MR.   PEABODT. 

I  do  not  propose  to  detain  you  long,  lest  the  good  effect  of  the  ex- 
cellent sermon  to  which  we  have  just  listened  should  be  marred,  but 
will  merely  present  the  object  of  my  visit  in  a  fe%v  brief  sentences 
and  lay  the  claim  of  the  Synod  before  you.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
year  iss;i,  we  had  a  church  extension  fund  of  about  $45,000,  and 
pledges,  to  be  paid  during  the  year,  of  some  ?-'.".. mm  men-,  having  us 
a  «. irking  fund  of  about  S60.000.  On  the  first  of  January,  1888,  we 
owed  upon  unfinished  church  edifices  nearly  S'.'O.OOO,  which  we  had 
to  pay,  and  did  pay,  within  the  first  six  months  of  1883.  Between 
the  first  of  January,  1883,  and  Christmas  of  that  year,  we  contracted 
for  the  erection  of  thirty  new  churches,  in  various  parts  of  the  Synod, 
at  an  average  cost  of  §3,000  each — an  aggregate  of  $90,000,  ni<<-r  of 
which  will  become  due  June  1,   1884.      At  the  beginning    of   .Inly, 

1883,  we  had  on  hand  about  $40,000  of  the  old  fund,  and  had  received, 
in  fresh  subscriptions,  bequests,  etc..  $15,000  more — so  that  our 
available  working  fund  was  some  $55,000.     On  the  first  of  January, 

1884,  we  had  paid  out  of  this  amount  $15,000,  which  was  required 
for  sundry  expenditures,  in  addition  to  the  sum  already  contracted 
for  the  thirty  new  churches  In  the  meantime,  by  business  failures 
and  slow  contributions,  our  working  fund  had  become  reduced  (in- 
cluding the  $15,000  for  extra  expenditures)  to  about  $35,000,  leaving 
a  surplus  to  be  raised  before  the  first  of  June  of  $55,000.  The  time 
is  near  at  hand,  and  although  money  has  been  contributed,  we  are 
still  behind  about  $40,000,  which,  for  the  honor  of  our  religion  and 


our  own  character  as  a  benevolent  people,  we  are  very  anxious  to 
raise.  If  by  the  first  of  June  we  can  wipe  out  these  contract  debts, 
we  shall  only  be  about  even,  for  any  surplus  fund-  received  since  the 
first  of  January  last  will  have  been  absorbed  in  the  incidental  expens- 
es of  the  work.  I  am,  therefore,  here  to-day  to  ask  you  to  contribute 
as  liberally  to  our  church  extension  fund  as  your  benevolence  may 
dictate.  Remember  that  this  debt  of  $40,000  represents  the  free- 
dom of  thirty  new  churches  and  as  many  increasing  congregations  in 
new  and  thinly  settled  districts  of  the  Great  West— people  who.  in 
their  Eastern  homes,  enjoyed  the  same  blessed  gospel  privil. 
you  do  now,  but  who,  after  emigrating  West,  find  themselves  in 
straitened  circumstances,  dependent  upon  their  farm-labor  for  their 
support,  yet  anxious  to  worship  in  their  own  old  way.  and  once  more 
enjoy  the  benefits  of  stated  preaching,  with  Sunday-school  and  other 
religious  privileges. 

We  have  been  careful,  this  year,  to  refrain  from  making  any  im- 
portant contracts  for  more  new  churches,  preferring  to  release  the 
Synod  from  debt  and  begin  again  anew  when  our  funds  shall  com- 
mence flowing  in  for  future  operations.  With  the  wealth  and  pros- 
perity enjoyed  by  churches  like  this,  we  hope  to  clear  our  books.  I 
have  stated  our  necessities  plainly,  and  earnestly  call  upon  you  to  con- 
tribute your  quota  this  morning  to  the  extinction  of  our  mutual 
obligations.  Remember,  "it  is  more  blessed  to  give  than  to  re- 
ceive;" "freely  ye  have  received,  freely  give;"  "God  loveth  a  cheer- 
ful giver." 

Let  me  not  appeal  to  you  in  vain  for  aid.  The  cause  is  worth  v, 
and  with  the  help  of  your  faith  and  good  works,  under  the  Divine 
blessing,  will  prosper  and  redound  to  the  glory  of  the  Master. 


Speech  Soliciting  Funds  for  a  Park. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen  :  You  have  responded  so  generally  to  the 
call  for  this  meeting,  that  I  am  encouraged  to  hope  its  object  is  pop- 
ularly appreciated  and  will  be  generously  sustained  by  your  influence 
and  money. 

The  circumstances  which  led  to  this  movement  in   favor  of  estab- 
lishing a  village  park,  in  the  enjoyment  of  which  all  may  pari , 
are  these.      The  village,  now  five  years  ,,1,1,  was  laid  out  with  an  eye 
only  to  the  conveniences  of  daily  life,  having  facilities  for  such  domes- 
tic business  in  groceries,  store-  ,f  various  kinds,  as  the 
present  wants  of  the  citizens  demanded.      At  that  time  no  thought 
of  future  improvement  was  practically  cherished,   and  as   a  < 
quence  the  omission  of  a  park  from  the  village  plat  was  not   especi- 
ally considered  important.      Now,   however,   we  begin   to  feel    the 
necessity  of  having  a  place  suitable  for  village  gatherings,    holiday 
celebrations  and  general  enjoyment,  under  the  blue  -kies  and  in  the 
open  air,  apart  from  the  business  cenl  re  nf  the   village.      At   an  op- 
portune moment  Mr.  Blank  offers  to  sell  us  fifteen   acri  - 
lent  land  on  the   borders  of  the    village,    convenient    of  access 
every  way  suitable  for  the  purposes  of  a  park.      Hi-   price  is  forty 
dollars  an  acre,  or  $600   for  the  lot.    with   it-  beautiful  shad 
and  a  living  spring  of  water.      To  improve  this  park,  and  make  it   an 
agreeable  resort   for  young  and  old,    will   require   $1,000. 
years  go  by,  more  and  better  improvements  will  he  needed,  but  for  the 
present  this  sum  will  be  sufficient  to  put  it  in  excellent  order,  clear- 
ing up  the  underbrush,   destroying  unsightly   weeds   and    stumps, 
plowing,  grass- seeding  and  flower-planting.      For   myself,   I  would 
recommend  that   it  never  be  fenced;  hut  others  will   say,    how    shall 
we  ke,|,  the  cattle  out  of  it?    Gentlemen,  common  law  does  n 
quire  a  man  to  fence  his  laud  to  keep  off  intruders;  it  simplj  n 
the  intruder  responsible  for  all  damages  done  to  property  on  anoth- 
er's land.      If  any  one  has  a  cow,  or  a  horse,  or  sheep,  he    must   pro- 
vide proper  pasture  for  his  animal   within  an    Inclosure,  or   be  held 
responsible  for  the  ravages  it  commits.     It  is  cheaper  to  bin 
pastured  than  to -utter  them  to  ran  at  large,  if  hills  ,,f  damag 
taken  into  the  account.   Let  the  village  authorities  regulate  this  mat- 
ter, promptly  and  stringently,  and  every  man  of  the  village  may   re- 
move his  front  and  his  line  fences,  and  feel  perfectly  safe   from  the 
ns  of  intruding  bovines. 


17- 


3PEECHES    IN    FAVOB    OF    IMPROVEMENT    AM>    I. I'M    \ll"\. 


We  have  Bgared  u|>  tbe  cost  of  the  proponed  park  al  11,600,  which, 
divided  among  our  1,000  Inhabitants,  it  I     60  par  h         indlam 

grand)}  mietaken  if  we  have  not  among  us  ten  substantial  men  who 

will  subscribe  for  Immediate  use  al  least  ISO  00  •  ai  a,  so  thai  tl si 

io  each  ol  the  others  will  only  be  Ji  10. 

,-,  riplion  paper  has  been  prepared,  and  every  property 
within  the  corporation  la  expected  to  subscribe  nol  lees  than  11.00, 
and  from  that  up  to  $5.  no  c,r  110  00,  u  i  ording  to  his  means. 

As  Boon  as  $1, I  has  been  subscribed,  the  meeting   will  bi     i 

committee  from  gentlemen  and  ladlee  present  to  purchase  the  park 
and  arrange  for  Its  Immediate  Improvement  and  ornamentation    Sub 
scrtptlone  are  now  In  order. 


Speech  Soliciting  Funds  for  a  Public  Fountain. 

Ladies   an ktlbmbh:   The  winter  i-  past,  tbe  time  "f  the 

singing  of  birds  haB  come,  and  hoi  weather  will  soon  be  upon  us. 
Everything  betokens  a  heated  term  of  considerable  duration,  and  it 
[gwell,  forthi  mr  own  comfort  as  citizen"  of  this  growing 

town,  and  that  ol  our  dumb  animals,  that  we  should  provide  a  public 
m  of  two  of  our  principal  thoroughfares, 
where  young  and  old,  man  and  beast,  may  come  and  slake  their  thirst, 
freely  and  fully,  until  winter  resumes  Its  Icy  sway. 

How  has  It  been  In  tbe  past  with  us  Inthla  n  spi  ■  I  True,  for 
y.-ar-  we  bad  Collins'  old  wi  11,  at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Clay  Btn  ete, 
but  midsommei  always  made  water  scarce  In  it:  the  curb  waa  high; 
the  uiii.lla-^  was  ungainly  and  even  dangerous;  the  worn-oul  bucket 
leaked  like  a  sieve,  ind  tl I  thing  creaked  and  dragged  until  it 

I.e.  une  a  terror  to  all  who  undertook  to  draw  water  from  it. 

Then  Phillips,  al  bis  own  expense,  tore  away  the  old  curb  and 
windlass,  and  pul  In  a  log-pump,  with  a  handle  thai  tired  out  every- 

-.  a  it  before  the  pall  was  full.     Finally  somi i  choked 

up  the  pump  with  potatoes,  and  nobody  could  use  it  any  long. 

r  waB  then  hired  by  the  council  to  take  0Ul  the  old  pump  and 

,„„  in  ;, ,  tain  pump,  with  an  iron  casing,  which  worked  much  better 
tfell  out  of  the  w.u.  and  no  more 

Ould   be   had 

At  tbis  Btage  of  affair-  some  one  proposed  to  dig  n  new  well  and 
relit  the  Iron  pump;  hut  the  council,  in  a  lit  Of  economy,  voted  down 
the  measure,  because  it  would  cost  too  much. 

Lasl  summer  the  fanner-  from  the  Bnrrounding  country,  with  their 

families,  and  horsi  together  with  our  own  citizens   and 

a  to  greal  Inconvenience,   and  some  distress,   for 

inking  resort,  where  pure,  cold  water-nature's 

own  beverage!— co  ined.     In  cor  private   wells 

OOUSI  -  ".re  Visited,  and  inn.  li  un  no  .  --a  I  \    Hon  hie  ensued. 

I,,  M,.w..,f  thesi  difficulties,  a  few  of  onr  public-spirited  citizens, 
whose  generosity  has  more  than  om  e  bei  n  sm  1 1 ■--fully  appealed  to 
in  bebalf  of  Buffering  humanity,  mel  together  and  discussed  th 

ibilltyof  procuringaj lie   fountain  for  the  villa) I   I I 

,,f  so  useful  an  ornament  to  our  Main  street     Corresponden 
proper  parties  al  the  metropolis  adduced  >'"    fact  that  a  good  sub- 
stantial street  fountain,  properly  placed,  with  all  the    m 

■.   to  supply  II    fre.ly    with    water    for   six   months,    (■.ould   cost 

$800.     This  information  led  a  number  of  us  to  call  this  meeting  for 

rpose  of  debating  M  ol  the  contemplated  fountain,  to 

,,,.,.;,!,  ther  we  shall  have  it,  or  not,  and  to  ask  each 

ry  one  present  to  Bnbscribe  to  a  fund  for  its  purchase. 

Ihavi  ■    ertbegroundof  our  past  failures  of  wells  and  p 

sity  that  exisi-  r,.r  Bpeedy 
Several  of  our  prominent  business  men  have  pledged  them- 
ol  tbe  •  xpense  out  of  'heir  own  pockets,  In 
I  He   enterprise,   and  we  have  prepared 

ription  papers  fo*  the  balance  of  tbe  fund,   which   we  cordially 
a-k  yon  to  sign  this  evening.   We  are  sure  that  the  sum  i-  so  small— 
|400  un— that  a  li 1 1 1 , i .  .1  Bubsi  ripti.m  from  each  will  ensure  the  en- 
iii  and  give  us  a  lasting  and  beautiful  monument  to  your  liberal- 
ity.     I  see  many  here  who,  we  are  satisfied,  will   keenly  appreciate 


t  hi-  put. in-  Improvement  as  a  ben.  tit  to  themselves  and  their  house- 
holds, ami  these  undoubtedly  will  feel  greatly  disposed  to  help  others 
to  participate  in  Ite  pur  base.     The  papers  will  now  be  circulated. 


A  Visitor  Speaks  to  the  Pupils  ol  a  Public  School. 
My  Dear  Young  Friends;  l  have  been  listening  with  mnciipleat 

lire  to  your  recitations    to-day,  and    with  no    less    delight    to    the    en 

Ing  words  of  your  teachers  whenever  you  faltered  in  your  an- 
Bwers.  Fori  remember  when  I  was  a  boy.  like  Borne  of  you  little 
one-.  [  was  always  very  sorry  to  have  the  teacher  speak  barsbls  to 
me,  if  I  could  not,  at  Hr-t  thought,  answer  correctly  to  bis  question. 

But  when  he  -puke  kindly  to  me,  he  always  encouraged  me,  and  I 
could  more  qnickly  remember  what  1  should  say. 

b  and  girls,  yon  are  very  much  like  men  and  women  In  your 

like-  and  .li-lik.s.  and  you  fee],  quite  as  keenly  as  1  BUOnld,  11  ■ 
harsh  or  unjusl  word  ..r  action  "I.  il"  pari  of  your  InBtructor.  In  old 
i  ■  n i.  b,  rears  bi  fore  wt  re  born,  we  bad  no  snefa  noble  schools  as 

you  have.  We  had  but  few  hook-,  and  I  think,  now,  they  conld  not 
een  as  attractive  and  Interesting  to  study  as  those  I  Bee  lying 
upon  your  desks.  We  used  to  deem  them  very  dull:  end  then,  too, 
out  teachers  were  not  so  wise  and  skillful  in  imparting  instruction 
a-  your-  are  in  the  public  schools  to-day.  They  were  usually  yOUDg 
men  attending  college,  and  teaching  to  earn  money  to  pay  for  their 
education ;  sometimes  they  were  cross  to  us,  and  at  other-  they  were 
rerj  unjust  in  punishing  us  for  not  learning  faster  than  we  did. 
Onr  school-houses  were  al-..  very  Inconvenient  places,  and  often 
really  uncomfortable  for  teachers  and  pupil- 
Bui  now  all  this  ha-  been  changed  by  tin-  impr.o  .  in.  tits  of  the  age, 
and  the  -eh...  .1-h. ..!-.-  and  hook-  and  teacher-  are  all  of  a  belter  cla--, 
so  that  learning  may  be  made  pleasant  and  much  more  .  a-ih  gained 
If  a  boy  (amid  read,  write  and  cipher  through  the  "  rule  of   three.''  it 

was  qnlte  as  much  ae  be  had  reason  to  expect  from  the  district  scl I. 

Perhaps  he  could  not  spell  half  the  wa.r.ls  in  the  spelling  b.,..k  aright, 
no!  write  a  ten-line  letter  without  making  fifty  mistakes,  norclpher 
a  sum  in  compound  addition   correctly.     But   now   yon   may   easily 

master  all  the.-.- tilings  and  many  more  and  better  ones,  and  if  you 
pay  proper  attention  t"  the  lessons  yon  rei  eive,  you  i  an  go  into  the 
high-school,  ami  there  gain  a  sensible,  practical  education  that  will 
either  h't  you  for  the  business  of  life,  or  prepare  you  to  take  a  higher 
courae  in  college. 

I    -p..k.     about   cross  and   harsh  teachers.      I   do  not  know  of  any 
In  thiB  school, and  I  do  not  Hunk  there  are  any  here.     But   if  they 

never  speak    harshly  Io  J  nil,  th.-y    may    vet     feel    very    sad    that    -..me 

one  of  you  i-  not  doingwhal  you   ought  to  do, — that   i-   when    yon 

..     .utlie   sly  in  s.l 1-1 rs.  when  yon    whisper,   and    when  you 

t  your  studies.  Now,  if  you  are  obedient  and  studious  chil- 
dren, you  will  make  the  teacher  happy  and  have  the  satisfaction  of 
knowing  you  an-  doing  right 

Von  young  people  should  recollect,  and  I  trust  that  you  do,  that 
in  a  few  years  you  will  he  on  the  stage  of  action,  doing  the  work  of 
men  and  women.  Will  you  be  successful?  That  will  depend  upon 
what  you  know.  And  what  you  know  then  will  largely  depend  upon 
what  you  learn  in  this  school.  The  years  are  going  by  very  quickly, 
and  you  will  he  obliged  to  put  your  knowledge  to  the  tesl  very  soon. 
I  -av  Ihi-  because  some   young   people   do  not    know   the   value   of 

Th.-y  lunk  u] the  school  yard  and  the  BChool-room  as  one 

ay-ground— not  yon — but  *ojw-  boys  and  "iris  I  have  known — 
and  they  never  wake  up  to  a  sense  of  what  they  need,  and  what  they 
;  .-t,  until  it  i-  too  late. 
Have  a  mark,  young  people;  aim  for  it.  and  y.ui  will  rise  vastly 
higher  than  you  will  if  you  have  no  purpose  in  life.  Y.,ur  teat  hers 
are  here  to  assist  you.  They  are  nol  here  to  punish.  They  do  not 
want  to  spend  their  time  in  governing  you.  Th.-y  desire  to  aid  in 
the  securing  of  that  education  which  shall  fit  you  to  do  your 
work  nobly  in  life. 

It  i-  pleasant  to  witness  the  opportunities  you  possess.      It  is  very 
satisfactory  to  see  the   drill,  the   system,  and  methods  purs 1    in 


SPEECHES    OF    VARIOUS    KINDS. 


479 


your  studies  and  recitations:  and  i  uouut  not  it  will  be  equally  sat- 
isfactory to  witness  your  success  in  after-years,  the  result  of  your 
attending  this  school. 


Response  to  Speech  of  Welcome, 

By  James  G.  Blaine  when  visiting  Chicago  Board  of  Trade. 

Gentlemen:  1  consider  it  a  compliment  that  this  welcome  should 
be  extended  to  me  by  a  commercial  body  whose  business  is  conducted 
amid  a  torrent  of  confusion  which  it  would  seem  as  hopeless  to  attempt 
to  check  as  it  is  to  stem  the  flow  of  the  Atlantic  tide.  Remember- 
ing that  well,  I  thank  you  very  sincerely  for  the  cordiality  of  your  re- 
ception. I  had  the  honor,  nine  years  ago  this  very  month — or  possi- 
bly the  month  of  October  —  to  have  a  similar  reception  in  this  room. 
It  had  just  then  been  completed,  as  I  remember,  and  it  was  consid- 
ered and  believed,  at  that  time,  to  be  far  beyond  any  anticipated  needs 
of  the  commerce  of  Chicago.  To-day  it  is  so  far  behind  that  you  are 
building  a  new  and  grander  and  larger  structure,  and  well  you  may. 
Within  the  past  week  I  have  visited  the  cities  to  the  west  of  you,  and 
I  find  them  all  directly  tributary  to  Chicago  aa  the  Queen  City  of  com- 
ing years.  They  look  to  this  as  the  Mecca  of  their  commercial  pil- 
grimage, and  every  frontiersman  tells  the  story  of  its  greatness,  and 
every  arrangement  that  adds  to  bis  herds  is  increasing  and  prospering 
the  growth  and  business  and  building  up  the  commerce  of  your  city. 

Ten  years  ago  you  were  waiting  for  telegrams  from  London  as  to 
prices  of  produce  before  you  could  trade.  To-day  London  is  waiting 
for  telegrams  from  New  York  and  Chicago.  We  have  ceased  to  wait 
for  Europe  to  fix  a  market.  You  have  such  absolute  control  of  it  that 
you  make  Europe  wait  till  you  fix  the  prices.  But,  gentlemen,  it  is  a 
dangerous  thing  to  get  on  the  strain  of  what  Chicago  is  to  become. 
This  much  is  certain:  That  it  is  to  be  the  second  city  of  this  conti- 
nent— that  it  is  to  outstrip  every  other  commercial  centre  except 
New  York.  I  hope  no  Chicago  man  of  this  generation  will  take  of- 
fense at  this  exception.  But  that  it  's  to  be  second  only  to  New 
York  is  to  see  clearly  the  prophecy  of  present  facts,  and  that  should 
be  open  to  no  objection. 

I  see  a  majority  of  you  are  young  men.  You  will  grow  older  by- 
and-by.  I  see  very  few  gray  hairs  among  you,  but  occasionally  a  bald 
head.  You  know  a  preacher  once  said  that  a  man  in  his  church  who 
was  bald  got  it  through  the  truth  glancing  off  the  top  of  his  head. 
I  venture  you  have  had  some  such  experience  to  increase  the  want  of 
hair  on  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade. 

I  thank  you  sincerely;  I  thank  you  more  than  I  can  express  for  the 
cordiality  of  your  reception. 


Speech  at  a  Base-Ball  Dinner. 

Fellow-Players:  As  I  look  around  this  table  1  see  honest,  manly 
faces,  strong  limbs,  and  genial  companions,  which  do  my  heart  good, 
especially  as  T  fail  to  see  a  single  »  muff  "  among  you. 

Everything,  it  is  said,  has  its  uses:  and  we  h  In.  know  the  arduous, 
active  life  of  a  professional  base-ball  player  are  willing  to  accord  to 
him  the  righteous  award  of  skill,  energy  and  endurance.  He  may 
not  move  senates  by  his  eloquence,  nor  determine  iiitrieatc  points  of 
international  law,  but  he  understands  the  phj  Bical  requirements  of  a 
first-class  base-ball  player  and  how  to  gain  them  by  careful  training 
and  temperate  habits.  He  sets  a  good  example  for  professional  men 
by  striving  to  excel  in  his  calling,  lest  he  should  be  defeated  in  the 
very  first  contest  and  render  future  games  extremely  doubtful  in 
point  of  victory.  As  a  pitcher,  be  graduates  bis  muscular  power  to 
the  pmp.r  momentum,  so  as  not  to  under  or  over-pitch,  economizes 
his  strength,  and  becomes  as  vigilant  as  a  detective  on  a  doubtful 


scent.  If  he  is  a  batter,  be  must  exercise  the  same  sort  of  endur- 
ance, energy  and  vigilance,  always  being  sure  to  knock  the  ball  so 
far  that  he  can  run  all  the  bases  and  reach  home  before  the  fielders 
can  recover  it.  With  all  this  training,  this  professional  and  phys- 
ical development,  come  robust,  health  ami  the  acquirement  of  I 
ties  that  he  can  exercise  to  the  best  advantage  in  other  kinds  of  bus- 
iness. Nor  would  1  withhold  all  due  honor  to  fielders,  whose  use- 
fulness in  our  favorite  game  should  not  be  underrated.  Like  the 
rank  and  file  of  a  fighting  army,  they  may  not  make  much  individual 
display,  but  in  the  result  their  activity  and  vigilance  greatly  adds  to 
the  renown  of  the  pitcher  and  batter.  Gentlemen,  as  one  of  your- 
selves, proud  of  our  organization,  and  desiring  nothing  so  much  as  our 
success,  trusting  in  you  all  as  abundantly  able  to  crown  yourselves 
with  glory,  I  unite  with  you  in  the  earnest  effort  to  succeed. 


Reception  of  a  Visiting  Fire  Company. 

Mr.  Foreman,  and  Firemen  all:  During  the  weeks  that  we  have 
been  anticipating  your  coming,  we  have  also  been  studying  plans  by 
which  we  might  make  your  visit  a  pleasant  one;  for  we  designed,  as 
we  now  do,  to  offer  you  our  heartiest  welcome.  We  welcome  you  to 
our  municipality,  our  homes,  our  engine-houses,  and  as  many  agree- 
able sights  and  sounds  as  the  city  affords. 

We  are  glad  to  welcome  you  as  brothers  in  the  cause  of  protection 
against  the  ravages  of  tire.  Such  a  brotherhood  as  ours  ought  to  be 
united,  for  it  is  a  dangerous  service,  often  requiring  the  utmost  skill 
to  prevent  serious  catastrophes,  with  unity  of  purpose  and  prompt 
obedience  to  the  commands  of  our  officers. 

It  is  understood  that  you  have  brought  with  you  your  machine,  and 
we  judge  from  your  appearance  that  you  have  also  brought  sterling 
material  to  man  it.  A  little  healthful  emulation  as  to  the  merits  of 
our  respective  engines  and  companies,  on  whichever  banner  victory 
may  perch,  we  trust  will  result  in  cementing  us  still  closer  as  mem- 
bers of  our  worthy  profession. 

We  have  heard  something  of  your  superiority  in  your  own  city,  and 
we  shall  be  proud  to  furnish  you  every  facility  for  displaying  your 
gallantry  here.  Indeed,  our  citizens  purpose  to  give  you  a  public 
reception  to-morrow  afternoon,  in  connection  with  a  friendly  contest 
between  our  local  companies  and  yourselves. 

In  the  meantime  we  have  assigned  you  comfortable  apartments  and 
a  free  table  at  the  Park  House,  where  we  shall  be  pleased  to  have  you 
make  yourselves  entirely  at  home  as  friends  and  guests  whom  we 
greatly  esteem. 

Reply  by  the  Foreman  of  the  Visiting  Company. 

Mr. Foreman  and  Gentlemen:  We  anticipated  a  generous  recep- 
tion at  your  hands,  for  the  fame  of  your  hospitality  has  become  gen- 
eral among  the  firemen  of  our  city. 

Although  this  is  our  first  professional  visit,  we  have  heard  that 
your  fire  department  keeps  abreast  with  the  improvements  and  the 
demands  of  the  age,  and  that  in  you  we  should  find  li  foemen  worthy 
of  our  steel."  A  glance  at  your  numbers  and  make-up  coi 
us  that  the  report  was  true,  and  the  test  of  skill  which  yon  propose 
for  to-morrow  afternoon  meets  with  our  warm  approval. 

We  fully  appreciate  the  genuine  heartiness  of  your  welcome,  and 
the  excellent  quarter-  which  you  have  provided  for  us  during  our 
visit.  We  hope,  before  the  snow  falls,  to  be  able  to  reciprocate  these 
favors  with  interest. 

We  believe  that  under  your  guidance  we  shall  greatly  enjoy  this 
visit.  Enterprise  and  activity  are  visible  on  every  hand,  and  as  these 
are  qualities  entirely  in  harmony  with  the  fireman's  profession,  we 
anticipate,  in  your  society,  a  "high  old  time." 

Again  thanking  you  for  your  kindness,  i#e  await  your  further 
pleasure. 


480 


TIIK    FOBMS    AM>    CEREMONTE8    RELATING    TO    BAPTISM    OF    CHILDREN. 


THE    BAPTISMAL    SERVICE.  a**^*^§p£*' 

According  to  the  General  Church  Forms. 


<: /GENERALLY  the  baptism  of  children  forma  a  part  of  the  morn* 
(|J  ing  services  of  the  church,  after  the  opening  prayer,  the  first 
®*  hymn,  und  the  responsive  reading  of  selections  from  the  Psalms- 
The  minister  coming  from  the  pulpit  into  the  chancel,  the  parents, 
guardians,  godfathers  anil  godmothers  (if  there  are  any)  range  them- 
BOh  SB  before  him,  W  ith  the  child,  or  children,  uncovered,  in  front  of 
the  baptismal  font.     Then   the  minister  addresses  the  congregation: 

Address  to  the  Congregation. 

Dearly  Bblotxd:  You  bare  beard  in  the  Gospel  the  words  of  our 
Sai  lour,  comman- 
ding children  to 
be  brought  to  bfm ; 
how  he  blamed  all 
those  who  would 
have  kept  them 
from  him ;  how  be 
exhorts  all  men  to 
follow  inrjocency 
as  little  children. 
You  percei'  e  bow 
by  his  out  w ard 
ri  mduct  and  gentle 
words,  he  declared 
i- will  to- 
ward them ;  for  he 
took  rhrni  into  his 
arm-,  laid  hi- 
hands  upon  them 
and  blessed  them. 
Sou  are  not  to 
doubt,  therefor.-, 
but  earnestly  be- 
lieve, that  be  w ill 
likewise  favorably 
receive  these  in- 
fants now  present 
ed  here  for  bap 
t  Ism  ;  that  he  will 
embrace  them  with 

the  arms  pf  his 
love  and  men  j  ; 
that  he  will  make 
them  partakers  of 
hie  everlasti  og 
kingdom. 

Being  thus  per- 
suaded, let  us  de- 
voutly return 

thank-; 


iys  throughout  the 
'    year,  11  Lb  customary,  In  must 
arches,  t<>  baptise  those  children 
that  maj  be  presented  by  their  pa- 
rents.   At  that  time,  in  commemoration  <>f  the  oc- 
casion, it  Is  usual  to  decorate  the  church  beautifully 


Almighty  iiod.our 
Heavenly  i 
we  thnnii  Thee  that 
Thou  hast  brought 
ustoacextaln  know- 
ledge of  the  truth. 

ntnl  that  Thou  wilt  make  these  children  inheritors  of  eternal  life.    Wepraj 

Thee  t"  meres  iwledge.  Bestow  upon  these  Infante  Thy  heavenly 

g,  and  enable  them  by  Thj  Brace  to  overcome  evil  and  to  accept  Thee 

for  their  t  teal  Friend.  Savloni  I  (side,  following  Thee  in  all  wii 

dom,  humility  and  obedience.  Bless  these  parents  and  guardians,  and  help 
the  in  by  Thy  grace  and  Spirit  to  bring  up  these  children  In  the  nurture  and 
admonition  of  the  Lord,  so  that  both  parents  and  children  may  be  united 
to  Thee  on  earth  and  together  enjoy  the  pleasures  of  the  world  to  come. 
Amen. 

Naming  each  one  separately  and  distinctly,  as  he  come?  to  it, 
the  minister,  who  usually  baptizes  by  sprinkling  water  upon  the 
Child's  head,  sav- : 

i  Naming  it  i,  I  baptize  thee  In  the  name  of  the  Father,  and  of  the 
Son,  andof  the  Holy  (ihnst        Amen 

When  all  have  been  baptized,  the  minister  addresses  the  parents 
and  guardians   as  follows: 


Beloved:  The  children  of  our  love  should  come  to  us  as  bless- 
ithering  lik. live-plants  about  our  table,"  living  "well- 
springs,  ut  pleasure"'  in  our  homes.      Vet  while  we  enjoy  their  pres- 
ence, their  winning  ways,  their  loving  smiles  and  Innocent  amuse- 
ments, we  should  never    forget   our   responsibility    in    bringing    them 

Into  this  world,  nor  the  duty  which  their  coming  Imposes  upon  tie. 

From  the  moment  that  they  enter  into  our  households,  until  tiny  go 
hence  in  the  strength  of  manhood  and  womanhood,  upon  us  rests'  the 
burden  of  preparing  them  for  -ood  and  useful  lives 

\"i  "nh  bave  we  to  provide,  das  hv  day.   r,,r  their  bodily  needs, 

thi  ii  comfort  and  their  educati but  a    he;i\ier    responsibility    rests 

upon  us  of  Instilling  Into  their  innocent  minds  the  principles  of  vir- 
tue and  truth.      The  wisest    man   that  ever  lived  has  left  it  on  record 

for  our  Instruction 
thai  if  we  "  train 
Up  a  child    in    the 

way  he  should  go, 

W  hell   he     is   old    he 

will  nol    d  "■  pa  r  t 

from    it. "       Thus 

much  for  our  en- 

i  "iii  agement  i<> 
teach    the    right 

thing  in  the  i  [j  hi 
way;  to   guide   the 

to  do  the 

right  and  avoid  the 
w  rong;  to  lead 
them  in  the  paths 
"i  mora]  integrity, 
to     respect    the 

rights  of  other--, 
and  to  become  so- 
ber.    Industrious, 

honest,  polite  and 
trustworthy     nun 

and  women. 

In  accordance 
with  our  religion, 
we  iikiv — nay,  we 
should  —  d  61  ol  e 
ourselves  to  this 

i  1  i  e  v  i  n  g 

that  the  Divine 
blessing  attends 
t  he  proper  i  n - 
struction  of  an  In- 
fant soul.  There- 
fore, by  this  act  of 
baptism,  we  to-day 
consecrate  them  to 
the  cause  of  truth 
and  purity,  believ- 
ing that  with  the 
blessing  of  heaven 
upon  our  endeav- 
ors they  may  be- 
come happy  and  prosperous,  and  he  helpful  to  other-  who  are  not  so. 
In  the    water  Which  we  place  upon    their    forehead-    we    behold  the 

representative  of  that  purity  and  innocency  which  we  would  preserve 
in  their  existence. 

And  to  you  who  have  brought  these  children  into  being,  and  have 
presented  them  at  thi-  altar,  we  look  for  the  solemn  promise  that  as 
your  circumstances  permit,  will  yon  follow  the  injunction  to  lead 
them  carefully  in  wisdom's  ways,  always  having  their  best  interests, 
spiritual  and  moral,  as  well  a-  physical  and  mental,  at  heart,  en- 
couraging them  in  seeking  after  truth  and  embracing  it;  by  your  ex- 
ample, also,  teaching  them  to  live  aright ) 

Answer — We  will. 

We,  therefore,  welcome  these  little  ones  into  the  visible  and  cor- 
porate church  of  Christ  "ii  earth.      Then  follows  a  brief  prayer. 

Parents  and  children  then  retire,  and  the  regular  service  proceeds. 


Baptism  of  Children. 

with  flowers.  The  view  here  displayed  shows  the  posi- 
tion taken  before  the  altar  by  the  fathers  ami  moth- 
ers, as  they  present  their  little  ones  for  the  reception 
of  this  very  beautiful  ordinance.  AS  will  be  seen,  when 
standing  before  the  clergyman,  the  husband  or  god- 
father stands  at  the  right  <<(  the  lady. 


SUGGESTIONS    AND    DIIil-XTlONS    roXrHRMMJ    MANAGKMKXT    OF  FESTAL    OCCASIONS. 


4M 


THE  BANQUET  HALL. 

Order  and  Arrangement  of  the  Banquet. 


*^- 


fANQUETS  are  given  in  honor  either  of  some  noted  occasion,  or 
some  distinguished  foreigner  or  prominent  citizen,  generally 
by  an  organization  or  association  of  men.  A  committee  of  ar- 
rangements is  appointed,  which  has  the  entire  control  and  manage- 
ment of  the  affair,  and  which  is  subdivided  into  committees  on  in- 
vitation, finance,  supper,  etc. ,  etc.  Invitations,  handsomely  gotten  tip, 
are  issued  several  days  before  the  banquet  is  to  come  off,  and  read 
generally  in  this  wise: 

"The  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  city  of request  the  pleas- 
ure of  your  presence  at  a  banquet  to  be  given  at  the House,  on 

Thursday  evening, 
the  21st  of  De- 
cember next,  at  8 
o'clock,  in  honor 
of  the  Centennial 
of  American  In- 
dependence. You 
are  invited  to  re- 
spond to  the  toast, 
'Our  Pilgrim 
Fathers.'  " 

On  the  evening 
named  the  guest 
is  expected  to  pre- 
sent his  card  of  in- 
vitation (which  he 
generally  retains 
as  a  memento  or 
souvenir),  at  the 
time  and  place 
named,  when  he  is 
shown  into  a  par- 
lor or  reception 
room,  where  he  is 
received  by  the 
committee  and  in- 
troduced to  such  of 
the  guests  as  he 
may  be  unacquain- 
ted with.  Some 
little  time  having 
been  spent  in  con- 
versation, the 
guests  are  grad- 
ually marshalled, 
and  at  the  signal 
from  the  head- 
waiter  that  the  banquet  is  served,  the  guests  are  escorted  by  the 
committee  to  the  hall,  and,  while  the  more  prominent  are  conducted 
to  the  center- table,  the  others  are  ushered  to  seals  at  the  tables  on 
either  hand,  the  reporters  being  favorably  placed  at  a  table  of  their 
own,  or  interpcrsed  among  t he  other  guests.  All  are  expected 
to  stand  opposite  their  respective  places  until  a  Bignal  be  given  by 
the  presiding  officer,  who,  if  a  clergyman  be  present,  generally  re- 
quests him  to  ask  a  blessim;. 

Being  seated,  each  guest  finds  before  him  a  plate,  with  a  napkin,  on 
which  rests  a  button -hole  bouquet,  a  finger  bowl  with  its  doiley,  agoblet 
for  water,  and  a  variety  of  glasses  for  wini  8  "f  different  kinds,  should 
wine  be  admitted,  together  with  an  elaborately  gotten  up  menu,  or  bill 


The  Banquet 


/  ,.  ti 
\J   tri 


the  occasion  of  a  banquet,  the  hall  is  usually 

rimmed  with  decorations  suitable  l"t  l  In  event, 
and  various  methods  are  pursued  in  arranging  the 
tables,  the  one  here  shown  being  a  common  one. 
Two  long'  tables  extend  lengthwise  of  the  room.  At 
the  end  of  these  is  a  table  across  the  end  of  the  hall 


of  fare.  The  bouquet  he  is  expected  to  attach  to  his  coat,  and  he  is 
privileged  to  retain  the  menu  as  a  souvenir  of  the  occasion,  if  he 
desires  so  to  do. 

The  guests  being  seated,  the  waiter  immediately  serves  them  through 
the  various  courses,  from  oysters  to  nuts  and  apples  and  cream  or 
roman  punch.  Etiquette  forbids  ttiat  the  guest  shall  eat  heartily  of 
any  of  the  viands,  or  drink  deeply  of  the  wines  which  in  some  in- 
stances are  served  with  each  course.  On  no  account  should  he  ask 
that  his  plate  or  his  glass  be  replenished,  as  this  would  mark  him  as 
vulgar.  An  exception  to  this  rule  may  be  made  in  the  case  of  cham- 
pagne, as  this  wine  is  not  considered  intoxicating,  and  it  is  generally 

served  with  the 
dessert.  It  is  the 
wine  in  which  the 
toasts  are  drank. 
After  the  various 
coursesare  served, 
which  usually  re- 
quires from  an 
hour  to  an  hour and 
a  half,  the  presid- 
ing officer  raps  to 
order,  and  in  a 
short  and  pithy 
speech  announces 
the  object  of  the 
meeting,  the  pur- 
pose of  the  ban- 
quet, and,  if  it  is 
in  honor  of  an  in- 
dividual, proposes 
the  health  of  such 
individual,  where- 
upon the  guests 
all  rise,  except  the 
party  toasted, 
drink  th  e  toast 
standing,  and  gen- 
erally give  cheers 
to  the  distinguish- 
ed guest.  Should 
the  banquet  be 
given  in  honor  of 
an  occasion,  the 
chairman  proposi  - 
as  a  toast,  "  The 
day  we  celeb] 
which  likev 

frequently  drank  standing.      A  series  of  toasts  are  then   read, 
and  responded  to  by  parlies  who  have  been  invited  to  do  so,  and  who 
are   expected    to  prepare  and   deliver    a    short,  witty   and   mirth  pro- 
voking speech.    Musie    follows  each  toast — if  it  has   been   pro' 
— or  a  quartette  of  male  voices  ie  Introduced;  a  good  Binger  among 
the   quests    is   frequently  called  upon  to  entertain  his  fellows 
and  it   is  esteemed   unkind  for  him  to  decline.      After  the    regular 
toasts  have  been  responded  to,  the  chairman  may  call  upon  any  in- 
dividual in  the  company  for   remarks,  until  the  hour  for  adjournment 
has  arrived,  when  the    musicians    are   called   upon    for    "  Auld 
Syne,"  or  "  Home,    Sweet  Home,"  and  the  party  is  dispersed. 
Brief,  appropriate  banquet  speeches  follow  on  Succeeding  ; 


and  situated  upon  a  platform.  The 
guests  at  tin-  table  occupy  one 
side,   the   president  being  in    the 

center,  with  the  must  honored  krucst  I 

at    the    right,     ami   ntlu-r   guests    and    speakers 

each  side.    Tims  the  speaking  is  distinctly  heard, 


upon 


t82 


-ri  li  IIKS    I.N    R]  I'i  \      hi    I'  IABT8. 


Speech  of  a  Sentimentalist, 
•  to  the  toast  of  "  The  tac 

::    Willi  :ill  III v   heart  I    KB] I    I"   thl«    loa-I !    I    a  — lire 

you  ii  Inspires  me  like  one  of  Hiss  Braddon'a  delightful  love-stories. 
The  ladies  I  Tee,  i  admire  Itaem  greatly  In  the  aggregate;  l  honor 
them  in  t lit-  abstract,  and  some  ol  thi  m  i  absolutely  love! 

"  Why  should  I  fear  to  own  to  all 
That  beauty  does  my  heart  enthrall?" 

,;,  ntlemen,  In  pr<  toast  yon  honor  your  manhood  and 
every  daughter  ol  Eve;  I] ling  toil  I  can  only  echo  the  sen- 
timent of  sir  Walter  Scott: 

••I i  woman,  in  our  bonrs  of  i 
i  I,,    ii  mi.  coj .  and  hard  to  please. 
Ami  ■.  ii  mill,  as  the  shade 
Bj  the  lighl  quivering  aspen  made; 
When  p  mi  and  anguish  wring  the  brow, 
A  ministering  angel  thon!" 

Ami  speaking  of  angels,  what  a  delightful  combination  some  fine 

-  has  made  in  «  rltlng  of  "  mother,  home  and  heaven 
j,  .   ,,i    mother  I  Sacredl]  to  her  honored  graj  hairs  I  answer  to 
this  to 

To  my  Bister,  my  earliest  playmate,  beloved  guide  and  helper  In  my 

Infantile  pilgrimage,  l  sacredly  respond  to  this  toast 

\|..  sweetheart  I   What  words  can  paint  her  beauty  and  her  good- 

[  wish  her  happiness,  Bleeping  or  waking  I 

rrlendl  Truest  of  the  true,  faithful  among  the  many  thai  are 

tractable,   hopeful  and  wise— l  respond  for 

Mi  cousin  I   p child,  Bhe   was  older  than   1,  but  wc  loved   each 

other  n.  i.  -"I.  and  when  Bhe  married  unfortunately,  and  died 

of  a  broken  heart,  lasl  year,  Bhe  left  me  only  the  memory  of  her  beau- 
tiful 1 1,  .i.i.  i.-i  to  cherish  forever. 

My  wife— thai  le  to  be! 

"She's  all  my  fancy  painted  her; 

-  lovely — -h.'s  divine!" 

But  the  rest  of  thai  versi  does  not  apply  in  my  case,  for  she  has 
surely  promised  to  be  mine  I  [hope  for  her  good  health  and  happi- 
ii,  --  ■ 

lii.l  I  hear  somebody  whispering  near  me,  "How  about  mother- 
in-law.-"  Gentlemen,  excuse  me  if  I  stand  up  squarely  before  yon, 
d  relative.     Fortunately  I  know  whom 
i  be,  and  I  tell  you  thai  should  mj  wife  and  I,  in  the  far  fu- 
ture, marry  onr  daughter  (that  is  to  i»-)  to  some  heartless,  die- 
,i  fellow,  l  hope  that  be  may  End  bis  mother-in-law  a  terror  n> 
i,  and  I'll  back  h.-r  up  In  It,  yon  may  believe.   I  tell  you  sons- 
in-law  determine  the  motber-ln-law  question  everj  tlmel    Show  me 
.  himself  ami  bis  wife  as  he  ought,  and  proves 
himself  an  ho  mieman  on  all  occasions,  and  ins  mother-in- 

11  hive  him  tx  n.  r,  if  possible,  than  bis  wife  ever  did.      rimi's 
mymother-i  :.  [  take  pleasure  in  responding  to  the 

toast— Thi  Ladii  — all  the  ladies  of  our  land  I 


Speech  at  a  Dry-Goods-Merchants'  Reunion. 

Fellow  'I  a  When  the  formati.ui  of  this  society  wascon- 

celved  it  bail  no  higher  purpi.se  than  to  unit,  us  for  mutual  protection 
and  companionship,  and  on  thai  basis  tl  has  proved  itself  a  useful  and 

anion.     From  a  small  membership  ii  has  risen  to  the 
of  a  thoroughly  organized,  popular  and  powerful  association,  per- 
fectly able  to  carry  out  its  proposed  bei  a,  and  enjoy- 

n.nil  "f  prosperity  commensurate  with  its  usefulness.  We 
have  now  been  in  existence  for  five  years,  and  wtthin  that  period  no 
less  than  twenty-live  similar  organizations  have  been  formed  in  this 
county  alone;  bo  that  the  dry-goods  trade  of  this  section  has  been 
greatly  benefited  and  improved  by  our  co-operation.     To-night   we 

.re  the  fifth  anniversary  of  our  society,  and  I  am  happy  toan- 


ni.  mi.  ■  ■  thai  it-  records  have  nevi  i-  yel  been  sullied  by  the  business 
failure  of  any  of  Its  members,   i  d  hj   the  ham!  ol  death. 

We  meet,  therefore,  under  peculiarly  gratifying  circumstances,  (or 
atulatlons  upon  the  success  of  i  lu-  move- 
in.  nt,  with  high  hopes  for  the  future,  and  to  i  ite  the  fame 

of  those  distinguished  manufacturers  and  merchants  ol  Amerti 

have  made  drj  g I-  the  greal  element  ..r    mercantile  prosperity 

that  it  has  now  become.     Gentlemen,  I  therefore  heartily  propose  as 

a  inn -i   -"All  honor  to  the  Dry-g Is  merchants  of  America— Lli  ing 

or  Demi!" 


A  Landsman's  Response  to  the  Toast  of  "The  Navy." 

Ms.  Chairman,  and  Gentlemen:  Ii  was  rather  remarkable  that 
the  committee  should  have  designated  me,  above  all  others,  to  re- 

spi.inl  to  this  important  toast.   For  my  marii cperlencea  have  been 

limited  in  number  and  extent,  and  while  they  havi netlmea  proud 

exceedingly  unpleasant  to  myself,  I    must    acknowledge  thai  thej 

have  I,,  en  a  s of  considerable  amusement  to  my  fellow-vi 

era      For  my  navigation  has  been  strlctlj  confined  to  Bteam-vessi  Is, 
in  which  I  rated  as  a  first  class  cabin-passenger,  with  my  fare  paid 
ami  stale-room  secured  in  advance;   and  in  all  my  voyages  l  have 
,  red  worsi  mat  im  disasters  Hum  w  ret  hi  d  atl 
knees. 

Fortunately,  however,  my  knowledge  of  naval  affaire  hae  ool  bei  n 

restricted  t y  own  experiences.     Aa  the  yeare  have   rolled  by,  I 

have    frequently    been     thrown     Into    the    BOClety    Of     many    distin- 

,.,„  h,  ,1   gentlemen  who  belonged  to  the   United  States  Navy,  and 

am  ready  to  bear  testimony  to  all  the  g I  qualities  claimed  for  ihis 

Bterling  branch  or  om  govi  i  umenl  defi 

Around  the  names  of   Decatnr,   HcDoi gh,   Hi. Idle,    Bainbi 

Lawrence,  Perry,  Chauncey,  Elliott,  Farragut,  Dablgren,  and  a  hoBl 

Of  other   true    "hearts   of   oak,"    circle    brilliant    halo-    of   fame    for 

their  gallant  services  bj  aea  and  land,  and  all  patriotic  Amei 
point  to  them  with  proud  appreciation.     Gentlemen,  these  men  are 
dead,  but  their  victories  illumine  our  history  as  amnion  with  a  lustre 
that  charms  the  mind  of  youth  aa   it   read-  the  Btorj  of  their  tri- 
umph-. 

We  may  prai-e  our  aiiny  for  its  deed-  of   \  alor  on  I  be  lenled  field, 

ami  well  does  II  deserve  the  highest  encomiums  for  its  gallantry ;  bnt 
I  have  in, mid  thai  In  numerous  Bieges  or  the  sea  coast  without  the 

aid  of  the  Navy  I  lie  BUCCeBS  Of  Ihe  Army  would  bale  I.,  en  exceed- 
ingly doubtfnl,     Ami  in  the  li-t  of  noble  vessels  whose  name-  we 

love  to  cherish,  stand  the   veteran   stltntlon"  (our  "Old  Iron- 

-hi,  a"),  il United  States,"  the  "  Chesapeake,"  tl Wasp,"  the 

"Hornet"  and  the  "  Monitor." 

Gentlemen,  I  must  not  dwell  too  long  In  recalling  the  past  We 
bear  the  press  occasionally  Bnei  ring  al  the  apparent  insignificance  of 
our  Navy  in  "  these  piping  times  .,r  peace."  Lei  tbem  sneer;  for 
Mi,  re  never  was  a  time,  aa  yet,  In  our  history  when  the  United  States 
needed  a  Navy  that  she  did  not  have  it,  with  a  force  of  fighting  men  to 
make  il  glorious.  In  the  future,  a-  in  the  past,  I  look  for  the  re- 
in Mai  of  this  pi im  i.i,   at   Hi"   pi, .per  lime,  and  I  believe  there 

will  never  come  a  period  In  onr  national  existence  when  <.ur  Navy 
will  yield  its  prestige  to  a  foreign  or  domestic  fpe,  or  fuil  to  add  new- 
laurels  to  its  victorious  ri'  ord. 


Response  to  the  Toast  of  "  The  Army." 

Mn.  President  and  Gentlemen:  It  devolves  upon  me  as  a  duty 
to  repl]  to  the  sentiment  just  offered.     To  a  soldier,  duty  should 

.v.r  In-  a  pleasure;   and  a-  one  of  Ihe  great  Army  thu-  brought  to  the 

front,  I  willingly  and  proudly  re-pond  to  the  good  wishes  embodied 
iii  tin-  toast 

I  could  have  wished,  gentlemen,  that  some  one  else  had  been  chosen 
to  perform  what  I  am  called  upon  to  do,  for  it  would  probably  have  been 
done  far  belter.  1  see  before  me  many  who  could  more  eloquently 
speak  of  the  i  ;ploits  of  onr  military  organization,  because 

they  have  I n  longer  in  it  and  have  -ecu  more  service. 


TOASTS    AND    RESPONSES. 


lam  happy,  mi  this  occasion,  to  meel  bo  man  3  old  comrades — stal- 
wart young  fellows  whom   I  knew  before  tbej  aspired   loshonlder- 

straps;  with  whom,  side  by  Bide,  I  Carried  a  musket  into  many 
bloody  fights,  which  their  vnl< n*  turned  to  victories.  I  am  glad  to  see 
them  here  to-night,  safe  and  Bound,  and  by  their  high-rank  uniforms 
attesting  that  republics  are  not  always  ungrateful. 

Gentlemen,  the  record  or  the  United  States  Army  is  brilliant  with 
deeds  of  bravery  and  distinguished  conquests.  Tracing  it  from  the 
first  fight  of  the  Revolution,  in  1775,  to  this  day,  when  peace  is  in  all 
our  borders,  Americans  have  reason  to  glory  in  its  achievements,  and 
we  know  that  it  stands  well  in  the  estimation  of  the  world. 

What  the  Army  has  been  in  the  past,  and  it  owes  much  to  the 
courage  and  energy  of  our  citizen-soldiery,  we  may  safely  rely  upon 
it  in  the  future,  when  the  alarum  of  invasion  or  intestinal  conflict 
shall  be  sounded.  As  in  the  past,  the  nation  will  rise  as  one  man, 
and  the  cry  of  "to-arms!"  will  again  meet  with  a  hearty  response. 

There  is  another  reason  why  all  honor  should  be  accorded  to  this 
important  bulwark  of  our  nation,  and  it  is  this:  While  in  most  for- 
eign countries  military  service  baa  to  be  enforced  by  conscription,  or 
draft,  or  by  royal  edict,  here  the  latent  patriotism  of  the  people,  and 
the  liberal  provisions  of  the  government,  lead  them  to  volunteer 
freely  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Army. 

The  Army  also  owes  much  to  the  moral  and  substantial  support  of 
the  people  at  large.  Who  so  honored  as  General  Washington,  Gen- 
eral 1 1  rant,  General  Sherman  and  General  Sheridan?  Who  bo  esteemed 
as  the  men  who  have  fallen  in  defense  of  our  flag,  whose  graves  we 
decorate  with  spring-time  flowers  from  year  to  year?  My  comrades, 
we  have  reason  to  rejoice  that  the  American  soldier,  living  or  dead, 
may  count  his  admirers  by  the  thousands. 


At  a  Party-Prefacing  the  Toast,  "  Our  Host  and  Hostess." 

Gentlemen:  I  think  you  will  all  agree  with  me  when  I  refer  to 
tin-  occasion  as  one  of  those  bright  oases  in  ordinary  life  which  re- 
lease us  from  business  cares  and  afford  us  opportunity  to  unbend  and 
mingle  ill  cheerful  recreation  with  our  esteemed  friends.  I  am  sure 
that  we  all  need  a  stimulus  of  thie  sort  after  a  season  of  drudgery  at 
the  desk  or  counter,  in  order  to  clear  away  the  dust  and  cobwebs  from 
our  brains,  to  revive  our  social  natures,  and  to  develop  the  finer 
sentiments  and  feelings  of  humanity.  When  I  look  around  thi 
erous  board  and  see  so  many  friendly  faces,  my  heart  warms,  and 
there  comes  bnbbling  up  the  desire  that  these  happy  reunions  might 
be  more  frequent  in  our  existence.  But  while  1  rejoice  with  you 
that  the  hour  has  been  a  triumph  of  social  enjoyment,  we  should  not  be 
forgetful  of  those  to  whose  thoughtful  care  and  hospitality  we  are  in- 
debted for  it.  Certainly  we  can,  each  one  of  us,  appreciate  the 
bounty  and  good  taste  that  have  provided  tins  delightful  banquet,  ami 
I,  therefore,  have  no  hesitation  in  asking  you  to  pledge  to  them  our 
warmest,  regards  while  I  propose  the  healths  of  our  excellent  host 
and  hostess. 

The  Host's  Reply. 

Gentlemen — Friends:  It  would  ill  become  me  to  -it  -till  with 
thai  hearty  sentiment  ringing  in  our  ears  and  nestling  in  our  hearts, 
and,  in  my  own  name  and  that  of  my  wife,  I  rise  to  thank  you,  sin- 
cerely and  earnestly,  for  your  very  kind  expressions  of  esteem  and 
friendship  for  us.  True  gratitude  does  not  require  to  be  clothed  in 
many  words.  Language  is  frequently  inadequate,  in  such  eases,  to 
Convey  more  than  a  mere  and  remote  idea  of  the  feelings  that  are 
prompted  by  Bncfa  very  gratifying  and  generous  sentiments 
bave  B0  unanimously  uttered.  In  all  sinrerity  and  earnestness,  as 
your  friends,  we  hope  for  your  individual  prosperity  in  all  the  re- 
lation- of  life  and  business,  trusting  thai  in  the  early  future  we  may 
have  the  pleasure  of  again  meeting  yon,  under  as  agreeable  eireuni- 
Btances,  to  renew  our  mutual  and  harmonious  enjoyment. 


A  Toast— "The  Ladies." 
Response  by  a  tendt  r-heartect  bachelor. 
Gentlemen:  I  think  you  must  have  known  me  and  my  sentiments 


pretty  well  when  you  assigned  to  me  the  duty  of  responding  to  the 
toasl  of  "  the  ladies."  for  I  confess  it  ie  a  subject  to  whicb  I  have 
given  much  thought,  and  of  which  I  have  expressed  much  admira- 
tion.    Really,  it  touches  a  tender  chord  in  my  bosom,  and    I 

pose  I  am  peculiarly  sensitive  about  it  because  my  mother  was  a  lady. 
Oh,  these  mothers  !  how  much  we  owe  to  them  !  Our  being,  our  ear- 
liest nourishment,  our  consolation,  our  training  in  the  ways  of  life. 
They  are  our  guardian- spirits,  our  lovers,  our  helpers,  our  teachers, 
our  best  friends.  I  pity  the  in  in  who  has  never  felt  a  mother"  £ 
or  her — slipper,  when  lie  baa  wandered  into  forbidden  paths' and  been 

caught  at  it!  I  tell  you   these  are  things  to  remember.     In   imag- 
ination I  can  feel  them  tingling  still;  but  far  better  comes  tl 
membrance  to  my  heart,  that  while  she  can-  to  flow,   she 

had  all  she  could  do  to  keep  her  own  from  mingling  with  mine. 

And  my  sister!   I  heartily  respond  for  her,  because,  being  old- 
I,  she  guided  my  infant    footsteps   over   many    rotiL'h   pla 
me  when  I  wes  tired— and  boxed  my  ears  when  I  was  na  . 

My  sweetheart!  I  cannot  tell  you  bow  many  there  were  of  her!  I 
never  knew — but  no  school-room  could  seat  all  of  her.  I  don't  know 
whicb  of  iter  I  loved  the  best.  I  know  some  of  her  loved  me  well, 
but  my  stolen  cherries,  nuts  and  candy  better!  She  was  of  all  ages, 
all  styles  of  beauty— white  and  brown— pale  and  quiet— rosy  and  a 
romp;  but  I  loved  her  dearly,  and  for  her  I  respond  to-night. 

My  cousin!   ^  es,  1  respond  in  memory  of  her,  hateful  and  aggra- 
vating though  she  was;  Bteallngmy  gum,  begging  half  my  apple,  cuf- 
fing me  when  I  ki-seii  her,  wheedlingme  into  writing  her  com 
tions  for  her  after  school— and  making  me  like  her  whether  I  wanted 
to  or  not ! 

My  friend!  I  remember  her  in  all  sweetness!  She  never  sauced 
me;  she  never  tormented  me  by  word  or  deed;  she  never  "went 
back"  on  me;  I  could  trust  her  with  all  I  had;  she  always  kept  my 
secrets;  always  gave  me  good  advice ;  always  sewed  on  my  buttons, 
and  never  grumbled;  taught  me  how  to  lie  good,  and  how 
and  bow  to  be  manly;  1  tell  you  she  was  a  friend,  indeed,  to  he 
of.      But  she  is  dead  ! 

My  wife!— Don't  laugh.  It  is  true  that  I  have  none  now;  but  in  the 
future,  when  I  join  hands  with  her  at  the  altar,  and  proudly  call  her 
miue— though  I  do  not  now  even  know  her  name  or  the  number  of 
her  shoe— I  shall  marry  her  because  I  love  her.  I  wish  for  her  good 
health  wherever  she  is  to- night  I 

And  now,  gentlemen,  when  the  roosters  are  waking  up  and  dawn 
is  appearing,  it  is  time  to  close  our  festivities  and  retire  to  our 
couches.   May  pleasant  dreams  await  us  there! 


Response  to  the  Toast  of  "  The  Press." 

Gentlemen;  To  speak  ably  to  a  toast  relating  to  a  subject  so  im- 
portant and  of  so  much  magnitude  mighi  well  stagj  1 
of  any  individual,  unless  lie  I"   an  editor;  and  the   smaller  tn< 
eulaiion  of  his  paper,  so  much  greater,  ordinarily,  would   we   1 
to  find  his  confident  e n  like  this. 

Thai  I  have  been  annoum  ed a  i  io  respond  t.>  this 

seems  to  me  a  pleasant  parody,  when  I  consider  the  genuii 
quence  and  intelligent  comprehension  of  the  topfr  tfa  derand 

more  experienced  journalist  would  have  brought  to  bear  upon  it.    Hut 
the  fiat  has  gone  forth,  and  I  rise,  in  accordance  with  your  behi 
utter  a  few  words  about  my  chosen  profession. 

Gentlemen,  what  the  power  of  the  pre--  has  beer,  in  the  past,  in 
shaping  public  opinion,  eorrectini;  public  morals,  rebuking  social  and 
political  abuses,  and  instructing  the  people,  is  too  well-known  to  be 
repeated  here  in  detail.      What  --   the  arts  and    s< -,. 

domestic  culture,  legislation,  education,  and  eoninierre,  have  achieved 

is  largely  due  to  the  influence  Of  the  press.     Our  national  integrity, 
advancement  and  prosperity  owe  much  to  types  and  printers"  ink.    in 
trntb  " the  press,  the  lever  that   moves  the  world,"  has  dor. 
service  and  with  Archimedean  energy  has  moved  the  world 

other  earthly  power  could  move  it.  show  me  an  enterprise  of  man 
that  the  newspaper  has  not  developed  and  strengthened,  and  I  will 
show  you  an  enterprise  that  the  dark  ages  would  he  ashamed  to  en- 
courage. 


-1 


4S4 


BANQUET    SPEECHES. 


We  find  mocta  fault  with  the  press  for  revealing  crime  and  wicked- 
tnd  clothing  i'-  w  i r I ■  attractiveness  and  "  sensation  "  that  it  does 
not  deserve.  We  accuse  it  ol  shaping  public  opinion  to  the  dctri- 
ment  of  society.  Gentlemen,  remember  that  the  peep!*  rule  in  this 
country,  and  that  the  press,  like  Abraham  Lincoln  in  the  war,  can 
only  echo  and  fulfill  the  wishes  of  the  people.  Educate  the  people 
to  think  for  thi  ms<  tve  ,  to  study  and  maintain  their  own  opinions, 
regardless  <>f  the  press,  and  the  press  will  find  its  true  level  and  be 
the  exponent  of  the  real  Benttments  of  the  public.  As  it  is,  the 
average  citizen  prefers  to  let  the  press  thins  for  him:  and  when 
he  is  called  to  serve  upon  a  jury,  his  mind  is  so  imbued  with  the 
opinions  or  the  reporter  and  editor  that  he  is  Incompetent  to  form  an 
bonest  judgment  on  the  evidence  of  Bworn  witnesses. 

This  is  all  h  rong.  GenUemi  n,  believe  me  the  brains  of  the  com- 
munity are  not  all  In  the  editor's  skull.  I  accord  to  my  profession  all 
the  influence,  all  the  wisdom,  thai  it  has  any  reason  to  claim;  but  it 
i-  nol  infallible.  Men  and  women  should  be  more  independent  of  it. 
Like  the  lawyer,  the  editor,  trammeled  by  political  ambition  and 
personal  motives,  does  very  mnch  special  pleading  as  the  advocate 
Of  many  things  which  he  should  be  ashamed  to  approve. 

But  still  the  press  Es  a  mighty  engine  for  reform.  It  can  gather  and 
disseminate  reallj  important  Information  with  greater  rapidity  than  the 
Blower  process  of  book-making  and  distributing  can  possibly  do,  and 
reach  a  iaru'«T  <ia--  of  readers.  K  allthc  motives  and  energies  of  the 
press  are  on  the  Bide  of  morality  and  truth,  it.  will  fulfill  the  func- 
tions <•(  a  missionary  in  a  good  cause;  but  if  the  paperis  "  Satanic" 
in  its  principles,  ii i ul  its  readers  lack  the  moral  stamina  to   resist    its 

influences,  the  effect  must  be  more  or  less  evil. 

No,  the  man  or  woman  who  is  willing  to  sit  calmly  down,  and  say, 
"  Well,  my  paper  says  so  and  so  is  riu'ht,  and  I  suppose  it  is,  be- 
cause the  editor  is  o  Bharp  fellow  and  knows,  probably,  betterthan  I 
do,"  does  not  comprehend  the  privileges  he  orshe  possesses  to  think 
and  act  independently. 

All  honor  to  the  press  as  a  power  for  good,  but  none  for  it  as  the 
ator  of  immorality. 


Speech  at  a  Printers'  Banquet. 

Kki.i-ow -Printers:  It  having  devolved  upon  me  to  respond  to  the 
sentiment  jusl  offered— "The  Art  Preservative  of  All  Arts,  and  the 

Artists  of    the  Conipositig-Koom'" — I  may  as  well  say  right   here  that 

I  know  all  about  those  fellows — of  whom  I  am  proud  to  be  one  on 
this  occasion. 

The  dinner  we  have  just  eaten  was  one  to  make  each  of  us  per- 
fectly sat i -tied  with  ourselves  and  our  vocation.    In  our  office  phrase, 

i  »  ];,!  take,*1  and  counted  Immensely  in  the  "  make-up "  of 
this  evening's  enjoyment  With  the  exception  of  a  feeling  of  un- 
wonted tightness  under  the  lower  button  of  my  vest,  I  am  unusually 
self-satisfied  and  happy,  and  I  see  by  your  pleasant  face-  that  our 
feelings  are  reciprocal. 

But  I  was  to  Bpeak  about  "the  art  preservative  of  all  arts."' 
Trusting  to  my  present  condition  of  mind  and  body,  I  should  say  it 
must  be  a  good  dinner,  like  this  we  have  ju-t  eaten;  for  1  think  that 
if  there  Is  anything  more  preservative  or  congenial  in  the  arts  than 
Buch  cookery,  it  can  only  be  found  in  the  "black  art"  which  we 
practii  i 

Rut  seriously,  gentlemen,  the  subject  is  too  broad,  too  magnif- 
icent, and  comes  up  at  too  late  an  hour  this  evening,  to  receive  more 
than  a  passing  mention.  All  honor  to  our  profession — I  would  say 
"  trade,"  bu1  art  Is  a  profession,  and  I  am  talking  about  art.  I  say, 
all  honor  to  all  our  art — to  the  men  who  invented  and  perpetuated  it 
until  we  came  upon  the  stage— sad  bunglers  as  they  were  in  the  easi- 
ness All  honor  to  the  typos  and  the  pre- -men  who  are  covering  them- 
Belves  and  their  profession  with  honor  by  the  skill  and  beauty  with 
which  they  have  invested   it.      All  honor  to  the  press  of   the  conn- 

try even  to  those  editors  whose  Bharpest,   most  pungent  articles 

are  written  with  shears  and  paste,  instead  of  pen  and  ink.  All  hon- 
or to  the  men  who  advertise  their  business,  and  grow  corpulent  and 
wealthy  by  their  free   use  of  printers'   ink.      All  honor  to  the  men 


who  write  and  publish  ' ks.     All  bonor  to  each  and  every  reading 

man,  woman  and  <  lilld  in  the  universe,  for  their  appreciation  of  our 
art.  All  honor  to  the  men  who  design  and  draft  the  beautiful  al- 
phabets and  ornaments  with  which  we  adorn  our  finest  work.  AH 
honor  to  the  pressman  who  "over-lays"  bis  fellows  and  makes  oui 
art  more  brilliant  by  hie  clear  " impressions."  All  bonor  to  the 
paper-men  who  understand  our  need-  and  strive  to  make  our  art 
finer  and  better  by  the  variety  and  excellence  Of  their  products. 

Finally,  all  honor  to  our  art  itself — the  art  that   is  working  won- 
der- in  the  education  and  the  reformation  of  the  world — ami  to   ¥00, 
my  fellow-typos,  whose  nimble  fingers  and    good    taste    furnisfa    last 
ing  monuments  of  theprogressof  the  age. 


Speech  at  an  Iron  Manufacturers'  Festival. 
Mb.  President  am>  Gentlemen  :  in  an  epoch  bo  filled  with  sur- 
prising invention-,  improved  method-,  of  living,  ami  important  bene- 
fits to  all  classes  of  society,  it  is  difficult  to  determine  the  specific 

name  that  should  be  given  to  this  age.  After  some  considerable  de- 
liberation 1  have  decided  in  my  own  mind  that  this  is,  really  and 
truly,  the  Iron  Age — not  the  one  of  which  we  have  read  so  much  in 
the  history  of  the  past,  when  life  was  a  burden  and  held  under  a 
tenure  of  doubtful  stability — When  men-  hearts  were  wrung  by 
cruelty  and  oppression — but  an  age  into  whose  composition  iron  and 
steel  have  bo  largely  entered  thai  it  has  reformed  society  and  busi- 
ness, and  greatly  changed  all  our  commercial  relations.  Look  at  the 
perfect  network  of  railroads  now  traversing  this  continent  and  that 
of  Europe,  and  pushing  through  the  deserts  and  cities  of  the  great 
East.  Look  al  the  majestic  iron  steamers  that  plow  all  navigable 
seas  and  oceans.  Look  at  the  immense  forges,  rolling-mills  and  fac- 
tories that  illumine  the  skies  in  all  civilized  countries  with  their 
lurid  furnace-flames.  Look  at  all  these,  and  then  ask,  what  power  so 
potent  as  that  of  iron  in  this  century?  Without  it  all  branches  of  in- 
dustry would  cease,  and  the  clock  of  time  would  be  set  back  five 
hundred  years.  No,  gentlemen,  in  this  era  of  progress,  Iran  is 
i  Accord  whatever  credit  we  may  to  science,  art  and  literature, 

as  motors  in  the  threat  work  of  civilization,  Iron  hold-  it-  ><\\  n  in  the 
tnd  i-  One  Of  the  world's  greatest  industrial  agents  in  pro- 
viding labor  for  worklngmen.  Indeed,  the  value  of  the  iron-trade 
to  all  classes  of  society  is  incalculable,  for  it  is  universal — not  for 
any  one  age  or  country,  but  for  all  time  and  in  every  land.  Mr. 
President  and  Gentlemen,  when  I  consider  this  subject  and  endeavor 
to  estimate  its  true  worth.  I  am  bewildered  at  its  greatness  and  the 
inadequatenessof  figures  to  represent  it  intelligibly.  To-nlghl  !  shall 
go  no  further  with  it,  but  leave  it  in  its  vastness  for  future  political 
economists  to  investigate  and  assess.  For  one  I  am  L'iad  to  be  here 
to  testify  to  its  gigantic  powers  and  increasing  influence  upon  the 
world  at  large.  Gentlemen,  I  give  you:  "  The  Iron  Trade  and  its 
Artisans. " 


Artists'  Reunion. 


Response  by  the  pr>  sol,  >,t  to  the  toast,  "  Our  Art  and  Artists. " 

FELLOW- Artists :  I  suppose  that  most  of  us  are  aware  of  the  \ery 
important  part  which  fidelity  to  nature  and  the  higher  principles  of 
i  in  the  successor  our  profession;  and  I  fancy,  sometimes, 
that  the  lessons  which  we  have  received  In  this  direction,  while  pur- 
suing our  studies,  may  have  a  meaning  that  extends  beyond  our  can- 
vas and  our  easels. 

I  doubt  not  that  in  the  experiences  of  most  of  us  here  present  we 
hai  e  more  than  once  bad  occasion  to  note  the  similarity  beta  een  the 
work  of  perfecting  a  superior  painting  and  of  shaping  our  live-  to 
our  ideal  of  honor  and  usefulness.  In  the  studio,  when  the  picture 
ithered  form  and  awaits  the  finer  touches  of  the  pencil,  we 
carefully  scan  it  from  different  points  of  vision,  noting  each  defect 
in  coloring  and  expression,  and  toning  down,  heightening,  obliterat- 
ing and  retouching,  as  our  skill  and  tastes  may  dictate,  until  we  con 
fess  that  in  our  eyes  it  is  perfect.     Thus  it  behooves    us,  as  artists— 


RESPONE    TO    COHGEATULATI0M    AND    SPEECH    OH    HARD   TIME* 


4-: 


as  men  who  revere  art — who  strive  for  excellence  and  fame — who  re- 
spect ourselves  and  our  talents — to  stand  aside  occasionally  and  criti- 
cally examine  ourselves — our  outer  and  Inner  lives — and  note  where- 
in wc  have  come  short  of  being  the  ideal  men  that  we  were  designed 
to  be.  In  the  painting  we  have  created  with  our  pencils,  a  few  move- 
ments of  the  hand  will  effect  a  wonderful  transformation.  If  de- 
fects  exist  in  character  may  we  be  equally  adroit  in  tin- removal  of 
blemishes  and  in  the  attainment  of  that  which  is  wanting. 

We  are  told  that  "  an  nndevont  astronomer  is  mad."  Gentlemen, 
if  oar  art  is  at  all  inferior  to  the  sublime  science  of  astronomy,  it  is 
because  it  is  doing  business  more  with  our  earth  than  with  the  im- 
mense universe  beyond.  We  may  with  the  utmost  fidelity  transfer 
to  our  canvas  the  finest  landscapes  and  wildest  charms  of  nature,  and 
bo  win  the  highest  applause  from  hosts  of  admirers.  But  alas!  our 
choicest  paintings  are  but  types  and  shadows  of  the  real  grandeur  of 
the  works  of  nature  which  inspire  our  genius  and  should  fill  us  with 
the  spirit  of  devotion  to  the  bounteous  Providence  which  has  spoken 
these  beautiful  things  of  earth  into  existence.  An  undevout  artist 
i-  no  less  mad  than  the  unbelieving  astronomer. 

Gentlemen,  I  am  aware  that  this  is  an  unusual  train  of  thought  to 
be  introduced  upon  a  festive  occasion  like  this,  bat  I  am  here  to  ac- 
cord to  my  calling,  and  yours,  all  the  dignity  and  emphasis  to  which 
it  is  entitled.  I  revere  the  memory  of  the  dead  and  gone  masters  of 
our  art;  I  rejoice  in  the  perpetuation  of  their  works  and  genius, 
and  I  believe  that  we  who  are  endeavoring  to  leave  to  a  grateful  pos- 
terity paintings  worthy  of  our  profession  should  feel  the  importance 
of  our  mission,  be  faithful  in  our  representations  of  nature,  true  art- 
ists in  spirit  as  well  as  in  works,  and  carry  with  us  the  character  of 
high-minded,  broad,  generous,  faithful  men. 

And  now,  turning  to  lighter  matters  connected  with  our  profession, 
allow  me  to  suggest  that  you  who  are  expert  portrait-painters  should 
be  "sharper  than  a  serpent's  tooth."  I  have  observed  that  you 
paint  portraits  of  gentlemen  very  conscientiously,  for  where  the 
original  possesses  a  pug-nose,  you  invariably  give  him  one  in  your 
picture,  and  oftentimes,  no  doubt,  it  causes  the  poor  man  a  world 
of  uneasiness.*  As  a  remedy,  I  would  suggest  a  schedule  fur  such 
emergencies,  fixing  the  price  of  an  aquiline  nose  at  so  much,  and  a 
pug  for  something  less,  and  let  the  gentleman  decide  for  himself 
which  he  will  have  portrayed.  This,  brother  artists,  is  the  true  mis- 
sion of  art — to  make  every  one  satisfied  with  himself  and  with  your 
work.  Should  a  cross-eyed  man  desire  to  be  taken  with  straight 
visual  organs,  always  be  ready  to  accommodate  him.  What  else 
should  you  do?  He  pays  for  the  work,  and  takes  his  choice,  prefer- 
ring straight  eyes  to  crooked  ones.      Who  can  blame  him? 

These  are  little  things,  gentlemen,  but  very  suggestive,  and  you 
will  do  well  to  heed  them. 

I  have  thus  responded  to  the  toast  in  accordance  with  the  assign- 
ment of  the  committee,  and  from  the  fullness  of  my  heart,  every 
sentiment  of  which  is  fraught  with  veneration  fur  Art,  and  esteem 
for  my  fellow-artists. 


Response  to  a  Speech  of  Congratulation, 

Made  by  John  A.  Logan  to  Illinois  Republican  Association. 

Mn.  President,  and  Fellow-Citizens  of  Illinois:  I  welcome 
you  heartily,  and  tender  you  my  sincere  thanks  for  the  expression  of 
good  will  manifested  to-night  in  this  voluntary  visit.  It  is  pleasant 
at  all  times  to  meet  with  one's  co-workers,  and  it  is  especially 
so   to    meet    with  those    with    whom    our   labors    have     been    most 

immediately  east.      Born  and  reared  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  a  tl I  of 

personal  and  agreeable  recollections  rashes  upon  me  as  I  behold  your 
familiar  faces.  Some  of  you  stood  with  me  a-  boys  upon  the  shore 
of  life's  great  ocean,  panting  with  eagerness  to  explore  the  inviting 
but  untried  expanse  he  fore  you.  Somcof  you  were  side  by  side  with 
me  when  our  young  manhood,  full  of  vigor  and  latent  possibilities, 
began  the  struggle  witli  forbidding  fortune,  and  in  the  face  of  obstacles 

which  magnified  and  ennobled  your  subsequent  success.  With  some 
of  you  I  have  rejoiced  in  the  accomplishment  of  objects  for  which  we 


have  striven,  and  with  some  of  you  I  have  grieved  over  the  nonfrui- 
tion  of  your  best-grounded  hopes.  With  all  of  you  I  have  been  ■ 
associated  during  some  portion  of  our  respective  careers,  and  can 
dwell  with  gratification  over  the  retrospect  of  our  personal  acquaint- 
ances— a  retrospect  which,  while  full  of  pleasures,  should  not  fail  to 
remind  us  that,  thongii  we  have  passed  the  heyday  of  youth,  and  are 
standing  under  the  more  subdued  light  of  middle- age,  we  are  still  in 
the  prima  of  usefulness,  and  with  life's  mission  still  unfilled.  Some 
of  you  that  are  here  have  come  upon  the  field  of  labor  at  a  mor<  re 
cent  period,  but  are  no  less  my  friends  and  fellow-laborers.  To  one 
and  all  of  you,  gentlemen,  I  desire  to  manifest  my  deep  appreciation 
of  the  spirit  wmich  prompts  your  visit  at  this  time,  and  to  extend  the 
hand  of  fellowship  and  of  hearty  greeting  to  my  friends  of  Illinois 
here  assembled. 


Speech  at  a  Manufacturers'  Convention, 

Giving  the  Causes  of  D^prtssio/t  in  Business. 

The  periods  of  financial  depression  come  frequently  in  late  years. 
Why  ?  Does  anybody  know*  why  ?  Apparently  very  few  people  have 
any  distinct  idea  as  to  the  causes  that  produce  general  financial  dis- 
tress throughout  the  community.  Ask  a  dozen  of  the  best  business 
men  of  your  town  to-day  the  reason  for  the  present  hard  times,  and 
you  will  get  a  dozen  different  answers.  One  will  tell  you  that  it  is 
■•presidential  year. "  Another  will  tell  you  that  it  is  "  wildcat  spec- 
ulation. "  Another,  that  it  is  "over-trading."  Another,  that  it  is 
"lack  of  sufficient  protection."  Another,  that  it  is  "wasteful  ex- 
travagance," etc.  etc.  Evidently  there  is  no  clearly  defined  idea  in 
the  minds  of  business  men  relative  to  the  causes  that  produce  com- 
mercial stagnation.      For  this  reason  I  have  chosen  this  subject. 

To  explain,  I  will  go  back  in  history.  Primitive  man  had  no 
labor-saving  implements  to  aid  him  in  securing  warmth  and  food. 
To  obtain  these  necessaries,  he  had  to  labor  with  every  possible  phys- 
ical effort  all  throughout  his  working  hours.  Time  passed,  and 
inventive  genius  produced  labor- saving  devices,  such  as  the  sickle, 
the  hoe,  the  plough,  the  fanning-mill,  the  spinning-wheel,  etc. 

With  these  came  opportunity  for  rest  from  long  hours;  and,  with 
greater  leisure  for  study  and  intellectual  advancement,  labor-saving 
machinery  began  to  rapidly  multiply.  The  result  was,  with  the  pro- 
ductive power  of  the  country  increased,  the  time  of  labor  has  been 
shortened  from  sixteen  hours  to  fourteen,  from  fourteen  to  twelve, 
and  from  twelve  to  ten. 

The  history  of  these  shortenings  of  the  hours  would  fill  a  volume. 
Working  the  long  hours  with  labor-saving  machinery  would  make  an 
over-production,  succeeded  by  stagnation  in  business,  bankruptcies, 
strikes,  riots,  and  general  disturbance.  This  was  followed  by  a  short- 
ening of  the  hours,  when,  the  productive  power  being  lessened  for  a 
time,  the  demand  for  goods  equaled  or  exceeded  the  supply*,  and 
then  came  an  era  of  better  times.  The  hours  of  factory  labor  have 
never  been  shortened  without  great  effort,  and  whenever  they  have 
been  reduced,  the  periods  soon  following  have  beeu  those  of  great 
financial  prosperity  to  the  country. 

During  a  period  of  several  years  preceding  the  civil  war,  our 
mechanics,  with  the  aid  of  improved  machinery,  working  twelve  hours 
a  day,  hud  produced  a  vast  overabundance,  and  the  business  of  the 
country  was  at  a.  standstill.  The  time  of  a  day's  labor  was  lessened 
two  hours  near  the  opening  of  the  war,  and  nearly  a  million  of  men 
went  to  the  battlefields.  This  made  an  immense  reduction  of  the 
productive  power  of  the  country;  and  then  came  that  era  of  great 
financial  prosperity  which  the  people  enjoyed  for  several  years,  known 
as  "  war-tiim  - 

Good  times  stimulated  invention  to  its  utmost,  and  the  planing- 
machine,  the  mower,  the  reaper,  threshing-  machines,  telegraphs,  tele- 
phones, and  a  vast  array  of  other  machines  rum  to  our  aid,  and  along 
with  them  the  laborers  from  other  countries.      Added  to  all  this,   the 


486 


THE    CAUSE    "I      MAKlt    TIMES    AM>    THE    REMEDY. 


tnd  the  soldiers  returned,  also  to  enter  tin-  Held  of  pro- 
duction.    The  result  was— whatl    In  the  fall  «>r  is::i  an  Immense 
overstock  of  every  description  of  goods  thai  could  not  be  Immediately 
imed. 

Then  followed  the  general  failures  ai ■  business  men  who  had 

not  foreseen  the  crisis  thai  was  approaching. 

VThal  made  the  panic  <»f  1878!  An  Immense  overproduction, 
i  bj  laboring  men  working  in  the  manufactory 
hour-  each  day,  aided  bj  steam  and  labor-saving  machinery.  <>r,  in 
other  words,  the  powei  of  production  was  in  excess  of  the  ability  to 
consume.  The  balance  was  destroyed,  and  financial  disturbance 
was  the  result 

Fortunately,  soon  after  this  panic,  the  Territories  offered  mining 
Inducements,  and  thousands  of  our  discharged  laborers  went  there. 
Million-  of  acres  "f  new  lands*  were  opened  to  Bottlers,  and  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  surplus  laborers  have  found  themselves  homes  and 
employ  menl  there.  These  avenues  of  employment,  besides  furnish- 
ing homes  for  large  numbers  of  Immigrants  from  foreign  lands,  have 
in  ide  a  fairly  active  and  prosperous  trade  for  business  men  for  sev- 
eral yeai  - 

The  Immense  productive  power  of  the  country,  however,  assisted 
moral  introduction  of  Bteam  and  labor-saving  machinery,  has 
been,  of  late,  greatly  overbalancing  the  power  to  consume,  and  the 
certain  results  are  following.  The  hundreds  of  thousands  of  men 
who  have  gone  to  the  new  lands  are  producing  wheat  in  such  abun- 
dance as  i"  bring  the  price  below  the  cosl  of  production.  The  result 
[9  disappointment  to  the  farmer.  He  does  not  realize  the  price  he 
rpected.  He  does  not  carry  forward  the  improvement  he  had 
anticipated;  he  does  not  patronize  the  merchant  and  the  merchant 
does  no1  order  goods.  Dull  times  at  the  factories  are  n 
because  merchants  do  not  order;  more  mechanics  are  discharged; 
few  goods  are  shipped;  railroads  do  not  pay  dividends,  their  stocks 
shrink  in  value,  and  financial  distress  prevails  among  those  who  hold 
this  class  of  securities. 

It  is  clearly  evident  that  the  power  to  consume  must  balance  the 
rv  to  produce,  or  a  general  -toppage  of  production  must  cease. 
Sim  b  is  the  fact  vThen  production  has  been  stimulated  by  great  de- 
mand, an  1  tin'  power  to  produce  Is  in  excess  of  consumption,  then 
comes  an  overproduction.  Thenfollows  a  lowering  of  the  working- 
man's  wages,  and,  finally,  the  discharge  of  large  numbers  of  m 
les  from  the  factory.  With  the  power  to  buy  destroyed  among  the 
great  mass  of  the  common  people,  manufacturers  cannot  sell,  and 
then  the  discharge  of  laborers  goes  forward  all  the  more  rapidly,  and 
general  Idleness  prevails. 

The  business  man  who,  a  few  years  since,  saw  and  realized  the 
immense  productive  power  of  the  country,  consisting  of  great  armies 
of  foreign  laborers  who  have  come  to  our  shores,  aided  by  Bteam  and 
labor  saving-machinery,  could  have  readily  understood  that  in  the 
near  future  there  must  he  a  great  overproduction,  and,  consequently, 
ji  lowering  Of  prices,  and  cessation  of  trade. 

Such  are  the  facts  to-day.  We  produce  more  than  we  consume, 
and  we  have  the  result.  While  other  causes  may  have  their  remote 
effects,  this  Is  the  real  cause  of  hard  times,  When  there  i-  a  scar- 
city of  carpets  in  the  market,  the  carpet  business  i-  good.  When 
th.-re  is  an  overabundance  of  carpet-  in  stock,  the  business  is  dull. 
And  so  throughout  the  entire  range  of  production. 

An  excess  of  production  being  the  cause  of  dull  times,  what  is  the 
remedy?  Clearly,  a  less  production.  How  shall  this  be  brought 
about?  There  are  various  ways.  One  is,  to  do  as  we  are  doing  now, 
and  as  we  always  do  in  B  panic;  shut  down  the  mills  and  factories  for 
a  few  months,  until  we  have  eaten  up  and  worn  ont  the  good-  on 
hand,  and  wait  until  scarcity  shall  cause  trade  to  revive.  Another, 
[*  to  lessen  the  productive  power  of  the  country.  How  shall  the 
latter  be  accomplished?    Clearly,  the  most  sensible  way  is  by  short* 


enlng  the  hours  of  labor.    Beyond  question,  the  Interests  of  all  i 
would  be  subserved  to-day  by  shortening  time  to  eight  hours  for  a 
day's  work.     Estimating  that  we  have  twenty  millions  of  laboring 
men  in  the  country,  each  working  ten   boors  daily,    two  hour-   less 
each  day  would  be  onc-tifih  of  their  time  to  I"'  taken  from  produi 
or  the  equivalent  of  four  millions  of  laborers  taken  from  the  produi 

Ing  classes.     That  Immense  redact!) I  the  working  force  would 

-non  create  such  scan  Itj  o1  production  et  everj    idler  at 

work,  in  order  to  produce  what  we  now  have.  Every  person  earning 
money,  and  consequently  enabled  to  buy  and  consume,  would  greatly 
Increase  the  consumptive  power;  so  that,  with  the  production  de- 
creased, and  the  ability  to  consume  Increased,  there  would  no)  be  an 
overstock  of  goods,  and  there  would  be,  constantly,  an  active  de- 
mand— which  makes  good  times. 

How  shall  we  effect  a  reduction  of  time  to  eight   hoars  a  day?    It 
is  a  matter  very  difficult  to  accomplish,  from  the  fact  that  the  laborer 
i  want  to  work  eighl  boars  for  elghl  hoars1  pay,  and  the  man- 
ufacturer, In  the  close  competition  with  which  he  has  to  contend,  is 
not  willing  to  give  ten  hours'  pay  for  eight  hours'  labor. 

At  this  point  laborers  and  employers  divide.  Each  admits  the  ne- 
cessity for  a  reduction  of  the  hours,  but  neither  is  willing  t  l 
tin*  expense  of  the  redaction.  I'nder  the  circumstances,  the  most 
feasible  plan  seems  to  he  thai  of  :i  gradual  reduction,  which  may  be 
effected  by  all  business  men,  first  giving  their  employes  a  half-holi- 
day on  Saturday,  without  a  reduction  Of  pay.  This  WOUld  be  a  reduc- 
tion of  one-twelfth  of  the  working-time :  and  this  reduction  of  time, 
with  twenty  millions  of  men,  would,  in  order  to  produce  what  we 
now  make,  give  employment  to  1,000,000  more  men  than  we  now 
employ. 

From  the  half-day  the  time  might  be  gradually  extended  until  it 
should  include  all  of  Saturday:  and  this  redaction  of  working-time 
Bhould  he  favored  by  our  business  educators,  being,  as  it  is,  for  the 
best  interests  of  all  classes. 

Our  laborers  need  recreation.  If  they  cannot  get  it  on  the  secular 
days,  they  will  take  it  on  Sunday.  Give  them  the  opportunity  to 
bave  it  on  Saturday,  that  they  may  spend  the  Sabbath  in  moral  and 

spiritual  improvement,  and  all  will  be  the  gainers. 

Then  may  follow  the  going  to  labor  at  a  later  hour  in  the  morning; 
and  so  on,  by  gradual  reduction,  the  hours  of  toil  may  he  Lessened, 
and  the  intellectual  opportunities  of  our  laborers  may  he  improved. 
While  the  productive  and  consumptive  power  of  tin-  country  may  be 
so  balanced  as  to  give  continual  prosperity  to  all  its  Interests 

That  tin  lessening  of  the  hours  of  daily  labor  bring-  b.  tter  pay  to 
the  workman,  and  greater  prosperity  to  the  employer  and  the  bus- 
iness man,  i-  proven  by  a  single  illustration  : 

Supposi    stove  manufacturer-,  find  ing  an  overstock  on  b;nnl,  deride 
to  reduce  their  working- time  to  eight  hours  per  day,  and  pay  accord 
ingly.     Tin-  first  probability  of  a  scarcity  of  stove-  will  increase  the 

demand,  and  very  soon,  working  their  foundries  only  eight  hours  a 
day,  the  orders  will  come  in  faster  than  they  can  till  them.  The 
Move- maker  goes  to  the  boot  and  shoe  manufacturer,  u  horn  he  knows 
has  been  discharging  men,  for  some  of  hi-  Idle  workmen,  and  Is  told 
that,  as  the  proprietors  are  working  only  eight  hours  a  day  in  making 
hoots  and  shoes,  they  are  not  discharging  any  nun.  On  the  contrary, 
they  are  employing  more.  The  same  reply  is  made  at  the  reaper- 
factory,  at  the  woolen-mills,  ami  the  various  manufactories  in  town. 
The  stove-maker  return-  to  td-  office,  marks  up  the  price  Of  his 
Stoves  to  correspond  with  their  scarcity  in  the  market,  and  then  bills 
for  workmen,  and  pay-  them  even  a  higher  price  than  be  paid  when 
they  worked  ten  hours,  because  men  are  scarce.  But  he  mnst  have 
them  even  at  an  advanced  price,  in  order  to  fill  his  orders — order-  thai 
are  profitable  because  the  price  of  stoves  has  been  advanced  ;  and  yet, 
with  this  advance,  workmen  can  buy  more  freely  than  before,  k 
they  have  regular,  steady  employment  at  better  wages  than  formerly. 


SUGGESTIONS   TO    FARMERS. 


4-7 


We  may  anticipate  many  objections  that  will  arise,  one  being  that 
raising  the  price  of  home-made  goods,  similar  articles  will  flow  in 
from  foreign  countries,  so  that  our  manufacturers  could  not  compete 
with  low-priced  goods  produced  by  cheap  labor  and  long  hours  abroad. 
The  reply  to  this  may  be,  that  a  tariff  should  protect  us  from  this  inva- 
sion; but,  better  vet,  what  applies  to  our  industries  here  applies 
equally  throughout  all  the  civilized  world.  An  International  Con- 
gress, composed  of  representatives  from  all  nations,  should  consider 
this  matter  and  have  a  gradual  reduction  of  working-time  throughout 
the  entire  world,  so  that  with  the  incoming  of  the  labor-saving  ma- 
chine mankind  may  get  the  advantage  of  it  as  a  labor-saver. 

It  is  designed  to  benefit  the  world,  and  i.  should  do  so.  As  it  comes 
forward  to  do  our  work,  the  hours  of  physical  toil  should  be  lessened 
accordingly,  and  they  must  be,  as  the  permanent  prosperity  of  any 
people  can  only  be  preserved  when  the  ability  to  produce  is  balanced 
by  an  equal  power  to  consume. 


Speech  at  a  County  Agricultural  Fair. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  Another  year  of  seed-time  and  harvest 
has  passed  away  since  we  last  assembled  on  these  grounds  to  witness 
the  excellence  of  this  county  in  producing  the  necessaries  and  lux- 
uries of  life.  Rain  and  sunshine,  spring  and  autumn,  and  summer 
and  winter,  have  wrought  their  mysteries  of  nature,  and  here  we  see 
the  noble  work  that  they  have  perfected.  On  every  hand  we  behold 
tin  s<- generous  products  of  the  soil,  the  fruits  of  the  orchard,  the 
(lowers  of  the  garden,  the  handiwork  of  the  dairy,  the  loom,  and  the 
kitchen.  Delicate  fingers  have  wrought  this  beautiful  embroidery, 
these  artificial  flowers,  these  dainty  quilts  and  rugs,  which  excite 
our  admiration  by  the  skill  which  they  display,  and  appeal  to  our 
senses  by  the  air  of  comfort  and  luxury  which  surrounds  them. 

It  is  gratifying  to  me  to  observe  these  triumphs  of  the  outer  and 
inner  life  of  the  farm,  for  it  indicates  a  good  degree  of  prosperity, 
praiseworthy  industry,  and  the  exercise  of  a  taste  that  only  needs 
specific  culture  to  excel  in  the  fine-arts  that  make  home  beautiful  and 
elevate  the  sentiment  of  the  household. 

Not  far  off  I  hear  the  lowing  of  sightly  cattle,  the  bleating  of  Bheep, 
the  sonorous  utterances  of  swine,  the  cackling  of  hens,  and  the  defi- 
ant crow  of  the  Shanghai.  It  is  only  another  indication  that  other 
branches  of  farm-life  as  well  as  the  raising  of  grain,  vegetables  and 
fruit,  have  prospered  during  the  past  twelve  months.  For  my  part,  1 
am  glad  it  does  not  devolve  on  me  to  award  the  prizes  upon  this  ex- 
hibition. If  it  did,  I  think  the  blue  ribbon  would  grace  everything 
here  offered  for  competition.  But  that  should  not  he,  and  the  managers, 
with  a  greater  wisdom  and  a  better  sense  of  justice,  have  entrusted 
that,  labor  to  men  and  women  more  competent  to  judge  between  good 
and  evil  than  I  am.  No  doubt  you  will  all  be  satisfied,  and  some  of 
you  very  happy,  when  their  awards  are  made. 

Near  by  I  observe  that  the  manufacturers  of  farm-machinery  have 
not  forgotten  to  be  present  with  their  labor-saving  instrumentalities, 
glittering  with  bright  paint  and  gold,  to  decorate  the  space  allotted  to 
them.  The  interest  that  you  have  in  these  things,  however,  L'oes  be- 
low the  gilding  and  the  paint,  and  yon  have  long  since  learned  to 
appreciate  the  usefulness  and  value  of  them  as  important  agents  in 
your  agricultural  success 

I  have  been  at  many  county  fairs  in  my  time.  1  was  at  twenty  last 
year.  Some  of  you  may  remember  seeing  me  here.  Ithoughtthen 
that  in  all  points  yon  rather  excelled  your  neighbors  by  the  variety  and 
true  excellence  of  your  exhibition,  and  now  I  am  convinced  that 
county  yields  the  palm  to  none  in  these  particulars. 

Last  \eai  Senate  count}  raised  an  average  of  thirty-five  bushels  of 
winter  wheat  to  the  acre,  and  No.  1  at  that  lint  since  I  came  here 
to-day  I  am  assured  that  you  overlap  Senate  county  by  three  bushels 
per  arte,  and  you  ought,  to  be  very  proud  of  the  record,  for  Senate 
county  claims  to  be  the  best  in  the  State. 

I  hear  that  vour  county  is  also  furnishing  many  very  line  road  and 


|  draught  horses  of  the  Norman  and  some  other  lighter  breeds.  I  have 
seen  several  specimens  of  travelers  while  on  my  way  hither,  and  I 
am  satisfied  that  in  tlii-  direction  you  are  making  gradual  and  im- 
portant improvements. 

Of  course,  in  making  this  branch  of  industry  successful,  you  im- 
port blooded  stork  to  mix  with  your  best  domestic  animals,  ate:  BO, 
from  year  to  year,  the  improvement  will  increase.  At  your  trial-  on 
the  course,  however,  you  will,  I  hope,  be  careful  not  to  let  the  loi  e  "f 
money  or  fast  horses  outweigh  other  superior  qualities  in  your  esti- 
mation. 

Farmers'  boys  and  girls,  I  have  a  word  for  you  :  Don't  leave  the 
farm.  Stay  there  and  work,  and  earn  an  honest,  healthful  living  in 
the  pure  air  of  the  country,  rather  than  rush  headlong  into  the 
crowded  streets  and  contaminated  atmosphere  of  city  life.  There 
may  be  more  excitement,  more  to  see  and  hear  and  learn,  than  on  the 
farm,  but  it  is  dangerous  to  health  and  morals  and  comfort.  Make 
your  homes,  with  the  assistance  of  your  parents,  pleasant  places  by 
exercising  your  own  good  taste  and  skill  in  devising  new  attractions 
and  decorations;  and,  above  all,  read,  learn  and  master  the  .  rts 
and  sciences  that  are  most  easily  reached  in  the  retirement  of 
the  country  fireside.  Good  books  cost  little  now,  comparatively, 
and  are  easily  obtained.  From  them  gather  wisdom  and  entertain- 
ment as  you  can — but  however  much  you  may  visit  the  city,  stick  to 
the  farm. 

And,  farmers,  a  v/ord  to  you.  Cease  making  farm-life  a  drudg- 
ery. Dress  up  and  put  your  homes  in  attractive  condition.  Com- 
mence your  labors  at  a  reasonable  hour  in  the  morning,  and  close  at  a 
reasonable  hour  at  night.  Beginning  work  at  four  o'clock  in  the 
morning  and  ending  at  nine  at  night,  the  year  round,  will  drive  the 
best  boy  living  off  to  the  city.  Make  your  homes  charming.  Why  not? 
Must  your  children  go  to  the  city  to  find  beauty !  Must  they  go  there 
to  see  beautiful  pleasure-grounds,  attractive  architecture  and  band 
somely  decorated  homes?  Must  they  go  away  from  home  in  order  to 
find  that  pleasure,  beauty,  and  attraction,  which  young  people  lovi  ! 
In  landscape-gardening,  and  floriculture,  you  have  the  finest  of  op- 
portunities.  In  the  growing  of  fruit  and  ornamental  trees,  in  op- 
portunity for  sports  and  games,  you  have  a  thousand  advantages 
where  the  city  has  one. 

"Can't  afford  it?"  You   can't  afford  to  do  otherwise.     The  noblest 
mis-ion  of  man  is  to  livelong,  be  happy,  and  make  others  happy  about 
him.      No  man  that  overworks  can  live  to  a   L'reat    aire.      No  man's 
family  living  in  the  midst  of  constant  toil,  drudgery,  and  lack  of  re 
creation,  can  have  perfect  health  and  real  enjoyment. 

Nature  will  not  be  cheated.      The  body  will  endure   so  much   toil 
and  no  more.      The  innate  love  of  the  beautiful  will  not 
of  its  gratification.     Make  your  farm  a  treadmill  of   hard,   grit 
toil :  let  your  house  go  unpaintcd,  and  the  door-yard  grow  up  to  weeds- 
let  your  horses  go  uncleaned,  and  your  wagon  be  covered  with  mud  ;  let 
your  pig-pen  be  close  upon  one  side,  and  the  cow-yard  near  by   the 
other;  let  this  spirit  of  neglect  and  hard  work  characterize  your  farm- 
life,  and  the  children  will  quit,  and  you  will  be  deprived  of  tie 
sistance  long  before  they  are  grown  to  an  age  whereby  they  can  aid 
you. 

"Can't  afford  to  spend  time  and  money  to  fix  up  about  the  house?" 
Do  you  wish  to  have  your  children  interested  with  you  in  all  vour 
labors'-  Would  von  like  to  have  one  of  them  carry  forward  the  farm, 
after  you  have  done  with  it,  while  the  rest  settle  in  the  immediate 
vicinity!  Then  give  plenty  of  time  for  growth  and  recreation  to  the 
children. 

Reduce  your  work  to  a  system.  Take  down  your  fence  in  tie 
vicinity  of  the  house,  and  give  yourself  several  acre-  of  beautiful 
green  lawn  about  your  home  Leave  an  abundance  of  open  space 
for  air,  light  and  view  in  the  front  of  your  house;  but  or,  this  broad 
lawn,  on  either  side  of  tin-  residence,  set  groups  •■<  evergreens, 
fruit  and  ornamental  trees.  Not  too  many,  but  enough  to 
variety. 

Cultivate  a  love  of  the  beautiful,  and  show  it  in  your  works  about 
your  homes,  it  doe-  not  cost  much  money  to  do  this,  it  is  mostly 
a  matter  of  taste  and  love  Of  Order  and  neatness.  The  rustic  sum- 
mer-house, with  trailing  vines  that  hang   upon  it.   need   not   be   e\ 


488 


FORMS    OF    YAKI<  'I  S    BPEECHE 


The  preparation  of  the  flower-beds  will  cost  yon  bat  Mttle 
time.  Tin-  floral  beauties  that  will  make  your  home  brilliant  will 
on  nothing.  The  ladles  and  the  children  of  the  household  will 
care  for  them  with  the  greatest  pleasure.  Place  s  broad  piazza  on 
the  fn.M  of  your  house,  upon  which  the  family  can  sil  when  thi 
from  the  active  labors  of  the  day  in  the   «  Trim   your 

bouse  and  outbuildings  handsomely  and  paint  them;  keep  the  grass 
cleanly  cut  upon  your  lawns,  and  with  the  accessories  1  have  men- 
tioned yonr  homes  will  be  beautiful;  they  will  be  attractive  to  the 
children— they  "ill  be  charming  to  all  that  come  within  their  influ- 
i  ...Hi  will  be  vastly  happier  than  when  living  in 
and  on  farms  that  present,  as  many  do,  only  dreariness  and 
evidences  of  bare,  hard  life. 


to  the  destiny  he  accomplished,  so  did  Lincoln,  more  than  any  other 
living  man,  posses-  attributes  which  admirably  fltted  him  foi  bis 
great  work.  And  as  with  one.  -,,  uiili  the  other;  when  hlfl  mission 
on  earth  was  fully  accomplished  he  lay  down,  blessed  and  boi 

ro's  rest     Well  maj  we,  year  by  year,  assemble  in  honor  of 
Hi  of  Washington,  and  on   the  sun.    day  unite   in  one  grand 
sentiment — uThe  memory  of  Washington  and  LIni 


Washington's  Birthday. 

Speech  at  a  gathering  in  honor  of  the  occasion. 

Ladies  and  (Ientlemen:  That  a  little  child  should  have  been  horn 
of    respectable  people    in  moderate  circumstances,   in  the    British 
■     .  February  '-"-',  1732,  is  not  or  itself  a  remarkable 
fact,  especially  as  the  child  differed  little  from  otter  children  at  birth. 
It  is  a  very  common  occurrence  in  these  days,  In  Virginia,  and  in  all 
of  the  globe.     But  once  in  a  while  it  has  happened  that  the 
:  v  of  one  of  these  little  ones  who  are  continually  coming  into 
the  world  derives  great   interest    from  the   wit,   wisdom,  genius,   or 
prowess  of  the  individual,  gradually  displayed  after  lie  has  entered 
••  tin   world's  broad  field  o(  battle,"  and  has  won  victories,  in  either 
war  or  peace,  which  Fame  proudly  blazons  on  her  scroll.     A  baby 
i  very  little  thing — a  toy,  a  doll — to  be  loved  and  petted  and 
With.      An  apple-seed  is  another  little  thing,  seemingly  of  no 
special    value    in    itself;  but  the   seed  and   the  child,   if    properly 
treated,  grow  up  together  and  may  become  a  valuable,  fruit-hearing 
tree  and  an  energetic,  wise  and  useful  man.     So  when  the  boy-baby 
mo  the  household  of  Augustine  Washington,  one  hundred  and 
liftv    years    ago   to-day,     ill   Westmoreland    County,    Virginia,    there 
was  really  nothing  to  distinguish  him  from  any  other  child  bom  into 
that  connty  about  that  time,  except  the  family  to  which  be  belonged, 
and  that  was  not  particularly  noted.     But  the  tremendous  conse- 
quences that  this  event   wrought   in  the   liist-.ry  of  Great  Britain, 
America  and  the  world  at  large  have  tilled  the  trump  of  Fame  for  a 
hundred  years,  and  founded  one  of  the  grandest  nations  of  the  globe. 
I  am  not  here,  to-day,  to  recount  in  detail  the  early  trials,  the  noble 
acts  of  the  youth,  the  arduous  labors  of  the  man,  the  steps  by  which 
he  climbed  to  his  honored  niche  in  the  history  of  mankind,     with 
these  things  we  are  familiar;  but  we  are  here  to  rejoice,  with  mil- 
of  our  countrymen,  that  ever  George  Washington  was  born;  to 
e  that  he  was  the  great  ind  good  man  appointed  byProvidenci 
to  cheer  and  guide  an  oppressed  people  to  a  better  and  nobler  condi- 
tion of  life,  where  tiny  conld  enjoy  personal  and  political  freedom, 
pursue  happiness  and  found  a  nation  of  such  breadth,  such  grandeur. 
snch  liberty,  that  it  might  become  the  asylum  of  the  poor  and  down- 
trodden of  all  nations.      Washington  was  only  human;  subject  to  the 
errors  and  infirmities  of  our  common  nature;  yet   by  will  and  cir- 
nees  fitted  far  above  his  fellows  for  the  mission  which  he  had 
to  fulfill.     As  a  man  be  was  noble;  as  a  soldier  he  was  firm  and  brave 
and  shrewd;  as  a  hero  he  won  the  confidence  of  the  people:  as  a 
patriot  he  triumphed  over  tyranny;  as  a  statesman  he  left  the  im- 
press  "f  his  character  upon  the  institutions  of  his  country.     He  was 
emphatically  "  the  man  of  the  time."  and  there  seldom  comes  a  time 
in  human  affairs  when  a  good  and  great  man — great   in  manhood, 
wisdom  I — is  not  useful.    There  is  one  other  in  our  i 

al  history,  who,  like  Wasl  me    from   the  ranks  of  ordinary 

life  to  leave  the  stamp  of  his  sturdy  Integrity,  wisdom,  and  nseful- 
;. on  bis  age  and  country.  It  was  Abraham  Lincoln;  and  it  is 
very  difficult  to  refer  to  either  Washington  or  Lincoln,  in  thought  or 
word,  without  remembering  the  other  and  the  services  each  ren- 
dered in  behalf  of  humanity  and  good  government.  If  Washington 
possessed  a  peculiar  talent,  a  shrewdness,  an  executive  power  fitted 


Speech  of  a  Speaker  who  had  Nothing  to  Say. 

Ladies  ami  (Jknti.emkn:  If  there  is  one  comfort  greater  than 
another,  to  a  person  who  has  nothing  to  saj  at  such  a  time  as  this,  it 
is  the  realization  of  the  fact  that  having  nothing  to  say.  In-  can  an- 
nounce thai  fact,  take  hlfl  seat  and  enjoy  the  remainder  of  the  pro- 
gramme unmolested 

I  can  truly  say  that  I  have  not  burdened  my  mind  with  the  smallest 
idea  to  present  you  on  this  occasion.  I  have  not  taxed  my  memory 
with  anything,  and  hence  l  have  no  taxes  to  pay.     I  comply  simply 

because  you  i  all.  and,  whatever  one's  calling  may  lie,  it  is  his  duty  to 
respond,  especially  if — he  cannot  escape.  Of  course,  if  1  had  bad 
about  a  week  of  preparation,  1  might  now  arise  and  make  you  a 
dashing  extemporaneous  speech.  The  subjects  arc  upon  every  side 
that  would  Inspire  me.  It  would  be  easy  to  dwell  upon  tbe  wealth 
of  beaut>  tli  it  we  Bee  around  us.  I  should  like  to  speak  of  the  flash- 
ing wit,  the  brilliant  oratory  and  the  burning  eloquence  to  which  we 
have  listened.  This  elegant  repast,  tin-  genial  gathering,  the  im- 
portance of  this  reunion,  the  glorious  benefit  resulting  from  this 
meeting — all  these — any  one  of  them — afford  theme-  for  a  speech. 
Of  course  there  are  a  thousand  subjects  incidental  to  this 
itiu'  that  BUggesI  a  speech,  but  should  I  enter  upon  a  consideration  of 
any  one  of  them  I  would  regret  it.  and  so  would  you. 

It  i-  an  old.  tritesaying  that  the  time  to  sit  down  iswhen  the  audi- 
ence want-  you  to  speak  longer.  In  my  case,  if  I  wanted  to  speak 
longer  you  would  want  me  to  sit  down.  I  will  therefore  reiire, 
hnuiM)  hoping  that  this  speech  will  not  be  misreported  and  that  when 
you  want  a  brilliant  speech  you  will  always  call  upon  me. 


Valedictory  Address, 

Delivered  before  a  class  graduating  at  college. 

Mb.  President  ami  1'k.i  low  Stidexts;  It  has  devolved  upon  me, 
as  the  senior  member  of  the  class  of  1  tss-j,  to  give  expression  to  a 
few  thoughts  appropriate  to  this  occasion.  1  do  so  with  a  keen  ap- 
preciation of  the  relations  we  have  so  long  su-tained  with  each  other. 
tbe  faculty  of  this  college,  and  the  world  of  affairs  into  which  we  are 
about  to  emerge,  and  with  which  we  are  henceforth  to  mingle,  not 
knowing  what  is  before  us,  but  hoping  in  the  ardor  of  young  man- 
hood for  the  best 

Fellow  Students,  we  have  been  companions  for  four  years— four 
y.ar-.  to  s.une  of  us,  of  diligent  application  to  our  studies;  four 
years  of  light  and  shade  to  all  of  us:  four  years  of  social  fellow -hip 
and  pleasant  recreation ;  fouryi  tal  and  physical  Improve- 

ment We  have  sympathized  with  each  other  in  troubles  and  -or- 
rows:  have  lightened  each  other's  hearts  in  times  of  sadness,  and 
have  enjoyed  college- life  in  each  other's  society,  I  will  venture  to  say, 
as  well  as  any  other  class  that  ever  graduated  from  these  cla--ie  halls. 
We  go  hence  with  our  diplomas,  which  the  world  looks  upon  as  the 
k.vs  that  are  to  unlock  the  doors  of  science,  art,  literature,  theology, 
physic  and  merchandise  for  us,  and  open  the  avenues  of  wealth  and 
honor  to  us.  We  go  hence,  as  we  are,  to  the  battle  of  life.  What 
success  we  shall  have,  what  victories  we  may  win,  the  future  alone 
can  tell. 

But  we  go  forth  with  strong  hope  and  abiding  faith  that  all  will  be 
well  with  us  if  we  perform  our  duty  faithfully  in  whatever  calling  or 
sphere  fate  may  assign  us. 

Wler.  will  fate  or  fortune  place  us  in  the  great  sea  of  the  future? 
I  see  in  imagination  this  class  all  -.  altered,  many  the  beads  of  fami- 


VARIOUS    FOBMS    "F    SPEECHES. 


lies,  engaged    in    the    peaceful    pursuits    of   agriculture  and  trade; 
others  on  the  rough  sea  of  political  life,  some  of  whom  will  doubt- 
less reap  honor  in  State  and  Congressional  legislation,  bestow  ii 
efitupon  their  fellow-men,  while  they  hold  high  and  responsible  po- 
sitions in  official  life. 

But  as  we  go  forth,  each  to  fulfill  his  destiny,  let  us  forget  all  onr 
boyish  prejudices,  if  any  we  have,  against  each  other,  and  through 
our  lives  be  helpful  friends  to  each  other  as  opportunities  may  offer. 
For  myself,  and  I  think  I  speak  for  all,  these  college  friendships  are 
too  sacred  to  be  lightly  broken  or  forgotten,  and  in  our  farewells  and 
final  pressure  of  our  hands  together,  let  us  renew  the  bonds  which 
our  fellowship  in  our  Alma  Mater  has  woven. 

Mr.  President  and  Professors — one  and  all — we  go  hence  with  the 
profoundest  esteem  for  the  wisdom,  forbearance  and  uniform  jus- 
tice and  kindness  that  you  have  ever  manifested  toward  us  within 
these  walls.  We  have  been  often  hasty,  heedless  of  your  feelings 
and  our  own  best  interests,  and  have  at  times  caused  you  great  an- 
noyance by  our  boyish  follies ;  but  in  all  these  things  you  have  proven 
yourselves  our  true  friends  and  mentors,  and  in  our  hearts  we  have 
elR-rished  no  malevolence,  no  hatred  toward  you.  In  whatever  we 
have  given  you  offense  we  would  ask  >our  forgiveness,  and  carry 
away  with  us  a  heartfelt  gratitude  for  all  the  many  favors  we  have 
received  at  your  hands. 

Fellow  Students  of  the  Freshmen  and  Sophomore  classes,  I  take  a 
restrospective  view,  as  T  look  into  your  youthful  faces,  and  I  see  this 
graduating  class  as  it  was  four  years  ago,  a  handful  of  inexperienced, 
puzzled  freshmen,  the  sport  of  the  sophomores,  and  unheeded  or 
plagued  by  the  seniors.  What  we  felt  and  endured  then,  half- 
discouraged  by  our  outward  circumstances  and  our  inward  fears,  you 
now  feel  and  endure;  but  look  up,  boys,  look  up!  The  freshmen  will 
soon  be  sophomores,  and  the  sophomores  seniors;  and  the  troubles 
of  the  present  will  fade  away  in  the  future  like  a  morning  dream. 
On  your  part  you  have  youth,  good  intellects  and  capable  teachers, 
and  if  you  fail — and  I  do  not  believe  you  will — you  will  have  only 
your  want  of  assiduity  to  study  to  blame  for  it.  The  four  years" 
course  is  not  the  bugbear  that  you  fear  it  is,  and  its  difficulties  will 
dissolve  before  the  energy  and  application  that  you  (I  am  sure;  are 
now  determined  to  exercise.  We  leave  you  here  to  so  maintain  the 
honor  of  this  institution  that  you  may  depart  from  it  with  its  bless- 
ing. 

The  hour  of  parting  draws  nigh.  In  spite  of  hope  and  faith  in  the 
future,  there  is  a  tinge  of  sadness  in  the  present,  which  I,  for  one, 
do  not  fear  to  cherish  and  confess,  for  it  testifies  to  the  genuineness  of 
our  human  sympathy  and  heartfelt  friendship.  Farewell,  and  peace 
go  with  you  all  '  

Opening  a  New  Railroad. 
Speech  at  the  driving  of  tic  last  spiks  by  the  president. 

Messrs.  Directors  and  Officers:  >To  one  knows  better  than 
yourselves  the  difficulties  which  we  encountered  at  the  outset  in  the 
establishment  and  construction  of  this  railroad.  You  recall  to  mem- 
ory, if  you  have  ever  forgotten  it,  the  distrust  and  doubt  with  which 
we  placed  its  stock  upon  the  market,  at  a  time  when  we  had  nothing 
to  show  but  our  unfledged  charier  and  the  riL'ht  of  way  over  about 
one-third  of  the  distance  which  we  proposed  to  build  our  line.  I 
recollect,  if  you  do  not,  the  timidity  with  which  I  approached  the  first 
capitalist  whose  aid  we  sought,  and  laid  our  plane  before  him.  He 
listened  patiently  to  the  story  of  our  prospects  and  condition,  and 
generously  subscribed  for  five  hundred  shares,  paying  for  one  hundred, 
and  wishing  us  success.  The  magic  of  hi-  name  was  wi.rth  a  thou- 
sand -hares  more.  Our  confidence  was  restored,  and  that  of  the 
people  along  the  line  was  strengthened  by  the  announcement  of  his 
Interest  in  the  road.  The  shares  were  rapidly  -old,  money  flowed  in 
briskly,  and  the  work  went  on  with  proportionate  energy,  and  with 
every  confidence  in  the  final  result.  To-day  the  track  of  5UT  miles 
is  laid,  and  well-laid;  the  rolling- stock  has  been  purchased  ami  will 
begin  to  run  to-morrow  mornim: ;  the  shares  are  all  sold ;  the  a--i--.nl 
installments   have   been    promptly    paid,   and   in  five  minutes  more 


the  spike  will  be  driven  that  unites  the    die  of  C 

and   S by  many  ties  of  wood  and  iron  of  such  strength  and 

durability  that  the  most  important  interests  of  both  cities  will  be 
entrusted  to  it.     I  am  not    [turning  to  /A-  Ladies  and 

Gentlemen,  advertising  the  stock  of  this  road  on  this  occasion — for 
none  of  it  is  for  sale,  and  it  -lands  at  par — the  best  evidence  thai  the 
confidence  of  capitalists  and  the  public  i>  secured  in  onr  favor.  But  we 
thank  you  for  the  encouragement  you  give  us  by  your  attendance  upon 
this  ceremony,  and  we  tru>t  that  you  will  not  withhold  from  u-  your 
patronage.  We  are  not,  properly  speaking,  a  "  grand-trunk  line," 
but  wherever  our  cars  shall  run  you  are  welcome  to  ride — at  r 
rates.     [Taking  thi  ^"ige-hammer  and  the  spike,  and  /.•'■'■-ing  the 

latter  where  it  belongs:)  G and  S ,  with  this  sledge  I  unite 

you  in  the  bonds  of  commercial  sisterhood.  (Drives  the  spike.  )  The 
work  is  done, — the  road  is  finished.  Let  on  the  steam  !  t  Chorus  of 
steam-whistles,  and  cheering  by  the  audience. 


Fourth  of  July  Celebration  Abroad. 

Speech  by  the  United  States  consul  at  a  reunion  of  Americans. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  Assembled  as  we  are  to-day  beneath  the 
blue  skies  and  amid  the  luxuriant  products  of  a  foreign  nation,  our 
hearts  beat  warmly  at  the  recurrence  of  this  cherished  anniversary  of 
American  freedom.  Some  of  us  have  come  from  the  sterile  hills  of 
New  England,  some  from  the  sunny  South,  some  from  the  prairie-  of 
tie-  West,  and  we  all  sit  down  together  at  one  table  to  celebrate  the 
day  made  glorious  by  our  forefathers  in  the  declaration  of  our  na- 
tional independence.  At  that  time  in  our  history  they  were  in  the 
midst  of  the  great  struggle  for  social  and  political  freedom;  the  end 
was  uncertain;  blood  bad  yet  to  be  spilt  before  peace  could  be  con- 
quered; yet,  trusting  in  a  just  and  overruling  Providence,  jeopar- 
dizing their  lives  and  fortunes,  they  feared  not  to  proclaim  the  equal 
freedom  of  all  men  under  the  law.  The  victory  was  not  yet  won,  but 
they  went  forth,  in  the  spirit  of  that  declaration,  to  seal  it  with  lib- 
erty or  death,  hopeful  of  the  triumph  which  awaited  them.  To-day 
we  remember  their  bravery,  their  energy,  and  their  patriotism;  to-day 
we  rejoice  in  the  principles  which  they  maintained;  to-day  we 
are  proud  to  be  citizens  of  the  great  and  prosperous  nation  which 
they  founded.  More  keenly  do  we  feel  this  pride  when  we  look 
around  us  where  we  are  to-day,  when  we  see  the  errors  and  incon- 
sistencies of  other  governments,  and  miss  the  educational,  social  and 
political  advantages  which  we  enjoy  in  our  own  country.  Let  us  be 
thankful  for  our  native  land;  for  the  siars  and  stripes  which  wave 
over  us;  forour  prerogatives  of  national  and  individual  freedom. 
I  propose  ll  The  Memory  of  the  Revolutionary  Fathers.  " 


Celebration  of  Queen  Victoria's  Birthday  in  America. 

Speech  by  an   American   at   a   reunion   of   English    and   American 
ladies  and  g 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  I  don't  know  what  kind  of  weather  pre- 
vailed in  England  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  May  in  the  year  of  grace 
1819:  but  it  was  a  blessed  day  for  Great  Britain,  for  it  gave  the  king- 
dom one  of  its  most  esteemed  and  favored  sovereigns — the  Lady  in 
whose  honor  we  have  gathered  here.  Fulfilling  the  destiny  of  every 
true  woman,  she  united  herself  in  marriage  to  the  man  of  her  choice 
— a  Prince  every  way  worthy  of  her  confidence  and  affection, 
public-spirited  and  progressive  and  intelligent  as  to  endear  b 
to  the  better  classes  of  the  (Queen's  BUbjectS.  To  the  regret  of  all 
civilized  nations  he  was  taken  away  in  the  prime  of  bis  manhood; 
and  1  believe  that  if  man  was  ever  sincerely  mourned  and  his  mem- 
ory revered,  that  man  was  Prince  Albert  of  Cobnrg.  True  to  his 
memory,  faithful  to  the  trusts  imposed  upon  her  in  rearing  her  fath- 
erless children  aright,  Victoria  proved  herself  equal  to  the  emer- 
gency, and  with  unswerving  fidelity  has  ruled  judiciously  over  the 
greatest  nation  of  the  globe.  It  is  no  disgrace  for  any  civilize 
pie  to  honor  her  by  celebrating  ibis  her  natal  day.  whatever  their 
political  government,   and  it    is  with  pride  that    I  pro- 

Queen   Victoria — Sovereign,    Wife   and   Mother — Long    may 
she  reign!  " 


|;i.  i 


WHITING    FOB   THK    NEWSPAPER. 


'J^Sfe^fcKaa- 


Writing  for  the  Press. 


§§•■,  l<^  k^~ 


writing  for  the 
Press,  while  being 
explicit,  the  writer 
should  make  the  statement 
as  brief  as  possible. 
Though  in  ordinary  con- 
versation talk  may  be  cheap,  in  the  newspaper, 
words  cost  money.  If  sent  by  telegraph, 
they  cost  for  transmission  ;  time  is  consumed 
in  their  examination  by  the  editor  and  proof- 
reader ;  money  is  expended  in  putting  them  in 
type  ;  ink  and  paper  must  be  furnished  on  which 
they  make  their  impress  ;  and  time  is  to  be  occu- 
pied by  the  reader  in  their  perusal  ;  therefore, 
each  word  should  convey  as  much  significance 
as  possible. 

General  Directions. 

I.  If,  unavoidably,  a  long  article  is  written  relating  to  a 
variety  of  subjects,  it  is  well  to  break  the  sameness  of  the 
appearance  by  sub-heads,  scattered  through  the  article,  relating 
to  different  subjects  considered  in  the  composition. 

1.  Write  very  plainly,  on  white  paper  with  black  ink,  taking 
care  to  write  names  of  persons,  dates  and  places,  with  the 
utmost  distinctness. 

3.  Use  sheets  of  paper  about  six  by  nine  inches  in  size, 
numbered  in  their  order  if  more  than  one  sheet  be  used.  Very 
large  sheets,  on  the  compositor's  case,  make  it  inconvenient  for 
the  type  setter. 

4.  Write  on  but  one  side  of  the  sheet.  Thus  the  paper 
containing  your  communication  may  be,  if  necessary,  cut  into 
parts,  and  distributed  among  several  compositors  who  will 
place  your  composition  in  type. 

5.  As  a  rule,  in  short  news  articles,  never  use  the  pronouns 
I  or  you.  A  plain,  succinct  record  of  the  news  is  all  that  is 
required.  If  necessary  for  the  writer  to  refer  to  himself,  it  is 
better  to  say  "Our  reporter"  or  "The  writer." 


6.  Never  waste  time  in  complimenting  the  editor  or  his 
paper,  when  writing  a  letter  for  publication.  Commence  at 
once  with  the  subject  in  hand,  and  close  when  you  have  done. 


Local  Reporting. 

That  kind  of  journalistic  writing  most  easily 
taken  up,  and  yet  quite  difficult  to  do  well,  is 
that  of  presentinr  in  attractive  form  a  judici- 
ous report  of  home  news. 

Much  demand  exists  for  more  reportorial 
talent,  especially  on  the  country  newspaper. 
Thousands  of  exciting  incidents  and  events 
transpire,  the  details  of  which,  written  up  for 
the  press,  would  greatly  edify  the  readers  of 
the  country  journal,  the  editor  of  which,  know- 
ing nothing  of  the  affair,  is  compelled  to  fill  his 
paper  with  foreign  news  of  less  interest  to  his 
subscribers . 

As  a  general  rule,  there  is  not  sufficient  local 
matter  to  be  obtained,  nor  space  to  be  filled,  in 
the  weekly  country  journal,  to  make  it  an  object 
for  the  publisher  to  employ,  at  a  weekly  salary, 
a  person  whose  exclusive  business  shall  be  col- 
lecting local  news ;  and  yet  the  editor  is  desirous 
of  obtaining  all  the  important  home  intelligence 
there  is,  and  will  willingly  pay  for  such  as  he 
may  publish,  at  the  rate  of  from  $1  to  $ 5  per 
column,  when  an  arrangement  may  be  made  for 
1  he  correspondent  to  write  regularly. 

Of  course  no  writer  should  expect  compensa- 
tion until  it  is  clearly  shown  that  his  or  her 
writings  are  of  decided  service  to  the  paper  in 
which  they  are  published.  When  they  become 
so,  editors  and  publishers  readily  concede  the 
fact,  and  are  willing  to  pay  what  the  articles  are 
worth. 


SUBJECTS    FOR    LOCAL    NEWS. 


4'.  I] 


Important  Reportorial  Qualifications. 

The  reporter  should  be  truthful.  In  writing 
of  any  event,  great  care  should  be  taken  to 
state  the  actual  facts.  To  do  this,  the  reporter 
should  possess  the  energy  to  go  to  the  scene  of 
action,  if  possible,  himself,  and  learn  the  exact 
condition  of  affairs.  It  is  often  unsafe  to 
depend  upon  hearsay. 

The  reporter  should  carefully  guard  against 
allowing  his  own  opinions  to  warp  or  bias  his 
report  of  the  sayings  or  doings  of  others,  thus 
giving,  almost  without  his  being  conscious  of 
the  fact,  an  untruthful  representation.  A 
plain,  unvarnished  report  should  be  made,  and 
nothing  else. 

Much  discretion  should  be  exercised  in  the 
personal  mention  of  individuals.  A  dozen 
words,  thoughtlessly  written,  may  do  irreparable 
injury  to  the  reputation  of  an  innocent  person  : 
a  paragraph  in  praise  may  add  to  the  life-long 
happiness  and  prosperity  of  the  individual  upon 
whom  it  is  bestowed.  As  a  general  rule,  while 
praise  may  be  personally  given,  if  wrongs  exist, 
it  is  better  to  speak  of  them  in  general  terms, 
rather  than  couple  them  with  names  of  the 
individuals  at  fault ;  though,  if  the  person  be 
notoriously  persistent  in  a  course  of  wrong 
doing,  justice  demands  newspaper  exposure. 

Subjects  of  Local  and  General  Interest. 

ITEMS    FOR    THE     NEWSPAPER. 

For  the  advantage  of  the  inexperienced  wri- 
ter, making  record  of  home  news,  the  following 
partial  list  is  given,  containing  subjects  of 
general  interest  to  the  public. 

Accidents. — When,  where,  to  whom. 

Amusements,  Excursions,  Etc. — When,  where; 
character  of  amusement,  etc. 

Births. — When,  where,  name  of  parents  and  sex  of  child. 
Burglary. — When,  where,  by  whom,  amount  stolen,  etc. 

Change  of  Business  Finns. — When,  and  names 
of  the  parties. 

Crops. — Present  condition  and  future  prospects. 

Crime  Of  any  kind. — Names  of  offenders  ;  nature  of 
the  crime. 


CllUrcllCS. — Change  of  pastors,  revivals,  election  of 
church  officers,  etc. 

Dissolutions  of  Partnership. — Names  of  parties, 
where  going,  what  to  do. 

Deaths. — Who,  when,  where,  cause. 

Discoveries. — Of  curiosities,  or  anything  new  or  valu- 
able. 

Distinguished  Arrivals. — At  the  hotels  or  else- 
where. 

Divorces.  — Who,  when,  where,  cause.  When  and 
where  married. 

Elopements.— Names  of  parties  and  circumstances. 

Election  Intelligence. — Election  takes  place  when, 
candidates  to  be,  or  are  elected,  etc. 

Fires. — Whose  property,  when,  where,  cause,  amount  of 
insurance,  names  of  companies  insured  in. 

Facts  and  Figures.  —  Concerning  any  products 
raised  in  the  vicinity,  amount  sold,  profits,  etc. 

Festivals. — Held  by  whom,  for  what  object,  amount 
realized,  etc. 

Improvements. — By  whom,  where,  and  costs. 

Inventions. — Patents  granted  to  whom,  what  for,  na- 
ture of  the  improvement. 

Lectures. — Past,  or  to  come  ;  when,  where,  by  whom, 
substame  of  what  was  said. 

Marriages. — Who,  when,  where,  by  whom  married, 
where  gone  on  bridal  tour. 

Murders. — When,  where,  who,  by  whom,  object  of  the 
murder,  circumstances. 

New  Comers. — Their  business,  where  located,  where 
from,  etc. 

New  Manufactures. — In  prospect,  when,  where,  by 
whom  established,  kind,  etc. 

New  Buildings. — To  be  or  built,  erected  by  whom, 
for  what  purpose,  cost,  etc. 

Price  of  Staple  Commodities. — In  the  market, 
prospect  for  the  future,  etc. 

Parties  Leaving  Town. — Who,  when,  where  going, 
business  going  into. 

Presentations. — By  whom,  to  whom,  where  given, 
what  presented,  why. 

Railroads. — New  roads  in  prospect,  profits  of  present 
roads,  etc. 

Sales  of  Real  Estate. — By  whom,  to  whom,  who 
will  occupy,  amount  paid,  etc. 

Shows,  Exhihitions,  Fairs. — Where,  when,  who 
gives  them,  character  of  entertainment. 

Schools. — Facts  and  figures  concerning  them,  change  of 
teachers,  improvements  needed,  etc. 

Secret  Societies. — Election  of  officers,  prosperity  and 
condition  of  the  society. 

Strange  Phenomena. — In  the  heavens,  in  the  ele- 
ments, on  or  in  the  earth,  where,  when. 

Suggestions    of    Improvements    Needed. — 

Where,  when,  by  whom,  cost,  etc. 

Surgical  Operations.  —  By  whom  performed,  of 
what  character,  condition  of  patient. 


4'.cj 


KA'll.s    RESULTING    FEOM    ILLEGIBLE    PENMANSHIP. 


Sickness. — Who  sick,  cause,  by  what  physician  attended, 
health  of  the  community. 

TelegT&pllS.  —  What  new  lines  are  to  be  established, 
present  cost  of  telegraphing,  etc. 

Violation  <>!'  Law.  —  Whereby  parties  arc  arrested 
and  fined,  what  offense,  when,  where,  etc. 

Writing  for  the  Metropolitan  Press, 

In  every  locality  something  will  occasionally 
transpire  the  details  of  which  will  be  of  general 
interest  to  tin-  public  at  large,  in  which  case  the 
publishers  of  papers  in  the  large  cities  will 
esteem  it  a  favor  for  some  person  to  give  them 
the  facts. 

Should  the  town  in  which  the  correspondent 
is  stationed  he  sufficiently  large,  and  the  news 
frequently  occurring  important,  the  publisher 
will  pay  an  accepted  regular  correspondent  for 
news  that  he  prints,  from  -SI  to  $10  per  article, 
as  may  be  agreed  between  publisher  and  corre- 
spondent. 

Only  such  matter  is  desired  for  the  metropoli- 
an,journal  as  will  interest  the  people  throughout 
the  entire  country.  Of  such  news  are  facts 
concerning  :  —  Enactments  of  Law.  Severe 
accidents.  Fires.  Crops.  Murders.  Elope- 
ments. Burglary.  Schools.  Churches.  New 
manufactures.  Railroads.  Elections.  Weather. 
Discoveries.  Inventions.  Strange  phenomena. 
Important  Statistics.  Personal  mention  of  dis- 
tinguished persons,  etc. 


RESULTS  OF   BAD   PENMANSHIP. 

Especial  pains  should  be  taken,  when  writing 
for  the  press,  to  write  legibly.  The  error  is  very 
common  with  some  authors  and  prominent  men, 
of  writing  in  a  manner  such  as  to  seriously  tres- 
pass upon  the  time  and  patience  of  printers  and 
correspondents  upon  whom  they  inflict  their 
penmanship. 

This  fault  is  a  very  serious  one,  and  causes 
much  waste  of  time  and  pecuniary  loss  to  prin- 
ters. Lawyers  frequently  prepare  their  briefs, 
clergymen  their  sermons,  and  others  their  copy, 
in  a  penmanship  so  entirely  illegible  as  to  com- 
pel several  re-settings  of  much  of  the  same,  in 


type,  before  it  is  correct.  Of  course  this  loss 
of  time  must  be  borne  by  the  compositor,  and 
frequently,  with  those  printers  employed  in 
setting  type  by  the  thousand,  bad  manuscript 
entails  a  loss  in  their  earnings  of  several  dollars 
per  week. 

While  to  filch  from  the  pocket  of  the  printer, 
in  this  manner  may  not  be  deemed  so  dishon- 
orable as  to  steal  his  purse,  the  result  is,  how* 
ever,  all  the  same. 

Again,  business  men  who  would  regard  it  a 
great  intrusion  for  another  to  trespass  on  their 
time  for  even  a  half  hour,  wrill  show  the  dis- 
courtesy to  write  a  letter  to  a  correspondent 
which  may  consume  hours  and  even  days  of  his 
time  in  deciphering  the  same. 

This  evil  would  be  less  if  it  stopped  here. 
Unfortunately,  however,  it  goes  beyond  and 
afflicts  the  coming  penmanship  of  our  youth. 
The  boy  that  will  pick  up  the  half  consumed 
cigar  and  smoke  out  the  balance  of  the  stump, 
thinking  that  thereby  he  makes  a  man  of  him- 
self, will  look  upon  bad  penmanship,  when 
executed  by  distinguished  men,  as  an  evidence 
of  genius,  and  is  not  unlikely  to  imagine  himself 
a  great  man,  because  he  imitates  their  pot-hooks 
and  scrawls. 

Eminent  men  are  liable  to  have  faults.  If  the 
error  is  an  illegible  penmanship,  this  defect  is 
none  the  less  a  fatdt,  because  the  man  may  have 
distinguished  reputation  and  redeeming  qual- 
ities in  other  directions. 

Young  writers  should  not  therefore  ape  bad 
penmanship  as  an  evidence  of  genius.  Of  two 
articles  written  for  the  newspaper,  all  things  else 
being  equal,  that  one  stands  much  the  best 
chance  for  publication  which  is  most  plain  in 
penmanship.  Let  the  young  author  see  that  the 
composition  is  not  only  correctly  written,  when 
prepared  for  the  press,  but  that  it  is  so  perfectly 
legible  that  its  merit  may  be  readily  seen  upon 
examination. 


BOOKS   AND   BOOK   MAKING. 


493 


FOLIO. 


QUARTO,  "4to." 


HE  accompanying  illustrations,  upon  this 
page,  represent  the  principal  sizes  of  books, 
namely:  Folio,  a  long  book  ;  Quarto  (4 to),  nearly 
square,  (  shape  of  Hell's  Manual  );  Octavo  (  8vo  ),  the  general 
size  ;  and  Duodecimo  ( 12mo  ),  a  small  book, as  seen  below. 

FOLIO. 

The  standard  size  of  book  paper  is  25x38  inches;  one  half 
of  the  sheet  being  19  x  25  inches,  which  folded  in  two  leaves, 
having  four  pages,  makes  a  book  of  the  size  called  a  folio. 

QUARTO. 

When  the  half  sheet  is  folded  in  four  leaves,  making  eight 
pages,  it  forms  a  quarto  in  size. 

OCTAVO. 
The  half  sheet   folded  again,  eight    leaves,  sixteen  pages, 
forms  an  octavo,  or  folded  into  sixteen  leaves  forms  a  sixteenmo. 

DUODECIMO. 
By  folding  the  same  into  twelve  leaves,  making  twenty-four 
pages,  we  have  a  duodecimo.     Folded  into  eighteen  leaves,  or 
thirty-six  pages,  we  form  an  18?no ;  into  24  leaves,  and  we  have 
a  '2\mo,  &c. 

The  words  Post,  Crown,  Demy,  Royal,  etc.,  used  in  connec- 
tion, as  Royal  Octavo,  designate  the  sizes  of  paper  of  which 
books  are  made. 

Modern  facilities  for  the  manufacture  of  paper  enable  pub- 
lishers to  have  any  desired  size  made  to  order,  as  has  been 
done  in  the  case  of  this  book. 


Duodecimo,  "  !2mo." 


OCTAVO,  "8vo." 


The  marks  a,  b,  c ;  1,  2,  3;  1*,  2*,  3*,  1a.  &c.,  occasionally 
found  at  the  bottom  of  a  page,  are  what  printers  term  signature 
marks,  being  printed  for  the  direction  of  the  binders  in  folding 
the  sheets.  

The  art  of  covering  boohs  !n  a  superior  manner,  was  in  Dae  long  before  the  art  of  printing 
was  discovered,  some  of  the  most  beautiful  and  elaborate  binding  being  executed  a- 
11th  century.    Books,  which  were  in  manuscript,  in  those  days,  were  tew,  and  so  very  valuable 
that  great  care  was  taken  in  their  preservation.  Jewelers  and  other  artisans  engaging  in  the 
manufacture  and  ornamentation  of  their  covers. 

With  the  advanced  civilization  of  the  19th  century,  however,  the  superior  machinery  for 
bookbinding  has  not  only  cheapened  the  cost,  bnt  the  facilities  In  some  large  establishments, 
are  such  as  to  enable  manufacturers  to  elegantly  bind.  In  muslin,  one  hundred  and  fifty 
copies  per  hour. 


r.'i 


HOOK    AND    XEWSPAPEB    TYl'K. 


NAMES  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  SIZES  OF  BOOK  AND  NEWSPAPER  TYPE. 

The  poetry  and  other  matter  occupying  the  lower  portion  of  the  following  oblong  spur..-,  it  will  be  seen,  art*  printed  In  a  style  much  more 
open  than  tbe nutter  occupying  the  opp<  r  pan  of  th--  spur.-.    This  result-  from  placing  a  thin  piece  of  metal,  called  a  /"/-/,  between  .the  Unas, 

-  tween  this  Hnea  la  called  Uqsied;  thus,  the  reading  matter  in  the  following  spaces  U  what  is  termed  rolui 
and  Uwirii;  ;  crtd,  and  the  lower  part  leaded. 

This  page  contains  a  specimen  of  fourteen  kinds  of  n 

This  page  contains  a  specimen  of  fourteen  kinds  of  newsp 
This  page  contains  a  specimen  of  fourteen  kinds  of  newspaper  and  hook  type,  fr 
This  page  contains  a  specimen  of  fourteen  kinds  of  newspaper  and  book  type,  from  Bri 

This  page  contains  a  specimen  of  fourteen  kind.-  of  newspaper  ami  I k  type,  from  Brilliant  to  Tw 

This  page  contains  a  specimen  of  fourteen  kinds  of  newspaper  ami  book  type,  from  Brilliant  to  Two-line 
This  page  contains  a  Bpecimen  of  fourteen  kinds  of  newspaper  and  book  type,  from  Brilliant  to  Two-line  Small  Pica, 
This  page  contains  a  Bpecimen  of  fourteen  kinds  of  newspaper  and  book  type,  from  Brilliant  to  Two-line  Small  Pica  A 
This  page  contains  a  specimen  of  fourteen  kinds  of  newspaper  and  book  type,  from  Brilliant  to  Two-line  Small  Pica 
This  page  contains  a  specimen  of  fourteen  kinds  of  newspaper  and  book  type,  from  Brilliant  to  Two-line  Small  PI 


A  BC  DE 
ABODE      1231 
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Tbli  page  cooutint  ft  ipecltnen  of  fo.rteen  kin.l,  of  ne«™-iaper  and  book  type,  from  Brilliant  to  Two-line  Small  Plot.  .tBCDEFliHIJKLMSOP  1334&6789  10  1IIU 
Tbli  par*  coatalai  a  iptrtmt  a  of  fouruca  kind,  of  ae.rpaprr  aad  book  type,  from  Brilliant  to  Two-line  Small  Pica.  A  11  C  D  E  F  0  li  I  J  K  I.  >l  N  O  P  Q  R  a  T  L'  V  W  X  Y  Z  k  I  i  J  t  J  *  I  8  9  10 
•  ef  f.in—  h.«B.  •*  —  ...-■.  ut  twk  Ufa,  'na  BritkMi  t*  T  «-!,..  SaiaU  Pka.         t  B  C  D  E  1  Q   B  I  1  t  L  V   N   D   P(|t  t  T  U  ■  I   1  It         1  3  B  B  I  «  T  I  >  ID  II    IB  U  IB  11  IB  IT   t« 


BRILLIANT. 


■   f  ■  r-t»ru   Ihtt 


Eiiar.eae.  pwa  thai  Ike  rfj-rm  ,-.  fMHK>do>.   ir..   wurhmaa.   Ju»  u  lar-di    u  tk*  bawd  *f 

■it  live  lias,  TV*  >|<1|al.  ttbtrfuBil,  lolutrBOU  lei  wdl  r'.doala  •  n.a-lf.  .k.l  fol,  utl  Mf. 
aaa-xMahablr  4jb  ih>  i*i>b~ ,  Bdh.f,  tualaaa  r—!  "'II  rB[-H  lato  lh.  l»«7.  di— .Int.  Me-*.  Th*  fact 
DHBtiiitil)  Ik.  maker  «/  ha  own  .las,..  ••  a  mBiaUr-kt.ot.la.1,.  «vf  the  Irtvlo  la  wh.tn  a*  ■  j.av. 

It    mT    Dltkl.U    ft*   bBjBftlBj,,    ||«    ttl'l    BBMM.     ftf  tk«  Aflkaktl,    d*>t  Bt>  A 1  4*    It)    1h>    |    DtBBkBtl.r-tBrUB'iUBaia.  GtJOj    m,>r*..     ttD'1    «W,VJ  J^l  OtJ  "1  *t  f  J 

•»     111   til it''  AlBOfKf   the    BaBlBUBHSB    Sst.ll>,     thai    »I  •    hlfhlj     t  »  I  U  «J      |D     lh*      »(.  jT  •  0 1 1  ' .,       •  '•      [<  kl  ■••-(  IB  •  I  it  T.     0"1»I,       D*Il- 

iki.        The  boy  w-a  ■  p-rotn.  i  i.   ii   >•   -  ■■'»  t»  »ka  re  orate,-  aoot)  •>.»  lh.  w— 01  of  h..  .n.j>!o**r.       Tha 
laj  «k>a  kaeva  lha  afcoa  a*4  atafe    •  a  tVM*   ead   ard.rl.   duw     era  \..of    Woiob.   ■  taluahl.  *_ aunt.  bu*.    th*  youth 

•1W.    IB  BktUtliBMS     (a    ilk***     ,,«*!.  6tBll.ua*.     .1    Battel     IX     Ik*     JtBVU'r,     of     blUBtiaBlB.      .B>     t-.rl*,D     lo     utsk.     tuuuelf      uaafk.1     I* 

ih-a>  «rtik  obVbb  ka  aaa<  >,>]•(•.  TX*  '•*•  ehaald  b^»  rtKetlBK.  IhtU  atm  l...f  h*  n,.,  ba  r.!UI  0|.,n  to  fill  iht  plua 
•/  BMHilajar.  if  ka  to  Utaa  i»  lha  \rmm*  ibhp^bb4  B*>oa  him,  whila)  aa  i|irtr.tif,  anJ  .ubj.Iotb-*.  Ta  aUaia  tba  hif  ha«i 
mil—  bm  a  l  1-bb. !—(_••  *bvI  a.«li,  "in-i,  ha  ahaalJ  obM  aal;  fern,  lhaaa  r-"f\  >,*t..tt  of  baainaBBa.  bal  k»  t>hoal4 
(Vafallr  ealla'aU  athl  n.ait>!*.Bi  a  f,ara.  aataratak*.]  tavfallf  I  apaa  vhiah  b-bbbu  all  j-t-.n.o.nl  hlltlaM  tukd  .«'» 
Ta  «•  lha  ka  ttofjld  »-.>,d  W  tmor.-tAm.  *mi  Uirai.tklf  rawl'a.  ta  lh*  laBiBaoiiDui,  la  1m  aeBwamieBl,  prVBlaaf. 
WB[A'BW-tK  UBUii"«i.  tkajkl  tt+ymio*tlj  h.aBm. 

TBI    r  r  t  i  *  r  r.   lipi. 

Bi  Urn.  C.  Bna-t- 
Ba*  tkall  I  tan  Uaa  la  tha  «tjh«.  *h><h  kaat* 

Th.  tla.al«la<  ^riw  •!>  lha  4—4, 
WkBH  alt  *f  Ik*,  lha*  1.BM  mU  a>«W.  J—ja 

AaJ  partiBhaa  ub<|  lha  daal  a.  Uaadl 

fl'.ARL. 

Experience  prore*  that  the  »i  I  tdom  the  workman,  jnit  ai  inrely  a*  the 

bead  of  a  l wit*  Foretell,  the  Incllnmi  The  Dprih'hl,  obeBlient,  iniluitrloni   I.J 

will  prtvduale  a  itea<1v,  ikillful,  and  capat>le  man,  a*  unmUiaxably  a>  the  p«rvvr>«.  Idline, 
careleu  t^v  will  rij*'n  iuio  the  laiy,  dikBV.lnle  fellow.  The  f»ct  it,  a  bov  li  niea*orably  the 
maker  of  hli  onn  I  hi  fail  to  acquire  a  inaaler-know  ledge  of  the  trade  to  which 

UN  hr  .inl  not  at  the  ouUet  deUrrnmc  to  be  a  ma.-t-.T- 
wnrknian.  Good  moral*  an<l  tta-aily  min-try  in  indiipeniable.  Amonf;  the  buiineu  habiti 
that  are  highly  valued  la  I  irt  "punctuality,  order,  neatneu  and  dispatch.      The 

bov  who  It  promptly  at  bi»  work  In  the  morning  »oon  wina  the  eiteem  of  hit  employer.  T  he 
la.)  who  kaept  the  thop  and  lion  In  a  DMt  MM  orderly  manner  err-  long  become*  a  valuable 
■  '.  and  the  youth  who,  in    I  I  t|ualiticationt,  it  active  In  tbe  diapalch 

uf  bujineu,  la  certain  lo  mail*  himaelf  iiieful  lo  thow  with  whom  he  may  engage.     The  boy 

■  thy  own  meek  heart  demand  me  there  I 
That  heart  wboae  fondeat  throb  to  me  wa.  given  I 
My  name  on  earth  waa  ever  In  thy  prayer, 
And  wilt  thou  never  utter  It  in  heaven  I 


NmM'AKKIL. 

Experience  proves  that  \im  .ipprtMiiiee  fores..a<W>vv!s  the  workman, 
-  aarel*  :i»  the  bend  uf  a  twig  foretells  t he  inclination  of  the 
tree.    The  upright,  obedient,  Indnstiioni  lad  will  graduate  a  - 
skillful,  and  capable  man.  a?  unmistakably  u  the  perverse. 

-^  hoy  will  ripen  into  the  lazy,  dissolute  fellow.  The  fact  is. 
a  hoy  is  measurably  the  maker  oi  his  own  destiny;  and  if  he  fail  to 
Ire  a  m.fteter-knowledge  of  the  trade  to  which  he  is  put,  it  will 
mainly  he  hecau-e  he  did  not  at  the  outset  determine  to  be  a  master- 
workman.  Good  morals  and  steady  industry  are  indispensable. 
Amon<*  the  business  habits  that  are  highly  valued  in  the  appren- 
tice are  punctuality,  order,  neatness  and  dispatch.    The  boy  who  is 

The  love  that  lived  through  all  the  stormy  past, 
And  meekly  with  my  harsher  nature  bore, 

And  deeper  grew,  and  tenderer  to  the  last, 
Shall  it  expire  with  life,  and  be  no  more* 


DIAMOND. 


Experience  provei  that  the  apprentice  foreahad  ■■•  Um  •rorkraan,  Jmt  at  tm-rW  at  the  bend  of  a 
twit  foretelll  tbe  Inclination  of  the  tret.  The  upright,  obedient,  induttrioui  lad  will  rr*  iu*u  a  Neatly, 
■  killfiil,  an<l  capa'de  man,  »•  iiiniint.khMT  at  (he  pcrirrac.  >  lllnc.  oareleu  bor  will  riBN 
Ujt,  .lumlut*  frllBiw.  The  fact  la,  a  baj  n  mxaturablj  tht-  uiak<  r  ■>{  in.  am  Ib-ihik  j  and  if  tie  fall  lo 
at^uire  a  maatrr-knowleiicp  of  tbe  trade  to  which  he  it  put,  it  will  mainly  be  became  be  did  not  at  tha 
outset  determine  lo  be  a  matter- work  man.  Good  moralt  and  ileal;  in.iuurT  are  intliipenaabl*. 
Amene  the  biuineaa  habilt  that  are  hichlr  valued  In  tbe  apprentice  are  patMaOaUty,  order,  m-ai- 
neu  and  ditpaaich  The  nor  *ho  It  promptlr  at  hit  work  in  the  moraine,  toon  wint  the  etteein  of  hit 
employer.  The  lad  who  keep*  the  (bop  and  •tore  in  a  neat  and  or  'It  lr  manner  ere  Ion'  becomel  ft 
raluahle  aaeiaUnt,  an<l  thr  Touth  whn.  in  »  Hiti  .n  to  theae  qualiScationt.lt  aclire  In  the  diepatcb  of 
butineu,  it  certain  to  make  hituaelf  uteful  to  thoae  with  whom  he  maj  eogMe.  The  bo;  ahould  bvIw 
recollect  that  ere  lone  he  may  be  called  upon  to  111  the  place  of  employer,  if  he  la  true  to  tbe  Irutu 
Impoeed  upon  him  while  an  apprentice  and  employe.  To  attain  the  hichett  tucceae  aa  a  tradetman  and 
m  It  f..rra  ihi>«  correct  hahltt  of  buJineu.  but  he  tboul  1  carefully  cultirate 
and  uuuoiajo  a  pure,  uaUrniaheJ  mormlity  ;  upon  whKh  reats  all  pcraaaant   bappisoH  aad  auceeae. 


For  I  fhall  Teel  the  ttlng  of  ceaaelete  pais. 

If  there  1  meet  thy  (eotle  epirtl  not; 
Nor  bear  tbe  ■  oiee  I  love,  nor  read  aja-ln. 

In  thy  Mreneet  eyet,  tbe  leader  thought. 


AGATE. 

Kxpp.RiENfE  proves  th.it  the  uppn-iilice  foreshadows  the  workman.  Just 

at  Barely  u  Che  bend  "t"  ;i  iwil:  foretelln  tin*  Incllnatloii  of  the  tree.    The  u  i»- 

light,  ooedlent,  Indoati  I  graduate  a  steady,  skUlftal  BUid  capable 

i  tkably  at  the  nerreree,  ulii:  b  iy  will  ripen  into  the 

lazy,  dlaaolate  iviiow.    The  it.  i  La,  t  b  o  1- taurably  the  maker  of  his  own 

and  if  be  fall  to  tcqu  re  1  master  Icnowleilge  of  the  trade  i"  which 
he  -  pat,  'i  will  malnlj  be  becanse  be .  1  b.  1  not  at  the  ontaet  dB^termlne  to  he  a 

B/orkman.     G-uod   tnor.Bla  and  tteady   Indnstry  are   Indlspei 
tajnong  the  bnalneaa  hablta  Hut  are  hii-hiv  valued  In  ihe  apprentice  are 
punctuality,  order,  neatneaa  and  dispatch.    The  boy  who  1-  promptli  al  bit 

work  in  the  1  -  »Iiih  the  estt-em  01  his  employer.    The  Lad  who 

keeps  the  abi  p  and  -tor.-  In  a  neat  and  orderly  manner  ere  long  becomes  a 

In  meadows  hailed  by  heaven's  llfe-hreathing  wind. 

In  the  resplendence  of  that  glorious  sphere, 
And  larger  movements  of  the  unfettered  mind. 

Wilt  lliou  forget  the  love  tlBUtJolned  us  here? 


MINIOX. 

Experience  proves  that  tbe  apprentice  foreshadowi  the 

workman,  just  lis  surely  us  the  bend  uf  a  twi^'  foretells  the  In- 
clination of  the  tree.  The  upright,  obedient,  industrious  lad 
will  graduate  a  steady,  skillful,  uiid  eapahle  man,  as  unmistak- 
ably as  the  perverse,  idling,  earcles*  boy  will  ripen  into  the  lazy 
dissolute  fellow.  The  Fact  i-.  a  boy  is  measurably  the  maker 
of  his  own  destiny;  and  if  he  fail  to  acquire  a  master-knowl- 
eili-v  of  the  trade  to  which  tic  is  put,  it  will  mainly  be  because 
he  did  not  at  the  outlet  determine  to  be  a  master-workman. 

A  Imppier  lot  than  mine,  and  larger  light, 

Await  thee  there;  for  thou  hast  bowed  thy  will 

In  cheerful  homage  to  the  rule  of  right, 
And  lovest  all,  and  renderest  good  for  ill. 


SIZES    OF    NEWSPAPER    AND    BOOK    TYPE. 


195 


BREVIER. 

Expekience  proves  that  the  apprentice  foreshadows 
the  workman,  Just  as  surely  as  the  bend  of  a  twig  foretells 
the  inclination  of  the  tree.  The  upright,  obedient,  indus- 
trious lad  will  graduate  a  steady,  skillful,  and  capable  man, 
as  unmistakably  as  the  perverse,  idling,  careless  boy  will 
ripen  into  the  lazy,  dissolute  fellow.  The  fact  is,  a  boy  is 
measurably  the  maker  of  his  own  destiny;  and  if  he  fail 
to  acquhe  a  master-knowledge  of  the  trade  to  which  he  is 

For  me,  the  sordid  cares  in  which  I  dwell, 

Shrink  and  consume  my  heart  as  heat  the  scroll, 

And  wrath  has  left  its  scar — that  fire  of  hell 
Has  left  its  frightful  scar  upon  my  soul. 


LONG   PRIMER. 

Experience  proves  that  the  apprentice  fore- 
shadows the  workman,  just  as  surely  as  the  bend 
of  a  twig  foretells  the  inclination  of  the  tree.  The 
upright,  obedient,  industrious  lad  will  graduate  a 
steady,  skillful,  and  capable  man,  as  unmistakably 
as  the  perverse,  idling,  careless  boy  will  ripen  into 
the  lazy,  dissolute  fellow.     The  fact  is,  a  boy  is 

Shalt  thou  not  teach  me  in  that  calmer  home 
The  wisdom  that  I  learned  so  ill  in  this  — 

The  wisdom  which  is  love  —  till  I  become 
Thy  fit  companion  in  that  land  of  bliss? 

PICA. 

Experience  proves  that  the  apprentice 
foreshadows  the  workman,  just  its  surely 
as  the  bend  of  a  twig  foretells  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  tree.  The  upright,  obedient, 
industrious  lad   will    graduate    a   steady, 

skillful,  and  capable  man,  as  unmistakably 
as  the  perverse,  idling,  careless  boy  will 
ripen  into  the  lazy,  dissolute  fellow.  The 
fact  is,  a  boy  is  measurably  the  maker  of 

GREAT   PRIMER. 

Experience  proves  that 
the  apprentice  foreshadows 
the  workman,  just  as  surely 

as  the  bend  of  a  twig  fore- 
tells the  inclination  of  the 
tree.    The  upright,  obedient, 


BOURGEOIS. 

Experience  proves  that  the  apprentice  foreshadows 
the  workman,  just  as  surely  as  the  bend  of  a  twig  fore- 
tells the  inclination  of  the  tree.  The  upright,  obedient, 
industrious  lad  will  graduate  a  steady,  skillful,  and  capa- 
ble man,  as  unmistakably  as  the  perverse,  idling,  careless 
boy  will  ripen  into  the  lazy,  dissolute  fellow.  The  fact 
is,  a  boy  is  measurably  the  maker  of  his  own  destiny : 
and  if  he  fail  to  acquire  a  master-knowledge  of  the  trade 

Yet,  though  thou  wearest  the  glory  of  the  sky, 
Wilt  thou  not  keep  the  same  beloved  name, 

The  same  fair,  thoughtful  brow,  and  gentle  eye, 
Lovelier  in  heaven *s  sweet  climate,  yet  the  same? 


SMALL  PICA. 

Experience  proves  that  the  apprentice  fore- 
shadows the  workman,  just  as  surely  as  the  bend 
of  a  twig  foretells  the  inclination  of  the  tree. 
The  upright,  obedient,  industrious  lad  will  grad- 
uate a  steady,  skillful,  and  capable  man,  as  un- 
mistakably as  the  perverse,  idling,  careless  boy 

will  ripen  into  the  lazy,  dissolute  fellow.  The 
fact  is.  a  buy  is  measurably  the  maker  of  his  own 
destiny  ;  and  if  lie  fail  to  acquire  a  niast*  ac- 
knowledge of  the  trade  to  which  he  is  put,  it 

ENGLISH. 

Experience  proves  that  the  appren- 
tice foreshadows  the  workman,  just  as 
surely  as  the  bend  of  a  twig  foretells 
the  inclination  of  the  tree.  The  up- 
right, obedient,  industrious  lad  will 
graduate  a  steady,  skillful,  and  capable 
man,  as  unmistakably  as  the  perverse, 
idling,   careless  boy  will  ripen  into  the 

TWO   LINE   SMALL  PICA. 

Experience  proves  that 
the  apprentice  foreshad- 
ows the  workman,  just  as 

surely  as  the  bend  of  a 
twig  foretells  the  inclina- 


4!M» 


PROOF   BEADING. 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  READING  PROOF. 

TYPOGIiA  mil  \  1 1.    -V.  1  IiKS 


EXEMPLIFIED. 


'    /     Though  sevewfl  differing  opinions  exist  as  to 
/  /  2  (7) 

the  individual  by  wijom  the  art  of  printing  was       / 

first  discovered,   yet  all  authorities  concur  in 

admitting  Peter   Schoeffer   to   be   the  persons  G9   . 

who  invented  cast  metal  types,  having  learned 
^f  the  art -of-  of  cutting  the  letters  from  the  Gut- 
'•/  enbergs/  he  is  also  supposed  to  have  been 
6  #      the  first  whoongraved  on  copper  plates.     The  " J-J 

following  testimony  is  preseyed  in  the  family,8     / 


<*5 

£r.   Safe 


9  ^     by     Jo.     Fred.     Faustus,     of     Aschefi'enburg : 
'JCD  >'  Peter    Schoeffer,    of    Gernsheim,    perceiving 

II  \7     his   master    Fausts  design,  and  being   himself 
"*,    fdesirous\ardentIy)  to   improve   the  art,  found 

out    (by   the    good    providence  of   God)    the 
method    of    cutting    (inehiendi)    the    characters     j&£ 
in    a   matrix,  that   the   letters   might  easily  be 
*>  I    singly   cast  I    instead   of    bieng    cut.      He    pri-    et' I 

II I  vately   cut    matrices]    for    the  whole    alphabet: 
Faust  was    so    pleased   with   the   contrivanc 

/that  he   promised  Peter  to  give  him  \\Won\y     «■</ 
ic  /daughter     Christina     in    marriage,  a/promise  3     a:    / 
Ayljich  he  soon  after  performed.Af'  18 

there   were    many    difficulties    at    first     n0    | 


^/CBut 

with   these    letters,   as   the 


+ 


o 


metal  being   too  soft3^^^ 

:/  ' 


with  wooden   ones, 

to  support  the  fopce  of  the   infpression :    but 9 
this   defect    was    soon    remedied,    by    mixing 
a  substanpX  with   the   metal  which  sufficiently^. 
hardened  it/' 


t/icjc   niatucej , 


Though  several  differing  opinions  exist  as  to 
the  individual  by  whom  the  art  of  printing  was 
first  discovered  ,  yet  all  authorities  concur  in 
admitting  FETER  SCHOEFFER  to  be  the 
person  who  invented  cast  metal  typis,  having 
learned  the  art  of  cutting  the  letters  from  the 
Gutenbergs :  he  is  also  supposed  to  have  been 
the  first  who  engraved  on  copper-plates.  Tho 
following  testimony  is  preserved  in  tho  family, 
by  Jo.  Fred.  Faustus,  of  Ascheffenburg: 

'  Peter  Schoeffer,  of  Gernsheim,  perceiv- 
ing his  master  Faust's  design,  and  being  him- 
self ardently  desirous  to  improve  the  art,  found 
out  (by  the  good  providence  of  God)  the 
method  of  cutting  [incidendi)  the  characters  in 
a  matrix,  that  the  letters  might  easily  be  singly 
cast,  instead  of  being  cut.  He  privately  cut 
matrices  for  the  whole  alphabet:  and  when  he 
showed  his  master  the  letters  cast  from  these 
matrices,  Faust  was  so  pleased  with  the  con- 
trivance, that  he  promised  Peter  to  give  him 
his  only  daughter  Christina  in  marriage,  a 
promise  which  he  soon  after  performed.  But 
there  were  as  many  difficulties  at  first  with 
these  letters,  as  there  had  been  before  with 
wooden  ones,  tho  metal  being  too  soft  to  sup- 
port tho  force  of  the  impression:  but  this  defect 
was  soon  remedied,  by  mixing  tho  metal  with 
a  substance  which  sufficiently  hardened  it.' 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  CORRECTIONS. 

UKELLAR'S  American  Printer  gives  the  follow- 
ing rules  for  correcting  proof  which  will  be  found 
of  convenience  to  all  who  write  for  the  press  : 
A  wrong  letter  in  a  word  is  noted  by  drawing  a  short  per- 
pendicular line  through  it,  and  making  another  short  line  in 
the  margin,  behind  which  the  right  letter  is  placed.  (See  No.  I.) 
In  this  manner  whole  words  are  corrected,  by  drawing  a  line 
across  the  wrong  word  and  making  the  right  one  in  the  margin 
opposite. 


A  turned  letter  is  noted  by  drawing  a  line  through  it,  and 
writing  the  mark  No.  2  in  the  margin. 

If  letters  or  words  require  to  be  altered  from  one  character 
to  another,  a  parallel  line  or  lines  must  be  made  underneath 
the  word  or  letter, — viz.  for  capitals,  three  lines  ;  small  capi- 
tals, two  lines  ;  and  Italics,  one  line  ;  and,  in  the  margin  oppo- 
site the  line  where  the  alteration  occurs,  Caps,  Small  Caps,  or 
Ital.  must  be  written.      (See  No.  3.) 

When  letters  or  words  are  set  double,  or  are  required  to  he 
taken  out,  a  line  is  drawn  through  the  superfluous  word  or 
letter,  and  the  mark  No.  4  placed  opposite  in  the  margin. 

Where  the  punctuation  requires  to  be  altered,  the  correct 
point,  marked  in  the  margin,  should  be  encircled. 


TYPOGRAPHICAL   MARKS   ILLUSTRATED. 


49! 


When  a  space  is  omitted  between  two  words  or  letters  which 
should  be  separated,  a  caret  must  be  made  where  the  separa- 
tion ought  to  be,  and  the  sign  No.  6  placed  opposite  in  the 
margin. 

No.  7  describes  the  manner  in  which  the  hyphen  and  ellipsis 
line  are  marked. 

When  a  letter  has  been  omitted,  a  caret  is  put  at  the  place 
of  omission,  and  the  letter  marked  as  No.  8. 

Where  letters  that  should  be  joined  are  separated,  or  where 
a  line  is  too  widely  spaced,  the  mark  No.  g  must  be  placed 
under  them,  and  the  correction  denoted  by  th«  marks  in  the 
margin. 

Where  a  new  paragraph  is  requifed,  a  quadrangle  is  drawn 
in  the  margin,  and  a  caret  placed  at  the  beginning  of  the  sen- 
tence.    (See  No.  io.) 

No.  II  shows  the  way  in  which  the  apostrophe,  inverted 
commas,  the  star  and  other  references,  and  superior  letters  and 
figures,  are  marked. 

Where  two  words  are  transposed,  a  line  is  drawn  over  one 
word  and  below  the  other,  and  the  mark  No.  12  placed  in  the 
margin  ;  but  where  several  words  require  to  be  transposed, 
their  right  order  is  signified  by  a  figure  placed  over  each  word, 
and  the  mark  No.  12  in  the  margin. 

Where  words  have  been  strudc  out,  that  have  afterward 
been  approved  of,  dots  should  be  marked  under  them,  and 
Stet.  written  in  the  margin.     (See  No.  13.) 

Where  a  space  sticks  up  between  two  words,  a  horizontal 
line  is  drawn  under  it,  and  the  mark  No.  14  placed  opposite, 
in  the  margin. 

Where  several  words  have  been  left  out,  they  are  tran- 
scribed at  the  bottom  of  the  page,  and  a  line  drawn  from  the 
place  of  omission  to  the  written  words  (see  No  15) ;  but  if  the 
omitted  matter  is  too  extensive  to  be  copied  at  the  foot  of  the 
page,  Out,  see  copy,  is  written  in  the  margin,  and  the  missing 
lines  are  enclosed  between  brackets,  and  the  word  Out,  is 
inserted  in  the  margin  of  the  copy. 

Where  letters  stand  crooked,  they  are  noted  by  a  line  (see 
No.  16) ;  but,  where  a  page  hangs,  lines  are  drawn  across  the 
entire  part  affected. 

When  a  smaller  or  larger  letter,  of  a  different  font,  is 
improperly  introduced  into  the  page,  it  is  noted  by  the  mark 
No.  17,  which  signifies  wrong  font. 

If  a  paragraph  is  improperly  made,  a  line  is  drawn  from 
the  broken-off  matter  to  the  next  paragraph,  and  No  "[  written 
in  the  margin.     (See  No.  18.) 

Where  a  word  has  been  left  out  or  is  to  be  added,  a  caret 
must  be  made  in  the  place  where  it  should  come  in,  and  the 
word  written  in  the  margin.     (See  No.  19.) 

Where  a  faulty  letter  appears,  it  is  marked  by  making  a 
cross  under  it,  and  placing  a  similar  one  in  the  margin  (see 
No.  20) ;  though  some  prefer  to  draw  a  perpendicular  line 
through  it,  as  in  the  case  of  a  wrong  letter. 


MARKS  USED  IN  CORRECTING  PROOF. 

Q      Tum  letter. 

I     Indent  line  one  em  quadrat. 

(J?     Take  out ;  expunge. 

The  caret   shows  where  the  letter    or  word    is 
A  omitted. 

tf     Insert  space. 
/ — s     Less  space. 
s /     Close  up  entirely. 

y    s /     Take  out  type,  and  close  up. 

X      Bad  type. 
J        Push  down  space. 

Plane  down  a  letter. 


Remove  type,  and  insert  a  space,  in  place  of  what 
is  removed. 


J> 


No  paragraph. 

Placed  under  erased  words,  restores  them. 


^J^_  Written  in  the  margin,  restores  a  cancelled  word 
or  words  that  have  dots  under  them. 

ll  Begin  a  paragraph. 

/  Letters  stand  crooked. 

/-/  Should  be  a  compound  word. 

C  or  L  Remove  to  the  left. 

3  or  -I  Remove  to  the  right. 

1 — 1  Carry  higher  up  on  page. 

1 — 1  Carry  down. 

=  Three  lines,  beneath  writing,  denote  capitals. 

Two  lines,  beneath  writing,  denote  small  capitals. 

One  line,  beneath  writing,  denotes  italics. 

***■  /■  Wrong  font  type. 

«£•  Transpose  letters,  words  or  sentences. 

C.  C.  Lower  case,  or  small  letters. 

J.  C.  Small  capitals. 

O  Period. 

©  Colon. 

?  Calls  attention  to  some  doubtful  word  or  sentence. 


32 


m 


OBNAMKNTAL   DESIGNS    TOR   CARD    WRITERS. 


-" 


Pen  I  Pencil  Flourishing. 


I."       -i.  <i_ 


o-^o~ 


o/i\o 


•♦ 


^SSj»T^ 


■For  Time  will  teach  thee  soon  the  truth. 
There  are  no  birds  in  last  year's  nests  " 


SPECIMENS    OF   ORNAMENTAL   CARDS. 


499 


«S^V*-V-v-v 


T*-, 


■*£  LJ^6^»»  EVen'nB'  """•  «.  !"«        4  W*    ■        -  ' ' ' 


." ROMAN    AND    BRUSH-LETTER    ALPHABETS. 


BRUSH     LETTERS    FOR     MARKING     I'lR  POSES— MODERN     STYLE. 


PLAIN   ROMAN    LETTERS. 


A  B  CDEFGHI JKL 

MNOPQESTUVW 
&*  XYZ.&J(E 
a  b  c  d  e  f  g  li  i  j  k  1  m  n  o  p  q 
rstuvAVxyz.  a3cel2345 

6  7  8  9  0.  $  £ 


STANDARD    ALPHABETS. 


501 


ANTIQUE    POINTED    EXTENDED. 


BCD 

MNO 

wx 

12  3  4 


F"  &  H  I  J  K 
Q  RSTUV 
YZ  «5c_ 
6  "7  8  3  O  . 


ONE-HAND    DEAF   AND   DUMB   ALPHABET. 


Brfft\        c. 


^z^^n  J^z 


t  i 


DORIC. 


ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP 
QRSTUV  WX  YZ? 

abcdefghijklmuopqrs 
tuvwxyz&$123456789  0. 


POINTED    CONDENSED. 


ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST 
UVWXYZ&S1234567890?. 


502 


ol.n   ENGLISH   AND   MEDIEVAL  ALPHABETS. 


OLD    ENGLISH    TITLE   TEXT. 


a  He  lie  flghij  hi  \\[n&y  ijr: st  nvwx  11  z 


OLD  ENGLISH  FANCY  TEXT. 


H 


a  Ii  t  il  *  f  g  Ij  i  j  fj  1  in  n  o  \i  q  r  %  \  \\v  w  X  g  2 . 


MEDIEVAL. 


abrbFfgfjijft'Imnopgpst'u 


SPECIMEN    OF    ORNAMENTAL    LETTERIN'G    SHOWING    D8E    OF    OLD    ENGLISH    TEXT. 


501 


*m 


fsSammvsL 

"  ^THE-  PUBLISHERS-  OF-THE  ^ 


•NVAfjy    |8 


Comeksy  ByLsws:  Blvxks  ax  d  Koim, 


^^i^:S;^ 


of  the  committee  of  tnrd  m  bere  cmittrj  for  vuit  of  room.) 


504 


SPECIMENS    OF    MONOGRAM    <)F   TWO,   THREE,   FOUR    AM'    NINE    LKTTKKS. 


111: 


ORNAMENTAL    INITIAL    LETTERS. 


505 





NEW  ORNAMENTAL  CAPITALS. 


fl&*u  t^^P 


■■:■&'* 


,-db*, 


/3 

i '5 


c^^r^ 


^f 


<sdk£ 


^<^J^ 


ORNAMENTAL    INITIAL    SCRIPT,    FOR    ENGRAVING,    FANCY    NEEDLE-WORK,    ETC.  501 


508  ORNAMENTAL    INITIAL    SCRIPT,    FOR    ENGRAVING,    FANCY    NEEDLE- \Y<  >RK,    ETC. 


CORRECT    PUNCTUATION    IN    SIGN    PAINTING. 


509 


'Sign  IPunctuation. 


Illustrations  of  the  Proper  Wording  and  Punctuation  of  Sign  Writing. 


Unusually  Large  Marks  are  used 

The  following  samples  of  Signs  will  be  found 
convenient  by  Sign  Writers  as  showing  correct 
punctuation. 

BANK. 
POST-OFFICE. 


JOHN  SMITH. 


JOHN  HENRY  SMITH. 


J.  H.  SMITH. 


JOHN  H.  SMITH. 


CHARLES  SMITH.    HENRY  JONES. 


C.  SMITH  &  H.  JONES. 


SMITH  &  JONES. 


to  Distinctly  Illustrate  Punctuation, 

The  period  (.)  is  used  at  the  end  of  every 
sentence,  even  if  it  be  but  one  word ;  as, 
Bank.  Merchant  Tailor.  John  Smith.  Will- 
iam Jones,  Dealer  in  Hats,  Caps  and  Furs. 
The  period  is  also  used  to  show  the  omission  of 
letters,  at  the  last  of  a  name  or  word,  called 
abbreviation  ;  as  Co.  for  Company  ;  H  J.  Smith 
for  Henry  James  Smith.  In  the  abbreviation 
of  Chas.,  Win.,  Thos.,  Jas.,  Robt.,  Bros.,  and 
Sand.,  while  the  rule  is  to  use  the  apostrophe, 
it  is  customary  to  use  the  period. 

The  comma  (,)  is  used,  in  sign  painting,  to 
show  the  omission  of  words.  This  is  shown 
in    the  following  sentences : 

Brown  and  West  and  Co.  areDealers  in  Paint* 
and  Oils  and  Glass,  and  so  forth. 

To  avoid  repeating  the  and  we  use  the 
comma,  thus : 

Brown,  West  £  Co.,  Dealers  in  Paints,  Oils, 
Glass,  tfc. 

The  apostrophe  (')  is  used  to  show  the  omis- 
sion of  letters,  in  the  beginning  or  middle  of  a 
word,  thus:  'tis  for  it  is;  'twere  for  it  were; 


510 


CORRECT   PUNCTUATION    IN   SIGN   TAINTING. 


'73  for  1873;  comp'y  for  company;  pack'g  for 
packing;  d's  for  days ;  m's  for  months;  y's  for 
years  ;  gen'l  ag't  for  general  agent,  etc. 

The  apostrophe  is  also  used  to  show  the  pos- 
sessive, thus :  Brown's  Bank.  If  the  owner's 
name  terminates  with  an  s,  the  apostrophe 
follows  the  s;  as,  Wells'  Bank,  Briggs'  Store. 
If  two  or  more  persons  are  spoken  of,  in  the 
possessive,  the  apostrophe  follows  the  s ;  as, 
Ladies'  Entrance;  Gents'1  Parlor;  Tomlinson 
Brothers'  Bank.  If,  however,  the  person's 
name  takes  the  character  of  an  adjective,  de- 
scribing the  article,  no  apostrophe  is  required  ; 
as,  Briggs  House  ;  Merchants  Bank. 

This  character  (<f )  stands  for  and,  and  came 
originally  from  Et.,  Etc.  in  script,  the  Latin  ab- 
breviation for  et  cetera — "  and  the  rest."  The 
first  is  used  in  connecting  firm  names,  and  the 
other  at  the  end  to  avoid  details.  Thus, 
Smith  Jf  Brown;  or  Smith,  Brown  <f  Co., 
Dealers  in  Groceries,  Provisions,  frc. 

Where  the  placing  of  a  period  or  other  mark, 
after  a  letter  or  figure,  would  decidedly  injure 
the  appearance  of  the  same,  good  taste  may 
suggest  that  such  mark  be  omitted.  See  Nos. 
44  and  42,  next  page. 

For  other  marks  in  punctuation,  see  page  52. 

A  light  faced  letter  Is  used  In  the  following  advertise- 
ments, to  Illustrate  the  punctuation  conspicuously. 

NORTH  AMERICA 

FIRE  &  MARINE    INSURANCE  COMPANY, 

ST.  LOUIS,  MISSOURI. 

CAPITAL,  ....  $200,000. 

OFFICERS: 
J.  Hartley  Wells,  Pres't.  David  Briggs,  Sec'y. 


S.  &  J. 


EDITOR. 


EDITOR'S  ROOM. 


SUPT'S  OFFICE. 


LADIES'  PARLOR. 


TREASURER'S  OFFICE. 


DRY  GOODS. 


MERCHANT  TAILOR. 


JONES  SCHOOL. 


BRIGGS  HOUSE. 


METROPOLITAN  HOTEL. 


JONES'  STORE. 


FRESH  AND  SALT  MEATS. 


FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK. 


PROF.  A.  B.  COOK. 


DR.  HENRY  WING. 


SAML.  H.  SMITH,  M.D. 


CORRECT   PUNCTUATION   IN   SIGN    PAINTING. 


.11 


FIRE  INS.  COMP'Y. 


A.  M.  EXPRESS  CO. 


AMERICAN  PACK'G  CO. 
JONES  BROS.,  WEST  &  HOYT. 

PAGE  BROS.'  BLOCK. 
WELLS,  WADE  BROS.  &  COOK. 

Mc  MICKEN  &  St.  CLAIR. 

St.  CLAIR  BROS.'  EXCHANGE. 

MEN'S  AND  BOYS'  CLOTHING. 

CHILDREN'S   UNDERGARMENTS. 
BENNETT  &  PETERS. 

STOVES  AND  HARDWARE. 

SMITH,  JONES  &  BLACK. 

HARDWARE,  CUTLERY,  ETC. 

MRS.  WM.  HENRY  WEST. 

MILLINERY  AND  FANCY  GOODS. 

C.  CLINTON  BROWN, 

ATTORNEY  AND  COUNSELOR. 
DeLAND  &  McGANN. 


44         BROWN  BROTHERS.        44 
42         BRAINARD'S  SONS.  42 

C.  S.  BELDON,  CLARK  &  CO. 

DRUGGISTS'  SUNDRIES. 

F.  BURT,  SHAW  &.  SONS, 

REAL  ESTATE  AND  LOAN  AG'TS. 

St. CLAIR  BROS.  &  SONS, 
GEN'L  AGENTS. 

D.  O.  WELLS,  BRIGGS  &  SONS, 

AG'TS  N.  W.  MANUF'G  CO. 
HIRAM  BROWN, 

DEALER    IN 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 
H.  O.  SMITH, 

DEALER    IN 

LUMBER. 
HOYT  &  WEBSTER, 

DEALERS   IN 

PAINTS,  OILS,  GLASS,  ETC. 


WILLIAMS  &  CO., 


DEALERS   IN 


HATS,  CAPS,  FURS,  ETC. 


512 


PUNCTUATION   OF   SIGNS. 


BRIGGS,  WELLS  &  CO., 

WHOLBSALK    AND    RETAIL    DEALERS   IN 

BOOKS,  WALL-PAPER  &  STATIONERY. 
JONES,  COX  &  CO., 

MANUFACTURERS    AND   DEALERS    IN 

HARDWARE,  CUTLERY  AND  STOVES  ; 

ALSO,  GEN'L  ACTS  FOR 

AURORA  SILVER-PLATE  MANUF'G  CO. 
WEBB  &  GREEN, 

GEN'L  ACTS  FOR  THE 

N.  W.  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY  ; 

AND    DEALERS   IN 

R.  R.  SUPPLIES,  PIG  IRON  AND  LEAD. 

FIRE  AND  MARINE  INSURANCE. 


WESTERN  INSURANCE  COMPANY; 

CLEVELAND.  O. 


PAID-UP  CAPITAL.  $2,000,000  IN  U.  S.  BONDS. 

CHARLES  D.  SMITH,  Agent. 


A.  E.  Small. 


P.  D.  Cook. 


SMALL  &  COOK, 

Attorneys  and  Counselors  at  Law  • 

room  15.  stevens  block, 


Office  Hours: 


(  9  to  13  A.  M. 
|  2  to  6  p.  M. 


MILWAUKEE. 


NORTHERN  LIGHT,  NO  8  ; 

MANUFACTURED    BY 

FRIDLEY,  St.  ANNE  &  BROTHER, 

Elkhart,  Ini>. 

patented,  aug.  i,  1870.    re-ilsued,  sept.  10,  1871. 


SHNIEDEWEND,  LEE  &  CO., 
ELECTROTYPERS; 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Labor-Saving  Slugs,  Metal  Furniturk,  and   Superior 
Finished  Leads. 

NO.  in  E.  MADISON  ST.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 
St.  CLAIRE  &  Me  CLURE, 

Successors  to  HATCH  BROS,  i 

HEADQUARTERS    FOR   THE 

"COSMOPOLITAN,"  "STEWART,"  AND 
"WESTERN  HOME,"  COOKING  STOVES. 

NO.  44  MAPLE  ST.,  ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 

PUSH  ALONG  !  KEEP  MOVING  ! 

CHAS.  McGILL, 

THE  HOUSE -MOVER. 

Address  r.  O.  3ox  1,106,  or  Call  at  91  Peck  Ave., 

SALEM,  MASS. 

BLACK  BROS.  &  CO., 
WHOLESALE  CLOTHING  HOUSE; 

HEADQUARTERS    FOR 

GENTS'  FURNISHING  GOODS  AND  FURS. 
70  Broadway,  up  stairs,  ST.  CROIX,  ILL. 

The  Largest  Gents'  Furnishing  House  in  the  "World. 

OAK    HALL  CLOTHING   EMPORIUM, 
Nos.  148,  150,  152  and  154  Prindle  St. 

HOWARD'S  LARGE  OVEN, 
Air-Tight,  Summer  and  Winter  Cooking  Stove. 

PAT'D  MAY  4,  1871. 

OSCAR  D.  HOWARD. 


ENGRAVERS     INSCRIPTIONS,    REPRESENTING    WORDING   AND   PUNCTUATION. 


>13 


^^s^a^^aj 


mp    INSCRIPTIONS 


ON 

MCETEVAJL.. 


Engravers'  Inscriptions. 


Wording  and  Punctuation  of  Inscriptions 
for  Engraving. 


Forms  of  Wording,  appropriate  in  marking  Rings,  Spoons, 
Pins,   Coffin-Plates,   Cane-Heads,  Watches,   Silver- 
ware, etc.,  for    use    in   Presentation    on  the 
occasion  of  Weddings,  Marriage  Anni- 
versaries,   Birthdays,    etc.,  etc. 


INSCRIPTIONS  to  be  engraved 
on  metal,  should  be  in  as  few- 
words  as  possible.  It  is  import- 
ant always  that  the  person  fur- 
nishing the  copy  to  the  engraver 
should  write  the  words  to  be  en- 
graved in  the  plainest  manner, 
not  even  omitting  the  punctua- 
tion.    Care  should   be  taken  to 


STYLES  OF  LETTERING. 


plainly  distinguish  the  I  from  the  J,  and  other 
letters,  that  in  script  are  likely  to  be  taken  for 
others.  Special  care  should  also  be  observed 
in  spelling. 

The  following  forms  of  wording,  styles  of 
lettering,  punctuation,  and  arrangement  of 
sentences  will  be  found  serviceable,  both  for 
the  engraver  and  those  persons  who  wish  to 
have  engraving  executed. 


^Tarne  3lanc- 


r».  f).  fliUiams. 


€o  inyj  $usimnt). 


?^  ^z/-tJ  cr  I . 


Cftatte  Ijorton. 


REMEMBER. 


ORGET 


E      NOT 


514 


I'.NIIKAVKKS     INSCRIPTIONS  ;    WORDING    AND    PUNCTUATION. 


Cri&m  a  cruet  irr. 


m 


Lmb 


0Ju|y7-  '871.0 


jfcL  %  %n,MI. 


Aged  25  y'rs,  3  m's. 


iHotljcr ; 


From  MART. 

CHRISTMAS,   1873. 


iterate 


From  Her  Mother. 
IMh  Rlrlbdaj.  June  10th.  IS7S. 


25th  Anniversary  Wedding; 

FRO  XI 

YHE[R    MANY    FRIENDS, 


ar 


Ipfi  af  jff.nunJsfeip^ 


iS 


(J!|flX.©.©ibon; 


m  %m< 


December  26,    1869. 


OTTS- 


mm  WW*. 


it 


■]i 


V 


m 


^ii'.an. 


^Xmas. 


FROM 

21st  Birthday. 


: PRESENTED   TO  - 


hr»a  Jm 


■♦  /*^i* 


Kf.  $  4^55.  ^roa-n,ing. 


Apr.    I,    1868. 


JANUARY   1.    1809. 

C)corQc  %  Hjoiit. 

Born.    May  12,   1835. 


Froa  He:  Father. 


M17  12,  is?:. 


From  HER  CHILDREN, 

Christmas,    1872. 


|r,«  tliru.  +11113; 

FROM 
AS  A  TOKEN   OF 

Esteem  and   Respect. 


FORMS   FOR   TOMB-STONE   INSCRIPTION'S. 


515 


^omfi-^onF  Inscriptions, 


yj£  t=^m- 


__  Wording  and  Punctuation. 


SUAL  recent  wording  of  Tomb- 
stone Inscriptions  is  shown 
in  the  following.  In  com- 
parison, it  will  be  seen  that 
jM.'  the  modern  inscription  is  gen- 
/^■^^pfe-^V  erallv  much  more  brief  than 
that  of  the  olden  time.  For- 
merly it  was  customary  to  chisel  in  rude  letters 
epitomized  biographical  histories  of  the  de- 
ceased on  the  tomb-stones  that  marked  their  last 
resting  place.  Among  such  are  many  quaint, 
curious    and   foolish    inscriptions    that,    so    far 


as  perpetuating  the  memories  of  the  deceased 
was  concerned,  had  better  never  have  been 
engraved  on  the  headstones. 

The  lesson  taught  in  these  examples  is,  that 
the  more  concise  the  inscription,  the  more  favor- 
ably coming  generations  will  judge  of  tire  hand- 
ful of  dust  that  lies  beneath  the  leaning  tomb- 
stone. The  most  approved  modern  forms,  ac- 
companied by  epitaphs,  are  shown  herewith, 
together  with  the  correct  grammatical  wording 
and  punctuation  of  the  same.  The  following 
appropriately  accompany  the  inscription. 


Brief   Epitaphs. 


■*»%r 


2EII  is  MfII. 


Darling  ^istcr. 


l|f  c  nriH  Jieej  sgatrc. 


^I)rrr  in  tljc  Rummer  Sand. 


j\bsfntt  noi  JlcaiL 


<0«r    4^o%r 


(Jonp  1} 


omp. 


(Sour,  but  not  jforgottrn. 


Heal,  Mac;trag  jltsler,  Meal, 


^(^  after  ^Timc  nc'll  n^rct  ^fi cr. 


sdjtet^Ie,  jlapeel  little  jfrafclte. 


<fharlic. 


(Tljrist  is  mn  i^opr. 


Ok  fttorning  £rjmrt1). 


tlning  is  tint  <5""'g  Ifjome. 


<TIicrc  shall  he  no  ^,ight  thrrr. 


^Tl[cti  arc  npf  JleaiL 


516 


FORMS    FOR   TOMB-STONE    INSCRIPTIONS. 


-;.r*  ■ 


dll     i  i  i  A  I   .•. 


She  i;iln  i  ■  il  ii>    tin    unyslilr,  nml 
the  Angels  limit    Iut  home. 


Minnie, 

INFANT  DAUGHTER  OP 

-»w^id  D  I  E  D"&**«- 

Sept.  18th,  1873.  AGED  1  Mo.  &  15  D's. 

Beneath  this  stone,  in  BOfl  repoee, 

1-   laid  a  moilur-  dearest   pride; 
A  Bower  thai  scarce  bad  waited  to  life 
And  light  aud  heauly,  ere  it  died. 


u1  wi^iin  miiMiHg 

Aged  fit!  Venn*.    August  2,  IR70. 


Ifflrripf  SJljprpsa, 

WIFE  OP 

AGED  41  Years.     Oct.  4,  1872. 
"I  Fear  not  Death.** 


jCittle  IJohnnu. 

->fc.^  DIED  W*w- 

Noveaber  1st,  1371.    AGED  5  7's  &  8  H's. 


**Tia  a  little  grave,  but  O,  have  care. 
For  world-wide  hopes  are  Imried  there; 
How  much  of  light,  how  miiL-h  of  joy, 
Is  buried  with  a  darling  boy/' 


Ijarrctt  J.^ehlcn, 

CAPT.  OF 
51st  ltcp;iiiH'iit,    Illinois  Vols., 

lilled  it  the  Battle  of  PerrrrfUe, 

October  8th,  1863. 

Aged    51   Y's,  6   M's,   10   D's. 


Jlarliurj  jf rcthlic. 


«k  ia*<* 


The  Angela  .-.iii.-.i  mm. 


MARY  ELLEN, 

WIFE  OF 

4£]ras»    illtlliam^on, 

Born  at  Keene,  N.  H.,  Jan.  8,  1805. 

Born  into  Spirit  Life  Sept.  6th,  1S65. 


NOT  DEAD,  BUT  GONE  HEFOKE. 


%.  Ill  ^illinos. 

December  1,  1872.     Aged  36  Yearn. 


©14103 


™ 


*  j.) 


05,  & 


IP* 


Imtth, 


-+**&!  DIED  (*>*«»- 

December  25th,  1870.    ADED  i  7'S,  3  M'S  S  1  D"3. 


?i>ou\  itt.  Kantiall, 

-•-WD  I  ED4»-«- 

August  15,   I860.     ACED  61   Ye.irs. 

A  Memhrrnfthr  l.s.  (empress  for '20  Vrars,  he 
died  as  he  lived, a  pure  and  upright  man. 


dACHED 

to  the  Memory  of 

stff-       CTT1* 


WHO   DEPARTED  THIS   LIFE 

August  10,  1871.      Aged  50  Years. 
"  I  sro  to  prepare  a  place  for  thee." 


+  *  +  ♦ 

Iter.  <l).  'plclk. 


BORN, 

Sept.  21st,  1841. 


DIED, 
Nov.  21st,  1872. 


lie  Died  as  lie  Lived -a  i  li  riM  inn. 


£|)m.  Jl.  "|(iiibbnrilt 


Dec.  28th,  1873.    Aged  92  Y's,  8  M's. 

"  Farewell  to  thee,  my  house  of  clay  ! 

Long  have  we  two  1k.mii  bound  together, 
But  1  forsake  thy  porch  to-day. 

And  yield  thee  Dp  to  wind  and  weather. 
Bleep,  Bleep  at  hint  !  thy  sleep  shall  be 
My  rest,  my  strength,  my  victory  !" 


\    ,  l      /^>  VI  (j      L      l 

Died  October  5,  1869.    ACEO  61  Years. 


J/liplfJlE    B.     pHELfS, 

BORN    INTO    Sl'MMER   LAND 

Sept.  1st,  1872.     Aged  10  Y's,  3  M's. 

DARLING  SISTER  ; 

"  Yet,  though  thou  wear'et  the  glory  of  the  tky, 
\\  i  t,  now  thou'ii  tti.Tp  the  nnu  televeJ  nkaa  , 

Tin    not  fair,  though tfu I  brow  njil  gcotl.-  ■  ■■>  •■. 
LovtiUT  In  heaven  a  tweet  Climate,  yet  On-  mi  me." 


i%nt  %  palmer, 

ENTERED  BI'IRIT   LIFE 

September  9, 1872.   Aged  38  Y's,  6  M's. 

"O  land  beyond  the  setting  sun  ! 

(J  reftlu)  more  fair  tlnin  poet's  dreaui  \ 
How  <  lear  thy  silvery  streamlets  run, 
llow  bright  thy  golden  glories  gleam  ! 

For  well  we  know  thai  f..ir  and  bright, 
Far  beyond  unman  ken  or  dream, 

Too  glorious  for  our  feeble  Ni'_rht, 
Thy  skies  of  cloudless  azure,  beam.*1 


^cruic : 


The  angels  called  him  on  a  sunny  day, 
August  15th,  1872. 

AGED  5  Y'S,  6  M'S,  4  OS. 

"We  shell  el  I  go  home  to  our  KiUVr'e  houee. 

To  our  KaUier'a  hou»e  in  the  lElea, 
Where  the  hope  of  out  eoiUe  ibjdl  have  do  blight. 

Ami  our  love  do  broken  tlM 
We  shall  roam  an  the  hanki  of  the  River  or  Peace. 

And  balho  in  It*  liliimful  tide  : 
And  ooeofthejuyeof  our  heaveo  ebe.ll  be. 

Tde  1 1  uie  U.j  that  died." 


POETIC   SELECTIONS   SUITABLE   FOR   THE   EPITAPH. 


517 


Brief  Extracts  from  the  Best  Poems,  suitable  to  accompany  Tomb- 
Stone  Inscriptions. 


*^\  ERY  inscription  on  tomb-stones 
W  may  apin'opriately  be  accom- 
panied by  an  epitaph,  which 
should  be  expressive  yet  very 
brief.  Formerly  it  was  custom- 
ary oftentimes  to  inscribe  seve- 
ral stanzas  of  poetry  upon  the 
headstone.  With  the  improved 
taste  of  later  years,  however,  it  is  considered 
best  to  condense  the  epitaph  into  a  few  words, 
usually  not  exceeding  four  lines  in  length. 

The  following  appropriate  stanzas  for  epitaphs 
are  culled  from  the  best  poems  : 

'  We  saw  not  the  angels  who  met  him  there, 
The  gates  of  the  city  we  could  not  see. 
Over  the  river,  over  the  river, 

My  darling  stands  waiting  to  welcome  me." 


"  Amiable,  she  won  all ;  intelligent,  she  charmed 

all ;  fervent,  she  loved  all ;  and  dead,  she 

saddened  all." 


"  He  carries  the  lambs  in  his  bosom." 


"  Rest  in  peace,  thou  gentle  spirit, 
Throned  above  — 
Souls  like  thine  with  God  inherit 
Life  and  love." 


'  I  love  them  that  love  me,  and  those  that  seek  me 
early  shall  find  me." 


"  Judge  not  the  Lord  by  feeble  sense, 
But  trust  Him  for  His  grace; 
Behind  a  frowning  providence, 
He  hides  a  smiling  face." 


"  Not  thus  his  nobler  part  shall  dwell 
A  prisoner  in  this  narrow  cell; 
But  he,  whom  we  now  hide  from  men, 
With  youth  renewed,  shall  live  again." 


"  Death,  thou  art  but  another  birth, 
Freeing  the  spirit  from  the  clogs  of  earth." 


"  Ay,  hold  it  true,  whate'er  befall, 

And  feel  it,  when  we  sorrow  most, 
'T  is  better  to  have  loved  and  lost, 
Than  to  have  never  loved  at  all." 


518 


EPITAPHS. 


"  Shed  not  for  her  the  bitter  tear, 

Nor  give  the  heart  to  vain  regret; 
T  is  but  the  casket  that  lies  here, 
The  gem  that  filled  it  sparkles  yet. 


"Sheltered  and  safe  from  sorrow." 


Ere  sin  could  harm,  or  sorrow  fade, 
Death  came  with  friendly  care; 

The  opening  bud  to  heaven  conveyed, 
And  bade  it  blossom  there." 


"  Happy  infant,  early  blest ! 
Rest,  in  peaceful  slumbers,  rest.' 


"  This  lovely  bud,  so  young,  so  fair, 
Called  hence  by  early  doom, 
Just  came  to  show  how  sweet  a  flower 
In  Paradise  would  bloom." 


"  Suffer  little  children  to  come  unto  me." 


'There,  in  the  Shepherd's  bosom, 
White  as  the  drifted  snow, 
Is  the  little  lamb  we  missed  one  morn, 
From  the  household  flock  below." 


"  Sweet  flower,  transplanted  to  a  clime 
Where  never  comes  the  blight  of  time." 


"A  happier  lot  than  ours,  and  larger  light,  sur- 
rounds thee  there." 


Gone  to  a  land  of  pure  delight, 
Where  saints  immortal  reign  ; 

Infinite  day  excludes  the  night, 
And  pleasures  banish  pain." 


"  So  the  bird  of  my  bosom  fluttered  up  to  the  dawn, 
A  window  was  opened  —  my  darling  was  gone  ! 
A  truant  from  time,  from  tears,  and  from  sin, 
For  the  angel  on  watch  took  the  wanderer  in." 


"  O   Death  !  where  is  thy  sting  ?  O  Grave !  where 
is  thy  victory?  " 


"  From  meadows  fanned  by  heaven's  life-breathing 
wind, 
In  the  resplendence  of  that  glorious  sphere, 
And  larger  movements  of  the  unfettered  mind, 
Come  darling,  oft,  and  meet  me  here." 


"Though  1  walk  through  the  valley  of  the  shadow 
of  death,  I  will  fear  no  evil,  for  Thou 
art  with  me." 


"  Triumphant  smiles  the  victor's  brow, 
Fanned  by  some  angel's  purple  wing. 
Where  is,  O  grave,  thy  victory  now  ? 

And  where,  insidious  death,  thy  sting?' 


"Thy  rod  and  Thy  staff,  they  comfort  me." 


"  Sweet  is  the  scene  when  virtue  dies! 
When  sinks  a  righteous  soul  to  rest, 
How  mildly  beam  the  closing  eyes, 

How  gently  heaves  the  expanding  breast !  " 


"Here  I  lay  my  burden  down, 
Change  the  cross  into  the  crown. 


"  I  shall  know  the  loved  who  have  gone  before, 
And  joyfully  sweet  will  the  meeting  be, 
When  over  the  river,  the  peaceful  river, 
The  angel  of  death  shall  carry  me." 


"Because  I  lived,  ye  shall  live  also. 


"  Life  is  real,  life  is  earnest, 

And  the  grave  is  not  its  goal ; 

'  Dust  thou  art,  to  dust  returnest,' 

Was  not  spoken  of  the  soul." 


"Of  such  is  the  kingdom  of  Heaven 


EPITAPHS. 


519 


"  Dear  is  the  spot  where  Christians  sleep, 
And  sweet  the  strains  that  angels  pour. 
O  !  why  should  we  in  anguish  weep  ? 
They  are  not  lost,  but  gone  before." 


"  I  am  the  resurrection  and  the  life. 


"From  darkness  and  from  woe, 
A  power  like  lightning  darts; 
A  glory  cometh  down  to  throw 
Its  shadow  o'er  our  hearts." 


"  Heaven's  eternal  year  is  thine." 


"Known  and  unknown,  human,  divine, 
Sweet  darling  hand  and  lips  and  eye; 
Dear  heavenly  one,  thou  canst  not  die, 
Mine,  mine  forever,  ever  mine." 


"  Death  loves  a  shining  mark." 


"  Life's  duty  done,  as  sinks  the  day, 
Light  from  its  load  the  spirit  flies; 
While  heaven  and  earth  combine  to  say, 
How  blest  the  righteous  when  he  dies. 


"  He  giveth  his  beloved  sleep." 


"  Gone  before  us,  O  our  brother, 
To  the  spirit  land  ! 
Vainly  look  we  for  another, 
In  thy  place  to  stand." 


"  Hei  children  rise  up  and  call  her  blessed." 


"She  was  but  as  a  smile, 

Which  glistens  in  a  tear, 
Seen  but  a  little  while, 

But,  oh  !  how  loved,  how  dear!" 


'We  loved  her." 


"  We  only  know  that  thou  hast  gone, 
And  that  the  same  returnless  tide, 
Which  bore  thee  from  us,  still  glides  on, 
And  we,  who  mourn  thee,  with  it  glide." 


"  There  shall  be  no  night  there." 


"  Green  be  the  turf  above  thee, 
Friend  of  my  better  days  ; 
None  knew  thee  but  to  love  thee, 
Nor  named  thee  but  to  praise." 


"  I  know  his  face  is  hid 
Under  the  coffin  lid; 

Closed  are  his  eyes ;  cold  is  his  forehead  fair. 
My  hand  that  marble  felt, 
O'er  it  in  prayer  I  knelt ; 

Vet  my  heart  whispers  that  — he  is  not  here." 


"  Far  off  thou  art,  but  ever  nigh  ; 
I  have  thee  still,  and  I  rejoice." 


"  To  us  for  sixteen  anxious  months, 
His  infant  smile  was  given, 
And  then  he  bade  farewell  to  earth 
And  went  to  live  in  heaven." 


"  Where  immortal   spirits  reign, 
There  we  shall  meet  again." 


520 


WHAT    IS    I'OETHY?    POETKY    I IKFI  N  KI>. 


sprmg-time  evening, 
,  when,  witli  heart  at- 
tuned to  the  glories 

of  the  twilight  scene, 
we  listen  enraptured  to  the  closing  song  of  busy 
nature,  hushing  to  repose — this  is  poetry  ! 

The  coming  storm,  preceded  by  the  rushing 
wind;  the  dark,  angry,  approaching  clouds, 
capped  with  the  flashing,  darting  lightning, 
with  the  low  muttering,  and  anon  the  deep- 
toned  thunder,  coming  nearer  and  nearer  in  its 
awful  grandeur  !  To  the  lover  of  the  grand  and 
sublime  —  this  is  poetr// .' 

The  silvery  quiet  of  the  moonlight  night, 
when  we  wander  amid  the  jessamines  and  roses, 
with  our  darling,  whispering  words  of  love, 
and  dreaming  of  the  futuri — this  ispoetry! 

The  midnight  hour  in  the  attic,  when,  through 
the  crevices  of  the  roof  and  windows,  we  catch 
glimpses  of  the  flashing  lightning,  and  listen, 
slumber,  and  dream  to  the  music  of  the  patter- 
ing rain-drops  on  the  roof — this  is  poetry  ! 

The  roaring  cataract,  the  silvery  rivulet,  the 
towering  mountain,  the  dark  ravine,  the  open- 


"  Poetry  is   the   blossom    and    fragrance    of    all    human     knowledge, 
thoughts,    human   passions,  emotions,   language." — Culuudoe. 


ing  rosebud,  the  cherub  child,  the  waving  grain, 
the  modest  violet,  —  all  breathe  the  music  of 
•poetry! 

The  beautiful  face,  the  gentle,  thrilling  pres- 
sure of  the  hand,  the  kettle  singing  for  tea,  the 
joyous  meeting  of  the  husband  and  wife  on 
the  return  from  labor  at  the  twilight  hour,  the 
smile,  the  kiss  —  all  this  is  poetry  .' 

It  flashes  in  the  sky,  it  blossoms  on  the  earth, 
it  breathes  music  in  the  air,  delighting  the  eye, 
charming  the  ear,  and  filling  the  soul  with  in- 
effable happiness  —  all  this  is  poetry  ! 

To  appreciate,  to  comprehend,  and  to  inter- 
pret this  golden,  sunn)-  halo  of  beauty,  is  the 
gift  of  the  poet. 

Poetry  is  not  necessarily  told  in  rhyme.  It 
is  oftentimes  revealed  as  beautifully  in  prose. 
B.  F.  Taylor  illustrates  this  very  strikingly  in 
the  following  description  of 

The  Old  Church. 

"Last  evening  we  were  walking  leisurely  along.  The  music 
of  choirs  in  three  churches  came  floating  out  into  the  darkness 
around  us,  and  they  were  all  new  and  strange  tunes  but  one  ; 
and  that  one,  it  was  not  sung  as  we  had  heard  it,  but  it  awa- 
kened a  train  of  long  buried  memories,  that  rose  to  us  even  as 
they  were  before  the  cemetery  of  the  soul  had  a  tomb  in  it.    It 


VERSIFICATION   DEFINED  ;    BLANK   VERSE. 


was  sweet  old  'Corinth'  they  were  singing  —  strains  that  we 
have  seldom  heard  since  the  rose-color  of  life  was  blanched  — 
and  we  were  in  a  moment  back  again  to  the  old  church  ;  and 
it  was  a  summer  afternoon,  and  yellow  sunbeams  were  stream- 
ing through  the  west  windows,  and  the  silver  hair  of  the  old 
deacon  who  sat  in  the  pulpit  was  turned  to  gold  in  its  light, 
and  the  minister,  who,  we  used  to  think,  could  never  die,  so 
good  was  he,  had  concluded  'application'  and 'exhortation,' 
and  the  village  choir  were  singing  the  last  hymn,  and  the  tune 
was  '  Corinth.' 

"  It  is  years  —  we  dare  not  think  how  many  —  since  then, 
and  the  prayers  of  '  David  the  son  of  Jesse '  are  ended,  and  the 
choir  scattered  and  gone  —  the  girl  with  blue  eyes  that  sang 
alto,  and  the  girl  with  black  eyes  that  sang  air  ;  the  eyes  of  one 
were  like  a  June  heaven  at  noon,  and  the  other  like  the  same 
heaven  at  night.  They  both  became  wives,  and  both  mothers, 
and  both  died.  Who  shall  say  they  are  not  singing  '  Corintli  ' 
still,  where  Sabbaths  never  wane,  and  congregations  never 
break  up?  There  they  sat,  Sabbath  after  Sabbath,  by  the 
square  column  at  the  right  of  the  '  leader,'  and  to  our  young 
ears  their  tunes  were  '  the  very  soul  of  music'  That  column 
bears  still  their  penciled  names,  as  they  wrote  them  in  those 
days  in  life's  June,  183 — ,  before  dreams  of  change  had  over- 
come their  spirits  like  a  summer's  cloud. 

"  Alas  !  that  with  the  old  singers  most  of  the  sweeter  tunes 
have  died  upon  the  air !  But  they  linger  in  memory,  and  they 
shall  yet  be  sung  in  the  sweet  reunion  of  song  that  shall 
take  place  by  and  by,  in  a  hall  whose  columns  are  beams  of 
morning  light,  whose  ceiling  is  pearl,  whose  doors  are  gold,  and 
where  hearts  never  grow  old.  Then  she  that  sang  alto,  and 
she  that  sang  air,  will  be  in  their  places  once  more." 

More  frequently,  however,  the  poet  gives  ex- 
pression to  his  emotions  in  rhyme,  such  form  of 
expression  having  the  advantage  of  musical 
sound,  accompanied  by  sentiment.  Unfortu- 
nately, however,  much  of  that  which  passes  for 
poetry  is  but  rhyme,  being  devoid  of  sense  or 
moral. 

For  the  assistance  and  guidance  of  those  who 
would  correctly  write  poetry,  we  give  herewith 
the  rules  of  versification,  accompanied  by  a  vo- 
cabulary of  rhymes,  followed  by  a  number  of 
standard  poems  from  the  best  authors,  that  are 
models  in  their  respective  kinds  of  verse. 

Versification. 


ERSIFICATION  is  the  art  of  making 
verse.  Verse  is  rhythmical  language, 
keeping  time  like  music  ;  having  syl- 
lables  arranged   according   to    accent. 


quantity,  and  generally  rhyme ;  being  so  divided 
into  lines  as  to  promote  harmony. 

Two  kinds  of  verse  are  in  use  by  poets, 
namely,  blank  verse  and  rhyme.  Rh}Tne  is  char- 
acterized by  a  similarity  of  sound  at  the  end  of 
one  line  with  another ;  as 

"  Perhaps  in  this  neglected  spot  is laid 

Some  heart  once  pregnant  with  celestial  .  .  .   fire  ; 
Hands,  that  the  rod  of  empire  might  have  .  .  swayed, 
Or  waked  to  ecstasy  the  living lyre." 

"  The  Assyrian  came  down  like  a  wolf  on  the  .  .  fold, 
And  his  cohorts  were  gleaming  with  purple  and  gold." 

Blank  Verse. 

Blank  verse  is  the  name  given  to  a  kind  of 
poetry  without  rhyme,  which  was  the  form  that 
the  earlier  poets  almost  entirely  made  use  of. 
The  poetry  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  was  gen- 
erally without  rhyme,  and  not  until  the  Middle 
Ages,  when  introduced  by  the  Goths  from  the 
North,  did  rhyme  come  into  the  Latin  and  the 
vernacular  tongues  of  modern  Europe. 

Blank  verse  is  particularly  suited  to  the  dra- 
ma, and  was  very  popular  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, during  which  time,  and  the  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  Shakespeare  wrote  his 
plays.  The  following  from  Milton's  "  Paradise 
Lost  "  representing  Eve's  lament  and  farewell 
to  Eden,  written  in  1GG7,  illustrates  the  power 
of  expression  in  blank  verse  ; 

"O  unexpected  stroke,  worse  than  of  death  ! 
Must  I  thus  leave  thee,  Paradise?  thus  leave 
Thee,  native  soil !  these  happy  walks  and  shades. 
Fit  haunt  of  gods?  where  I  had  hoped  to  spend, 
Quiet  though  sad,  the  respite  of  that  day 
That  must  be  mortal  to  us  both.     O,  flowers 
That  never  will  in  other  climate  grow, 
My  early  visitation   and  my  last 
At  even,  which  I  bred  up  with  tender  hand 
From  the  first  spring  bud,  and  gave  ye  names  ! 
Who  now  shall  rear  thee  to  the  sun,  or  rank 
Your  tribes,  and  water  from  the  ambrosial  fount? 
Thee  lastly,  nuptial  bower?  by  me  adorn'd 
By  what  to  sight  or  smell  w  from  thee 

How  shall  I  part,  and  whither  wander  down 
Into  a  lower  world,  to  this  obscure 
And  wild?     How  shall  we  breathe  in  other  air 
Less  pure,  accustom'd  to  immortal  fruits?" 


KINDS   OF   POETIC   FEET;    IAMBIC    VEESB. 


Accent  and  Feet. 

Upon  careful  observation,  it  will  be  seen 
that  we  involuntarily  divide  a  line  of  rhythmi- 
cal verse  into  meter,  by  a  sort  of  keeping  time 
with  hands  and  feat:  accenting  at  regular  inter- 
vals certain  syllables,  thus  giving  the  peculiar 
musical  accompaniment  which  makes  poetry  at- 
tractive. 

There  are  four  hinds  of  feet  in  English  verse 
called  Iambus,  Trochee,  Ana  pest  and  Dactyl.  The 
distinguishing  characteristic  of  Iambic  verse  is, 
that  we  always  accent  the  second  syllable  in 
reading  the  same;  as  "  Beheld,  how  great." 

The  Trochee,  like  the  Iambus,  consists  of  two 
syllables,  with  the  accent  un  the  first  syllable;  as 
"  Sde  the  distant  forest  dark  and  waving." 

The  Anapest  has  the  first  two  syllables  unac- 
cented, and  the  last  accented;  as  "  O'er  the  land 
of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave." 

The  Dactyl  contains  three  syllables,  with  the 
accent  on  the  first;  as  dCirable,  brdvery. 

Meters. 

Verse  is  also  named  according  to  the  number 
of  feet  in  each  line;  a  foot  in  Iambic  being  two 
syllables.  Monometer  is  a  line  of  one  foot;  di- 
meter, of  two  feet;  trimeter,  of  three  feet;  te- 
trameter, of  four  feet  ;  junta-meter,  of  five  feet; 
hexameter,  of  six  feet  ;  heptameter,  of  seven  feet; 
octometer,  of  eight  feet. 

Examples. 
The  following  examples  represent  the  Iambic, 
Trochaic,  Anapestic,  and  Dactylic,  in  the  differ- 
ent kinds  of  meter.  A  straight  line  (")  over  a 
syllable,  shows  that  such  syllable  is  accented. 
A  curved  line  (")  indicates  the  unaccented. 

I AMBIC. —  One  foot. 

"  They  go 
To  sow." 

Iambic. — Two  feet. 

"  T6  me  |  the  rose 
No  longer  glows," 

"  Their  love  |  .1nd  awe 
Supply  |  the  law." 


IAMBIC. —  Three  feet. 

"  Bide  light  I  nlngs  singe  |  the  waves, 
And  thunder  rends  the  rock." 

Iambic. — Four  feet. 

"  And  cold  |  er  still  |  the  winds  j  did  blow, 
Ami  darker  hours  of  night  came  on." 

Iambic. — Five  feet. 

"  For  praise  |  too  dear  |  ly  lov'd  |  or  warm  |  ly  sought, 
Enfeebles  all  internal  strength  of  thought." 

Iambic. — Six  feet. 

"  His  heart  |  5s  sad,  |  his  hope  |  is  gone,  |  his  light  |  U  passed; 
lie  sits  and  mourns  in  silent  grief  the  lingering  day." 

Iambic. — Seven  feet. 

"  The    lof  I  ty   hill,  |  the   hum  |  ble    lawn,  |  with   count  |  less 

beau  |  ties  shine  ; 
The  silent  grove,  the  solemn  shade,  proclaim  thy  power  divine." 

Note.— It  has  become  cmnmnn  in  writing  modern  poetry  to  divide 
this  kind  <if  verse  Into  four  lines;  alternate  lines  huving  four  and  three 
feet;  thus,— 

"  The  lofty  hill,  the  humble  lawn, 
Willi  countless  beauties  shine; 
The  silent  grove,  the  solemn  shade, 
Proclaim  thy  power  divine." 

Iambic. — Eight  feet. 

O    all  )  y£  peo  |  pie,   clap  |  your  hands,  |  and  with  ]  trium  | 

phant  voic  |  es  sing  ; 
No  force  the  mighty  pow'r  withstands  of  God  the  universal 

King. 

Note.— It  is  common  at  present  to  reduce  this  verse  into  lines  of 
eight  syllables,  as  follows,— 

'*  O  ail  ye  people,  clap  your  hands, 
And  wilh  triumphant  voices  slug, 
No  force  the  mighty  pow'r  -.  ilhstauda 
Of  God  the  universal  King." 

Stanza— Long,  Short,  and  Common  Meter. 

A  stanza  is  a  combination  of  several  lines  in 
poetry,  forming  a  distinct  division  of  the  poem  ; 
thus, — 

"  The  curlew  tolls  the  knell  of  parting  day, 
The  lowing  herd  winds  slowly  o'er  the  lea, 
The  ploughman  homeward  plods  his  weary  way, 
And  leaves  the  world  to  darkness  and  to  me." 

A  Verse. 
Verse  is  but  a  single  line  of  a  stanza,  thus , — 

"  The  curfew  tolls  the  knell  of  parting  day." 


LONG,    SHORT,    AND   COMMON   METER,    TROCHAIC    AND   ANAPESTIC   VERSE. 


Long  Meter. 

The  long,  short,  and  common  meters  are 
known  by  the  number  of  feet  or  syllables  found 
in  them.  Long  meter  stanzas  contain  in  each 
line  four  Iambic  feet,  thus  — 

"  Through  every  age,  eternal  God 
Thou  art  our  rest,  our  safe  abode  ; 
High  was  thy  throne  ere  heaven  was  made, 
Or  earth,  thy  humble  footstool,  laid." 

Short  Meter. 

Short  meter  stanzas  contain  three  lines  of  six 
syllables,  and  one  of  eight  syllables  —  the  third 
line  being  the  longest,  and  containing  four  Iam- 
bic feet,  thus  — 

"  Sweet  is  the  time  of  Spring, 

When  nature's  charms  appear  ; 
The  birds  with  ceaseless  pleasure  sing, 
And  hail  the  opening  year." 

Common  Meter. 

Iambic  Terse  of  seven  feet,  divided  into  two 
lines,  the  first  containing  four,  and  the  latter 
three  feet,  makes  what  is  known  as  common 
meter ;  thus  — 

"  When  all  thy  mercies,  O,  my  God . 
My  rising  soul  surveys, 
Transported  with  the  view,  I  'm  lost 
In  wonder,  love,  and  praise." 

Each  species  of  Iambic  verse  will  admit  of  an 
additional  short  syllable  ;  as 

Upon  a  mount  |  ain. 
Beside  a  fount  I  ain. 


Trochaic  Verse. 

The  accent  in  Trochaic  verse  occurs  on  the 
first  syllable.  The  foot  consists  of  two  syllables. 

Trochaic. — One  foot. 

Changing. 


Trochaic — Two  feet. 

Fancy  |  viewing, 
Joys  ensuing. 


Trochaic. — Three  feet. 

"When  thy  |  heart    is  |  mourning." 
"  Go  where  comfort  waits  thee." 

Trochaic. — Four  feet. 

"  Round  ?.  |  holy  |  calm  dif  |  fusing, 
Love  of  peace  and  lonely  musing." 

Trochaic. — Five  feet. 

All  that  I  walk  On  |  foot  6r  |  ride  in  |  chariots, 
All  that  dwell  in  palaces  or  garrets. 

Trochaic. —  Six  feet. 

On  a  |  mountain  I  stretch'd  be  |  neath  a  |  hoary  |  willow, 
Lay  a  shepherd  swain  and  viewed  the  roaring  billow. 

Trochaic. —  Seven  feet. 

Hasten   |    Lord  to  |  rescue   |    me,   and   |    set  m6   |    safe  from  | 

trouble. 
Shame  thou   those  who  seek  my  soul,  reward  their  mischief 

double. 

Trochaic. — Fight  feet. 

Note.—  Trochaic  and  Iambic  are  frequently  found  combined  in  one 
atanza. 

Once  up  |  on  a  |  midnight  |  dreary  |  while  I  |  pondered  |  weak 

and  |  weary 
Over  many  a  quaint  and  curious  volume  of  forgotten  lore. 


Anapesiic  Verse. 

Anapestio  verse  contains  three  syllables  to 
the  foot,  with  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable. 

Anapestic. —  One  foot. 

"  On  the  land, 
Let  me"  stand." 

Anapestic. — Two  feet. 

"  But  his  coiir  |  age  'gan  fail, 
F6r  no  arts  could  avail." 

This  form  admits  of  an  additional  short  sylla- 
ble ;  as 

"  But  his  cour  |  age  gan  fail  |  him. 
For  no  arts  could  avail  him." 

Anapestic. — Three  feet. 

0  yS  woods  |  sprSad  y5ur  branch  |  5s  apace, 
T6  your  deepest  recesses  I  hie  ; 

1  would  hide  with  the  beasts  of  the  chase, 

I  would  vanish  from  every  eye. 


524 


DACTYLIC    VERSE;    POETICAL    PA!  "KKK. 


A  n  apestic. — Four  feet. 

May  I  gov  |  ern  my  pass  |  ions  with  ab  |  s6lute  sway, 
And  grow  wiser  and  better  as  life  wears  away. 

This  measure  admits  of  a  short  syllable  at  the 
end  :  as 

On  the  warm  |  cheek  Of  youth  |  smiles  and  ro  |  sgs  are  blend 


Dactylic  Verse. 


In  Dactylic  verse  the  accent  occurs  on  the 
first  syllable  of  each  successive  three,  being  on 
the  first,  fourth,  seventh,  and  tenth  syllables. 

Dactylic. —  One  foot. 

Cheerfully, 
Fearfully. 

Dactylic. — Two  feet. 

Father  all  |  glorloOs 
O'er  all  victorious. 

Dactylic. — Three  feet. 

\\  i  ai  mg  a  |  way  in  his  |  youthfulnSss, 
Loveliness,  beauty,  and  truthfulness. 

Dactylic. — Four  feet. 

"  Boys  will  an  |  tlclpate,  |  lavish  and  |  dissipate, 
All  that  your  busy  pate  hoarded  with  care  ; 
And,  in  their  foolishness,  passion,  and  mulishness, 
Charge  you  with  churlishness,  spuming  your  pray'r." 

Dactylic. — Five  feet. 

"  Now  thou  dost  |  welcOme  me,  |  welcome  mC,  |  from  the  dark 

I  sea, 
Land  of  the  beautiful,  beautiful  land  of  the  free." 

Dactylic. —  Six  feet. 

"  Time,  thOu  art  |  ever  in  |  motion,  On  |  wheels  Of  the  |  days, 

years,  and  |  ages, 
Restless  as  waves  of  the  ocean,  when  Eurus  or  Boreas  rages." 

Dactylic. —  Seven  feet. 

"  Out  Of  the  |  kingdom  Of  |  Christ  shall   be  |  gathered,  by  | 

angels  O'er  Satan  victorious, 
All  that  offendeth,  that  lieth,  that  faileth  to  honor  his  name 

ever  glorious." 


Dactylic. —  Eight  feet. 

NimrOd  the  |  hunter  was  |  mighty  in  |  hunting,  and  |  famed  as 

the  |  ruler  Of  |  cities  Of  |  yore  ; 
Babel,  and   Erech,  and  Accad,  and  Calneh,  from  Shinar's  fair 

region  bis  name  afar  bore. 

Other  Kinds  of  Poetical  Feet. 

Besides  the  foregoing  there  are  other  kinds 
of  feet  that  sometimes  occur.  These  are  named 
the  pyrrhic,  the  spoinlcr,  the  amphihntch,  and 
the  trihnirJi.  The  /ijirrJiic  consists  of  two  short 
and  the  spondee  of  two  long  syllables.  The 
amphibrach  contains  three  syllables,  of  which 
the  first  and  third  are  short  and  the  second 
long.  The  tribrach  consists  of  three  short  sylla- 
bles. 

Examples. 

Pyrrhic. —  "  On  the  tall  tree." 
Spondke. —  "  The  pale  moon." 

Amphibrach.  —  "  Delightful,  Domestic." 
Tribrach.-"  Numerable,  conquerable." 

Poetical  Pauses. 
The  full  effect  in  reading  poetry  is  most  com- 
pletely given  when  a  slight  pause  is  made  at 
the  close  of  every  line,  even  though  the  sense 
may  not  require  a  pause.  Frequently  a  pause 
for  sense  is  found  in  or  near  the  middle  of  the 
line,  particularly  of  long  lines,  in  which  it  im- 
proves the  rhythm,  and  brings  out  the  meaning 
of  the  poem  with  much  better  effect.  This 
pause  is  called  the  cwsural  pause,  and  is  shown 
in  the  following  examples. 

Caesural  Pause. 

On  her  white  breast  |  a  sparkling  cross  she  wore — 
Winch  Jews  might  kiss  |  and  infidels  adore. 
Hei  lively  looks  |  a  sprightly  mind  disclose, 
Quick  as  her  eyes  |  and  as  unfixed  as  those  ; 
Favors  to  none,  |    to  all  she  smiles  extends, 
Oft  she  rejects,  |  but  never  once  offends. 

•'  Then  her  cheek  |  was  pale,  and  thinner  [    |  than  should  be  | 

for  one  so  young  ; 
And  her  eyes,  |  on  all  my  motions,  |    |  with  a  mute  observance 

hung." 

The  final  pause  occurs  at  the  end  of  each 
line  whether  the  sense  requires  it  or  not,  though 


VARIETIES   OF   POETRY   AND   KINDS   OF   POEMS. 


525 


it  should  not  be  too  distinctly  marked,  as  it  con- 
sists merely  in  a  brief  suspension  of  the  voice 
without  any  change  in  tone  or  accent.  The 
following  example  shows  its  effect. 

Final  Pause. 

Ye  who  have  anxiously  and  fondly  watched 
Beside  a  fading  friend,  unconscious  that 
The  cheek's  bright  crimson,  lovely  to  the  view, 
Like  nightshade,  with  unwholesome  beauty  bloomed. 


Varieties  of  Poetry. 

EVERAL  leading  kinds  of  poetry  are 
named  as  follows :  Epic,  Dramatic, 
Lyric,  Elegiac,  Pastoral,  and  Didactic. 

Epic  Poetry. 

Epic  poetry  pertains  to  the  narrative,  descrip- 
tive, and  heroic  in  character,  and  is  the  highest 
and  most  difficult  of  poetry  to  write  well. 
Among  the  best  of  the  Epic  poems  may  be 
mentioned,  Homer's  "Iliad"  in  Greek,  Vir- 
gil's "JEneid"  in  Latin,  and  Milton's  "  Paradise 
Lost"  in  English. 

Dramatic  Poetry. 

Dramatic  poetry  is  also  an  elevated  species  of 
poetry,  and  takes  nearly  equal  rank  with  the 
Epic.  This  kind  of  poetry  includes  the  dra- 
mas, tragedies,  comedies,  melodramas,  and  op- 
eras. 

Lyric  Poetry. 

Lyric  poetry,  as  its  name  indicates,  was  the 
kind  of  verse  originally  written  to  be  sung  as 
an  accompaniment  to  the  lyre.  This  class  of 
poetry  is  the  oldest  in  the  language  of  all  na- 
tions, comprising,  as  it  does,  the  songs  of  the 
people.  In  the  Lyric  are  included  the  Songs, 
Hymns,  Odes,  and  Sonnets. 

Elegiac  Poetry. 
Elegiac  poetry  includes  the  elegies,  such  as 
Milton's  "  Lycidias,"  Tennyson's  "  In  Memori- 
am,"  and  poems  of  grave,  solemn,  and  mourn- 


ful character.  Gray's  "Elegy,  Written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard  "  is  undoubtedly  the  most 
complete  specimen  of  this  class  of  poetry  to  be 
found  in  any  language 

Pastoral  Poetry. 

In  the  early  history  of  the  world,  throughout 
certain  portions  of  Europe,  a  distinct  occupa- 
tion was  that  of  the  shepherd,  whose  duty  was  to 
care  for  the  flocks,  as  they  roamed  in  the  val- 
leys and  among  the  hills.  Leading  thus  a  life 
of  dreamy  ease  among  the  charms  of  nature, 
the  shepherds  of  better  culture  took  readily  to 
the  writing  of  verse,  which  poetry,  usually  de- 
scriptive of  rustic  life,  became  known  as  Pas- 
toral poetry.* 

This  class  of  poetry  includes  the  poems  that 
relate  to  country  scenes,  and  the  quiet,  the  sim- 
plicity, and  the  happiness  found  in  rural  life. 

Of  these  may  be  included,  in  modern  poems, 
"The  Old  Oaken  Bucket,"  "The  Sower," 
"  Twenty  Years  Ago,"  "  Maud  Muller,"  and 
others  of  like  character. 

Didactic  Poetry. 

Didactic  poetry  pertains  chiefly  to  the  medi- 
tative and  instructive,  and  includes  such  poems 
as  Bryant's  "  Thanatopsis,"  Campbell's  "  Pleas- 
ures of  Hope,"  Thomson's  "  Seasons,"  Pope's 
••  E  say  on  Man,"  and  kindred  poems. 

Kinds  of  Poems. 

ARIOUS  kinds  of  poems  are  known  by 
certain  names,  which   are  defined  as 

follows  : 

Odes. —  Sacred  hymns,  such  as  are  sung  in 
church. 

Paeans. —  Songs  of  praise  and  triumph.   , 

Ballads. —  An  easy  form  of  descriptive  v< 
written  in  such  style  as  to  be  easily  sung  by  the 
people,  who  may  have  little  acquaintance  with 
music. 

*  From  the  Latin  word  pastor,  a  shepherd. 


526 


NAMES   OF   DIFFERENT    KINDS  OF  POEMS. 


Epigrams. —  A  short  poem,  witty  and  concise, 
t  reating  of  a  single  Bubject,  usually  ending  with 

an    unexpected,  ingeniously  expressed  natural 
thought. 

Sonnets. —  The  Sonnet  is  a  poetical  composi- 
tion, consisting  of  fourteen  lines,  so  constructed 
that  the  first  eight  lines  shall  contain  but  two 
rhymes,  and  the  last  six  but  two  more  ;  and  so 
arranged  that,  in  the  first  part,  the  first  line  is 
made  to  rhyme  with  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  eighth 
— the  second  rhyming  with  the  third,  sixth,  and 
seventh,  while  in  the  second  part,  the  first,  third, 
and  fifth  ;  and  the  second,  fourth,  and  sixth  also 
rhyme  with  each  other,  as  shown  in  the  following: 

Autumn. 

"  The  blithe  birds  of  the  summer  tide  are  flown  ; 

Cold,  motionless,  and  mute,  stands  all  the  wood, 

Save  as  the  restless  wind,  in  mournful  mood, 
Strays  through  the  tossing  limbs  with  saddest  moan. 
The  leaves  it  wooed  with  kisses,  overblown 

By  gusts   capricious,  pitiless  and  rude, 

Lie  dank  and  dead  amid  the  solitude; 
Where-through  it  waileth,  desolate  and  lone. 
But  with  a  clearer  splendor  sunlight  streams 

Athwart  the  bare,  slim  branches  ;  and  on  high 
Each  star,  in  Night's  rich  coronal  that  beams, 

Pours  down  intenser  brilliance  on  the  eye; 
Till  dazzled  Fancy  finds  her  gorgeous  dreams 

Outshone  in  beauty  by  the  autumn  sky." 

Cantatas. — The  Cantata  is  a  musical  composi- 
tion, partaking  of  the  nature  of  an  anthem,  be- 
ing intermixed  with  airs  and  recitatives ;  and 
may  be  adapted  to  a  single  voice,  or  many. 

Charades.  The  Charade  may  be  in  either 
prose  or  poetry,  and  contains  as  a  subject  a 
word  of  two  syllables,  each  forming  a  distinct 
word  ;  these  to  be  concealed  in  an  enigmatical 
description,  first  separately  and  then  together. 

Canzonets. — A  short  song  consisting  of  one, 
two,  or  three  parts  is  termed  a  Canzonet.  The 
following,  of  two  parts,  is  an  illustration. 

BLACK  EYES  AND  BLUE. 

Black  eyes  most  dazzle  in  the  hall ; 
Blue  eyes  most  please  at  evening  fall. 
The  black  a  conquest  soonest  gain  ; 
The  blue  a  conquest  most  retain  ; 
The  black  bespeak  a  lively  heart 
Whose  soft  emotions  soon  depart  ; 


The  blue  a  steadier  flame  betray, 
That  burns  ami  lives  beyond  a  day  ; 
The  black  may  features  best  disclose  ; 
In  blue  may  feelings  all  repose  : 
Then  let  each  reign  without  control, 
The  black  all  mind  —  the  blue  all  SOUL. 

Epitaphs. — An  Epitaph  is  usually  a  stanza  in 
poetry,  which  follows  the  inscription  on  a  tomb- 
stone.* 

Satires.  —  The  Satire  is  a  poem  used  in  ex- 
posing folly  and  wickedness,  in  keen,  cutting 
words;  holding  the  same  up  to  ridicule  and 
contempt. 

Parodies. — A  ludicrous  imitation  of  a  serious 
subject,  usually  in  rhyme,  is  termed  a  Parody  , 
as  follows  — 

"  Hands  that  the  rod  of  empire  might  have  swayed  — 
Close  at  my  elbow  stir  their  lemonade." 

Prologues. — The  Prologue  is  a  short  poem,  in- 
troductory to  a  play  or  discourse,  usually  re- 
cited before  the  performance  begins. 

Epilogues. — The  Epilogue  is  a  short  poem, 
which  frequently  reviews  the  principal  inci- 
dents of  the  play,  delivered  by  one  of  the 
actors  at  the  close  of  a  dramatic  performance. 

Impromptus. — An  Impromptu  is  a  poetical  com- 
position, made  at  the  moment,  without  previous 
study. 

Acrostics. — An  Acrostic  is  a  stanza  of  several 
lines,  the  first  letters  of  which,  taken  in  their 
order  from  top  to  bottom,  make  a  word  or  sen- 
tence. 

Friendship,  thou  'rt  false  !  I  hate  thy  flattering  smile  ! 

Return  to  me  those  years  I  spent  in  vain, 

In  early  youth,  the  victim  of  thy  guile, 

Each  joy  took  wing,  ne'er  to  return   again  — 

Ne'er  to  return  ;  for,  chilled  by  hopes  deceived, 

Dully  the  slow-paced  hours  now  move  along  ; 

So  changed  the  time,  when,  thoughtless,  I  believed 

Her  honeyed  words,  and  heard  her  syren  song. 

If  e'er,  as  me,  she  lure  some  youth  to  stray, 

Perhaps,  before  too  late,  he  '11  listen  to  my  lay. 

•  Bee  chapter  on  Epitaphs. 


THE  BEAUTY  AND  VALUE  OF  RHYME. 


The  Poet's  Assistant  in  Finding  Words  that  Rhyme 


JMONG  the  gems  of  liter- 
ature that  will  live 
longest  in  the  history 
of  the  world,  will  be 
various  beautiful 
poems.  Poetry  is  not 
always  in  rhyme,  but 
generally  it  is. 

As  a  rule,  a  promi- 
nent feature  of  beauty 
in  the  poem  is  the  pleas- 
ant sensation  produced  by 
words  coming  near  each 
other  of  similar  sound. 
In  the  stanza, 

"  Maud  Muller,  on  a  summer's  day. 
Raked  the  meadow, sweet  with  hay," 

it  is  seen  that  the  pleasant  jingling  of 
day"  and  "hay"  has  much  to  do  in  making 
the  verse  attractive. 

To  express  the  same  idea  without  rhyme  thus: 

Maud  Muller  raked  one  day  in  summer, 
In  a  meadow  where  the  hay  was  sweet, 

is  to  deprive  the  sentiment  of  much  of  its 
charm. 

Rhyme  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  prominent 
essentials  of  sweet  verse,  though  to  make  the 
complete  poem,  common  sense  and  truth  must 
be  expressed  with  rhyme. 

It  is  sometimes  the  case  that  rhyme  can  be  so 
ingeniously  arranged,  however,  as    to    make   a  | 


poem  a  success  from  the  simple  arrangement  ot 
rhyming  words.     Thus: 

"Hi  diddle  diddle,  the  cat  and  the  fiddle, 
The  cow  jumped  over  the  moon; 
The  little  dog  laughed  to  see  such  a  craft, 
And  the  dish  ran  away  with  the  spoon." 

Though  nonsensical  and  ridiculous,  this,  with 
many  others  of  the  Mother  Goose  Melodies,  is 
more  attractive  to  the  child  than  any  of  the 
choicest  stanzas  in  Gray's  Elegy. 

A  pleasant  and  intellectual  pastime  may  lie 
had  by  a  company  of  young  people,  in  the  con- 
struction of  impromptu  rhymes.  To  conduct 
the  exercise,  one  of  the  number  is  seated  at  the 
table,  provided  witli  paper  and  pencil.  When  all 
are  in  readiness,  the  hostess  of  the  occasion  an- 
nounces a  subject  upon  which  they  are  to  write 
a  poem.  Suppose  the  subject  to  be  "speino." 
The  person  sitting  next  to  the  secretary  will 
give  the  first  line,  the  poetic  feet  decided  upon, 
perhaps,  being  eight  syllables  to  the  line.  The 
first  line   presented  to  the  secretary  may  read, 

In  spring-time  when  the  grass  is  LTreen. 

It  is  now  in  order  f6r  the  second  person  in  the 
group  to  give  the  next  line  ending  with  a  word 
that  rhymes  with  "green."  Haifa  minute  only 
will  be  allowed  forthe  line  to  he  produced.  The 
individual,  whose  turn  it  is,  gathers  thought 
and  says: 

A  thousand  hlossoms  dot  the  scene. 

This  may  not   be  very  good   poetry,  but  the 


AHl'I.AKV    OF    RHYMES. 


rhyme  is  complete  and  the  poetry  is  ;i*  good  as 
may  be  expected  with  so  Bhort  a  time  in  which 
to  produce  it.  The  nexl  continues  by  present- 
ing the  third  line  as  follows: 

A  perfume  sweol  loada  down  the  ulr. 
The  fourth  says. 

The  blrta  now  slug,  and  mate,  and  pair. 

The  fifth  continues, 

l  > !  charming  Beaeon  or  the  year. 

The  sixth  may  be  at  a  loss  for  the  suitable 
word  to  rhyme  with  "year,"  but  must  produce 
something  in  the  half-minute,  and  here  it  is: 

I  wish  thai  v.Mi  wae  always  here 

Whether  the  word  "you"  is  a  suitable  word 
in  this  place,  the  rhymsters  have  not  time  to  de- 


termine, as  the  composition  must  progress  rap- 
idly so  that  a  twenty-line  metrical  composition 

maj   be  produced  in  ten  minutes. 

As  poetry  this  extemporaneous  effusion,  when 
finally  read  by  the  secretary,  will  not  be  very 

ii'ood  -it  may  lie  only  doggerel  rhyme  -hut  it 
will  he  amusing  to  see  it  produced,  and  it-  pro 

duction  will   lie  a  decidedly  intellectual  exercise. 

For  the  advantage  of  the  student  who  may 

aim  to  write  the  best  of  verse,  as  well  as  tin' 
impromptu  poet  in  the  social  circle,  who 
may  wish  to  test  the  ability  to  rapidly  make 
rhyme,  the  following  vocabulary,  from  Walker's 
Rhyming  Dictionary,  is  given: 


Classification   of  Words  that  Rhyme. 


,\B.- Rub.  rah,  dab,  mab,  nab,  blab,  crab,  drab,  scab,  stab.        Allowable 

.    .         i, ,!,.-.  .l  -i  rolab 

ACE.— Ace,  dace,  pace,  face,  lace,  mace,  i  toe  brace,  chace,  grace,  place! 
■  p ,.  ,       race     ipace,  deface,  efface,  disgrace,  di  place    ml  place,  embrace, 

grime srlace,   retrace,   populace,  etc.     Perfect  rhymt  s,   base,  case, 

aba  ■'  lebase,  etc  UlowabU  i  hymes,  gross,  gla  i,  etc  ,  peace,  cease,  etc., 
drees,  (ess,  etc. 

A.OH.— Attach,  detach,  etc.  Perfect  rhymes,  batch,  match,  etc.  Allow 
able  rh  i  ■■   etc 

ACK.-Buck,  cack,  hack,  Jack,  lack,  pack,  qu  iok,  tack,  Back,  rack,  black, 
clack  craok,  kni<*k.  slack,  snack,  tack,  track,  wrack,  attack,  xodlac,  de- 
moniac,  lympoatac  almanao.      Allowable  rhymes,  bake,  take,  etc.,  Deck) 

\<  T.  -Aot,  fact,  pact,  tract,  attraot,  afc  I   compact,  contract, 

deti  "  :  protract,  en  usl     u it .  subtract,  t  ransact,  cata- 

ract, with  the  preterits  and  participles  <•(  osrbs  '"  ack  "s  backed,  hacked, 
preterits  and      i  of  verba  in  ake,  as 

baked    caked 

\  i»    -  \.ii   bad   dad,  tad,  bad,  1  id,  mad,  pad      id,  bra  i    clad,  glad,  plad, 

i  .  :     etc.,  glede   b<  ■ 
\  I)  i  rinii     Hindi'.  J  ide,  el"    ■■■■  tde    blade,   -■'■  ide,     hade,     pade, 

trade,  degrade,  evad<  nvade,  persuade,  blockade,  brigade,  sepia- 

.  !,  .  masqui  I  i  I  rel  roe  i  ide,    erenade,  amb 

cannonade,  palisade,  etc       Ptrfeet  rhymet    aid,  maid,    braid,  afraid,   up. 

tc  ,  and  ""■  /"■•'•  rtta  and  parttciplea  of  verba  in  13    ey,  and  eigh,  as 

obeyed,  weighed,  etc     Allowable  rhymes,  ad,  bald,  etc.,  bed,  dead, 

«ad,  mead,  etc .  heed,  need,  etc 

\  PE   -Safe,  chafe,  vouchsafe,  etc     Alloaoabfe  rhymes,  leaf,  sheaf,  etc., 

IFF.  -Gaff,  chaff,  draff,  quaff,  staff,  engraft,  epitaph,  cenotaph,  para- 
graph, etc     R  rfect  rhyme,  laugh.    Allowable  rhymes,  safe,  chafe,  etc 

AFT.     it\     ■  raft,  craft,  shaft,  abaft,   Raft,  draft,  Ingraft, 

handli    1  C  rhyme*,  draught,  the  preterit  a  ana  pa  of  verba 

1  1  rhymes,  the  pretertta 

. .  .   ..  1    ...  ...    as  chaf i  1    roucfa    \ti  1   etc 

ACJ.  -B  •-'    oag,   I  1  ■     ■  '       nag    rag,  tag,  was  1  --.   n  ig, 

knag,  abaft   snag.staaj  evag    Brobdlgnag. 

Wit*.  '     ■      if;n*i\  patrt'.    nitre,  silk'-'.   <■•■>■  ■■    I     ' 

disengage,   enragi  .    pi  ■  c tubln  tge,    hi 

hermitage,    parentage,    pai     ■    ■  onage,    pasturage,    patronage,   pd 

.  quipage.     AUowabl*    rhynu  *,  edge,  weds 

\lll.  AUK.     AIOIIT,  see  ATE.     AlOX,  see  AXE. 

\  1 1,.  :  Jail,  mall,  nail,  pall,  quail,  rail,  sail,  tall,  wall, 
Hall,  frail,  snail,  trail,  assail,  ai  il  wail,  entail,  prevail,  retail, 
countervail,  etc    Ptrfeetrhu  Ial<       -       lie, sale, 

,  .  ,;.-.  wale,  sea  ■  1  ■■■    a  '1  ile     Impal  ■.  exhale,   regal 

nightingale,  etc    Allowable  rhymes    pea]  bell,  cell,  etc 

VIM,  see  AM  E. 
\  1  \  1  mi,  lain,  m  1  In 

lain,  Spain,   stain,  swain,  nun.   twain,  sprain, 
.mil.  in    Lttaln   compl  Lin,  contain   constrain  del  tin,  disdain, 

n  •  ml.  entei  tain,  ei  pta  In,  ma  Intain,  ordain  e 

1  emaln  ,  n    tr  tin,  rel  i  ppi  i  tain      Ptrfeet  ■ 

lane,  era  ine.  Jane,  Ian 

1  'ii.  ai  raign,   campaign,   et  ign    etc  .   rein, 

n   etc ,  queen,  s<  en   etc  .  ba 
■  ■■  n,  pen,  etc 
v  1  \T.     Faint,  paint,  plaint,  quaint,  -  dnt,  tainl    acquaint,  attain!    1  cm 
etc     /'•  rfeot  rhyme,  felnl       '  ■ 
p  mi,  etc .  lent,  reni    1  tc 
\IK,-<    IRK.     A1SE.M.  AZI).     AIT.  *-  ATE.     AITH,  »«■ 
ATM.     AIZE,  see  AZE. 


AKE.  — \ki-.  bake,  cake,  Lake,  make,  quake,  rake.  sake,  take,   wake), 
brake,  drake.  Hake,  snake,  snake,  Btake,  Btrake,  spake,  awake,  bel  il  ■ 
take,   mistake,  partake,  overtake,  undertake,  beepake.       Per/eel 

break,    steak,    rh'.       Ailotrtthh-    rfiymrs,    l.urk,     ruck,    i'Ic,    heck,    deck,    etC,, 

speak,  weak,  etc 

ai.     Cabal,  canal,  animal,  admiral,  cannibal,  capital,  cardinal,  1 ileal, 

conjugal,  corporal,  oriminal,  critical,  festival,  funeral,  general,  hospital, 
Intel  1  'i.  Liberal,  madrigal,  literal,  magical,  mineral   mj  tlcal   musical,  nat- 

ural,  original,   pastoral,   pedestal,  personal,  physical,   poetical,    po ial, 

principal,  prodigal,  prophetical,  rational,      itiri"  1 

several,  temporal,  tragical,  tyrannical,  carnival,  echlsmatical,  whimsical, 

s  1  <ii  ,].    Allowable  rhymes,  all,  ball,  etc ,  all,  mall,  etc .  ale,  pale,  etc. 

AMI.  -Bald,  soald,  emerald,  etc     r- 
tidplea  of  '■  rba  in  all,  aul  and  awl,  us  called,  mauled,  craw  led,  etc 

ALE,  see  All*. 

ALF.- Calf.  half,  behalf,  etc    Allowable  rhymes,  staff,  laugh,  etc 

A  I. K. -Ha Ik.  chalk,  stalk,  talk,  walk,  calk,  eta  Vtrfsot  1  hyim  .  hawk. 
Allowable  1  kym*  ■-.    ock,  clock)  etc 

vVI*I*.— All.  ball,  call,  etc      Ptrfeet  rhymes,  awl,  bawl,  brawl,  craw], 

scrawl,  sprawl,  squall.      Allmrahl,-  rltymrs     i-ubul.  i-,|iii vocal,  t.-tc       Set    AT.. 

A  EM.— Calm,  balm  becalm,  psalm,  palm,  embalm,  etc  .  and  verba  teAose 
plu rata  and  thn<f  /1.  rson  1  singular  rhyme  with  alms,  ".■«  calms,  becalras,  etc 

ALT.- Halt.  malt,  exalt  Rait,  vault,  ■•  1  ill  di  fault  and  fault,  th*  last 
of  which  is,  by  Pope,  rhyme  1  with  thought,  bought,  etc 

ALVE.    -Calve,  halv.-.      iUr.   valve. 

AM.     km,  dam,  ham,  pam,  inn    cram,  'ir.nn    flam,  iham   swam 
gram,  anagram!  etc    Pi  r/    '  rhyme,  iamb.    Allowable  rhymes,  dame,  lame, 

1  1  ■ 

\  ME.  —Blame,  oami     dame     lame    Same    Came,   frame,   game,  lame, 

name,  tame,  shame,   Infl ■.  became,  defe ,  1 n became,  over- 

c ■-  etc     Pi  rfect   rhymes,  aim,  cl  dm    malm   acclaim,  deel ccl  dm, 

proclaim,   reclaim.     Allowable  rhymes,  dam,  ham,  etc.,  hem    them,  etc  . 

Mi ■     'i ■.  etc. .  dream,  gleam,  etc 

\  M  I*.     Camp,    champ,   cramp,    damp,   stamp,    vamp,    lamp,    dump,    dc 

ca mi;.   .  ncamp,  etc 

AX.-K.ni.  can,   Dan,   man,    Nan.  pan.    ran.    ti   . 

span,  than,  unman,  fore-ran    began,  trepan,  eon  Isan    artisan, 

Eg  11  '  ■-  an,  etc      UIc  bane,  cane,  plain,  man 

ran,  Iran,  wan  UDOn,  etc 

AXCE  —  <  lb  1  nee,  la  ace,    trance,    pran  "1 

mance,  advance,  mischance,  complaisance,  circumstance,  countenance,  de- 

..   consonai II     man  e,  extravagance,   Ignorance    Inheritance, 

maintenance,  temporal ,  Intemperance,  exorbitance,  ordinance,  concord- 
ance, sufferan  panoe,  vigilance,  expanse, 
enhance 

AX'II.  i!i  mrb  -1  mdi,  blanch,  ranch  hanch,  Ptrfeet  rhymes,  launch, 
paunch. 

vmi.     Lnd,  hand,  hand,  land,  rand,  sand,  brand,  bland    rrand 
stand,  strand,  oomm  1    countermand,  disband,   expand,    with- 

stand, understand,  reprimand,  conti  tband,  ate        lllou  1    a   rli  wand, 

fond,  bond  ■  tAc  prefeWta 

.    .    ■ 

AXO.  >Bang,  fang,  gang:,  hang,  pang,  tang,  twang,  sang,  rang,  har 
angue,  cla  ng       1  mg,  long,  etc 

A  N<i  I".     Chang       ■  lti  -■     rang  ■    Irraii    1    1    1  bange, 

Interchange       I  rei  enge,  aveng 

AXK.- -Bank,  blank,  shank,  clank,  dank,  drank,  Blank,  frank,  spank, 
stank,  lank,  plank,  prank,  rank,  thank,  disrank,  mountebank   etc. 

ax*e.  see  \\i  E. 

AXT. — Ant,  cunt,  chant,   grant,   pant,  plant,  rant,  slant,  aslant,  com- 


plalsant,  displant,  enchant,  gallant,  implant,  recant,  supplant,  transplant, 
absonant,  adamant,  arrogant,  combatant,  consonant,  cormorant,  protectant, 
significant,  visitant,  covenant,  dissonant,  disputant,  elegant,  elephant,  ex- 
orbitant, conversant,  extravagant,  ignorant.  Insignificant,  inhabitant,  mil- 
itant, predominant,  sycophant,  vigilant,  petulant,  etc.  Allowable  . 
faint,  paint,  etc.     See  AIXT  and  EXT. 

AP.- Cap,  gap,  hap,  lap,  map,  nap,  pap,  rap,  sap,  tap,  chap,  clap,  trap, 
flap,  knap.  slap.  snap,  wrap,  scrap,  strap,  enwrap,  entrap,  mishap,  etc. 
Allowable  rhymes,  cape,  tape,  etc.,  cheap,  heap  and  swap. 

APE. — Ape,  cape,  chape,  grape,  rape,  scrape,  shape,  escape,  raape, 
crape,  tape.  etc.     Allowable  rhymes,  heap,  keep,  etc 

APH,  see  AFF. 

APSE.- Lapse,  elapse,  relapse,  perhaps,  and  the  plurals  of  nouns  and 
third  pel  tutor  of  the  present  tense  "i    .•]'.  <<s  caps,   maps,  etc.,  he 

raps,  he  laps.  etc.    Allowable  rhymes,  the  plurals  of  nouns  and  third  persons 
Singular  Of  verbs  in  ape  and  eap,  as  apes,  he  apes,  heaps,  he  heaps,  etc. 

APT.— Apt,  adapt,  etc.  Rhymes,  the  preterits  and  participles  of  the 
verbs  in  ap,  OS  tapped,  -lapped,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  the  preterits  and 
participles  of  the  verba  in  ape,  as  aped,  escaped,  etc 

AK.— Bar,  car,  far,  jar,  mar.  par.  tar,  spar,  scar,  star,  chair,  afar,  de- 
bar, unbar,  catarrh,  particular,  perpendicular,  secular,  angular,  regular, 
popular,  singular,  titular,  vinegar,  scimitar,  calendar,  collender.  Perfect 
rhyme,  the  plural  verb  are.  Allowable  rhymes,  bare,  prepare,  etc.,  pair, 
repair,  wear,  tear,  war,  etc,  and  words  ending  in  er  or  or,  having  the  ac- 
cent on  the  last  syllable,  or  last  but  two. 

ARB.-Barb,  garb,  etc. 

ARCE.- Farce,  parse.  Mars,  etc.     Allowable  rhyme,  scarce. 

ARCH.— Arch,  march,  parch,  starch,  countermarch,  etc. 

ARD.- Bard,  card,  guard,  hard,  lard,  nard,  shard,  yard,  bombard,  dis- 
card, regard,  interlard,  retard,  disregard,  etc. .  and  the  preterits  and  part  i- 
ciples  of  verbs  in  ar,  as  barred,  scarred,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  cord, 
reward,  etc. 

ARD. — Ward,  award,  reward,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  hard,  card,  see 
the  last  article,  hoard,  lord,  bird,  curd,  and  the  preterits  and  participles  of 
the  verbs  in  ar,  or,  and  ur,  as  barred,  abhorred,  incurred,  etc. 

ARE.— Bare,  care,  dare,  fare,  hare,  mare,  pare,  tare,  rare,  ware,  flare, 
glare,  scare,  share,  snare,  spare,  square,  stare,  sware,  prepare,  aware,  be- 
ware, compare,  declare,  ensnare.  Perfect  rhymes,  air,  hair,  fair,  lair,  pair, 
chair,  stair,  affair,  debonnair,  despair,  impair,  repair,  etc..  bear,  pear, 
swear,  tear,  wear,  forbear,  forswear,  etc..  there,  were,  where,  ere,  e'er, 
ne'er,  elsewhere,  wnate'er,  howe'er,  howsoe'er,  whene'er,  where'er,  etc., 
heir,  co-heir,  their.  Allowable  rhymes,  bar.  car,  etc. ,  err.  prefer,  and  hear, 
here,  etc.,  regular,  singular,  war,  etc. 

ARES.— Unawares.  Rhymes,  their's,  and  the  plurals  of  nouns  and  third 
persons  singular  of  verbs  in  are,  air.  eir,  ear,  as  care,  he  cares,  pair,  he 
pairs,  heirs,  bear,  he  bears,  etc.  The  allowable  rhymes  are  the  plurals  of 
nouns  and  the  third  persons  singular  of  verbs  which  are  allowed  to  rhyme 
with  the  termination  ars,  as  bars,  cars,  errs,  prefers,  etc. 

A  RF.—  Scarf.     Allowable  rhymes,  dwarf,  wharf. 

ARGE.— Barge,  charge,  large,  targe,  discharge,  o'ercharge,  surcharge, 
enlarge.     Allowable  rhymes,  verge,  emerge,  gorge,  forge,  urge.  etc. 

ARK.— Bark,  carle,  Clark,  dark,  lark,  mark,  park,  shark,  spark,  stark, 
embark,  remark,  etc.     Allotcable  rhymes,  cork.  fork.  etc. 

A  RI*.— Snarl,  marl,  pari.    Allowable  rhymes,  curl,  furl,  etc. 

ARM.— Arm,  barm,  charm,  farm,  harm,  alarm,  disarm.  Allowable 
rhymes,  warm,  swarm,  storm,  etc. 

ARX. — Barn,  yarn,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  warn,  forewarn,  etc.,  horn, 
morn,  etc. 

ASH.— Warn,  forewarn.  Perfect  rhymes,  horn,  morn,  etc.  Allowable 
rhymes,  barn,  yarn,  etc. 

ARP.— Carp,  harp,  sharp,  counterscarp.    Allowable  rhyme,  warp. 

ARSH.— Harsh,  marsh,  etc.  * 

ART.  — Art.  cart,  dart,  hart,  mart,  part,  smart,  tart,  start,  apart,  de- 
part, impart,  dispart,  counterpart.      Pec  heart,  etc.    Allowable 

rhymes,  wart,  thwart,  etc.,  hurt,  etc,  dirt,  flirt,  etc.,  pert,  etc 

ART    sounded  ORT  I.— Wart,  thwart,  etc     Perfect   rhymes,  short,  re- 
tort, etc     Allowable  rhymes,  art,  sport,  court,  etc. 
V  K  111.  see  EARTH. 

ARVE. — Carve,  starve,  etc.    Allowable  rhymes,  nerve,  deserve,  etc. 

AS.— Was.    Allowable  rhymes,  b  i 

ASS.— Ass.  brass,  class,  grass,  lass,  mass,  pass,  alas,  amass,  cuirass,  re- 
;i  pass,  morass,  etc.     Allowable  rhymes,  base,  face,  deface,  etc.,  loss, 
■ 

ASE,  see  ACE. 

ASH.  \-h  cash,  dash,  clash,  crash,  flash,  gash,  gnash,  hash,  lash, 
plash,    rash,    thrash,    slash,    trash,    abash,    etc.        Allowable   rhymes,    wash, 

quash,  etc  .  leash,  etc 

ASH.— Wash,  quash,  etc.     Allotcable  rhymes,  cash,  dash,  etc. 

ASK.— Ask.  task,  bask,  cask,  flask,  mask. 

ASP.  — Asp,  clasp,  gasp,  grasp,  hasp.     Allowabh  rhymes,  wasp,  etc. 

AST.  — Cast,  last,    blast,  mast.    past.    vast.    fust,    aghast,  avast,  f< 

overcast,  outcast,  repast      Perfect  rhyme*  ts  and  participles  of 

[Uowable  rhymes,  the  preterits  and 

participles  of  verbs  in  ace,  us  placed,  etc.     Nouns  and  verbs  in    ■ 

waste,  etc. 
ASTK.      Baste,   chaste,  haste,  paste,   taste,  waste,   distaste.     Perfect 

xrticiples  of  verbs  in  ace   as  faced, 
cast,  fast,  etc,   best,  nesi .  etc,  find  the 
preterits  and  parti*   •>■  ■->■•[.  dressed,  etc 

AT.— At.  bat.  cat,  hat,  fat,  mat,  pat,  sat,  rat,  tat,  vat,  brat,  chat,  flat, 

plat.  Sprat,  that,  gnat.      Allowable  rhymes,  bate,  hate.  etc. 

ATCH.  -Catch,  match,  hatch,  latch,  patch,  scratch,  smatch, 
despatch. 

ATE. —Bate,  date,  fate.  gate,  grate,  hate,  tate,  mate,  pate,  plate, 
prate,  rate,  sate,   state,   Skate,  slate,  abate,  belate,  collate,  create,  debate. 


elate,  dilate,  estate,  ingrate,  innate,  rebate,   relate,  sedate,  translate,  abdi- 
cate, a!..-  commodate,  accumulate,  accurate, 
adequate,  affectiunur.  ate.  alienate, 
animate,  annihilate,   antedate,  anticipate,   antXquate,   arbitrate,   a; 
articuli'                                    .late,  capitulate 
coagulate,  commemorate,  commiserate,  <                             compasslonal 

federate,  congratulate,    ig  -crate,  contaminate.  <'<>rroborate, 

cultivate,  candidate,  co-operate,  considerate,  consulate,  capacitate,  debili- 
tate,   dedicate,  degenerate,   delegate,   deliberate,   denoi  ipulate, 
dislocate,  deprecate,  discriminate,  derogate,  dissipate,    delical 
late,  desperate,  educate,  effeminate,  elevate,  em 

equivocate,  eradicate,  evaporate,  exaggerate,  exasperate,  expostulate,  exter- 
minate, extricate,  facilitate,  fortunate,  generate,  gratulate,  hesitate,  illit- 
erate, illuminate,  irritate,  imitate,  immoderate,  impenetrate.  Import 
imprecate,  inanimate,  innovate,  instigate,  intemperate,  intimate,  intimi- 
date, intoxicate,  intricate,  invalidate,  inveterate,  inviolate,  legitimate, 
magistrate,  meditate,  mitigate,  moderate,  necessitate,  nominate,  obstinate, 
participate,  passionate,  penetrate,  perpetrate,  personate,  potentate,  precip- 
predeetinate,  predominate,  premeditate,  prevaricate,  procrastinate, 
profligate,  prognosticate,  propagate,  recriminate  regenerate,  regulate,  re- 
iterate, reprobate,  reverberate,  ruminate,  sepai  l  imlate, 
subjugate,  subordinate,  suffocate,  terminate,  tolerate,  temperate,  vindicate, 
violate,  unfortunate.  Perfect  rhymes,  bait,  plait,  strait,  wait,  await,  great. 
Nearly  perfect  rhymes,  eight,  weight,  height,  straight.  Allotcable  rhymes, 
beat,  heat,  etc.,  bat,  cat,  etc.,  bet,  wet,  etc 

ATH.— Bath,  path,  etc.     Allowable  rhymes,  hath,  faith,  etc. 

ATHE.— Bathe,  swathe,  lathe,  rathe. 

Al'B,  see  OR.    AXTCE,  wAl'SE.    AT'CH,  see  O ACH. 

Al'D-  Fraud,  laud,  applaud,  defraud.      Perfect  rhymes,  broad,  abroad, 
bawd,  and  the  preterits  and  participles  of  verbs  in  aw.  a-s  gnawed, 
etc.     Allowable  rhymes,  odd,  nod,  etc.,  ode,  bode,  etc. ,  also  the  word  load. 

AVE. — Cave,  brave,  gave,  grave,  crave,  lave,  nave,  knave,  pave,  rave, 
save,  shave,  slave,  stave,    wave,    behave,  deprave,  engrave,  outbrave,  for- 
gave, misgave,  architrave.     Allowable  rhyme,  the  auxiliary  verb  have. 
.  Al'GH,  see  AFF.    AUGHT,  see  OVGHT.    A  TXT,  *«ALT. 

AF.VCH. — Launch,  paunch,  haunch,  staunch,  etc. 

ATTXCE,  see  OX'S  E. 

A  INT.— Aunt,  daunt,  gaunt,  haunt,  jaunt,  taunt,  vaunt,  avaunt.  Per- 
fect rhymes,  slant,  aslant.     Allowable  rhymes,  want,  etc.,  pant,  cant,  etc 

AT7SE.— Cause,   pause,  clause,  applause,    because.      Perfect  rhymes,  the 
of  nouns,  and  third  persons  singular  of  verbs  in  aw,  as  laws,  he 
draws,  etc.     Allowable  rhyme,  was. 

ALST,  seeOST. 

A  W ■ — Craw,  daw.  law.  chaw,  claw,  draw,  flaw,  gnaw,  jaw,  law,  maw, 
paw,  raw,  straw,  thaw,  withdraw,  foresaw. 

A  WD,  see  ATD.    A  WK,  see  ALK. 

AWL.-Bawi.  brawl,  drawl,  crawl,  scrawl,  sprawl,  squall.  Perfect 
rhymes,  ball,  call,  fall,  gall,  small,  hall,  pall,  tall,  wall,  stall,  install,  fore- 
stall, thrall,  inthrall. 

A W JEK . — Dawn,  brawn,  fawn,  pawn,  spawn,  drawn,  fawn,  lawn,  with- 
drawn, 

AX.— Ax,  tax.  wax.  relax,  flax.  Perfect  rhymes,  the  plurals  of  nouns  and 
third  persons  singular  of  verbs  in  ack,  as  back!  he  lacks,  he 

BtC     Allowable  rhymes,  the  plurals  of  nouns  and  third 
gular  of  verbs  in  ake,  as  cakes,  lakes,  etc,  he  makes,  he  tab 

AX.— Bray,  clay.   day.   dray.   tray,    flay,    fray,  gay,  hay.  jay.  lay,  may, 
■  v.  play.  ray.  say,  way.  pray,  spray,  slay,  Bpay,  staj 

affray,  allay,    array,    astray,   away,   belay,    bewray,    betray,    : 

delay,  disarray,   display,  dismay,   essay,    forelay,    gainsay, 
repay,  roundelay,  virelay.  rmett,  neigh,  weigh,  inveigh 

prey,  they,  convey,  obey,  purvey,  survey,  hymes, 

I    i  -■-■',  glee,  etc, 

AZE.- Craze,  daze,  blaze,  gaze,  glaze,  maze.  raze,  amaze,  graze,  Per 
fectrhymes,  raise,  praise,  di  paraphrase,  etc..  and  t).- 

plural,  and  thi i  ngular  of  the  present  tense  of  verbs  fa  ay,  eigh, 

and  ey,  as  days,  be  inveighs,  he  obeys,  etc     Allowable  rhymet 

■--.,  and  keys,  the  plural   of  key,  also  the  auxiliaries  ha.-  and  was. 


E  and  EA,  see  EE.    EACE.  see  EASE. 

EACH*— Beach,  breach,  bleach,  each,  peach,  preach,  teach,  impeach. 
Xearlij  perfect    rhymes,  beech,   leec  hymes, 

fetch,  wretch,  etc. 

EAD,  see  EDEnnd  EED.    EAF,  see  IFF. 

EACiVE.— Leagtu  ntrigue,  fatigue,  etc. 

•    rhymes.    Hag 

F.AK,  see  AKE. — Beak,  speak,  bleak,  creak,  freak,  leak,  peak 
squeak,    streak,    weak,    tweak,    wreak,    bespeak.        Nearly   perfect    rhymes, 

cheek,  leek,  creek,  meek,  reek,  seek,  sleek,  pique,  week,  shriek.    Allowable 

ike.  take,   thick,   lick 

KAL. —  Deal,  heal,  reveal,  meal,  peal,  seal,  steal,  teal,  veal.  weal.  zeal. 
squeal,    repeal,    conceal,    COnf  'c/j/   perfect    rhymes, 

eel,  heel,  feel,  keel,  ki  >l,  wheel.     Allowable  rhymes,  bell, 

tell,  el  lU,  fail.  etc. 

BALM,  -      ALU, 

EALT1I- Health,  wealth,  stealth,  con  etc. 

F..VM.    Bream,  creara,  gleam,  seam,  scream,  steam,  stream,  team   I 
dream.     Perfect  rhymes,   Heam<  me.  su- 

preme.    '■  mi.  teem,  beseem,  misdeem,  esteem,  die 

esteem  Allowable  rh  i  me.  etc. .  limb,  him, 

etC,   them.   hem.  etc,,   lamb.  dam.  \  >1  E. 

FAX.    Bean,  clean,  dean,  glean,  lean,  mean,  wean,  yean,  demean,  un- 
clean.    Perfect  rhymes,  convene,  demesne,  intervene,  mien.    Nearly  ■ 
machine,  keen,  scren  sen,  spleen,  between,  careen 

seen,  serene,  obscene,  terrei  en,  etc     Allowable  rhymes,  bane, 

mane,  etc,  ban.  man.  etc.,  bin.  thin,  begl] 

F.AXS,  -.  EXSE.  EAXT,  -,  EXT.  EAP,  see  EEPandEP. 
EAR.  see  EEK. 


34 


530 


VOCABULARY    <  >K    RHYMES. 


I'  \  IC  It  — Heard,    herd,    Sherd,    etc.      Perfect  rhyme*,   the  preterit*  and 

OWabU    rlti/m. 

the  preu  rite  and  participbu 

KAK(  II.  rch,  research.     AUowabU  rhyme*,  church,  smirch, 

larch,  |i;> i iii.  in.it rii.  eta 
EARN,        l  KN.     E  \  Use.  sea  ERSK.    EVICT,  mAKT. 
EARTH*— Earth,  dearth.    Perfect  rhymes,  birth,  mirth,  eto.    AUouh 

irtl    ■ 
BASEi  founded  EACE.  -Cease,  lease,   pel  decease,  de- 

ncrease,  bop  ice,     nearly  perfect  rhyme*, 

piece,  niece,  fleece,  geese,  frontfapl  I 

e   mace,  etc  .  ml  -.  him,  etc ,  nice    1 1©  .  i  tc 

BASH,         ESH. 

EAST,  ■ntlpar- 

■ 

priest.      I  ■     ' .  ch<  si    etc  ,  nsl    U 

and  fftc  preterit*,  ana  participle*.  of  verba  <"■  ess  and  i>>.  cu  dri 

FAT.     Bleat, eat,  fi  it,  heal   meat,  coat,  seat,  treat,  wheat,  beat 

.  ..i.  -,    i eplete, 

fleet,  gleet  greet,  meet, 

sheet,  sleet,  st  t     Allowable  rhyme*,  bate,  grate,  hate, 

.  tc     gi  tut.  Jin.  etc.    See  ATE. 

EATH.    Breath,  death,  eta    Allowable  rhyme*,  heath,  sheath,  teeth. 

EATIIE.   -Breathe,  sheathe,  etc     Perfect  rhymes,  wreath,  Inwreath, 

bequeath    beneath,  underneath,  etc.    Nearly  /- .  .    eta 

r\\  Bi    Cleave,  heave  Inweave. 

era  iv.-.    yearly  p* 
eve,  grieve,  thieve,  aggrieve,  achieve,  believe,  disbelieve,  relieve,  reprieve, 
rhynu  s,  live,  give,  etc  ,  hv  tn  I  h  lv< 

EBB. — Ebb,  web,  ete.  Allowable  rhyme*,  babe,  astrolabe,  eta,  glebe, 
.  r, 

ECK  ■  k,  deck,  neck,  speck,  wreck.     Allow  ,  break, 

take,  etc  ik,  eta 

ECT.     Beet,   abject,   affect,   correct,   Incorrect,   collect,   dejeel 

1 1  ■  '     i  .   expect,  Indi- 
rect, Infect,  Inspect,  neglect,  object,   project,  protect,   n  colli  et  n  0 
pect,  select .                                                  cli  cumspi  ct  dial)  i 
a nd  partidpU  i  nj  i  i  rbs  (ne< 
checked                                lynu  s,  tin  preterite  ana  participle*,  of  verba  in 
uk''  and  Bale,  as  be  Iced 

n>.— Bed,  bled,  fed,  Bed,  bred,  led,  shred,  shed)  sped,  wed,  abed,  Inbred, 
misled.  bn  <>i.  dread,  dead,  head,  lead,  read 

behead,  o'ei  ipi  ead      Allot  bead     mead,   eta, 

blade,  fada  ■  ■'■  I,  eta,  and  ''■■  as  of  verba 

in  ay,  '  1,  weighed,  eta 

i  in     see  i  i  n 

KIM;E.  -Edge,  wedge,  fledge,  hedge,  ledge,  pledge,  sedge,  allege 
ablerh',  page,  el  eta,  p  ivilege,  sacrileg) 

EF.    Bee,  free,  gl  decree,  dejrree, 

disagree,  fon  see,  o'ersee,  pedigree,  h".  me,  we,  she,  '»•.  jubili  ■     I 

r  rhyme*,  -'-.l.  plea,  flea,  tea,  k ey.      AllowabU   rhyme*,  oil  word* 

.  ■■ 
.  ni  <>n  the  ultimata  or  antt  p 
l   I  (  I.,   ...-  EASE.     EEC'II,  see  BACH. 
EED.    Creed,  deed,  Indeed,  bleed,  breed,  feed,  need,  meed,  heed,  reed, 

ed,  steed,  weed,  proceed,  su tod,  exceed      /'- 

cede,  concede,  Impede,  supersede,  etc.,  bead, 
mead,  plead,  eta     Allowable  rhymes,  bed,  dead,  etc  .   bid,  hid,  etc., 
■ 
EEF,  ftes  IEF.      EEK,  see  EAK.      EEL,  see  EAL.      EEM,  see 
I    AM.     EEX,  see  EAN. 

EEI*.  -Creep,  deep,  sleep,  keep,  peep,  sheep,  steep,  sweep,  weep,  asleep. 
Nearly  per/eel  rhyme*,  cheap,  heap,  reap,  eta  Allowable  rhyme*,  ape, 
rape,  et.-. .  step,  nep,  eta,  nip,  it|> 

EEK.  deei    fleer,  geer,  Jeer,  peer,  meer,  leer,  sheer, 

cheer,  veer,    plckeer,   domineer,  cannoneer,   compeer,  engineer,  mutineer, 

i  Duntalni  er 
■  phere,  adhere,  oohere.  Interfere 

severe,   sincere,   hemisphere    i   ■  beai  i  u 

smear,  spear,   tear,  year,  appeal ,  tioneer. 

Allowal  ..  prater,  deter,  character,  etc. 

BESE,  m  EEZE.  EET,  see  EAT.  BETH,  see  EATH. 
i  i  \  i  E  we. 

EEZ  r  at  nouns 

ati4t  third  person*  singular  bees,  he  sees, 

arly  perfect  rhyme*   easi 
.  and  the  pint 

/'"■accent  on  the  ante- 
penultimate,  as  Images,  monarchies,  eta 
EFT.—  rieft.  left,  theft,  weft,  bereft,  eta    AUowabU  rhyme*,  lift,  sift. 

aff,  attgh, 
and  nr.  a*  chafed,  quaffed,  laughed,  whiffed,  etc. 

EO.— Kkb,  leg,  beg,  peg.     Allowable  rhymes,  vague,  plague,  etc.,  league, 
Teague,  etc. 
EIOH,  \  V.     EIOIIT.  see  ATE.     EIOX,  see  AIX.     EH-, 

\ll.        I  IN.  LIN.      EINT.se      LINT.       F.IIC    tet    ARE. 

EIT,  EAT.    EIVE.  BATE     EIZE,  see  EEZE. 

Elili.— Ell,  dwell,  fell,  hell,  knell,  quell,  sell,  bell,  cell,  dispel,  fi 

befell,  yell,  well,  tell,  swell,  spell,  smell,  shell,  parallel,  sen- 
tinel, infidel,  citadel,  refel,  repel,  rebel,  Impel,  expel.     Allowable  rhymes, 
.  heal,  peal,  eta,  eel,  steel,  eta 
ELD.- Held,  geld,  withheld,  upheld,  beheld,   etc 

I  verba  Iti  ell,  as  swelled,  felled,  ete.     Allowable 
rhyme*,  thi  preterit* and participU  etc.,] 

a*  mi]  eta,  healed  sealed,  etc. 

EEF.-Elf.  pelf,  self,  shelf,  himsell 


EI.K.    BJk,  whelk,  etc 

EI-M.    Elm,  helm,  realm,  whelm,  overwhelm,  ete      Allowable  rhymes, 

palm.  Hint    sta 

EXP.— Help,  whelp,  yelp,  eto. 

EET.— Belt,  gelt,    melt,    felt,    WSlt,    Smelt,    pelt,    dwelt       Perfect    rhyme, 
dealt. 

ELVE.  -Helve,  helve,  twelu,  etc. 

EI.A'En.     i  Ives,  eta     Perfect  rhyme*,  the  plural* of  nouns 

and  fAird   persons  singular  of  verbs  in  elf  ana  delves, 

shelves,  etc. 

EH.    Gem,  hem.  stem,  them,  diadem,  stratagem,  et  rhyme*, 

c Lemn,  contemn,  eta     Allowable  rhyme*,  lame,  tarn    i  I       I    \m     i  an 

theme,  etc. 

EME,  see  EAN. 

EMX-  Cond  an  etc     Perfect  rhyme*,  gem,  bem,  ete     dIIow< 

OhlS  rhymes.   liiine.   fume.   BtC    .    teSJD 

EMPT.    Tempt,  exempt,  attempt,  contempt. 

EH".— 'Den,  hen,  fen,  ken,  nun.  pen,  ten,  then,  when,  wren,  denizen.    At- 
:■  pAymes,  bane,  fane,  eta,  mean,  bean,  eto 

EXCE.-l ' '  thence,  whence,  defense,  expense, 

offense,  pretense,  commence,  abstinence,  clrctun 

deuce,  <  e,  i  ontinence,  benevolence   concupiscence,  difference,  dif< 

lldence.  diligence,  eloquence,  eminence,  evldenci  impenitence, 

Impertinence,  Impotence,  Impudence,   Improvidence    Incontinence, 

•  !>'•  .  Indigi  nee.  Indolence,  Inference,  lntelUs Lnnoceno     magnli 

muslflcence,   ni  gUgeni  i  .   omnlpol e,   penitence,  preference,  providence, 

recompense,  refera i,  residence,  reverence    rehemeno 

rhyme*,  sense,  dense,  intense,  prepense,  dl  | 

■  i  ■  prepense,  tncen  te,  I 

EXCII.    Bench,  drench,  retrench,  quench,  ol<  neh,  stench,  fench,  trench, 
wench,  wrench,  Intrench. 

EN  1ft. — Bend,   mend,   blend,  end,  fend,  lend,  rend,  sand,  spend,  tend. 
vend,  amend,  attend,  ascend,  commend   contend   defend,  dep<  nd    d< 

distend,  expend,  extend,   t fend,  Impend,  misspend,   obtend,  offend,   i""' 

tend,  pretend,   protend,  suspend    transcend,   unbend,   apprehend,  o pre 

n<  nd  Ii  scend,  disc aid,  reoommi  ad,  n  pn  bend,  dJh  Idi  ■ 

Perfect  rhyme*,  friend,  befriend,  on./  tin  preU  rite  and  participle*  oi  verba 
fa  <  n   a*  penned,  kenned,  eta     AUowabla  rhymes,  the  preterits  ami 
dpi**  of  verba  Inean,  as  gleaned,  yeaned,  etc. 

E\I>S.— Amends,    Perfect  rhymes,  the  plural*  of  noun*  and  third  p 
sfnpulor,  present  tense,  of  vt  rba  m  end,  a*  friends,  he  mends,  eta 

EXE,  see  EAK. 

EXGE.—  Avnik'.',  revenge,  etc. 

EXGTII.— Length,  Btrength,  etc. 

EXSE    (s ted    EVZE.    Cleanse.      PerJ  the  plural*  of 

noun*  and  third  person*  singular,  present  tense,  of  verbs  in  en,  as  hen 
he  kens,  eta 

ENT.— Bent,  lent,  rent,  pent,  scent,  sent,  shent,  spent  tent  vent,  went, 
absent,  meant,  ascent,  assent,  attent  augment,  cement,  content,  consent, 
descent,  dissent,  event,  extent  foment,  frequent  Indent  Intent,  invent 
lament  misspent,  o'erspent  present  prevent  relent  repent,  resent,  ostent 
6,  outwent,  nnaerwent  discontent  anbenl  circumvent  represent, 
abstini  a  accomplishment,  ad dshment,  acknowledgment,  ali- 

ment arbitrament .  argument,   banishment,  battlement  blandishmi 

tonlshment  armipotent  belllpot  nt,  benevolent  chastisement,  c pet  nt, 

compliment  complement,  confident,  continent  corpulent  detrlmeni 
cut,  diffidenl    diligent,  disparagement  document  element  eloquent,  emi- 
nent  equivalent   establishment,   evident   excellent   excrement,    exigent 

ment  nrmament  fraudulent  goveri mt  embellishment,  Imminent 

impenitent  Impertinent,  implement  Impotent  Imprlsonmenl  Improvident, 
Impudent    Incidi  nt   incompett  at,  Lnoontinent,  Indigent,  Inno- 

cent, Insolent,  Instrument,  irreverent  langulshment  ligament  Uneament 
magnificent  nianagement  medicament  malcontent,  monument,  negligent 
nourishment  nutriment  Occident,  omnlp* 

ment,   penitent,    permanent,   pertinent,    pri  i  at    prevalent 

provident  punishment  ravishment  regiment  resident,  redolent  rudiment, 

u  at,  sediment  -•  ntiment  settlement,  subsequent  supplement,  bitel- 

li^.Ti!,     Ifiif i:t,     r.iiiijer;uiient,    tr-tiuin  nt,    t<  ,u  iiiiitni-n  t ,     turbulent    vein-. 

ment  violent,  vlrnlent,  reverent     Allowable  rhyme*,  paint,  saint,  etc 
ENTS.— Accoutrements.     Perfect  rhyme*,  the  plural*  of  nouns  and  third 
-  singular,  present  tense,  of  verba  in  ent,  as  scents,  he  assents,  eto, 

EP.— Step,  nep,  eta    Allowable  rhymes,  leap,  reap,  etc  ,  rai 
E1*T. — Accept,   adept    except    Intercept    etc.      Perfect  rhymes,   crept 
slept,  wept,  kept     Allowable  rhym* 

cu  peeped    n  s  pad .  shaped,  etc. 
EKR.-Err,  aver,  defer,  infer,  deter.  Utter,  refer,  transfer,  conf<  p   pre 
administer,   wagoner.  Islander,   arbiter  rUlager, 

cxager,  dowager,  forager,  pillager,  voyager,    ore,   gardener,   Bian> 

Idolater,    provender,    theater,    amphitheater,    fori 
Lavender,  messenger.  pii>*einr»-r.  sorcerer,  Interpreter,  officer,  mariner,  har- 
binger,   minister,   register,   canister,   choi  itei     presbyter,  law- 
phllosophei    astrologer,  loiter*      pri                  i     hopper,  astronomer, 
i  i,  thunderer,  traveler,  mm 

etc.,  bar,  'Mr.  etc. .  sir  fir,  hi 
Kltril.  EAKtH.      Elt(  E,  EKHE.       Ilftli,  EAKI). 

KICK,  see  EEK. 

EKGE. — Verge,  emerge,  absterge,   Immerge.      Perfect  rhyme,  dirge. 

perfect  rhymes,  urge,  purge,  surge.    Allowable  rhymes,  barge,  large, 
■ 
EKX. — Fern,    stern,   discern,  concern.      Perfect  rhymes,   learn,   earn, 

■     BtC.      Albnrnble  rhymes,  barn,  yarn,  etc..  born,  turn.  etc. 

KK*K.     Verse,   beam      ibst  averset  converse,  dis]    ■  ■ 
Ii irse,   pervei  Intersperse,  universe,     Per- 
fect rhymes,  amerce,   coerce,   eta,  fierce,   tierce,  purr.,  eta     AUt 
po                    ete. 

BRT.— Wert,  advert  assert,  averl  convert,  controvert,  desert, 

divert,  exert,  expert   Insert,  Invert,  perv<  rhyme*, 

part.  etc..  shirt,  dirt.  etc..  hurt,  spurt,  etc. 


VOCABULARY    I  'F    KMYMKS. 


ERVE. — Serve,  nerve,  swerve,  preserve,  deserve,  conserve,  observe, 
reserve,  disserve,  subserve.  AllowabU  rhymes,  starve,  carve,  etc.,  curve, 
etc. 

ESS.— BIes>,  drees,  cess,  chess,  guess,  less,  mess,  press,  stress,  acquiesce, 

access,  address,  assess,  compress,  confess,  caress,  depress,  digress,   ii-j 

sees,  distress,  excess,  express,  impress,  oppress,  possess,  profi  -■.  recess,  re- 
press, redress,  success,  transgress,  adulteress,  bashfulness,  bitterness, 
cheerfulness,  comfortless,  comeliness,  dizainess,  diocese,  drowsiness,  eager- 
ness, easiness,  enibassadress.  emptiness,  evenness,  fatherless,  filthiness,  fool- 
ishness, torgetfulmss,  forwardness,  fruwardness,  fruitfulness.  fulsomeness, 
giddiness,  greediness,  gentleness,  governess,  happiness,  haughtiness,  heavi- 
ness, idleness,  heinou-nes:-,  hoaryness,  hollowness.  holiness,  lascivj 

lawfulness,  laziness,  littleness,  Liveliness,  loftiness,  li ---.  lowliness,  man- 

Jin-ss,  masterless,  mightiness,  motherless,  motionless,  nakedness,  w 
noisomeness,   numberless,    patroness,    peevishness,    perfidiousness,    pitiless, 
i  .    prophetess,   ransomness,    readiness,     righteousness,    shepherdess, 

sorceress,  sordidness,  spiritless,  spritrhtliness,  stubbornness,  stun 
surliness,  steadiness,  tendernos.  thoughtfulness,  ugliness.  unea-iness,  un- 
happint---,  votaress,  usefulness,  wakefulness,  wantonness,  weaponless,  wari- 
rlllingness,  w  iilfulness.  weariness,  wickedness,  wilderness,  wretehed- 
ness.  drunkenness,  childishness.  Allowable  rhymes,  mass,  pass,  etc.,  mace, 
place,  etc. 

ESE,  see  EEZE. 

ESH.— Flesh,  fresh,  refresh,  thresh,  afresh,  mesh.  Allowable  rhymes, 
mash,  m.i-Ii.  etc 

ENE. — Desk.  Perfect  rhymes,  grotesque,  burlesque,  etc.  Alloicable 
rhymes,  musk,  ask,  etc. 

EST.- Best,  chest,  crest,  guest,  jest,  nest,  pest,  quest,  rest,  test,  vest, 
west,  arrest,  attest,  bequest,  contest,  detest,  digest,  dive-t.  Invest,  infest, 
molest,  obtest,  protest,  retest,  suggest,  unrest,  interest,  manifest,  etc.  Per- 
feet  rhymes,  breast,  abreast,  etc.,  and  the  preterits  and  participles  of  verbs 
•  ■<  i  ss,  as  dressed,  expressed,  etc.    Allowable  rhymes,  cast,  fast, etc,  haste, 

waste,  etc.,  beast,  least,  etc.      See  EAST. 

EX.— Bet,  jet,  fret,  get,  let.  met,  net.  set,  wet,  whet,  yet,  debt,  abet, 
beget  beset,  forget,  regret,  alphabet,  amulet,  anchoret,  cabinet,  epithet, 
parapet,  rivulet,  violet,  counterfeit,  coronet,  etc.  Perfect  rhymes,  sweat, 
threat,  etc.     Allowable  rhymes,  bate,  hate,  etc.,  beat,  heat,  etc. 

ETCH.— Fetch,  stretch,  wretch,  sketch,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  match, 
latch,  etc.,  peach,  bleach,  etc. 

ETE,  see  EAT.     EVE,  see  EAYE.     El'M,  see  EME. 

EW. — Blew,  chew.  dew.  brew,  drew,  flew,  few,  grew,  new.  knew,  hew, 
Jew,  mew,  view,  threw,    yew,  ■■■■ .  anew,   askew,  bedew,  eschew,  re- 

new, review,  withdrew,  screw,  interview,  etc.  Perfect  rhymes,  blue,  clue, 
cue,  glue,  hue.  rue,  sue.  strue,  accrue,  ensue,  endue,  imbue,  imbrue,  pur- 
sue, subdue,  adieu,  purlieu,  perdue,  residue,  avenue,  revenue,  retinue. 

EWD,  see  EtD.     EWX,  see  EXE. 

EX.— Sex,  vex,  annex,  convex,  complex,  perplex,  circumflex,  and  the 
plurals  of  nouns  and  third  persons  singulttr  of  verbs  ('neck,  as  checks,  he 
checks,  etc,  Allowable  rhymes,  ax,  wax,  etc. ,  and  the  plurals  of  nouns  and 
third  persona  lingular  of  verbs  in  alee,  ark.  eak,  eke.  Ique,  ike  etc  bi 
i  ik<  s,  etc.,  he  takes,  be  breaks,  racks,  he  ekes,  pikes,  he  likes,  he  pipes, 
etc. 

EXT.-VxI.  pretext,  and  the  preterits  and  participles  of  verbs  in  ex,  as 
rexed  perplexed,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  the  preterits  and  participles  of 
verbs  i"  ax,  as  waxed,  etc. 

ET.mAY. 


IB.— Bib,  crib,  squib,  drib,  glib,  nib,  rib.  Allowable  rhymes,  bribe,  tribe, 
etc. 

IBE.- Bribe,  tribe,  scribe,  ascribe,  describe,  superscribe,  prescribe,  pro- 
scribe, subscribe,  transcribe,  inscribe.     Allowable  rhymes,  bib,  crib,  etc. 

ICE.— Ice,  dice,  mice,  nice,  price,  rice,  spice,  slice,  thrice,  trice,  advice, 
enl ,  vice,  device.     Perfect  rhymes,  rise,  concise,  precise,  paradise,  etc. 

Allowable   rhymes,    mi-s.    kiss,   hiss,   artifice,    avarice.   COCkatnce,    benefice, 

cicatrice,  edifice,  orifice,  prejudice,  precipice,  sacrifice,  etc.,  piece,  fleece. 

etc. 

ICH,  see  ITCH. 

ECK.— Brick,  sick,  chick,  kick,  lick,  nick,  pick,  quick,  stick,  thick,  trick, 
arithmetic,   asthmatic,   choleric,    catholic,    phlegmatic,   heretic,   rl 
schismatic,    splenetic,   lunatic,   politic,   empiric.      Allowable  rhymes,  like, 
pike,  etc..  weak,  speak,  etc. 

ICX-— Strict,   addict,  afflict,    convict,    Inflict,    contradict,   etc 
rhymes,  the  preterits  and  parti*  Ipli  i  of  vi  rbs  In  Ick,  as  licked,  klcki 
lllowable   rhym*    ,    thi    preterits  and  participles  of  rerbs  in   ike,   eak.   as 
liked,  leaked,  etc. 

ID.— Bid.  chid,  hid.  kid.  lid,  slid,  rid.  bestrid,  pyramid,  forbid.  Allow- 
able  rhymes,  bide,  chide,  parricide,  etc,  and  the  preterits  and  participles  of 
verbs  '"  \  or  ie,  as  died,  replied,  etc.,  lead,  bead,  mead,  deed,  need,  etc. , 
and  the  prt  terits  "><</  participles  of  verbs  in  ee,  as  freed,  agre< 

IDE. — Bide,  chide,  hide,  glide,  pride,  ride,  sli 
bride,  abide,   guide,  aside,  astride,  beside,  bestride,  betide,  confide,  decide, 
dende.  divide,  preside,  provide,  subside,  misguide,  subdividi 

the  preterits  ■•"■i  participles  of  verbs  >»  ieond  y,  as  dyed,  replied. 
etc  .  and  the  participle  sighed.  Allowable  rhymes,  bead,  mead,  etc,  bid, 
bid,  etc 

IDES.— Ides,  besides,     Perfect  rhymes  of  nouns  and  third 

persons  singular  of  verbs  >»  Fde,  as  tide,  he  rides,  etc.     Allowable 
the  pi i"  and  third  persons  singular  of  verbs  in  ead,  id,  as  beads, 

he  (e  ids,  ate  .  kids,  be  bids,  etc 

IDGE.—  Bridge,  ridpe,  abridge,  etc 

EDBT.  — Midst,  amidst,  etc     Perfect  rhymes,  the  second  p 
ofthepresi  nl  I  fit  Id,  as  toon  biddest,  thou  bidaest,  etc     Allow- 

able :-)•  umes,  the  second  persons  singular  of  the  present  tense  or  verbs  m  Ide, 
a*  thou  oldest,  thou  readest,  etc 

IE,  or  Y.— By.  buy.  cry.    die,    dry.    eye,    My.    fry.    tie.    hie,    li,',  pie.  ply, 
■.  shy,  sly.  spry,  sky.  sly.  tie.  try,  vie,   Why,  ally,  anpl  ■ 

comply,  decry,  defy,  descry,  deny,  Imply,  espy,  outvie,  outfij 

suj.pl>.  iinti.'.  amplify,  beautify,  ify,  deify,  dignify,  edify,  tal- 


sify.  fortify,  gratify,  jrlorify.  Indemnify,  justify,  magnify,  modify,  mollify, 
mortify,  pacify,  petrifi     purify,  putrefy,  qualu  ectify,  sanctify, 

satisfy,   scarify,   signify,   specify,    Btupefy,  terrify,  •<  vilify, 

vitrify,  vivify,  prophesy.  Perfect  rhymes,  high,  nigh,  sigh,  thigh.  Allow- 
able rhymes,  bee,  she,  tea.  sea,  I  | 

conspiracy,  confederacy,   ecstasy,    dem  era  illacy,   legacy, 

supremacy,   lunacy,   privacy,    piracy,    malady,    remedj 
cosmography,   geography,   geometry,  etc,    eleg  sovereignty, 

loyalty,  disioyalts    penalty,  casualty,  ribaldry,  chivali  y,  infai  nstaocy, 

fealty,  cavalry,  bigamy,    polygai  sancy,   inconstancy,  Infancy,  com- 

■  company,  dittany,  tyrazuiy,  villainy,  anarchj 
incendiary,  infirmary,   library,   salary.  rotary,   auxiliary 

trary,  diary,  granary,  rosem  infantry,  knavery,  liverj    ■ 

en',  rubbery,  novelty,  antipathy,  apathy.  sympathy,  Idolatry,  galaxy, 
husbandry,  cruelty,  enemy,  blasphemy,    i      ;  decency.  In- 

clemency, emergency,  regency,  progeny,  energy,  poverty,  liberty,  pn 
adultery,   artery,    artillery,    battery,    beggary,   bribery,   bra 
drudgery.    Battery,   gallery,    Imagery,   lottery,   misery,  mystery,   □ 
raillery,  . ,  discovery,  tapestry,  majesty,  modesty, 

Immodesty,  honesty,  dishonesty,    courtesy,  heresy,   poesy,   poetry,  si 
leprosy,  perfidy,  subsidy,    drapery,   symmetry,  droflei        i 
mutiny,    destiny,    scrutiny,    hypocrisy,    familj-.    abilil  1 1  Idlty, 

assiduity,  civility,  community,   concavity,   consanguinity,  conformity,  c  »n- 
gruity.    diuturnlty,     facility,     falsity,     familiantv,     formality,    generosity, 
gratuity,  humidity.    Absurdity,    adversity,   affability,  affinity 
rity,  ambiguity,  animosity,  antiquity,  austerity,  authority,  brevity,  calam- 
ity,   capacity,    captivity,    charity,    chastity,    civility,    credulity,    curiosity, 
finery,   declivity,   deformity,   duty,   dexterity,  dignity,  disparity,  diversity, 
divinity,  enmity,  enormity,  equality,  equanimity,  equity,  eternity,  extrem- 
ity, fatality,  felicity,  fertility,  fidelity,  frugality,  futurity,  gravity. hostility, 
humanity,  humility,  humanity,  Immaturity,  immensity,  immorality,  Immor- 
tality,   Immunity,  Immutability,    impartiality,    impossibility 
improbity,    inanity,    incapacity,    incivility,    incongruity,  inequality 
nity.  infinity,  Inflexibility,    Instability,  invalidity,  jollity,   lenity,  lubricity, 
magnanimity,   majority,  mediocrity,  minority,  mutability,  nil 
ity,  perplexity,  perspicuity,   prosperity,   privity,   probability,   probity,  pro- 
pensity, rarity,  rapidity.  Bagacity,  sanctity,  sensibility,  sensuality,  solidity, 
temerity,  timidity,   tranquillity,  virginity,  visibility,  nniversity,  trempery, 
apology,    genealogy,    etymology,    simony,    symphony,    soliloquy,  all< 
armory,    factory,    pillory,    faculty,    treasury,  usury,  augury,   importunity, 
impunity,  impurity,  inaccuracy,  inability,  incredulity,  indignity.  Infidelity, 
infirmity,  iniquity,  integrity,  laity,   liberality,  malignity,  maturity 
ality,  mortality,  nativity,    necessity,  neutrality.  nobility,  obscurity,  oppor- 
tunity,   partiality,    perpetuity,    prosperity,    priority,    prodlg 
quality,  quantity,  scarcity,  security,   severity,   simplicity,  sincerity 
nity,  sterility,  stupidity,  trinity.  va<  ■.  vanity,  vivacity,  UI 

ity,  uniformity,  unity,    anxiety,    gaiety,    impiety,    piety,    satiety,   m 
society,    variety,    customary,    melody,    philosophy,     astronomy,    anatomy, 
colony,   gluttony,    harmony,   agony,   gallantry,  canopy,  history,  memory, 
victory,  calumny,  injury,  luxury',  penury,  perjury,  usury,  industry. 

IECE,  see  EASE. 

IEF.—  Grief,  chief,  fief,  thief,  brief,  belief,  relief,  etc.  Perfect  rhymes, 
reef,  beef,  etc.     Nearly  perfect  rhymes,  leaf,  sheaf,  etc 

IEGE.- Liege,  siege,  oblige,  disoblige,  assiege.  besiege. 

USUI.  — Field,  yield,  shield,  wield,  afield.  Searly  perfect  rhymes,  the 
preterits  and  participles  of  verbs  in  eal.  as  healed,  repealed,  etc. 

IEX,  w  EE\.  IEXD.  see  END.  IERCE,  see  ERSE.  IEST, 
see  EAST.     IEVE,  see  SATE. 

IFE.— Rife,  fife,  knife,  wife,  strife,  life.  Allowable  rhymes,  cliff,  skiff. 
stiff,  whiff,  etc. 

IFE,  see  IFE. 

EFT.— Gift,  drift,  shift,  lift.  rift.  sift,  thrift,  adrift,  etc.,  and  the  preter- 
its and  participles  of  verbs  in  iff.  as  whiffed,  etc. 

IG.— Big.  dig.  gig.  fig.  pig,  rig,  sprig,  twig,  swig.  Allowable  rhymes, 
league,  Teague,  fatigue,  etc. 

IGE,  see  IEGE.  IGII.  see  IE.  IGHT,  see  ITE.  I6\,  see 
INK,     IGUE.sce  EAGEE. 

IKE.— Hike,  like,  pike,  spike,  strike,  alike,  dislike,  oblique.  Allowable 
rhymes,  leak,  speak,  antique,  etc.,  lick,  pick,  etc. 

IEE.-Bill.  chill,  till,  drill,  gill,  bill,  ill.  kill,  mill,  quill,  rill,  shrill,  skill. 
spill,  still,  swill,  thrill,  till,  trill,  will,  distill,  fulfill,  instill,  codicil,  daffo- 
dil, utensil.  Perfect  rhymes,  all  words  ending  in  lie,  with  the  accent  on  the 
ultimate  sylldbtc,  as  volatile,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  byte,  chyle. 
file,  feel,  reel,  etc.,  meal.  peal.  seal,  etc.,  and  words  in  hie.  having  the  ac- 
cent on  the  antepenultimate,  as  suitable,  etc. 

I  ED. — Child,  mild,  wild.  etc.  Perfect  rhymes,  the  preterits  and  parti- 
Ciples  Of  Vi  rbs  Of  one  syllable  in  ile.  or  of  more  syllables,  provided  the  accent 
be  On  the  last,  as  piled,  reviled,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  the  preterits  and 
participles  of  verbs  in  ill,  as  filled,  willed,  etc..  in  oil,  a*  oiled,  boiled, 
foiled,  etc. 

I  ED.    Gild,  build,  rebuild,  etc.     Perfect  rhymes,  the  preterits  and  parti- 
verbs  in  Hied,  as  filled,  willed,  etc.     Allowable  rhymes,  child,  mild, 
neable  rhymes,  which  see. 

IltlS-— Bile,  chyle,  tile,  smile,  isle,  mile,  pile,  smile,  stile,  style,  tile.  vile. 

while,   awhile,   compile,   revile,  defile,  exile,   erewhile,   reconcile,  beguile. 

Allowable  rhymes,  oil,  boil,  etc.,  bill,  fill.  etc. 

ELK.— Milk,  silk,  bilk,  - 

LET.— Gilt,  jilt,  built,  quilt,  guilt,  hilt,  spilt,  stilt,  tilt. 
tETH.— Filth,  tilth,  etc. 

IM. — Brim,  dim.  grim,  him,  rim,  skim,  slim.  trim,  whim,  prim.     Perfect 
limb,    hymn.    limn.       Allowable   rhymes,    Lime,    time,    climb,   etc., 

team,  gleam,  etc 
1MB,         IM. 

IM  E.  Chime,  time,  grime,  climb,  dime,  crime,  prime,  mime,  rhyme, 
slime,  thyme,  lime,  sublime.     Allowable  rhymes,  brim,  dim,  m 

IMEM.    -Betimes,  SOmetil  the  plurals  of  nouns 

and  third  persons  singular,  present   tens*  ■   Ime,  as  chimes,  he 

rhymes,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  the  plurals  of  nouns  and  third  persons  sin- 
gular, present  tense,  of  verbs  i.i  cam  mid  im,  as  dreams,  brims,  he  swims, 
etc. 

IssTJT,  see  IM. 


IMP.  Imp,  limp,  gimp. 

im  I'm:,    Qllmpse.    Rhymt  t,  fa*  plurals  ofnomna,  third  peraon  \ 

a ip,  as  mil'-,  in  limps,  etc. 

|%.     -   'i:n    din,  mi,  gin,  Rill,  in.  mn,  kin.  pin.  shin,  sin,  Spin,  Bid! 
i      begin.      Allowable   rhymes,  chin. 

■  i.      .,  .11.  bean,  •  tc,  machine)  ma 

EHOfi*— -Mince,  pi  quince,  rinse,  tacc 

i  \<  ii.— Minrli.  flinch,  winch,  plncb,  Inch. 

lXA'T.—  in  succinct,  etc i  and  I 

teritt  an  I  pa  verba  fn  ink,  <m  linked,  plnkt 

IX'I*.—  Bind,  Ond,  mind,  blind,  hind,  kind,  grind,  rind,  wind,  behind,  an* 
kind,   remind,  etc  .  and  tht  preterits  and  participlt 

i      Alloteable  rhyme*,  rescind,  prescind,  •""'  th*  noun  wind,  c-  it  is 
frequently  p\  plea  of  verb*  in  oln,  as  J d, 

IMS.- Dine,  bxine,  mine,  chine,  One,  line,  nint    i  15,  klne, 

twine,  vine  wine,  whine,  combine,  confine,  decll 

eline,   Inshi Intwlne,  opine,  calcine,   reclln  pine,   superfine, 

. 

Ign,  design,  lllowable  rhymes,  bin, 

tain,  tm.  origin,  Join,  loin,  etc  ,  polvsyllaoh  -  i  nding  tn  [ne,  pronounced  In, 
as  masculine,  feminine,  discipline,  libertine,  heroine,  etc 

IH0.— Bring,  sing,  fling,  cling,  ring,  sling,  spring,  sting,  swing,  wing, 
wring  thing  ■  ■  '■'■•■  tptesoj  I  Eng,  with  the  ac- 

cent  "a  the  antepi  nultimafe,  at  recovei  lng,  altering,  etc 

IXOK.    ''i  in-'',   inn^.-.  hinge.  Hinge,  springe,  swinge,  tinge,    I 
Infringe, 

INK.  —  Ink.  think,  wink,  drink,  blink,  brink,  chink,  clink,  link,  pink, 
shrink,  sink,  slink,  stink,  bethink, 

I  XT.  —  hint,  limit,  hint,  flint,  lint,  print,  squint,  asquint,  imprint. 

IP.— Chip,  lip,  hip.  clip,  dip,  drip,  nip,  i  .  rip,  icrip,  ship,  skip,  slip, 
snip,  strip,  tip,  trip,  whip,  equip,  eldership,  fellowship,  workmanship, 
i  th*  antept  "ultimate. 

Allowable  rhymes,  wipe,  gripe,  etc, leap,  heap,  etc 

IPS.-  Qripe,  pipe,  ripe,  snipe,  type,  stripe,  wipe,  archetype,  prototype 
Allowable  rhymes,  chip,  lip,  workmanship 

H'MK.  —  Eclipse,     Rhymes ,  the  plurals  of  nouns  anil  third  persons  sin- 

? tutor,  preset  lps,etc.     Allowable  rhymes, 

its  a)   imtnis  and  third  persona  entpular,  jprescnt  tenae,  of  verbs  in 
ip,',  as  gripes,  « Ipes,  Btc, 
I  K.  tee  l"K.     1K<  II,  see  ITRC1I.    IKD,  ses  UBB. 
IKF.-Knv  re,  mire,  quire,  sire,  spire,  squire,  wire, 

tire,  acquire,  admire,  aspire,  conspire,  desire.  Inquire,  enure 
require,  retin  Perfect  rhym  \t,  brier, 

and  nouns  jortned  f\  ■■■ 

;> vet  of  i>i-  on*,  as  nigher, 

shyer,  •■!.■. 
IKliR,  ses  F.ROE. 

IltL,-  Girl,  whul,  twirl.     yearly perfect  rhymes,  curl,  furl,  churl,  etc. 
I  KM.  —  r 'inn.   affirm,   confirm,   Infirm.     Nearly  perfect  rhymes,  worm, 
term,  etc. 
IKST   tee  VIIST.     IKT,  ses  IKT. 

IKTII.  — Birth,  mirth.     /■  th,  dearth,  trhich  see. 

ISS.  -Bliss,  tni-s.  hiss,  l.i  bmlSB,  disml     .  remiss. 

Allowable  rhyt  peace,  lea  ie,  etc 

IS,  pron<mii,;-tl  til;.'  IZ-  — Is.  his,  whiz. 

IHK,  set   ICE  and  IZK. 

lsll.  -Hi  h,  wish,  ash,  coish,  pish. 
Ink.     Brisk,  fri-k.  disk,  risk,  whisk,  basilisk,  tamarisk. 
E8P-— Crisp,  wisp,  ii>p. 

1ST.  — Fi-t.   list,    mist,    twist,    wrist,    assist,  1st,  exist,  insist, 

i  i  methyst,     anatomist,     an1 

... 

■  ■ 
hissed,  etc     Allowable  rhyme*,  ilu  Mciplee  of  verbs  \ 

!.  sliced,  etc 

IT.— Bit.  cit,  hit.  tit,  grit,  fiit.  knit,  tilt.  pit.  quit,  sit.  split,  twit.  wit. 
whit,   v  commit,  emit,  omit,  outwit,  permit,  rami 

mit,  transmit,  refit,  benefit,  perquisite      Allowable  rhymes,  beat,  he 
bit«-,  mite,  light 

ITCH  ami  HITCH.— Bitch,  pitch,  rich,  which,  Pitch,  bitch,  Ditch, 
hit.-ii,  itch,  stitch,  switch,  twitch,  witch,  bewitch,  niche,  enrich. 

ITK  mill  IOHT.- Bite,  cite,  tdte,  mite,  quite,  rite,  smite,  spite,  trite, 
■  ipite,  Indite,  InTtte   i 
unite,  reunite,  aconite,  app  expedite, 

rhyme*,    Might,    benight,    bright,    fight,    flight,    fright,    height, 
light,   knight,   night,   might,    plight,    right.    tie 
wight,  affrigl  i  dew  it.*,   unsight,  Q] 

bedight,  oversight.     Allowable  rhymes,  eight,  weight,  etc,  bit,  hit,  etc., 
favorite,  hypocrite,  Infinite,  requisite,  op]  .  etc 

ITH.— Pith,  smith,  frith. 

ITIIE.— Hlthe,   blithe,   tithe,  scythe,  writhe,  lithe.    Allowable  rhyme, 

with 

IVJBa— Five,  dive,  alive,  gyve,  hive,  drive,  rive,  shrive,  strive,  thrive,  ar- 
rive, connive  contrive,  depi  fve,  derive,  revive,  survive,  dllowobls  rhymes, 
give,  livi  .  laxative,  narrative,  prerogative, 

■     ■ 
native,  dlminutl  Inquisitive,   lenitive 

slve,  negative,   perspective,  positive,   preparative,  provocative,  pin- 
ttiva 
IX.— Fix,  six.  nix,  mix,  affix,  infix,    prefix,   transmix.   Intermix,  Crucifix, 
etc  .  and  the  plurals  of  nouns  "no"  third  person*  of  verbs  tn  Eck,  as  wicks, 
ticks,  etc     Allowable  rhyme* ,  the  plural*  of  nouns  and  third  persons  singu- 
lar of  vrbs  iii  Ike,  <i«  pikes,  likes,  etc 

IXT  —Betwixt.  Rhymes,  the  preterits  and  participles  of  verbs  in  ix,  as 
fixed,  mixed,  etc. 


ISE  u ml  IZK.— Prise,  itithnr- 

lllze,  compi I  ■  dei  Ise,  enter- 

i  sercise,    Idolise,    i tsJlxe,    i  i  rnallse, 

■-.  and 
th'-  plural*  of  noun*  and  third  ■  ngular.  preaent  tenet 

AttoroabU  rhymes, nu- 

.  <  be. 


O,  see  OO  and  OW. 

«i\t  II.      Hi  ■t.Mili.     piM.L.-h.     abroach,    approach,    encroach,    re- 

ton.      AXUnoabl*   rwjnnss,    botcn,   notch 
mutch,  hutch   i 

OAJD),  \l  l>        IODE,     OAF,  s...  OFF.      OAK,         OKR. 

OAL,  OI.K.  OAH,  •  OHE,  OAN,  o\r.  OAP,  "-■ 
oi"K.  OAK.  OKI'.,  «»  \  ic  ii.  .  «uc  ii.  OAST,  -  OST. 
OAT,  -  •   OTE.     OATH.  O'lll. 

OK,  —  Knii,  boh,   mob,  knob,   sob.   rob,    throb.      Perfect  rhymes,  »wab, 
squab.    Allowable  rhyme*,  daub,  globe,  t  <  be,  dub,  etc 

OBS.— Olobfr,  lobe,  probe,  robe,  cunglubc.     Allowable  rhymes,  fob,  mob, 

etc  .  i  ut.,  dub,  etc ,  daub,  etc 

OCE,  see  OSE. 

OGK.— Block,  look,  oook.  clock,  crock,  dock,  frock,  (luck,  knock,  mock, 

bock,  Btock,  Boek.     Allowable  rhymes,  oak,   poke,   cloak,   etc,   look, 

took,  i  tc,  buck,  suck,  etc 

OCT.    ■Concoct.     /'■  prefsrfts  "»</  parficipl 

as  blocked,  locked,  •■  rhymes,  th*  preterite  and  participle*  of 

oak  and  "k.-.  a»  croaked,    ■  a,  etc 

Oil.-   Clod     '       I     rod,  BOd,  trod,  nod,  plod,  Odd,  Shod.     Allowable  rhymes, 

ode  code  mode  etc,  and  the  preterit*  and  participle*  of  verbs  in  u«,  as 
sowed,  did  sou ,  eb  , 

OIIF  and  OAII.-Bode,   o<Io.  code,    mode,   rode,   abode,   corrode,   ex- 
plode, forbode,  commode,  Int Ii    i  pisodi    etc     Perfect  rhyme*,  road, 

to:nl,  ^oml,  l"jid.  etc. .  and  tl  and  participle*  ••/  verb*  tn* 

owed,  showed   etc     Allowable  rhyme*,  blood,  n I,  clod,  hod,  nod    I 

fraud,  etc    See  ool>. 

OE,  see  OW. 

OFF  and  OVOII.—  otT.    scoff,  etc.      Perfect  rhymes,  counrh.   trough, 
etc     Allowabl*   rhyme*,  oaf,  loaf,  etc,  proof,  roof,  etc.     *■■>■  OOF. 

OFT.— Oft,  croft,  s..ft,  aloft,  etc,    and    the  preterits    ami  parti... 

off  anduff,  as  ruffed,  scoffed,  etc 

OO.— Hog,  bog,  coc,  <I->l\  cl         i  -.-.  I'"k'.  l"k".  jog.  etc.     Perfect   r/> 
dialogue    epilogue   agog,    lynagogue,   oatalogue,   pedagogue     Allowable 
<  ogue    i  ogui 

OOUE.-    Rogue,    vogue,   prorogue,  collogue,  disembogue.     Allot* 
etc 

OICE.— Choice,  voice,  rejoice.    Allowable  rhymes,  nice,  vice,  rice,  etc 

Ox*!),— Void,  avoid,  devoid,  etc, and  tti.-  preterit*  and  participle*  of  verbs 
in  03  ■  I  >yed,  etc     Allowable  rhyme*,  hide,  bub  ,  ride)  •  I 

Ol  I..-  Oil,  boil,  coil,  moll,  soil,  Bpoll,  toll,  despoil,  embroil,   recoil,  tur- 
moil, disembroil.    Allowable  rhyrm  s,  Isle,  while,  tile,  -  tc 

Ornr.— Coin,  Join,  subjoin,  LM.  111.  loin,   adjoin,  conjoin,  disjoin,  enjoin, 
purloin,  rejoin,     ^llfotoabls  rhyme*,  whine,  wine,  One,  etc     Sss  IXE. 

OI  XT.      1  'int.  joint,  point,  disjoint,  anoint,  appoint,  disappoint,  count  it. 
point.     Allowable  rhymes,  pint. 
OISE.— Poise,  noise,  coonterpol  and  fAs  plural*  of 

and  th '  rd  ;»'  ■  ■  of  vert > .  *"•  boj  b. 

....  .  ....  .     , 

t+aular,  pre.*' ut  h  ,:  etc 

OIST.—  Hoist,  moist,  foist.     Perfect  </  Heinle* 

qfverbi a     ejolced.    Allows  — tparttciplee 

.  in  Ice  OS  spiced. 
Oil'.    Colt,  exploit,  adroit,  etc    Allowable  rhyme*,  white,  light,  might, 
Bight,  tm'' 

OKI'..    Broke,  cok<  soke,  stroke,  yoke,  bespoke.  Invoke,  pro- 

voke,   revoke,   etc     Perfect  rhym  cloak,  oak,    soak.     All> 

1    •  tc  .  buck,  luuk,  etc,  talk,  walk,  etc,  look.  bo< 

Set  OCK  and  OOK.. 

Oli.  -Loll,  doll,  droit,  extol,  capitol,  <■!■■      Allowable  rhyme*,  al 

itc  .  haul,  etc.,  hole,  mole,  etc.,  dull,  iniitl,  etc. 

OLD.- Old,  bold*  cold,  gold,    hold,    mold,    scold,    sold,    told,   behold,   en- 
fold,  unfold,    uphold,    withhold,    foretold,    manifold,    marigold.      Per/eel 

eondi        a    rolled, 

.    ■  ■ .  .         ■   .  ■ 

(U.K.- Bole,  dole,  jole,  hole,  mole,  poll  whole,  Bhole,  ■ 

condole,  parole,   patrol,  piatole,  etc     Perfect  rhyme*,  a  ole, 

bowl,  iii":  1    prowl    roll     1  '  "ii    toll,  troll,  contra  oul,  etc,  to 

roll,  etc  JiwowaMe  rftymes,  gull,  dull,  etc.,  bull,  lull,  etc.,  loll,  doll,  etc., 
tool,  cool,  etc. 

OLEX.- Stolen,  sw< 

OCT.— Bolt,  colt,  jolt,  holt,  dolt,   molt,   r.vnlt,   thunderbolt.     Alloteable 
rhyme*,  vault,  fault,  tall    etc 

OI# V JB.— Solve,  absolve,   re  olve,  convolve,  involve,  devolve,  dissolve, 
revolve. 

one,       I  >I. 

OM  K. — Loam,  dome,    home.  tome.     Perfect  rhymes,  foam,  roam,  comb. 
Allowable  rhyme*,   dum,    bum,   come,   bomb,   el  1     >me,  etc.     See 

OO  M. 

OMIt,     rOOM.    OMPT,  see  OFXT.    OX.  '«    l  \. 

OX'. — Hon.  on,  con,  upon,  anon.  etc.       perfect   rhymes,  gone,  undergone, 
etc     Allowable  rhyme*,  dun,  run,  won,  etc,  owi 

ct,-..  Amazon,  cinn.un    1  n,  caparison,  garrison,  skeleton,  union, 

Jupon, 

OX  It. — Pond,    bond,    fund,     beyond,     abscond,     correspond,    despond, 


\  OCABULAKY    OF    RHYMES. 


diamond,  vagabond,  etc.  and  the  preterits  and  parti  in  on. 
as  donned,  conned,  etc.    Allowable  rhymes   tht  pi  •  '■  •  <>  -  •'"■'  t>"< ' <■  <pb  - '  ■ '/ 
,  oan  and  un,  as  stoned,  moaned,  Btunned,  etc. 

ONCE,  tee  IXCE. 

OXE. — Prone,  bone,  drone,  throne,  alone,  stone,  tone,  lone,  zone,  atone. 
.  nthrone,  dethrone,  postpone,  etc.      Perfect   rhymes,  grown,  flown,  disown, 

thrown,  sown,  own.  loan,  shown,  overthrown,  gro:m,  Mown,  moan,  known. 
Allowable  rhymes,  dawn,  lawn,  etc.,  on,  con,  etc.,  none,  bun,  dun,  etc., 
i i.  boon,  etc. 

OXC— Long,  prong,  song,  thong,  strong,  throng:,  wrong,  along,  belong, 
prolong.     Allowable  rhymes,  bung,  among,  hung,  etc. 

o\<.i    r.  see  TJNG.     ONk,  see  INK. 

OXSE.- Sconse,  ensconce,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  once,  nonce,  askance, 
etc. 

OXT.- Font.  Perfect  rhyme,  want  Allowable  rhymes,  front,  affront, 
etc.,  confront,  punt,  runt,  etc.,  the  abbreviated  negatives,  won't,  don't, 
etc. 

OO.— Coo,  woo.  Nearly  perfect  rhymes,  shoe,  two,  too.  who.  etc,  do, 
ado,  undo,  through,  you,  true,  blue,  Hew,  strew,  etc-  Allowable  rhymes, 
know,  blow,  go,  toe,  etc. 

OOD.— Brood,  mood,  food,  rood,  etc  Nearly  perfect  rhymes,  the  pret- 
erits and  participles  of  verbs  in  oo,  <is  coo..)  wooed,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes, 
wood,  good,  hood,  stood,  withstood,  understood,  brotherhood,  livelihood, 

likelihood,   neighborhood,  widow] 1    etc,  blood,  flood,  etc.,  feud,  allude, 

habitude,  etc.,  the  preterits  and  participles  oj  verbs  fn  ueandew,  as  brewed, 
strewed,  etc.,  imbued,  subdued,  etc  .  bud,  mud,  ere.,  and  the  three  apostro- 
phized auxiliaries,  would,  could,  should,  pronounced  wou'd,  COU'd,  shou'd, 
etc  .  ode,  code,  and  the  preterits  and  participles  of  verba  in  ow,  as  crowed, 
rowed,  etc.,  also  nod,  hod,  etc. 

OOF.— Hoof,  proof,  roof,  woof,  aloof,  disproof,  reproof,  behoof.  Allow- 
able rhymes,  huff,  rutf,  rough,  enough,  etc.,  off,  SCOff,  etc 

OOK,~ Book,  brook,  cook,  crook,  hook,  look,  rook,  shook,  took,  mis- 
took, undertook,  forsook,  betook.  Allowable  rhymes,  puke,  fiuJke,  etc., 
duck,  luck,  etc.,  broke,  spoke,  etc. 

OOL.- Cool,  fool.  pool,  school,  stool,  tool,  befool.  Allowable  rhymes, 
pule,  rule,  etc., dull,  gull,  etc..  bull,  pull,  etc,  pole,  hole,  etc 

OOMC.— Gloom,  groom,  loom,  room,  spoom.  bloom,  doom,  etc  Perfect 
rhymes,  tomb,  entomb,  and  the  city  Rome,  Nearly  perfect  rhymes,  whom, 
womb,  etc  Allowable  rhymes,  come,  drum,  etc,  bomb,  thumb,  clomb, 
etc..  plume,  spume,  etc.,  ami  from,  home,  comb,  etc. 

OOX. — Boon,  soon,  moon,  noon,  spoon.  Swoon,  buffoon,  lampoon,  pol- 
troon. Allowable  rhymes,  tune,  prune,  etc  .  bun,  dim,  etc.,  gone,  done,  etc., 
bone,  alone,  etc.,  moan,  roan,  etc.     See  ON  E. 

OOP.— Loop,  poop,  scoop,  stoop,  troop,  droop,  whoop,  coop,  hoop.  etc. 
Perfect  rhymes,  soup,  group,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  dupe,  up,  sup,  tup, 
etc.,  cop,  top,  etc.,  cope,  hope,  etc. 

OOK.— Boor,  poor,  moor,  etc.  Perfect  rhymes,  tour,  amour,  paramour, 
contour.  Allowable  rhymes,  bore,  pore,  etc,  pure,  sure,  etc.,  your,  pour, 
etc  .  door,  Moor,  etc.,  bur.  cur,  etc.,  sir,  stir,  etc. 

OOSE.— Goose,  loose,  etc.  Nearly  perfect  rhyme*,  the  nouns  deuce,  use, 
etc.,  profuse,  seduce.  Allowable  rhymt  s,  dose,  jocose,  globose,  etc,  moss, 
ti>--,  etc.,  us.  pus,  thus,  etc. 

OOX. — Root,  boot,  coot,  hoot,  shoot,      yearly  perfect  rhymes,  suit,  fruit, 

etc.,  lute,  impute,  etc.  Allowable  chum,  t,  rote,  vote,  etc.,  goat,  coat,  etc., 
but.  hut,  soot,  etc.,  foot,  put,  etc.,  hot,  got,  etc. 

OOTH.- Booth,  sooth,  smooth.  Allowable  rhymes,  tooth,  youth,  un- 
couth,  forsooth,  etc.  Though  these  are  frequent,  they  art  w  ry  impropt  r 
rhymes,  the  tfa  in  one  class  being  flat,  and  in  the  othi  r  sharp. 

OOZE.— Ooze,  noose,     perfect  rhymes,  whose,  choose,  lose.     Nea 
feet  rhymes,  tht    >•■  rbs  to  use.  abuse,  etc      Allowable  rhymes,  doze    hose, 
etc..  buzz  and"  does,  the  third  p-  rsons  lingular  of  do,  with   the  plurals  of 
nouns  and  third  persons  singular,  present  tense,  oj  i  erbs  in  ow,  o,  oe,  ew, 
in-,  as  foes,  goes,  throws,  views,  imbues,   Hues,  etc. 

OP.— Chop,  hop,  drop.  crop,  fop,  top,  prop,  flop,  shop,  slop,  sop.  stop, 
swap,  underprop.  Allowable  rhymes,  cop.',  trope,  hope,  etc,  tup,  sup,  etc., 
coop,  etc 

OPE.— Sope.  hope,  cope,  mope,  grope,  pope,  rope,  <  i  slope,  tope, 
trope,  aslope,  elope,  interlope,  telescope,  heliotrope  horo  cope,  antelope, 
etc.,  and ope,  contracted  in  pot  fry  for  open.  Allowable  rhymes,  hoop,  coop, 
etc.,  lop,  top,  etc. ,  tup,  sup,  etc. 

OPT.- Adopt  rhymes  perfectly  with  thepreU  rits  and  participles  of  verbs 
fn  0p(  as  hopped,  lopped,  etc.  Allowable  rhymes,  the  preterits  ana  parti 
ciples  of  verbs  in  ope,  upe,  oop,  and  up,  as  coped,  duped,  hooped,  cupped, 
etc 

OK.- Or.  for.  creditor,  counselor,  confessor,  competitor,  empei 
cestor,    ambassador,    progenitor,   conspli  itor    su or,    conqueror,    gov- 
ernor, abhor,  metapboi    bachelor,  senator,  etc.,  I  every  wo  a  i 

(no  tht  accent  on  the  last,  or  last  syllabh    but  two,  ■>-  abhi  ■ 

ible  rhymes,  bore.  tore,  etc.,  boar,   hoar,  etc.,  pure,  endure 
pur,  demur,  etc.,  stir,  sir.  etc. 

OUCH.- Scorch,  torch,  etc.     Allowable  rhymes,  birch,  smirch,  church, 

ete.  .  porch,  etc. 

ORCE.— Force,  divorce,  enforet 
coarse,  hoarse,  course,  diso  -    e,  Intercourse,  Bource,  resource, 

etc      Allowable  rhymes,  worse,  purse,  etc  ,  horse,  endorse   ■ 

OKI).    Cord,  lord.  irrMiii    m ni,   ibhorred       lllowable rhymes,  hotivd, 

board,  aboard,  ford,  afford,  sword   i  curd,  bird,  etc  .  and  the  pre 

terits  '"id  participli  -  oj  <  ■  ros  in  orej  or  and  lr,  as  bored,  incurred,  stirred, 
etc 

OKI-'.     Bore,  core,  gore,  lore   more,  ore,  pore,  score,  shore,  snori 
store,  Bwore,  tore,  wore,  adore   afore,  ashore   deplore,  explore,  iraj 
store,  forbore,  forswore,  neretofoi  ire.     Perfect  rhymes, 

boai    oar,  soar,  fou r,  ii ■.  Ilo  A 

iur,  etc. .  pow  'r  for  pom  er,  show  i 
poor,  your,  etc  ,  abhor,  orator  senator,  etc.     >■  ■  ooic  an  'OK. 

ORGE.— Gorge,  di  forge,  etc.     A!  o  -.  forge,  urge, 

(in  gje,  •  i c 

OKK. —  Ork,  cork,  fork.  st->rk.  etc.      I  work. 


ORLD.- World  rhymes  perfectly  with  the  preterits  and  participles  of 
verbs  in  url,  as  hurled 

OKM  and  .A  KM.     Form,   storm,  conform,  deform,  inform,  perform, 
reform,    misinform,    uniform,    multiform,    transform.      Allon 
form    a  seat)  a  nd  h  orm. 

OK\,  rhyming  with  If  OK  V.—  Tiorn.  corn.  morn,  horn,  scorn,  thorn, 
adorn,  suborn,  unicorn,  I   ipricorn      Atlox  ^  borne, 

(suffered)  shorn,  etc.,  the  verb  mourn,  (Ac nouns  urn,  to 

OKX,  rhyming  with  MOIC\.  Born,  shorn,  torn,  worn,  lorn,  love  lorn, 
sworn,  forsworn,  overborn,  forlorn.  Perfect  rhyme,  mourn.  Allowable 
rhymes,  born,  corn,  etc,  urn,  bum    etc 

OKNK,    see    OKCE.  —  Horse,   endorse,    unhorse.      Allowc 
worse,  curse,  etc..  remorse,  coarse,  cour.-' 

ORST,  see  UBsT.     OKI',  V  KT. 

OKT,  rhyming  with  WAKT.— Short,  sort,  exhort  ■■■  nsorl  distort, 
extort,    resort,   retort.    Bnort       Allowable  rhymes,   fort.  report, 

etc.,  dirt,  shirt,  etc.,  wort,  hurt,  etc 

OKX,  rhyming  with  CO U KT. — Fort,  port,  sport, comport, disport, ex- 
port, import,  support,  transport,  report.  Allowable  rhymes,  short,  sort, 
etc..  dirt,  hurt,  etc. 

OKTH.—  Forth,  fourth.  Allowable  rhymes,  north,  worth,  birth,  earth, 
etc 

OSE,   (sounded)  OCE.—  C  ■  Perfect   rh</ 

gross,   engross,   verbose.       Allowable  rhyn  etc,    us,    thus, 

etc. 

OSE    (sounded)   OZE.  —  Close,    dose,    hose  froze, 

..,-.  ih.    .  .  rose,  comp —   depose,  disclose,  dispose,  di# 
pose,  impose,  Inclose,  Interpose,  oppose,    propose,   re apose,  repose,  rap- 
pose,  transpose,  arose   presuppose,  forecl                   ■     I  the  plurals  -■■■ 
and  apostrophized   preterits  and  pat                  •  rerbs  in  ow,  oe,  o,  etc,  as 
row s,  glows,  foes,  goes,  etc       tlloi  lose,  lose,  etc.. 

and  the  plurals  of  nouns  and  third  persons  singular  oj  >  ■  i  ■'•-  in  ow,  rhyming 
tcith  now,  as  cows,  and  the  word  buzz. 

OSS.— Boss.    loss.    crOSS,     drOSS,     mOSS  emboss.      Allowable 

rhymes,  the  nouns  close,  dose,  jocost  ■      thus,  etc 

OST.- Cost,  frost,  lost,  accost,  etc.,  and  the  preterits  and  pa  I 

words  in  oss.  as  mossed,  en id,  etc  .  the  verb  exhaust,  and  the  noun 

1 1  ilocausl      Mime:' id, ■  rhym*  ■■ .  ghost,  host,  post,  compost,  most,  eb  ,c<  ist, 
boast,  toast,  etc. ,  bust,  must    et      '    ana  the  preterits  and  participles 

of  verbs  in  oose.  a.t  loosed,  etc. 

OT,  Bee  AX.— Clot,  cot,  blot,  got,  hot,  jot.  lot.  knot.  not.  plot,  pot, 
scot,  shot,  sot,  spot,  apricot,  trot,  rot,  grot,  begot,  forgot,  allot,  besot 

plot,  counterplot.     Allowable  rhymt  s,  note,  vote,  et'\  .  boat,  coat    etc,   but, 
cut.  etc. 

OXCn.— Botch,  notch,  etc.  Perfect  rhyme,  watch.  Allowable  rhymes, 
much,  such,  etc. 

OXE.— Note,  vote.  mote,  quote,  rote,  wrote,  smote,  denoti 
mote,  devote,  anecdote,  antidote,  etc.     Perfect  rh  i/""-,  boat,  coal 
doat,  gloat,    Root,   goat,   oat,   overfloat    afloat,    throat,    moat.     Allowable 
bout,  flout,  etc.,  hot,  cot.  etc.,  but.  cut,  etc.,  boot.  hoot.  etc. 

OXH.— Broth,  cloth,  froth,  moth,  troth,  betroth.     Perfect  rhyme,  wrath. 
tble  rhymes,  both,  loth,  sloth,  oath,  growth,  etc  •    noun 

mouth,  and  the  solemn  auxiliary  doth    to  which  some  poets  add  loathe, 
clothe,  but  I  think  improperly.     See  OOXH. 

OU,  .see  OO  and  OW.     Ol'BT,   see  Ol'T. 

Ol'CH.  —  Couch,  pouch,  vouch,  slouch,  avouch,  crouch.  Alloieable 
rhymes,  much,  such,  etc. ,  coach,  roach,  etc. 

O U 19, — Shroud,  cloud,  proud,  loud,   aloud,  crowd,  overshroud,  etc,  "nd 
the  preterits  and  participles  of  verbs  fnow,  as  )i «-  bowed,  vowed,  etc.     Allou> 
tmes,  the  preterits  and  participles  of  verbs  in  ow,  as  owed,  flowed, 
etc.,  blood,  flood,  etc.,  bud,  mud.  etc. 

OVE.  —  Wove,   inwove,    interwove,    alcove,    clove.    [ 
strove,  throve,  drove.     Allowable  rhymes,  dove,  love,  shove    - 
etc.,  move,  behoove,  approve,  disprove,  disapprove,  improve,  groove,  prove, 
reprove,  etc. 

OUOH,  see  OFF.  OW  and  X'FF. 

orGHT.  —Bought,  thought,  ought,  brought,  forethought,  fought, 
nought,  sought,   wrought,   bi  thought,   methought 

rhymes,  aught,  naught,  caught,  taught,  etc. ,  someffmes  draught. 
able  rhymes,  not,   yacht,  etc  .  note,  vote,  etc,  butt,  hut,  etc 
etc. 

OUL,  see  OLE  and  OWL, 

Ol'  I.. If.  —  Mould.  fold,  old  I    the   preterits 

•  ,  , ..  ,,-.-..  i    ,.i  I,  cajoled,  etc 

preterits  and  participles  of  verbs  in  nil.  as  gulled, 

pulled,  etc. 

OITNCE.— Bounce,    Bourn  ,    pounce,   ounce,   denounce,  pro- 

is 

OV\II.— Bound,    found,    mound,   ground,    hound,    pound,    round,  sound 

wound,  abound,  aground,  around,  ifound,  com] 

rebound  ind,  surround,  etc,  andthi 

pies  of  verba  in  own.  as  frowned,  renowned,  etc.     Allowable 
i  of  iterbs  in  on 
sunned,   etc..  consequently  fund,   refund,    etc,  "'"'   wound   (a   hurt',   pro- 
1  -.voond. 
OTTNO,  I   \<; 

OI\T.     Count,  mount,    fount,    amount,  dismount  remount,  surmount. 
account,  discount,  miscount.      Allowable  rhymes,  want,  font,  don't,  won't, 
etc. 
OIP.  see  OOP. 
OI'K.  -  Hmir   lour,  sour.  our.   scour,  deflour,  devour,  etc,   rhym 

flower,   power,  shower,  tower,  etc,  pronowtcfd 
v.    pour,  tour.  moor. 
poor,  etc,  pure.  sure,  ele   .  sir.   stir.  bur,  cur     ■ 

oi'K<a.,        URGE,    oi  km:.       ok\       i  i  rx. 

Ol"  KS.  —Oun  eh  WW  9  perfectly  with  the  plurals  of  nouns  and  third  per- 
sons present   of  verbs   in  our  and  ower,  as  hours,  scours,  deflourS,  bowers. 


534 


V*  >CABULARY    OF    KIM  Ml  >. 


■bowers,  etc    Allowable  rhyme*,  the  pturaU  of  nouns  and  third  p 

I  ' re,  etc  .  cures,  endures 

OIXKS.— Yours  rhymes  perfectly  with  thr  plurals  of  noun*  and 

I    ../"  IMTM  f«  UPS,  0  .I"1"'""''''     i 

■  rhymes  and  the  plural*  of  noun*  mid  third  person* 

C.  in  oor,  ore  and  or,  as  boon,  moors,  etc,  shores,  pon 
■ 
(M   KM.         OROB.    OURT.wORT.    Ol'RTH.^OKTH. 
HI  n.  I  H. 

Ol's.  I   OITOB.— House,    mouse,    chouse,    etc.      Allowable 

etc.,  deuce,  use,  produce,  etc.,  us, 
.  I.-/  the  noun  n<    i 

OISF.,  proi lOsdOVZE,  >"  OWZE, 

OVT.     Bout,  stout,  out,   clout,    pout)    gout,    grout,   route,  scout,  shout, 

it,  without,  throughout,  etc., 

■    doubt,  misdoubt,  drought,  etc.     Allowable 

rhymes,  ""t-  CIt-"-  •  nut- 

ihUt,   I '.   DO 

OUTII.- Month,  south,  when  noun*  have  the  th  sharp.     The  verbs  to 

itb,  may  allowably  rhyme  with  booth,  smooth,  etc.,  which  see. 

OW.  sounded  Ol'.  -Now,  bow,  bow,  mow,  cow,  brow,  plow,  bow,  tow, 

itow,  sllow,  disallow,  endow,  etc      Perfect  rfti/mcs.  bough,  plough, 

slough,  (mire),  eta,  thou.     Allowable  rhymes,  go,  no.  blow, 

OW(  soimded  OWE-     Blow,  si     ■  oow,  Bow,  glow,  grow,  know, 

low,    mow,    row,    shOS  StOW,    slow,    mm.w,    throw,    trow,  below. 

bestow,  foreknow,  outgrow,  overgrow,  orerflow,  overthrow,   reflov 
show,  etc.    Perfect  rhymes,  go,   no,  toe,  foe,  owe,  wo.  oh,  so,  lo,  though. 
hoe.  h<<  i    undergo,  dough,  roe,  sloe,  and  the  verb  to  sev 

lllowable  rhymes,  now,  cow,  row,  do,  eta     ff«  the  last  article, 

OWL,  sss  OLE.- Cowl,   growl,   owl.   fowl,   bowl,   prowl,  etc. 

rhymes,  scowl,  foul,  eta     Allowable  rhymes,  bowl,  soul,  shoal,  goal,  eta, 

duU,  gull,  etc. 

OWX,  tee  OWE.— Brown,   town,  down,  crown,  down,  drown,   frown, 

mbrown,  eta     Perfect  rhyme,  noun.    Allowabl 

rhymes,  sn,  own,  and  the  participles  thrown,  shown,  blown. 

UWME.  **-*■  O  USE. —Blouse.     Perfect    rhymes,  bn  rouse. 

verbs  to  bouse,  we,  etc.,  and  the 

.  rfrs  in  ow,  as  brows, 

Allowable  rhymt  t,  ho  e,  those,  to  dose,  etc 
«>\.    "v,  box,  fox,  equinox,  orthodox,  heterodox,  etc,      P 
the  plurals  of  nouns  and  third  persons  present  of  verba  In  ock,  as  locks, 

:■■■.■■'.    pnes,  the  plurals  of  n t*  and  thit  I  ■ 

in  iik.'.  oak,  and  ack,  as  strokes,  oaks,  cloaks,  sucks,  eta 
.     Boj 
d<    troy,  enjoy,  employ. 
OZE,  SSS  OSE. 

u 

UB.  —Cub,   club,   dub.   drub,   grub,    rub,   snub,    shrub,    tub.      Allowable 

rhymes,  cube.  tube,  eta,  cob,  rob,  i  tc 
I'BE.- Cube.  tube.      Allowable  rhymes,  club,  cub.  eta 
VCE.— Truce,  sluice,  spruce,  deuce,  conduce,  deduce,  induce,  introduce. 

I  i  |ioe(  reduce,  etc  .  rhyme  perfectly  with  the  nouns 

m  age,  recluse. 

I   i   II.  IT<  II. 

UCK.— Buck,    luck,    pluck,    stick,    struck,    tuck,   truck,  duck.     Allowable 

rhyme*,  puke,  duke,  eta,  look,  took,  eta 

l<l  ■   lact,  deduct,  Instruct,  obstruct,  aqueduct     Perfect  rhymes. 

thr  preterits  and  participle*  >>f  verb*  (n  nek,  as  ducked,  sucked,  eta  Al- 
lowable rhymes,  the  preterit*  and  participles  of  verb*  in  uke  and  ook,  as 
puked,  hooked,  eta 

I    II.  -Bud,  scud,  stud.  mud.  cud,  rhyme  perfectly   with    blood  and  flood. 
Allowable  rhyme*,  good,  ho  ide,  latitude, 

nil,.     Rude,  eruda  prude,  allude,  conclude,  delude,  elude,  exclude,  ex- 

1  i  ude,  gratitude,  inter- 
longitude,  in  ■  Itude,  solitude, 

ha  bll  ud<  .    Ingi  i  ode,    plenitude, 

tervltude,  similitude,  etc    P  ■   feud,  eta  .  and 

•  ..■I  participlt     ■  '  a      l*     ed  Allow- 

l     etc   ,  k* I.  h I,  etc.,  blood,  flood,  etc. 

I  IMiF.  -Judge,  drudgi  tiu.ige,  prejudge. 

IE.  tet    EW, 

PPP.  -Buff,  cuff,  bluff,    huff,  gruff,    luff.    puff,    snuff,   stuff,  ruff,  rebuff, 
■fret  rhymes,  POUgh,  tOUgh,  enough,  slough  (cast  «Wn  >, 

chough,  eta     Allowable  rhymes,  loaf,  oaf,  etc. 

1    IT.- Tuft.      Perfect    rhymes,  the   preterit*   and   participles  of  verbs  in 

iffed,  stuffed. 
CO.— Lug,  bug.  dug.  drug,   hug.   rug,    slug.    snug,  mug,  shrug,  pug.     At- 

I  ICE,         l  BE.    I  lsK.  -      ESS  ond  USE.     1'IE.  see  IE. 

UKE.— Duke,  puke,    rebuke,   etc.      W  I    rhymes,  cook,  look, 

■  .'.  rh  vmss,  duck,  buck 

II.  and  CXI*.— Call,  dull,  gull,  hull,  lull,  mull,  null,  trull,  skull,  an* 
nul,  -I  tool,  etc.,   wool,  bull,  pull.  full, 

bountiful,  fanciful.  dutiful,   merciful,   wonderful,  woi 

uting  in   ful.    having  nultimate 

syllable. 

I'F.E.     Hule,    pii!'  ilcule,    misrule.      Allowable 

rhymes,  cull,  dull,  wool,  full,  bountiful.     See  thr  last  article, 

ri.GE.- Bulge,  Indulge,  divulge,  etc. 

U.K.    Bulk,  bulk,  skulk 

UXiSE.  ■  P  ilse,  repulse,  Impulse,  expnlse,  con' 

Vtlt.  -RV    nit    adult,  exult,  consult,  Indult,  occult,  insult,  difficult.     .4/ 
lowablt  rh  vrnes,  coll .  bolt .  Btc 

I   m  'in.  gum,   hum.  mum,   scum,  plum,   stum,  sum, 

swum,  thrum.      Perfect  rhyme*,  thumb,  dumb,   succumb,  come,   b 

ime  bnrtbensome,  cumbersome,  frolicsome,  humorsome, quarrelsome, 


lom,  Christendom.    Allowable  rhyme*,  \ 
rheum,  and  room,  doom,  tomb,  hecatomb 
I'M  E. —  Fume,  plume,  assume,  oonsume,  perfume,  resume,  presumi  .  di 

plum.'. 

I* MP.— Bump,  pump.  Jump,  lump,  plump,  trump,  stump,  rump,  thump 
i  \      Dun,  gun,  nun,  pun,  run,  sun,  shun,  tun,  stun,  spun,  begun      Psi* 
feet  rAymss,  son,  won,  ton,  done,  one,  none,  undonn     Allowable  rhyme*, 
■  'mi',  pi  one,  eta     R*    OH". 
I  \<  I".     i  >unoe,  on  b,  etc      Allowable  i  ■'■  .         oou 
IXcis".    Bunch,  punch,  hunch,  lunch,  munch. 

I'XIs.    Fund,  refund.     Perfect  rhymes,  the  preterits  and  participle*  of 
in,  a 

I  \  K.    June,  rune,  untune.  Jejune,  prune,  Importune,  eta   Nearly  \ 

rhyme*,  in i.  SOOn,  StO.      Allowable  rhyme*,  bun,  dun 

I    \i.  M-,    .lung,    Hung,    bung.    rung,    strung.    Sang,    Sprung,    -luntr, 

stung,  sw  ang,  ai  n  I 

song,  li  rag,  sta 

l"\4iE.    Plunge,  spunge,  expunge,  eta 

l'\  K.    Drunk,  sunk,  shrunk,  stunk,  spunk,  punk,  trunk,  slunk.     !'■  rfeet 
rh  smi .  monk. 

PUT.      Brunt,  blunt,  hunt.  runt,  grunt.      Perfect    rhyme,  wont  i  f  o  be  ar 

custom* 
UP,- Cup,  sup.  up.     Allowable  rhymes,  cope,  scope,  and  dupe,  group, 

I    1*1  upt,   lorrupt,   Interrupt.      Perfect   rhyme*,  the    p 

verb*  m  up.  a*  supped,  eta 

l*It.    Blur,   cur,   bur.   fur.  slur,   spur,   concur,  demur,    In 

Br,  i  tc      Allowable  rftintu  s,  pore, 
,  , 

I'RB.     Curb,  disturb.      Nearly  perfect  rhyme*,  verb,  herb,  etc.      Allow- 
able  rhyme,  orb. 

t   It*   II       l  h  IP  n,  lurch,   birch.     Yearly  perfect   rhymes,  porch,  search. 
Allowable  rhyme,  porch. 

I   It  li.     i  mil,  :ii.-ur.i.     Perfect  rhymes,  bird,  word,  and  (ft*  prrfei 
participlt  ■      :   .     ■  .i      Allowabl*  rhymes,  board,  ford,  cord, 

lord,  etc  i  ore,  oar  and  or,  as 

■  ■  1 1 .  .i    .ii. i  ed,  etc  .  also  th*    pi  stem!  -  and  participlt 

cured,  Immured,  eta     8et  oitli. 

l*RE.    Cure,  pure,  dure   lure,  sure,  adjure,  allure,  assure,  demon    con 
jure,  endure,  manure,  enure,  Insure,  Immature,  Immure,  mature,  ob 

■  .  secure,  calenture,  coverture,  ei ;  Invi  tlture,  forfeiture,  fur- 
niture, n iiuiv,  nviTliire.  piirtntilure,  primogeniture  t-uup-u  iilui .-.  Al- 
lowable rhymes,  i r,  moor,  power,  sour,  etc.,  cur,  bui  .  -  b 

VKF.  -Turf,  scurf,  etc. 

IKOE.- Purge,  nrge,  surgi     leourge      Perfect  rhymes,  verge,  diverge, 
etc.     Allowable  rhymt  i,  gorge    George,  etc  ,  fori 

IKK.- Lurk,  Turk.     Perfect  rhyme,  work.     Nearly  perfect  rhymes,  irk, 
jerk,  perk. 

I  HI,,    srs  IKI..    -Churl,  curl,  furl,  hurl,  purl,  uncurl,  unfurl.       Nearly 

perfect  rhymes,  girl,  twirl,  Btc  .  pearl,  i 

i  k\.    Burn,  churn, spurn,  turn,  urn,  return, overturn.  Perfect  rhymes, 
sojourn,  adjourn,  rejourn. 

tTRHE.  -  Nurse,  curse,   purse,   accuj  se,   disburse,    Imburse     relml 

rAinne.  worse         Alh-ic-ihle    rhymes,   coarse,   COrSC,   roroS,   VOI 

horse,  eta 

I    ICST.— Burst,  curst,  accurst,  etc.     Perfect  rhyme*,  thirst,  worst,  tlrst. 
I'KT.   -Blurt,  hurt,  spurt.     Perfect  rhyim  s,  dirt,  shirt,  Blrt,  squirt,  eta 
Allowable  rhym       \  irt,  short,  snort,  etc 

I  s.    r/s,  thus,  buss,  truss,  discuss,  Incubus,  overplus,  amorous,  bolster- 

■  ■ 

alous,  frivolous,  hazardous,  IdoTatroufl    Infai is  miraculous,  ml«ohlevous, 

mountainous,  mutinous,  necessitous,   numerous,  ominous,  perilous,  poison- 

■  uiou  .  pi  o  pel  -ii-.  i  Idlculous,  i  lotous,  n u       can  I 

edulons,    traitoi  torou      tyrannous,   renoi s,  vlll  ■ 

,  !   ,  Fituroui    adulterous    ambiguous,  blasphemous,  dolorous,  for- 

iu  ,  gluti i  .  gratuitous,  Incredulous,  lecherous  libidinous, 

magnanimous,  obstreporou      odorlferon  .  ponderon      rai    nous,    rigorous, 

tlmoron  i,  i  Joron  .  unanl i     c Worn 

ibuse,  diffuse,  excuse,  nu  iwbtolo        and  the 

i.  no  ,  Juice, 

l  BE,  withth*  s  i-nre.  —  The  not-,  abuse   deuce,  truoi 

feet  rhyme*,  th.    verb  t"  I-  loose,  moose.     Allowable 

rhyme*,  us,  thus,  buss,  etc. 
I  he  (sounded    I'ZE.  -Muse,  (he  verb*  to  use,  abuse,  amuse 

use.   peruse,   refuse,  suffuse,  transfuse,  accusa     Perfect 
indl       \p  '  verbs  in 

ne,  as  dews,  Imbues,  eta     Allowable  rhymes,  buz/   does,  eta 
Vail.    Blush,  brush,  crush,  gush,  Bush,  rash,  hush.    ^Ilowaols  rhymes, 
bush,  push. 
VSK.     Busk,  tusk,   dusk,  husk.  musk. 
USX.— Bust,    crust,   .lust,    just,    must,    lust.    rust,    thrust,    trust 

it.  intrust,  mistrust,  unjust,  robust      Perfect  rhyme*, 
the  )„•■  terii    and  participle*  of  vert'-*  In  u--.  ■<* ■  u  -i--.il.  <ii-<-u    -i    •  t.- 

UT.— But.  butt,  cut,  hut,   gat,   glut,  Jut .   nut,  shut.  stmt,  englut,  rut, 
,,.,,,    Biut,  srn  oot.     Allowable  rhyme*,  boot,  etc 

dispute  etc  .  boat,  etc. 

I'l'l'll.      Butch,    Crutch,    Dutch.       Perfect    rhymes,    much.    SUOb      tOUCb, 

PTE.    Brute,  Inte,  flute,  muta  acuta  compute,  confuti  .  dlsputa  dilute, 
depute   Impute    minute    pollute,  refute,  n  i  sb  olute  attribute, 

constitute,   destitute,   dissolute,   execute,    Institute,    In 
I              ,.    prostitute,  resolute    substitute       Perfect   rhyme*,  fruit,  recruit. 
etc.      Illoisooft  rhymes,  t t,  etc. ,  l-.^r .  ,  (.-  .  n..ic,  etc. .  hut,  •■»■• 

I"  X.     Flui    reflux,  eta     Perfect  rhyme*,  the  plural*  of  nouns  and  third 
.  ■   nek,   as  ducks,    trucks,  ""*'*■  thr 

■<<»*  and  third  persons  of  verbs  in  ook,  uke.  oak.  etc..  as  cooks, 
puke-,  oaks.  etc. 

Y,  see  IE. 


536 


ANIi    KVKK    THE    TKUTII    COMES    DPPEEMOST,    AND    EVEE    IS    JUSTICE    DONE. 


ETERNAL    JUSTICE. 


BY    CHABLE8    MACKAT. 


)  HE  man  is  thought  a  knave  or  fool, 
at  plotting  crime, 
Who,  for  the  advancement  of  his  race, 

1-  u  iser  than  his  time. 

mlock  Bhall  die  till, 

For  hiiii  the  &xe  he  bared; 
For  iiim  the  glbbel  Bhall  be  bnilt; 

For  him  the  Btake  prepared: 
Him  Bhall  the  Bcqrn  and  wrath  of  men 

Pursue  with  deadly  aim; 
And  malice,  envy,  spite  and  lies, 

Sb  ill  desecrate  hi-  name. 
Bnl  truth  Bhall  conquer  al  the  last, 

For  round  and  round  we  run. 
Ami  ever  the  right  comee  uppermost, 

Ami  ever  is  justice  done. 

Pack  throagta  thy  cell,  old  Socrates, 

Cheerily  to  and  fro; 
Trust  to  the  Impulse  of  thy  soul 

And  lei  the  poison  flow. 
They  may  shatter  to  earth  the  lamp  of  clay 

That  holds  a  light  divine, 
But  they  cannot  quench  tin-  fire  of  thought 

I      any  such  deadly  wine. 
They  cannot  blot  thy  spoken  words 

From  the  memory  of  man, 
i:  rewed 

. 

row  adored, 

S<»  round  and  round  we  run. 
And  ever  the  truth  comes  uppermost, 

And  ever  is  justice  done. 

■pLOD  in  thy  cave,  gray  Anchorite; 

Be  wiser  than  thy  peers; 
Augment  tin-  range  of  human  power. 

And  trust  to  coming  3  e 
They  may  call  thee  wizard, and  monk  accursed. 

And  load  thee  with  dispi 
Tbon  wertborn  five  hundred  years  to 

For  Hi"  comfort  of  thy  d 


But  not  tOO  soon  for  human  kind: 

Time  bath  reward  in  store ; 
And  th  1  our  sires  become 

The  sainl  ■  thai  we  adore. 
The  blind  can  see,  the  slave  is  lord; 

So  round  and  round  w<-  run. 

And  ever  11.  proved  to  be  wrong. 

And  ever  is  justice  done. 

T7eep,  Galileo,  to  thy  thought. 

And  nerve  thy  bou!  to  bear; 
They  maygloat  over  the  Benselese  words  they 

From  the  pangs  of  thy  despair.  [wring 

They  may  veil  their  eyes,  but  they  cannot  hide. 

The  sun's  meridian  glow; 
The  heel  of  a  priest  ma)  tread  thee  down. 

And  a  tyrant  work  thee  woe; 

But  never  a  truth  has  been  destroyed: 

They  may  curse  it  and  rail  it  a  crime; 
Pervert  and  betray,  or  -1  tnder  and  - 

It-  teachers  for  a  time ; 
But  th--  sunshine  aye  -hall  light  the  -ky. 

A-  round  and  round  we  run; 
And  the  truth  shall  ever  come  uppermost. 

And  justice  shall  be  done. 


n 


nd  live  th  :li  mm  as  these  — 

With  thoughts  like  the  greal  of  old? 
Many  have  died  in  their  mi-fry. 

And  left  their  thought  untold. 
And  many  live,  ami  an-  ranked  as  mad, 

And  placed  in  the  ''old  world's  ban. 
For  Bending  their  bright,  far-seeing  souls 

Tim-.-  centuries  in  the  van; 
They  t<-il  in  pennry  and  grief, 

Unknown,  if  not  maligned; 
Forlorn,  forlorn,  bearing  the  scorn 

of  the  meanest  of  mankind; 
But  yel  the  world  goes  round  and  round 

And  'in-  genial  seasons  run, 
And  ever  the  truth  conns  uppermost. 

And  •■■  done. 


" "" 


•O    LAND    BEYOND    THE    SETTING    SIN. 


m% 


I.AM)  beyond  the  setting  sun! 

O    realm    more    fair    than    poet's 
dream  I 
How  clear  thy  silvery  streamlets  run. 
How    bright    thy    golden    glories 
gleam ! 

^Jjj)^**^   Earth  holds  no  counterpart  of  thine; 
The    dark -browed   Orient,   jewel- 
crowned. 
Pales,  as  she  bows  before  thy  shrine. 
Shrouded  in  mystery  BO  profound. 

he  dazzling  Xorth,  the  stately  West, 
Whose  rivers  How  from  mount  to  sea; 
The  South,  flower-wreathed  in  languid  rest. 
What  are  they  all  compared  with  thee? 

All  lands,  all  realms  beneath  yon  dome, 

Where  God's  own  hand  hath  hung  the  stars, 

To  thee  with  humblest  homage  come, 
O  world  beyond  the  crystal  bars! 

Thou  blest  hereafter!     Mortal  tongue 
Hath  striven  in  vain  thy  speech  to  learn. 

And  fancy  wanders,  lost  among 

The  flowery  paths  for  which  we  yearn. 

But  well  we  know,  that  fair  and  bright, 

Far  beyoud  human  ken  or  dream, 
Too  glorious  for  our  feeble  sight, 

Thy  skies  of  cloudless  azure  beam. 


We  know  thy  happy  valleys  lie 
In  green  repose,  supremely  blest ; 

We  know  against  thy  sapphire  sky 
Thy  mountain  peaks  sublimely  rest. 


And  -oinetimes  even  now  we  catch 
Faint  gleamings  from  the  far-off  shore, 

And  -till  with  eager  eye-  we  watch 
For  one  sweet  sign  or  token  more. 

For  oh,  the  deeply  loved  are  there' 
The  brave,  the  fair,  the  good,  the  wise. 

Who  pined  for  thy  serener  air, 

Nor  shunned  thy  solemn  mysteries. 

There  arc  the  hopes  that,  one  b\ 
Died  even  as  we  gave  them  birth; 

The  dreams  that  passed  ere  well  begun. 
Too  dear,  loo  beautiful  for  earth. 


The  aspirations,  strong  of  wing, 

Aiming  at  heights  we  could  not  reach; 

The  SOngS  we  tried  in  vain  to  Sing; 
Thoughts  too  vast  for  human  speech; 

Thou  hast  them  all.  Hereafter!     Thou 
Shalt  keep  them  safely  till  that  hour 

When,  wiih  God's  seal  on  heart  and  brow, 
We  claim  them  in  immortal  power! 


NEVER  AGAIN. 


[EVER  again  will  the  roses  blow 

For  us  as  the  roses  we  used  to  know. 

Oh!  never  again  will  the  wide  sky  hold 
Such  wealth  of  glory  and  sunset  gold; 

And  never  again  will  I  whisper,  dear, 
The  pleasant  fancies  you  smiled  to  hear; 


Never  again  I  for  the  dream  is  done 

That  a  word,  and  a  look,  and  a  touch  begun. 

Love,  if  we  always  Could  dream,  ah,  then! 

The  words  are  is  ■  id  as  ••  it  might  have  i>een ! " 

For  us,  there  is  nothing  but  memory. 

In  the  coming  da)  -.  of  what  could  not 

Love,  you  are  near  me,  end  yet 

As  the  round  earth  is  from  the  fartherest  -tar. 

Kiss  me  and  smile  In  my  eye-  once  more. 

Tho'  your  lips  should  quiver,  and  tear-;  run  o'er. 

Put  your  hand  in  mine  for  one  moment,  one. 

And  tli-  bye,  for  the  dream  is  done! 


538 


'SHE    [SN'i     HALF    BO    HANDSOME    AS    WIIKN,  TWINTV    Vi:\i;s    agone. 


w---' 


f 

v.. 


^tggM^c-^  HANNAH  JANE 

Hoe 


BY    PETROLEUM    V.    NASHV. 


UK  isn't  li;ilf  so  handsome  an  when,  twenty 

years  b 
At  her  old  home  in  Pike-ton,  Parson  Avery 

made  ae  one; 
TUe  great  bouse  crowded  full  of  guests  of 

«-\  ery  degreei 
The  girls  all   envying   Hannah  Jam-,    the 

boys  all  envying  me. 

Hit  finders  then  wriv  taper,  and  her  Bkin  as  white  as  milk, 
Her  brown  hair — what  a  mess  it  was!  and  soft  and  tine  as  silk; 
No  wind-moved  wtllon  by  a  brook  bad  ever  such  a  grace, 
The  form  of  Aphrodite,  with  a  purr  Bladonna  face. 

She  had  hut  meagre  schooling;  her  little  notes,  to  me, 
Were  full  of  crooked  pot-hooks,  and  the  worst  orthography; 

Her  "  dear  "  she  Spelled  With  double*,  and  "  ki-s  "  with  but  one  s; 
But  when  onr's  crazed  with  passion,  what's  a  letter  more  or  less? 

Sin-  blundered  ill  her  writing,  and  she  blundered  when  she  spoke, 
And  every  rule  of  syntax,  thai  old  Murray  made,  she  broke; 

But  sh<  was  beautiful  and  fresh,  and  I — well,  I  was  young; 
Her  form  and  face  o*erbalanced  all  the  blunders  of  her  tongue. 

I  was  but  little  better.      True,  I'd  longer  been  at  school; 
M\  tongue  and  pen  were  run,  perhaps,  a  little  more  by  rule; 
But  that  was  all.      The  neighbors  round,  who  both  of  US  well  knew, 
Said — which  I  believed— she  was  the  better  of  the  two. 

All's  ehanged:   tli,-  IL'ht  of  seventeen  's  no  longer  in  her  eyes; 
Her  wavy  hair  is  gone — that  loss  the  coiffeur's  art  supplies; 

Her  form  Is  thin  and  angular;   she  slightly  forward  bends; 
Her  fingers,  once  so  shapely,  now  are  stumpy  at  the  ends. 

She  know-  but  very  little,  and  in  little  are  we  one; 

The  beauty  rare,  that  inure  than  hid  that  gnat  defect,  is  gone. 

m  \  parvenu  relations  now  deride  my  homely  wife, 
And  pity  me  that  I  am  tied,  to  such  a  clod,  for  life. 

I  know  there  Is  a  difference;  at  reception  and  levee. 

The  brightest,  wittiest,  and  most  famed  Of  women  smile  on  me; 
Ami  everywhere  I  hold  my  place  among  the  greatest  men; 
And  sometimes  sigh,  with  v7hlttler*s  judge,  "Alas!  it  might  have 
been. " 

When  they  all  crowd  around  me,  stately  dames  and  brilliant  belles, 
And  yield  to  me  the  homage  that  all  great  success  compels, 

I I  nssfng  art  and  -tate- craft,  and  literature  as  well. 

From  Homer  down  to  Thackeray,  and  Sweden borg  on  "Hell," 

I  can't  forget  that  from  these  streams  my  wife  has  never  quaffed, 
:  i  er  with  *  tphelia  wept,  nor  with  -lack  Paletafl  Laughed ; 

Of  authorSi  actors,  artists — why,  she  hardly  knows  the  names : 

pi  while  I  was  speaking  on  the  Alabama  claims. 


I  can't  forget— just  at  this  point  another  form  appears — 
Tin-  wife  I  wedded  a-  she  was  before  my  prosperous  years; 
1  travel  o'er  the  dreary  road  we  traveled  side  by  Bide, 
And  wonder  what  my  share  would  be,  if  Justice  should  divide. 

She  had  four  hundred  dollars  left  her  from  the  <>id  estate; 

On  that  we  married,  and,  thu-  poorly  armored,  faced  our  fate, 
1  wrestled  with  my  books;    her  task  was  harder  far  than  mine — 

'Twas  how  to  make  two  hundred  dollars  do  the  work  of  nine. 
At  laBt  I  was  admitted;  then  I  bad  my  legal  lore. 

An  Office  with  B  Btove  and  desk,  of  book-  perhaps  a  score; 
She  had  her  beauty  and  her  youth,  and  some  housewifely  skill, 
And  love  for  me  and  faith  in  me,  and  back  of  that  a  will. 

I  had  no  friends  behind  in. — no  influence  to  aid; 
I  worked  and  fought  for  every  little  inch  of  ground  1  made. 
And  bow  she  fought  beside  mel  never  woman  lived  on  leSSJ 
In  two  long  years  she  never  spent  a  single  cent  for  dreSS, 

Ahl  how  she  cried  for  Joy  when  my  first  legal  fight  was  won, 

When  our  eclipse  passed  partly  by,  ami  we  Stood  in  I  he  sun  : 
The  fee  was  fifty  dollars — 't  was  the  work  of  half  B  year — 
First  captive,  lean  and  scraggy,  of  my  legal  how  and  spear. 

I  well  remember  when  my  tout  (the  only  one  I  had) 
Was  seedy  grown  and  threadbare,  and.  in  fari,  most  shocking  bad, 
The  tailor's  stern  remark  when  1  a  modest  order  made: 
"Cash  is  the  basis,  sir,  on  which  we  tailors  do  our  trade.  " 

Her  winter  cloak  WSS  in  his  shop  by  noon  that  very  day; 

She  wrought  on  hickory  shirts  at  night  that  tailor's  skill  to  pay; 

1  got  a  coat,  and  wore  it;  but  alas!  poor  Hannah  .lane 

Ne'er  went  to  church  or  lecture  till  warm  weather  came  again. 

i  mr  Becond  season  she  refused  a  cloak  of  any  sort. 
That  I  might  have  a  decent  suit  in  which  V  appear  in  court; 
She  made  her  last  year's  bonnet  do,  that  I  might  have  a  bat: 
Talk  of  the  old-time,  flame-en\  eloped  martyrs  after  that ! 

No  negro  ever  worked  so  hard;   a  servant's  pay  to  save, 
She  made  herself  most  willingly  a  household  drudge  and  slav< 

What  wonder  that  she  never  read  a  magazine  or  book. 
Combining  as  she  did  in  one,  nurse,  house  maid,  seamstress,  cook. 

What  wonder  that  the  beauty  (led,  thai   I  once  so  adored  '. 
Her  beautiful  complexion  my  fierce  kitchen  fire  devoured; 
Her  plump,  soft,  rounded  arm  was  once  to.,  fair  to  he  concealed : 
Hard  work  for  me  that  softness   into   sinewy  strength  congealed. 

I  was  her  altar,  and  her  love  the  -arritiri;,]  flame: 

Ah!  with  what  pure  devotion  She  tO  that  altar  came. 

And,  tearful,  flung  thereon — alas  !    I  did  not  know  it  then — 

All  that  she  was,  and  more  than  that,  all  that  she  might  have  been! 


««.< 


v&^ 


-»-fe- 


-^••' 


->»*- 


"the  hen  with  one  chicken." 


At  last  I  won  success.      Ah  I  then  our  lives  were  wider  parted: 
I  was  far  up  the  rising  road;  she,  poor  girl !  where  we  started. 
I  had  tried  my  speed  and  mettle,  and  gained  strength  in  every  race; 
I  was  far  up  the  heights  of  life— she  drudging  at  the  base. 

She  made  me  take  each  fall  the  stump;  she  said  H  was  my  career; 
The  wild  applause  of  list'ning  crowds  was  music  to  my  ear. 
What  stimulus  had  she  to  cheer  her  dreary  solitude? 
For  me  she  lived  on  gladly,  in  unnatural  widowhood. 

She  couldn't  read  my  speech,  but  when  the  papers  all  agreed 
'T  was  the  best  one  of  the  session,  those  comments  she  could  read ; 
And  with  a  gush  of  pride  thereat,  which  I  had  never  felt, 
She  sent  them  to  me  in  a  note,  with  half  the  words  misspelt. 

I  to  the  legislature  went,  and  said  that  she  should  go 
To  see  the  world  with  me,  and,  what  the  world  was  doing,  know. 
With  tearful  smile  she  answered,  "No!  four  dollars  is  the  pay; 
The  Bates  House  rates  for  board  for  one  is  just  that  sum  per  day." 

At  twenty-eight  the  State-house;  on  the  bench  at  thirty-three; 
At  forty  every  gate  in  life  was  opened  wide  to  me. 


I  nursed  my  powers,  and  grew,  and  made  my  point  in  life;   but 

she — 
Bearing  such  pack-horse  weary  loads,  what  could  a  woman  he? 

What  could  she  be?  Oh,  shame  1  I  blush  to  think  what  she  has  been, 
The  most  unselfish  of  all  wives  to  the  BelfisheBt  of  men. 
Yes.  plain  and  homely  now  Bhe  is;  she's  ignorant,  't  is  true; 
For  me  she  rubbed  herself  quite  out;  I  represent  the  two. 

Well,  I  suppose  that  I  might  do  as  other  men  have  done — 
First  break  her  heart  with  cold  neglect,  then  shove  her  out  alone. 
The  world  would  say  't  was  well,  and  more,  would  give  great 

praise  to  me. 
For  having  borne  with  "  such  a  wife  "  so  uncomplainingly. 

And  shall  I?     No!     The  contract  'twixt  Hannah,  God  and  me, 
Was  not  for  one  or  twenty  years,  but  for  eternity. 
No  matter  what  the  world  may  think;  I  know,  down  in  my  heart, 
That,  if  either,  I'm  delinquent;  she  has  bravely  done  her  part. 

There's  another  world  beyond  this:  and,  on  the  final  day, 
Will  intellect  and  learning  'gainst  such  devotion  weigh? 
When  the  great  one,  made  of  us  two,  is  torn  apart  again, 
I'll  fare  the  worst,  for  God  is  just,  and  He  knows  Hannah  Jane. 


i 


BY    MARIAN    DOUGLASS. 


anE  white  turkey  was  dead!    The  white  turkey 
was  dead ! 
How  the  news  through  the  barn- yard  went 
flying! 
Of  a  mother  bereft,  four  small  turkeys  were 
left, 
And  their  case  for  assistance  was  crying. 
E'en  the  peacock  respectfully  folded  his  tail, 
As  a  suitable  symbol  of  sorrow, 
And  his  plainer  wife  said,  **  now  the  old  bird  is  dead, 

Who  will  tend  her  poor  chicks  on  the  morrow'/ 
And  when  evening  around  them  comes  dreary  and  chill. 
Who  above  them  will  watchfully  hover?" 
11  Two  each  night  I  will  tuck 'neath  my  wings,11  said  the  Duck, 

il  Though  I  have  eight  of  my  own  I  must  rover '.  " 
"I  have  so  much  to  do!     For  the  Ihil's  ami  the  worms, 
In  the  garden,  't  is  tiresome  pickin1  : 
I've  nothing  to  spare — for  my  own  I  mast  care," 
Said  then  the  Hen  with  one  chicken. 


il 


ow  I  wish,"  said  the  Goose,  "I  could  be  of  some  use, 
For  my  heart  is  with  love  over-brimming; 


The  next  morning  that's  fine,  they  shall  go  with  my  nine 
Little  yellow-backed  goslings,  out  swimming:  "' 
"I  will  do  what  I  can,"  the  old  Dorking  pal  in, 
41  And  for  help  they  may  call  upon  me  too, 
Though  I've  ten  of  my  own  that  an-  only  half  grown. 

And  a  great  deal  of  trouble  to  see  to; 
But  these  poor  little  things,  they  are  all  head  ami  wings, 
And  their  bones  through  their  feathers  are  stickin'  !  " 
"  Very  hard  it  may  be,  but,  Oh,  don't  conn-  to  me  '  " 
Said  the  Hen  with  one  chicken. 

ilalf  my  care,  I  suppose,  there  is  nobody  knowg, 
I'm  the  most  over-burdened  or  mothers! 

They  must  learn,  little  elves  '  how  to  scratch  for  themselves. 

And  not  seek  to  depend  upon  others." 
She  went  by  with  a  cluck,  and  the  Goose  to  the  Duck 

Exclaimed  with  surprise,   "Well,  I  never:*' 
Said  The  Duck,    "I  declare,  those  who  have  the  least  care. 

You  win  find  are  complaining  forever! 
And  when  all  things  appear  to  look  threatening  and  drear. 

And  when  troubles  your  pathway  :ire  thick  in. 
For  some  aid  in  your  woe.  Oh,  beware  how  you  go 
To  a  Hen  with  one  chicken.  " 


'.4<» 


WHAT    PLANT    WE    IN    THE    APPLE-TREE 


-alVAAAAAAAAAAAA  VAAAAAAAAA  AAA^m      • 


•^>^**N^S^rf 


"    ...<■ 


Wl 


— 1~  *» 
THE  PLANTING  OF  THE  APPLE-TREE. 


P,Y    WILLIAM    CULLBK    BRYANT. 


K  OME,  let  ii-  plant  the  apple-treel 

:  >wanl   with  the 
spade ; 
Wide  lei  its  hollow  bed  be  made; 
There  gently  lay  the  roots,  and  there 
Sift  the  dark  mold  with  kindly  care, 

And  press  it  o'er  them  tenderly, 
A^  round  the  sleeping  Infant's  feet, 
We  Boftly  fold  the  cradle  sheet; 
So  plant  we  the  apple  tree. 

What  plant  we  In  this  apple-treel 

Huils,  which  the  breath  of  summer  days 
Shall  lengthen  into  leafy  sprays; 
Boughs,  where  tin-  thrush,  with  crimson  breast, 
Shall  haunt,  and  sing,  and  hide  her  nest; 

We  plant,  upon  the  sunny  lea, 
A  shadow  for  the  noontide  hour, 
A  shelter  from  the  Bummer  Bbower, 

When  we  plant  the  apple  tree. 

What  plant  we  In  this  apple* tri  i 
Sweets  for  a  hundred  flowery  springs, 
To  load  the  May- wind's  restless  wings, 
When,  from  the  orchard- row,  he  pours 
Its  fragrance  through  our  open  doors; 

A  world  of  blossoms  for  the  bee, 
Flowers  for  the  sick  girl's  Bilent  room. 
For  the  glad  infant  sprigs  of  bloom. 

We  plant  with  the  apple-tree. 

\\  b  it  plant  we  in  this  apple  tree? 

Fruits  that  shall  swell  in  sunny  June, 

And  redden  in  the  August  noon, 

And  drop  ;  le  airs  conn-  by, 

That  fan  the  blue  September  sky; 

While  children,  wild  with  noisy  glee, 
I  heir  fragrance  as  they  p  i 
And  search  ror  them  the  tufted 

At  the  fool  of  I  he  apple-tree. 

And  when,  ahove  this  apple-tree, 
^The  winter  Btars  are  quivering  bright, 

And  winds  go  howling  through  the  night, 
i  rflow  with  mirth, 


Shall  peel  its  fruit  by  cottage  hearth, 

And  guests  in  prouder  homes  shall  see, 
Heaped  with  the  orange  and  the  grape, 
A  -  fair  as  they  in  tint  and  shape, 
The  fruit  of  the  apple  I  ree 

The  fruitage  of  this  apple-tree 
Winds,  and  our  flag  of  Btripe  and  star. 

Shall  be  n     that  1  i  *  -  afar, 

wiu-rc  men  shall  wonder  at  the  view, 
And  ask  in  what  fnr  groves  they  grew; 

And  they  w ho  roam  beyond  tl  i 
Shall  think  of  childhood's  careless  day, 
And  long  hours  passed  in  Bummer  play, 

in  the  shade  of  the  apple-tree. 

1,  ii  b  year  shall  give  the  apple-tree 

A  broader  flush  of  roseate  bloom. 

And  loosen,  when  the  frost-clouds  lower, 

The  crisp  brown  leaves  in  thicker  shower; 

The  years  shall  come  and  pass,  but  we 
Shall  hear  no  longer,  where  we  lie, 
The  summer's  soul',  the  autumn's  sigh, 

In  the  houghs  of  the  apple-tree. 

And  time  shall  waste  this  apple-tree. 

<  1)1.    v.  !■. In   -    t  liri.u 

Thin  shadows  on  the  sward  below, 

Shall  fraud  and  force  and  iron  will 
Oppress  the  weak  and  helpless  still  1 

What  shall  the  tasks  of  mercy  be. 
Amid  the  toils,  the  strifes,  the  tears, 
Of  those  who  live  when  length  of  years 

Is  wasting  this  apple-tree! 

41  Who  planted  this  Old  apple-tree?" 
The  children  of  that  distant  day 
Thus  to  -"Hi'   iged  man  shall  say; 
And.  gazing  on  its  mossy  stem, 

l  ny   haired  man  -hall  answ,  r  them: 

11  A  pi  ie1  of  the  land  was  be, 
Rom  in  the  rude,  but  good  old  times; 
'  TIs  said  i"-  made  some  qnaint  old  i  b 

On  planting  the  apple- tn  e  " 


i 


THE  OLD  OAKEN  BUCKET,  THE  IRON-BOUND  BUCKET. 


:.41 


Et 


-i  ;  '  41  : 


ill < iiitiiiiiiuiiiMiniiiuuiii in iiiiiiiiiiiiiiMir nun  it  11111111111(1111411-  -...nni 


-X^==H^ 


NLa.4«« 


The  Old  Oaken  Bucket. 


S*-5 


_J*L_ 


.lAt 


?At 


j& 


.i*t 


BY    8A3IUEL    WOODWORTH. 


- 


lYo\V  dear  to  this  heart  are  the  scenes  of  my  childhood, 


When  fond 
*   recollection  pre- 
sents them  to  view ! 
The  orchard,  the  mead- 
ow, the  deep-tangled 
wildwood. 
And    every   loved    spot 
which    my  infancy 
knew ! 
The    w  i  d  e  -  s  p  r  e  a  d  i  n  g 
pond,  and    the  mill 
that    stood    by 
it; 
The  bridge,  and  the  rock 
where  the  cataract 
fell ; 
The  cot  of  my  rather, 
t  he    dairy-house 
nigh  it. 
And     e'en      the     rude 
bucket  that  hung  in 
the  well: 

The  old  oaken  backet, 

the    i  ron-b  o  u  n  d 

bucket, 

T  h  e    m  os  s-co  ve  red 

bucket  which  hung 

in  the  well. 


nghat  moss-covert  d 

sel  I   bailed   as  a 
treasure; 
For  often  at  noon,  when 
returned   from  the 
field, 
I  found  it  the  source  o 
an  exquisite  pleas- 
ure, 
The  pnreal  and  sweet- 
est that  nature  can 
yield. 
How   ardent  I    seized   il 


■  ■'■/  oaken  buckets  tkt  iron-bou 
/'/<■  mo8S'Covered  bucket  which  hang  in  tht 


And  quick  to  the  white-pebbled  bottom  it  fell!  ' 

Then    soon,    with    the 
emblem    of    truth 

overflowing. 

And  dripping  with  cool- 
ings, it  rose  from 
the  well: 
The  old  oaken  bucket, 
the  i  ron-bou  nd 
bucket. 

The    moss-covered 

bucket,  arose  from 

the  well. 


TTow     sweet    from     the 

'    gn  brim 

to  receive  it. 

As,  poised  on  the  curb, 
it   inclined  to  my 

lipsi 

Not    a    full,    bin-! 
goblet  could  tempt 

me  to  leave  it. 

The   brightest    that 

beauty   or   revelry 

Bips. 

And  now  far  removed 

from      th< 

habitation, 

The  tear  of  regret  will 

intrusively     - 

As  fancy  reverts  t-»  my 
father's  planta- 
tion, 

I         And  Blghe   for  the 
▼         bucket  that  hangs 
in  the  well: 


with  hands  that  were  glowing, 


The  old  oaken  bucket, 

the   i  r  i*  n-liou  n  d 

bucket. 

The  moss-covered  bucket  that  hangs  in  the  well. 


m;a\\     QP    THE    PAPEES,    LAWYER,    AND    MARK      EM    G '    AND    BTOUT. 


BY    WILL    >I-     CAKI-ETON. 


I  RAW  ap  the  papers,  lawyer,  and  make  'em  good  and 
F«>r  things  at  borne  are  cross  ways,  and  Betsey  and  I  areont. 
We  who  have  worked  together  so  long  as  man  ami  wife, 
.Mii-i  pull  in  -ingle  harness  the  rest  of  our  mitral  life. 

••  What  i-  the  matter?"  say  yon.     I  vow !  it's  hard  to  tell: 
Most  ■'!'  iii^  years  behind  as  we've  passed  bj  very  well; 
l  bave  no  other  woman— she  has  no  other  man. 
Only  we've  lived  together  as  long  a-  ever  we  can. 

So  I've  talked  with  Betsey,  anil  Betsey  has  talked  with  me; 
And  we'i <■  agreed  together  that  we  ran*!  never  agree \ 
Not  that  we've  catched  each  other  in  any  terrible  crime; 
We've  been  a  gatberin'  this  for  years,  a  little  at  a  time. 

i  here  was  a  Btoch  of  temper  we  both  bad  for  a  -tart; 
Although  we  nr'.-r  Buspected  'twould  lake  ii-  two  apart* 
I  hail  my  various  failings,  bred  in  the  flesh  ami  bone. 
And  Betsey,  like  all  good  women,  bad  a  temper  of  her  own. 

'I'll.'  first  thing  1  remember  whereon  we  disagreed, 
\\  i — metbin'  concerning  heaven — a  difference  in  our  creed. 
We  arg'ed  the  thing  at  hreakfa-t —  we  urgVil  the  thing  at  tea — 
And  'h.-  more  we  arg'ed  the  question,  the  more  we  didn't  agree. 

And  tin-  next  that  I  remember  was  when  we  lost  a  cow; 

She  kicked  the  backet,  certain— the  question  waa  only — How? 

1  held  in1,  own  opinion,  and  Betsey  another  bad; 

when  we  were  done  a  talking  we  both  of  us  was  mad. 

Ami  the  next  that  I  remember,  it  started  in  a  joke; 

Hut  full  for  a  week  it  lasted,  and  neither  of  as  spoke. 

\nd  the  next  was  when  i  scolded  bet  ausi   iht  broke  a  bowl; 

\nd  -he  -aid  I  was  mean  and  stim_'y,  ami  hadn't  any  soul. 

Ami  so  that  bowl  kept  pouring  dissensions  in  our  cup; 
Ami  so  that  blamed  cow-critter  was  always  a  comin'  up; 

Ami  BO  that  heaven  we  arg'ed  no  nearer  to  u-  got  | 

Bui  it  gave  Q6  a  taste  <>f  somethin1  a  thousand  times  as  hot. 

\  n  l  BO  the  thing  kept  wnrkin',  and  all  the  Belf-same  way: 

Always  somethin1  i"  ar^'V,  and  somethin1  -harp  to  say. 
And  down  on  us  come  the  neighbors,  a  couple  dozen  -iron-, 
And  lent  their  kindest    -ar\  ue  for  to  help  the  thing  along. 

And  there  h  ber — ami  many  a  weary  week, 

-  both  of  us  cross  and  spunky,  and  both  too  proud  to  speak, 
And  1  have  been  thinkin'  and  tbinldn'  the  whole  of  tin- winter 

and  fall, 
If  1  can't  live  kind  with  a  woman,  why,  then  1  won't  at  all. 

\ni!  bo  I  have  talked  with  Betsey,  and  Betsey  ha-*  talked  with  me, 
And  wi  I  together  that  we  can't  never  agree; 


And  what  i^  her-  shall  be  hers,  and  what  i>  mine  shall  he  mine; 
And  I'll  put  it  in  the  agreement,  and  take  it  to  her  to  sign. 

Write  i"i  the  paper,  lawyer — the  very  tir-t  paragraph — 

llf  all  the  farm  and  live  Mock,   that  -he  -hall  have  her  half; 
For  -be  ha-  helped  l<>  earn  it,  through  many  a  dreary  day. 

And  It's  nothing  more  than  justice  that  Betsey  has  her  pay. 

Give  her  the  house  and  homestead  ;   a  man  can  thrive  and  roam, 

But  women  are  skeery  critters,  unless  they  have  a  borne. 
Ami  1  have  always  determined,  and  never  failed  to  -ay. 

That  Betsey  never  should  want  a  home,  if  I  was  taken  away. 

There" ^  a  little  hard  money  that's  draw  in'  tol'rable  pay; 
A  conple  of  hundred  dollars  laid  by  for  a  rainy  day; 
Safe  in  the  hands  of  good  men,  and  easy  to  gel  at ; 
Put  in  another  Clause,  there,  and  give  her  half  of  that ; 

Tea,  I  see  you  smile,  -ir,  a!  my  giviu'  her  BO  much; 
Yes,  divorce  i-  cheap,   -ir.   but    I   take  no  stock  in  Mich. 
True  and  fair  1  married  her,  when  -he  was  blithe  and  young; 
And  Betsey  was  aTays  good  to  me,  except  with  her  tongue. 

Once,  when  I  was  young  a-  you,  and  not  so  -mart,  perhaps, 

For  tnr    )he  mil  U  USd  a  lawyer,  and  several  Other  chaps; 
And  all  of  'em  wa-  flustered  and  fairly  taken  down. 
And  1  for  a  time  wa-  Connted  'be  luckiest  man  in  town. 

Once,  when  1  bad  a  f.  \.  r— I  won't  forget  it  soon— 
I  w.i-  hoi  '■  turkey  and  crazy  as  a  loon — 

Never  an  hour  went  by  when  she  was  Out  of  Bight ; 

She  nursed  me  true  and  tender,  and  stuck  to  me  day  and  night 

And  if  ever  a  bOUSe  wa-  tidy,  and  evr  a  kitrlmn  Clean, 

Her  house  and  kitchen  was  as  tidy  as  any  i  evt  r  seen; 
And  I  don't  complain  *»f  Betsey  or  any  of  her  acts, 

Excepttn'   when  we've  quarrelled  ami  told  each  Other  facts. 

So  draw  up  the  paper,  lawyer;  and  I'll  go  home  to-night. 
Ami  read  the  agreement  t<>  ber  ami  Bee  if  it's  all  riiriit . 
Ami  then  in  the  morn  in1  1  11  Bell  to  a  tradin"  man  I  know — 

And  ki-*  tin-  Child  that  was  left  to  u-.  ami  out  in  the  world  I'll  go. 

Ami  one  thing  put  in  the  paper,  that  tir-t  to  me  didn't  occur- 
That  when  I'm  dead  at  lust,   BUS  -hall  bring  me  back  to  her; 
And  lay  me  under  the  maples  I  planted  years  airo. 
When  -be  and  I  wa-  happy,  before  we  quarrelled  HO. 

Ami  win  n  -be  die^,   I  w  i-h  that  -In-  would  be  laid  hy  me'. 

And  lyin'  together  in  silence,  perhaps  we  will  agree; 

Ami  if  ever  we  i,n  i  t  m  heaven,  I  wouldn't  think  it  queer 

If  we  loved  each  other  the  better  bee.m-i     we  quarrelled  here. 


'I-. 


-:...--=  .„^.v.  .^..,- 


vv 


"GIVE    US    YOUR    HAND,    MR.   LAWYER:    HOW    DO    YOU    DO    TO-DAY 


r?" 


:,4:; 


M 


mx 


BY    WILL   M.     CARLETON. 


IVE  us  your  hand,  Mr.  Lawyer:  how  do  you  do  to-day? 


You  drew  up  that  paper — I  s'pose  you  want  your  pay. 

Don't  cut  down  your  figures;  make  it  an  X  or  a  V; 

For  that  'ere  written  agreement  was  just  the  makin'  of  me. 


Goin'  home  that  evenin'  I  tell  you  I  was  blue, 
Thinkin'  of  all  my  troubles,  and  what  I  was  goin'  to  do; 
And  if  my  bosses  hadn't  been  the  steadiest  team  alive, 
They'd  've  tipped  me  over,  certain,  for  I  couldn't  see  where  to 
drive. 

No — for  I  was  laborin'  under  a  heavy  load; 
No — for  I  was  travelin'  an  entirely  different  road; 
For  I  was  a-tracin'  over  the  path  of  our  lives  ag'in, 
And  seem'  where  we  missed  the  way,  and  where  we  might  have 
been. 

And  many  a  corner  we'd  turned  that  just  to  quarrel  led, 
When  I  ought  to've  held  my  temper,  and  driven  straight  ahead; 
And  the  more  I  thought  it  over  the  more  these  memories  came, 
And  the  more  I  struck  the  opinion  that  I  was  the  most  to  blame. 

And  things  I  had  long  forgotten  kept  risin'  in  my  mind, 

Of  little  matters  betwixt  us,  where  Betsey  was  good  and  kind; 

And  these  things  flashed  all  through  me,  as  you  know  things 

sometimes  will 
When  a  feller's  alone  in  the  darkness,  and  everything  is  still. 

"  But,"  says  I,  ll  we're  too  far  along  to  take  another  track. 
Ami  when  I  put  ray  hand  to  the  plow  I  do  not  oft  turn  back; 
And  tain't  an  uncommon  thing  now  for  couples  to  smash  in  two;" 
And  so  I  set  my  teeth  together,  and  vowed  I'd  see  it  through. 

When  I  come  in  sight  o'  the  house  'twas  pome'at  in  the  night, 
And  just  as  I  turned  a  hill-top  I  see  tin-  kitchen  light  ; 
Which  often  a  han'some  pictur'  to  a  hungry  person  makes, 
But  it  don't  interest  a  feller  much  that's  goin'  to  pull  up  stakes. 

And  when  I  went  in  the  house,  the  table  was  set  for  me — 

As  good  a  supper  's  I  ever  saw,  or  ever  want  to  see; 

And  1  crammed  the  agreement  down  my  pocket  as  well  as  I  could. 

And  fell  to  eatin'  my  victuals,  which  somehow  didn't  taste  good. 

And  Betsey,  she  pretended  to  look  about  the  house, 

But  she  watched  my  side  coat-pockel   like  a  cat  would  watch  a 

mouse; 
And  then  she  went  to  foolin'  a  little  with  a  cup, 
And  intently  readin'  a  newspaper,  a-holdin'  it  wrong  side  up. 


nin  ijg  i  wm  i:n.ni.i  pa  i.—  i  wt  i  urn 

"BiirnrrB"i  h  i  *•  i  %*  \  *m  i  ■<■  i  u 


Wmm 


.^g*_i--«f'l 


And  when  I'd  done  my  supper,  I  drawed  the  agreement  out, 
And  give  it  to  her  without  a  word,  for  she  knowed    what   'twas 

about; 
And  then  I  hummed  a  little  tune,  but  now  and  then  a  note 
Was  bu'sted  by  some  animal  that  bopped  up  in  my  throat. 

Then  Betsey,  she  got  her  specs  from  off  the  mantel-shelf, 
And  read  the  article  over  quite  softly  to  herself; 
Read  it  by  little  and  little,  for  her  eyes  is  gettin'  old, 
And  lawyers'  writin'  ain't  no  print,  especially  when  its  cold. 

And  after  she'd  read  a  little,  she  gave  my  arm  a  touch, 
And  kindly  said  she  was  afraid  I  was  'lowin'  her  too  much; 
But  when  she  was  through  she  went  for  me,  her  face  a- stream! n1 

with  tears, 
And  kissed  me  for  the  first  time  in  over  twenty  years! 

I  don't  know  what  you'll  think,  Sir — I  didn't  come  to  inquire- 
But  I  picked  up  that  agreement  and  stuffed  it  in  the  fire; 
And  I  told  her  we'd  bury  the  hatchet  alongside  of  the  cow; 
And  we  struck  an  agreement  never  to  have  another  row. 

And  I  told  her  in  the  future  I  wouldn't  speak  cross  or  rash 
If  half  the  crockery  in  the  house  was  broken  all  to  smash; 
And  she  said,  in  regards  to  heaven,  we'd  try  to  learn  its  worth 
By  startin'  a  branch  establishment  and  runnin'  it  here  on  earth. 

And  so  we  sat  a-talkin1  three- quarters  of  the  night. 

And  opened  our  hearts  to  each  other  until  they  both  grew  light: 
And  the  days  when  I  was  winnin'  her  away  from  so  many  men 
Was  nothin'  to  that  evenin'  I  courted  her  over  again. 

Next  mornin'  an  ancient  virgin  took  pains  to  call  on  us. 
Her  lamp  all  trimmed  and  a-bumiu*  to  kindle  another  fuss; 
But  when  she  went  to  pryin'  and  openin'  of  old  sores, 
My  Betsey  rose  politely,  and  showed  her  out-of-doors. 

Since  then  I  don't  deny  but  there's  been  a  word  or  two; 
But  we've  got  our  eyes  wide  open,  and  know  just  what  to  do; 
When  one  speaks  cross  the  other  just  meets  it  with  a  laugh, 
And  the  first  one's  ready  to  give  up  considerable  more  than  half. 

Maybe  you'll  think  me  soft,  Sir,  a-talkin'  in  this  style, 
But  somehow  it  does  me  lots  of  good  to  tell  it  once  in  a  while; 
And  I  do  it  for  a  compliment — 'tis  so  that  you  can  see 
That  that  there  written  agreement  of  yours  was  just  the  makin' 
of  me. 

So  make  out  your  bill,  Mr.  Lawyer:  don't  -top  -hurt  of  an  X; 
Make  it  more  if  you  want  to,  for  I  have  gol  the  checks. 
I'm  richer  than  a  National  Bank,  with  all  it-  treasures  told. 
For  I've  go!  a  wife  at  home  now  that—  worth  tier  Weight  in  gold. 


,B,UML 


H 


I  M  IHI  HN ..M  \  m*  I  m  I  M TB  I  —  I  —  I   u   I   M   I 


H4 


MAUD    MULl.KK,   ON     A    SUMMERS    DAY.    BAKED    THE    MEADOW,  SWEET    WITH    HAY. 


rxj-uxnjT-ruTjTj-LrLn-ruT-ri 


r.Y    JOHN    .;     \v  lllTTIEIl. 


Mmii  Mi-i.i.kii,  "ii  b  eummer'B  rlay, 
linked  tin-  meadowsweet  with  hay. 

Beneath  her  torn  hat  glowed  the  wealth 
or  simple  beauty  and  rustic  health. 


The  sweet  song  died,  and  a  vague  unreal 

And  a  minifies*  loii^iii^  til  led  her  hreaet— 

A  wish,  thai  she  hardly  eland  t<>  own, 
For  something  better  than  she  had  known. 

1 


■•:  ==T 


Raked  the  meadow,  sweet  with 


-.  she  wrought,  and  her  merry  glee 
The  mock-bird  echoed  from  his  tree. 

Bat,  when  she  glanced  to  the  far-off  town, 
White  from  it-  hill  slope  looking  down, 


The  Judge  rode  slowly  down  the  lane, 
hlng  in-  horse's  chestnnt  mane. 

He  drew  bis  bridle  In  tin-  shade 
Of  the  apple-treee  to  greet  thi 


"AND    THE    PROUD    MAN    SIGHED    WITH    A    SECRET    PAIN,    'All,   THAT  I  WERE  FREE  AGAIN  ! 


060000000- 


She  stooped  where  the  cool  spring  bubbles  up 
And  filled  for  him  her  small  tin  cup. 

And  blushed  as  she  gave  it,  looking  down 
On  her  feet  so  bare,  and  her  tattered  gown. 


"Thanks!"  said  the  Judge,  "a  sweeter  draught 
From  a  fairer  hand  was  never  quaffed." 

He  spoke  of  the  grass  and  (lowers  and  trees, 
Of  the  singing  birds  and  the  humming  bees; 

Then  talked  of  the  haying,  and  wondered  whether 
The  cloud  in  the  west  would  bring  foul  weather. 


And  Maud   forgot  her  brier- 
torn  gown, 
And  her  graceful  ankles  bare  ^ 
*  and  brown, 


"  No  doubtful  balance  of  rights  and  wrongs, 
No  weary  lawyers  with  endless  tongues. 


<3CM- 


And  listened,  while  a  pleased 

surprise 

Looked  from  her  long-lashed, 

hazel  eyes. 

At  last,  like  one  who  for  delay 

Seeks  a  vain  excuse,  he   rode 

away. 

Maud   M tiller    looked   and 

sighed:  "Ah  me! 
That  I  the  Judge's  bride  might 
be! 

"He   would  dress  me   up   in 

silks  so  fine, 

And  praise  and  toast  me  at  his 

wine. 

"My    father    would    wear    a 

broadcloth  coat; 

My     brother     should     sail    a 

painted  boat. 

"  I'd  dress  my  mother  so  grand 

and  gay; 

And   the   baby  should   have   a 

new  toy  each  day. 

"  And  I'd  feed  the  hungry  and 

clothe  the  poor,  ©{.«=- 

And  all  should  bless  me  who 
left  our  door." 


1  But  low  of 
And  health. 


cattle,  and  song  of  funis, 

and  quiet,  and  loving  words. 


"But  low  of  cattle,  and  song  of  birds, 
And  health,  and  quiet,  and  loving  words." 

But  he  thought  of  his  sister,  proud  and  cold, 
And  his  mother,  vain  of  her  rank  and  gold. 

So,  closing  his  heart,  the  Judge  rode  on, 
And  Maud  was  left  in  the  field  alone. 

But  the  lawyers  smiled  that  afternoon, 
When  he  hummed  in  court  an  old  love-tune. 


And  the  young  girl  mused  be- 

?    Till  the  rain  on   the  unraked 
clover  fell. 

II«-   wedded  a  wife  of  richest 

dower, 
Who  lived  for  fashion,  as  he  for 

power. 

Yet  oft,  in  his  marble  hearth's 

white  glow, 

He  watched  a  picture  come  and 

go; 

And     sweet    Maud     Muller's 

hazel  eyes 
Looked  out  in  their  innocent 

surprise. 

Oft,  when  the  wine  in  his  glass 

waa  red. 
He  longed  for  the  wayside  well 

instead. 

And    closed    his   eyes   on    his 

garnished  rooms, 

To    dream    of    meadows    and 

clover-blooms; 

And  the  proud  man  sighed  with 

a  secret  pain, 
"  Ah,  that  I  were  free  again  I 

v    "Free    as   when   I   rode    that 
;«*l5  day 

Where    the    barefoot    maiden 
raked  the  hay. " 


The  Judge  looked  back  as  he  climbed  the  hill, 
And  saw  Maud  Mailer  standing  still; 

"A  form  more  fair,  a  face  more  sweet. 
Ne'er  hath  it  been  my  lot  to  meet. 

"  And  her  modest  answer  and  graceful  air 
Show  her  wise  and  good  as  she  is  fair. 

"Would  she  wen-  mine,  and  I  to-day, 
Like  her,  a  harvester  of  hay. 


She  wedded  a  man  unlearned  and  poor. 
Ami  many  Children  played  round  her  door. 

But  fare  and  sorrow,  and  child-birth  pain. 
Left  their  traces  on  heart  and  brain. 

Ami  oft,  when  the  summer  sun  shone  hot 
On  the  new-mown  hay  in  the  meadow  lot, 

And  she  heard  the  little  spring  brook  fall 
Over  the  roadside,  through  the  wall. 


-+CCe  e o  3  e e  g  ae 


546        " FOR  OF  ALL  BAD  WORDS  OF  TONGUE  OR  PEN,  THE  SADDEST  ARE  Till  >i;:   'II    MIGHT  HAVE  BEEN! 


> 


-<■      »w    ff 


■  ■    %U 


In  tin.-  Bbade  of  the  apple-tree  again 
v  ;i  rider  draw  hi?  rein, 

<> 
II 

•  And.   gazing    down    with    timid 

She  fell  in-  [n  read  her 

race. 


Sometimes    her    narrow    kitchen 
walla 

■  stately  halls; 


Tin-    weary  wheel    to   a    splnnei 

turned, 
The  tallow  candle  anaBtral  bnrned; 


And  for  him  who  eat  l>y  the  chim-    _ 

ney  lug, 
Dozing  and   grumbling   o'er    pipe    9* 

;iin!  mug, 


- 


Then  she  took  np  ber  burden  of  tife  b 

Saj  in.-  only,  "  it  might  I 

-4000ff 


1 1    Alas  foi  hi  ddi  d,  alaa  for  Judge, 
Fur  rich  reptner    and    bouaehold    -• 
driiii 

God    pity  thrni    both!    and    pity    Qfl 

all. 

Who  vainly  the  dreami  of  yontb 

recall; 


For  of  all  aad  words  "f  tongue  or 

p.  n, 

The  aaddesl  are  these:  "  11  mlghl 

have  been !  " 


Ab,  welll  for  us   all   -nun-  sweel 
bope  Hi  - 

^jj$.     Deeply  buried  from  human  eyes; 


"And  sht  heard  th*  tUtU  spring-brook  fall 
Ow  i  th*   roo  ■  ■  igh  tfu  wall." 

A  manly  form  at  her  side  she  saw. 

Anil  joy  was  duty  and  love  was  law. 


And,     in     the     hereafter,     angels 
may 
Roll  the  stone  from  Its  grave  aw 


ABSENCE. 


:-■-<-;- 


+*^»a# 


■i—X     .-    . 


*  7''  ii  \r  shall  I  do  with  all  the  days  and  hoars 
"V'        That  must  be  counted,  ere  I  Bee  thy  face? 
/J@Wg£     How  shall  [  ehurm  the  interval  that  lowers 
*->it~'2<        Between  tiiis  time  and  that  sweet  time  of  grace? 


*ha'l  I  in  slumber  Bteep  each  weary  sense — 
Weary  with  longing)    Shall  I  Bee  away 
Into  past  days,  and  with  some  fond  pretense 
I  heat  myself  to  forget  the  present  day? 


(£*hall  love  for  thee  lay  on  my  soul  the  sin 

01  casting  from  me  God's  great  gift  of  time? 
Shall  I,  these  mi-!-  of  memory  locked  within, 
Leave  and  forget  life's  purposes  subll 


Xolh,  how,  or  by  what  means,  may  I  contrive 

To  bring  the  hour  that  brings  thee  buck  more  near? 
How  may  I  teach  my  drooping  hope  to  live 
Until  that  blessed  time,  and  thou  art  here! 


BY    FRANCES    ANNK    KEXBLE. 


J'll  tell  thee;  for  thy  sake,  I  will  lay  hold 
Of  all  good  aims,  and  consecrate  to  thee, 
in  worthy  deeds,  each  moment  that  is  told, 
While  thou,  beloved  one!  art  far  from  me. 


jydr  thee,  I  will  arouse  my  thoughts  to  try 

All  heavenward  (lights,  all  hiijh  and  holy  strains; 
For  thy  dear  sake,  1  will  walk  patient)} 
Through  these  long  hours,  uor  call  their  minutes  pains 

I  win  this  dreary  blank  of  absence  make 

A  noble  task-time;  and  will  therein  strive 
To  rollow  excellence,  and  to  overtake 
More  good  than  I  have  won,  since  yet  I  live. 

(So  may  this  doomed  time  build  Dp  In  me 

A  thousand  graces,  whlcb  shall  thus  be  thine; 
So  may  my  love  and  longing  hallowed  be, 
And  thy  dear  thought  an  Influence  divine* 


[Mi- 


}♦  4>  X- 


■&.   >~\  \> 


-*o->£ 


"ho,  there!  fisherman,  hold  youk  hand! 


•47 


STEAMSHIP. 


BY    FITZ-JAMES    O  BRISK. 


IT 


.  -J^- 


|0,  THERE!  fisherman,  hold  your  hand! 
Tell  me  what  is  that  far  away — 
There,  where  over  the  Isle  of  Sand 
Hangs  the  mist-cloud  sullen  and  gray? 
See!  it  rocks  with  a  ghastly  life, 

Raising  and  roiling  through  clouds  of  spray. 
Right  in  the  midst  of  the  breakers'  strife — 
Tell  me,  what  is  it,  fisherman,  pray? 

"That,  good  sir,  was  a  steamer,  stout 

As  ever  paddled  around  Cape  Race, 
And  many's  the  wild  and  stormy  bout 

She  had  with  the  wind  in  that  self-same  place; 
But  her  time  had  come;  and  at  ten  o'clock 

Last  night  she  struck  on  that  lonesome  shore, 
And  her  sides  were  gnawed  by  the  hidden  rock, 

And  at  dawn  this  morning  she  was  no  more. " 


4  Come,  as  you  seem  to  know,  good  man, 

The  terrible  fate  of  this  gallant  ship, 
Tell  me  all  about  her  that  you  can, — 

And  here's  my  flask  to  moisten  your  lip. 
Tell  me  how  many  she  had  on  board — 

Wives  and  husbands,  and  lovers  true — 
How  did  it  fare  with  her  human  hoard, 

Lost  she  many,  or  lost  she  few?" 


1  Master,  I  may  not  drink  of  your  flask, 

Already  too  moist  I  feel  my  lip; 
But  I'm  ready  to  do  what  else  yon  ;isk. 

And  spin  you  my  yarn  about  the  ship: 
'Twas  ten  O'clock,  a-  I  said,  last  night, 

When  she  struck  the  breakers  and  went  ashore, 
And  scarce  had  broken  tin-  morning's  light. 

Than  she  sank  in  twelve  feet  of  water,  or  more. 

1  But  long  ere  this  they  knew  their  doom. 

And  the  captain  called  all  hands  to  pray*  r; 
And  solemnly  over  the  ocean's  boom 

The  orisons  rose  on  the  troubled  air: 
Ami  round  about  the  vessel  there  rose 

Tall  plumes  of  spray  as  white  a-  -now. 
Like  angels  in  their  ascension  clothes, 

Waiting  for  those  who  prayed  below. 

■  So  those  three  hundred  people  clung, 
As  well  as  they  could,  to  spar  and  ropi 
With  a  word  of  prayer  upon  every  tongue, 
Nor  on  any  face  a  glimmer  of  hope. 


Bui  there  was  no  blnbbering  weak  and  wild; 

of  tearful  f;n  es  I  saw   but  one, 
A  rough  old  salt,  who  cried  like  a  child, 

Ami  not  for  himself,  but  the  Captain-  son, 

'The  Captain  stood  on  the  quarter-deck. 

Firm  but  pale,  with  trumpet  in  hand, 
Sometimes  he  looked  on  the  breaking  wreck. 

Sometimes  he  sadly  looked  on  land. 
And  often  he  smiled  to  cheer  the  crew — 

But,  Lord!  the  smile  was  terrible  grim — 
Till  over  the  quarter  a  huge  sea  flew. 

And  that  was  the  last  they  saw  of  him. 

*  I  saw  one  young  fellow,  with  his  bride, 

Standing  amidship  upon  the  wreck; 
His  face  was  white  as  the  boiling  tide, 

And  she  was  clinging  about  his  neck. 
And  I  saw  them  try  to  -i\   good-bye, 

But  neither  could  hear  the  other  speak  : 
So  they  floated  away  through  the  sea  to  die — 

Shoulder  to  shoulder,  and  cheek  to  cheek. 

'And  there  was  a  child,  but  eight  at  best, 
Who  went  his  way  in  a  sea  we  shipped. 
All  the  while  holding  upon  his  breast 

A  little  pet  parrot,  whose  win>:s  were  clipped. 
Ami  as  the  boy  and  the  bird  went  by. 

Swinging  away  on  a  tall  wave's  crest. 
They  were  grappled  by  a  man  with  a  drowning  cry. 

And  together  the  three  went  down  to 

\m  I  so  the  crew  went  one  by  one. 

Some  with  gladness,  and  few  with  fear; 
Cold  and  hardship  such  work  had  done, 

Thai  few  seemed  frightened  when  death  was  near. 
Thus  every  soul  on  board  went  down — 

Sailor  and  passenger,  little  and  great; 
The  last  that  sunk  was  a  man  of  my  town, 

A  capital  swimmer — the  second  matt    " 

■Now,  lonely  fisherman,  who  are  yon. 

That  say  you  -aw  this  terrible  wreck  - 
How  do  1  know  what  yon  Bay  is  true. 

When  every  mortal  was  swept  from  the  deck! 
Where  were  you  in  that  hour  of  death: 

How  do  you  know  what  you  n  I 
Hi-  answer  came  in  an  nnderbreath — 
"  Master,  I  was  tin-  Becond  mate!" 


<:<<  ^<r  <r<«  <  <<<<<<  <<<<  <<<<<  <  <  <44<<c<  <  <  <?  * 


'"A  TRAVELER  THROUGH  A  DUSTY  ROAD. 


H9 


M 


■  •  t.^p 


LITTLE    AND    GREAT. 


V®  »tg 


BY    '  IIARLE3    MACKAY. 


TRAVELER,  through  a  dusty  road. 


-»- 


-  .7  -r  re  wed  acorns  on    rv  QOOo 
the  lea; 
*r^£*   And  one  took  root 

and  sprouted  up, 

And  grew  into  a  tree. 

Love   sought   its   shade  at 

evening  time, 
To  breathe  his  early  vows  : 
And   Age  was  pleased,  in 

heats  of  noon. 
To  bask  beneath  its  boughs. 
The    dormouse    loved    its 

dangling  twigs, 
The     birds    sweet    music 

bore: 

It  stood  a  glory  in  its  place, 

A  blessing  evermore. 


A  little  spring  had  lost  its 
way 
Amid  the  grass  and  fern; 
A  passing  stranger  - 

a  well, 
Where    weary   men    might 

turn. 

He  walled  it  in,  and  hung 

with  care 

A  ladle  at  the  brink: 

He  thought  not  of  the  deed 

he  did. 
But  judged  that  Toil  might 

drink. 
He  passed  again — and   lo! 

the  well, 

By  summers  never  dried, 

Had  cooled   ten    thousand 

parching  tongues, 

And  saved  a  life  beside. 


^w^ 

A  dreamer  dropped  a  random  thought; 

00op     "Twas    old— and   yet  'twas 
new ; 
A     simple     fancy    of     the 

brain, 

But  strong  in  being  true. 

It    shone     upon    a    genial 

mind. 

And  lo:  its  light  became 

A   lamp  of  life,  a 

ray, 

A  monitory  flame. 

The  thought  was  small — its 

.rreai : 

A  watch-fire   on  the  hill. 

It   sheds  its   radiance    far 

adown. 
And  cheers  the  vail- 


A  nameless   man,  amid   a 

crowd 
That    thronged    the    daily 

mart, 
Let  fall  a  word  of  hope  and 

love, 

Unstudied,  from  the  heart. 

A  whisper  on    the   tumult 

thrown, 

A  transitory  breath. 

It  raised  a  brother  from  the 

dust. 
It  saved  a  soul  from  death. 
O  germ!   O  fount!   O  word 

of  love ! 
O  thought   at  random 

cast! 
Ye   were  but  little  at    the 

first. 
But  mlgbty  at  the  last  I 


A      "And  Age  wa                                t»  of  noon,  to  bask  btueafft  irs  boughs 
<3§& 


_  THERE  IS  NO  SUCH  THING  AS  DEATH. 

JT1  HERE  is  no  such  thing  as  death — 

I  In  nature  nothing  «li<-s; 

t  ■         Prom  eacb  Bad  remnant  of  decay 
Some  forms  of  life  arise. 


The  little  leaf  that  falls 

All  brown  and  -ere  to  earth, 

g  will  mingle  with  the  buds 
That  give  the  flower  its  birth. 


550 


\\  K    ARE    TWO    TK.W  III  B8,    ROO]  R     AM>    I. 


THE   VAGABONDS. 


II Y   J.     T.     TROWBRIDGE. 


b  >   c 


n 


i:  UlE  two  ti  Ro  ■■T  and  I. 

Come  c  unpl 

Jump  fur  the  gentleman  —mind  your  ■ 

the  table, — look  onl  for  the  lamp: — 
The  rogue  la  growing  a  little  old; 

tramped  through  wind  and  weather, 
And  slept  out-doors  when  nights  were  cold, 
And  ate  and  drank  -and  Btarved— together. 

We've  learned  whal  comfort  ie,  l  tell  you! 

A  bed  ""  the  door,  a  bit  of  roaln, 
A  bit  of  lire  to  thaw  our  thumbs  (poor  fellow] 

The  paw  he  holds  up  there's  been  frozen,) 
Plenty  of  catgut  for  my  fiddle, 

(This  out-door  business  Is  bad  for  strl 
Then  a  few  nice  buckwheats,  hot  from  the  griddle, 

And  Roger  and  I  set  up  for  kin 

No.  thank  ye,  air,—]  never  drink; 

Roger  and  I  are  exceedingly  moral— 
Aron'l  we  Roger?— See  him  wink: 

w.  H,  something  hot,  then,  we  won't  quarrel, 
He's  thirsty,  too,  see  blm  nod  his  head ! 

What  a  pity,  Blr,  that  dogs  can't  talk  ' 
He  understands  every  word  that's  said, — ■ 

And  be  knows  g I  milk  from  water-aud-chalk. 

Thi'  truth  is  sir,  now  I  reflect, 

I'm-  i ii  -ii  sadly  given  tn  grog, 

I  wonder  I've  not  lost  tin*  respect 

(Here's  to  you,  slrl)  even  of  my  dog; 
Hut  he  sticks  by,  through  thick  and  thin; 

Anil  this  ulil  mat,  with  its  empty  pockets 
And  rags  that  smell  of  tobacco  and  gin, 

He'll  follow  while  he  has  eyes  In  hi*  sockets. 

There  Isn't  another  creature  living 

Would  lin  it,  and  prove  through  every  disaster, 
Sn  fond,  so  faithful,  and  bo  forgiving, 

To  such  a  miserable,  thankless  master  I 
Nil.  Blr! — see  blm  wag  his  tail  and  u'rin! 

By  George  I  it  makes  my  old  eyes  water — 
That  is,  there's  something  in  this  gin 

That  chokes  a  fellow.     But  no  matter  I 

We'll  have  some  music,  if  you're  willing, 

Anil  K'l-'ir  I  hem!  what  a  plague  a  cough  is,  sir') 
Shall  march  a  little,  —  start,  you  villain  I 

Stand  straight !     'Bout  facel    Salute  your  nfflccr! 
Put  up  that  paw!    Dress!    Take  your  rifle  I 

Some  dogs  have  arms,  you  Beelj     Now  hold  your 
Cap  while  the  gentleman  gives  a  trifle, 

To  aid  a  poor,  old,  patriot  soldier! 

March!    Haiti    Now  show  how  the  rebel  shakes 
when  he  Btands  up  to  hear  his  sentence. 

Now  tell  n-  how  many  drams  [t  takes 
To  honor  a  jolly  new  acquaintance. 

Fie  yelps, — that's  five;  he's  mighty  knowing! 
The  night's  before  us,  till  tbe  glasses! — 

Quick,  sir!      I'm  ill,— my  brain  is  going!— 
me  brandy, — thank  you, — there,  it  pisses. 


Why  not  reform?    That's 

But  I've    through  snch  wretched  treatment, 

forgetting  t  r  i  *  ■  taste  of  bread, 

\ n.l  -r  in  i    remi  mbering  what  meat  meant, 
That  mi;.  [ r  Btomat  n's  poet  reform : 

And  there  are  times  when,  mad  with  thinking, 
l  ii  Bell  out  heaven  for  something  warm, 
To  prop  a  horrible  inward  sinking. 

[s  there  a  «t  ij  to  forget  to  think'' 

\t  your  age,  Blr,  home,  fortune,  friends, 
\  it  m  girl's  love, — but  I  took  to  drink; — 
The  -am.' old  -tory;   you  know  how  it  ends. 

If  you  could  have  Been  theseclaaalc  features, 
Vim  needn't  laugh,  -ir:  they  wen-  not  then 

Snch  a  tiurnini!  libel  on  '  . 
I  was  one  of  your  handsome  men: 

If  Mm  hid  -iiu  in  r..  sn  fair  and  young, 

Whose  bead  was  happy  on  this  brer  t! 
If  you  i Id  have  heard  the  son,'  I  sung 

Winn  the  wine  went  round,  you  wouldn't  have  guessed 
Tint  ever  I,  -ir,  Bhould  !"■  straying, 

Prom  door  to  door,  with  fiddle  anil  dog, 
Ragged  and  penniless,  and  p!  lying 
Tn  you  to  night  for  a  glass  "f 

Sin-'-  married  since; — a  parson's  wife: 

'Twos  better  f"r  her  that  we  should  part, 
Better  the  -"I"  le-t,  prosiest  life 

Than  a  blasted  home  and  a  broken  heart. 
line  I  Been  her!    Once:   1  was  weak  and  spent 

i  in  i  dusty  rood :  s  carriage  -topped: 
But  little  she  dreamed  a-  mi  she  went, 

Who  kissed  the  coin  that  her  lingers  dropped! 

-et  iiu-  talking,  sir,  I'm  -nrry; 
It  makes  m  i  wild  to  think  of  the  change! 

What  do  you  care  for  a  beggar's 

Is  it  amusing?    Y<>u  find  it  strange? 
I  had  a  mother  so  proud  of  me ! 

'TWOS  will  she  died  before— Do  you  know 

If  the  happy  spirits  in  heaven  can  Bee 
The  ruin  and  wretchedness  here  below? 

Another  gl '--.  and  Btrong,  to  deaden 

This  pain;   then  Roger  and  I  will  start. 
I  wonder,  Ins  he  such  a  lumpish,  leaden, 

Lchlng  thin/,  iii  place  of  a  heart? 
lb-  i-  -  ni  sometimes,  ami  would  weep  if  he  could. 

No  doubt  remembering  things  that  ware, — 
A  virtuous  kennel,  with  plenty  of  food, 

Ami  himself  a  respectable  cur. 

I'm  better  now;    that  glass  was  warming. 

Ynu  r  i   ill'    limber  your  lazy  fed  ! 

We  must  be  fiddling  and  perform 

For  supper  and  bed,  or  starve  in  the  street. 
Not  a  very  gay  life  to  lead,  you  think? 

But  - i  we  shall  go  where  lodgings  are  free. 

And  the  sleepers  need  nel  Is  nor  drink; 

The  sooner  the  better  fur  Roger  and  mel 


t 


"WHOM    FIE8T    WE    LOVE,   Vol'    KNOW,    Hi:    SELDOM    WED." 


551 


BT    MRS.    CRAHTOBD. 


E  PARTED  in  silence,  we  parted  by  night. 

On  the  banks  of  that  lonely  river; 
Where  the  fragrant  limes  their  boughs  unite 

We  met — and  we  parted  forever! 
The  night-bird  sung,  and  the  stars  above 

Told  many  a  touching  story 
Of  friends  long  passed  to  the  kingdom  of  love, 

Where  the  soul  wears  its  mantle  of  glory. 

We  parted  in  silence, — our  cheeks  were  wet 
With  the  tears  that  were  past  controlling: 

We  vowed  we  would  never,  no,  never  forget, 
And  those  vows,  at  the  time,  were  consoling 


But  those  lips  that  echoed  the  sounds  of  mine 

Are  aa  cold  ai  that  lonely  ri 
And  that  eye,  that  beautiful  spirit's  shrine. 

Has  shrouded  its  fires  forever. 

And  now,  on  the  midnight  sky  I  look. 

And  my  heart  grows  full  of  weeping; 
Each  star  is  to  me  a  sealed  book, 

Some  tale  of  that  loved  one  keeping. 
We  parted  in  silence,  we  parted  in  tears, 

On  the  banks  of  that  lonely  river; 
But  the  odor  and  bloom  of  those  bygone  years 

Shall  hang  o'er  its  waters  forever. 


HOM  first  we  love,  you  know,  we  seldom  wed. 
5V         Time  rules  us  all.     And  life,  indeed,  is  not 
?%jr     The  thing  we  planned  it  out,  ere  hope  was  dead; 
V^        And  tbeu,  we  women  cannot  choose  our  lot. 

Much  must  be  borne  which  it  is  hard  to  bear; 

Much  given  away  which  it  were  sweet  to  keep. 
God  help  us  all !  who  need,  indeed,  His  car-' : 

And  yet,  I  know  the  Shepherd  loves  His  sheep. 

My  little  boy  begins  to  babble  now, 

Upon  my  knee,  his  earliest  infant  prayer; 

He  has  his  father's  eager  eyes,  I  know; 

And,  they  say,  too,  his  mother's  sunny  hair. 

But  when  he  sleeps,  and  smiles  upon  my  knee. 
And  I  can  feel  his  light  breath  come  and  go, 


I  think  of  one  (Heaven  help  and  pity 

Who  loved  me,  and  whom  I  loved,  Ion-  ago; 

Who  might  have  been  ...   ah!  what,  I  dare  not  think! 

We  are  all  changed.     God  jndges  for  us  ! 
God  help  us  do  our  duty,  and  not  shrink. 

And  trust  in  Heaven  humbly  for  the  res) 

But  blame  us  women  not,  if  some  appear 
Too  cold  at  tim.'s;  and  Borne  too  gaj  and  ' 

Some  grief-  gnaw  deep.     S  ,  i)ear. 

Who  knows  the  past?  and  who  can  Judge  us  right? 

Ah!  were  we  judge,!  by  what  we  might  havi 
And  not  by  what  we  are — too  apt  to  fall : 

My  little  child— he  sleeps  and  smiles  between 
These  thoughts  and  me.     In  heaven  we  shall  know  all 


POOB    LONE    HANNAH. 


" 


'^f 


Vs  Tci 


£*  If  <"»IC  lone  Hunnah 


BT    LUCY    LARCOM. 


Sitt iiiLT  :it  the  window,  binding  shoes! 

Faded,  wrinkled. 
Sitting,  stitching,  in  a  mourn fal  muse! 
Brigli  -  ~be, 

win-n  the  bloom  was  on  the  t r-  ■ 
Spring  and  winter 
Hannah  ndow,  bindln 

Not  a  neighbor 

Passing  nod  or  answer  will  refnae 

To  her  win 
'■I-  there  from  the  fishers  any  news?" 
i  k  her  heart  -  adrift  with  one 
On  an  endless  voyage 

Night  and  morning 
Hannah V  at  the  window,  binding  shoe*. 


Fair  yonng  Hannah, 
Ben,  the  sun -burnt  flsher,  gayly  woos; 

Hair  and  clever, 

For  a  willing  hearl  and  hand  be  sues. 

May-day  skies  are  all  a-glow, 

And  the  waves  are  laughing  bo 

For  her  wedding 

Hannah  leai  as  her  window  and  her  shoes. 

May  i-  pae  - 

'Mid  the  apple  boughs  a  pigeon  coos. 

Hannah  shndd 
For  the  mild  Bouth wester  mischief  brews. 

Round  the  ro.k»  of  Marblebead, 
Outward  bound,  sped. 

■  t,  lonesome, 
Hannah"*  at  the  window,  binding  shoes. 

Ti-  November; 
Now  no  tear  her  wasted  cheek  bedews. 

From  Newfoundland 
Not  a  sail  returning  will  she  lose. 

Whispering,  hoarsely,  "Fishermen, 
Have  vnu,  have  yon  heard  ol  B 
Old  with  watching, 
Hannah's  at  the  window,  binding  shoes. 

Twenty  « Inters 
Bleach  and  tear  the  racked  shore  she  views: 

Twenty  seasons; 
Never  one  has  brought  her  any  news. 
still  her  dim  eyes  Bilently 
( [base  tin  white  sails  o'er  the  sea. 
Hopeless,  faithful, 
Hannah's  at  the  window,  binding  shoes. 


■i^_ 


i*C 


TV 


TU 


"  MAKE    ME    A    CHILD    AGAIN,   JUST    FOR    TO-NIGHT. 


WvWtfWvVtfWvWTrWr  -  —  - 


f%HH-        LULLABY. 


BY    ALFRED   TENNYSON. 


V^T 


—If 


WEET  and  low,  sweet  and  lowt 

Wind  of  the  western  sea! 
Low,  low,  breathe*  and  blow, 

Wind  of  the  western  sea! 
Over  the  rolling  waters  go; 
Come  from  the  dying  moon,  and  blow, 

Blow  him  again  to  me ; 
While  my  little  one,  while  my  pretty  one  sleeps. 


leep  and  rest,  sleep  and  rest! 

Father  will  come  to  thee  soon. 
Rest,  rest  on  mother's  breast; 

Father  will  come  to  thee  soon! 
Father  will  come  to  his  babe  in  the  nest; 
Silver  sails  all  out  of  the  west, 

Under  the  silver  moon. 
Sleep,  my  little  one!  sleep,  my  pretty  one,  sleep 


-^=^[Qy^"m^^"      ^f7 


ROCK  ME  TO  SLEEP,  MOTHER. 

♦—  !-#-!— ♦ 


KY    FLORENCE    PERCY. 


ACK  WARD,  turn  backward,  O  Time,  in  your  flight, 
Make  me  a  child  again,  just  for  to-night! 
Mother,  come  back  from  the  echoless  shore. 
Take  me  again  to  your  heart  as  of  yore; 
Kiss  from  my  forehead  the  furrows  of  care. 
Smooth  the  few  silver  threads  out  of  my  hair; 
Over  my  slumbers  your  loving  watch  keep — 
Rock  me  to  sleep,  mother — rock  me  to  sleep! 


v-x 


V 


T 


ackward,  flow  backward,  O  tide  of  the  years! 
I  am  bo  weary  of  toil  and  of  tears — 
Toil  without  recompense — tears  all  in  vain — 
Take  them,  and  give  me  my  childhood  again  ! 
I  have  grown  weary  of  dust  and  decay — 
Weary  of  flinging  my  Boul-wealth  away; 
Weary  of  sowing  for  others  to  reap — 
Rock  me  to  sleep,  mother — rock  me  to  sleep! 

ired  of  the  hollow,  the  base,  the  untrue, 
Mother,  0  Mother,  my  heart  rails  for  you. 
Many  a  summer  tin-  grass  lias  grown  green, 
Blossomed  and  faded,  our  fairs  between; 
Yel  wiili  strong  yearning,  ami  passionate  pain, 
Long  I  to-night  for  your  presence  again. 
Come  from  the  silence  so  long  and  bo  dei  p    - 
Kock  me  to  sleep,  mother — rock  me  to  sleep! 


", 


7"V\er  my  heart,  in  the  days  that  are  flown, 
(«?5  No  love  like  a  mother's  love  ever  has  shone 
*     No  other  worship  abides  and  endures — 
Faithful,  unselfish,  and  patient  like  yours; 
None  like  a  mother  can  charm  away  pain 
From  the  sick  soul  and  the  world-weary  brain. 
Slumber's  soft  calm  o'er  my  heavy  lids  creep — 
Rock  me  to  sleep,  mother — rock  me  to  sleep  : 

A* 

Vwome,  let  your  brown  bair  just  lighted  with  gold, 
$&  Fall  on  your  shoulders  again  as  of  old; 
e>    Let  it  drop  over  my  forehead  to-night, 

Shading  my  faint  eyes  away  from  the  light; 
For  with  its  sunny-edged  shadows  once  more 
Happy  will  throng  the  sweet  visions  of  yore — 
Lovingly,  softly,  its  bright  billows  sweep — 
Rock  me  to  sleep,  mother — roek  me  t<»  -leep! 

Mother,  dear  mother,  the  years  have  hern  loin: 
sin.,'  i  last  listened  to  your  lullaby  song; 
Sing,  then,  and  unto  my  heart  it  shall  seem 
Womanhood's  years  have  been  only  a  dream; 
Clasped  to  your  heart  in  a  loving 
Willi  your  light  lashes  just  sweeping  my  face, 

hereafter  to  wake  or  t<>  weep — 
K.>rk  nie  to  Bleep,  mother — roek  me  to  sleep  I 


-^ 


.V,  I 


[•ELL    HI  SB,   MV    FBIEND,   THAT    I    MI8S    UBB 


.Ml  ''II. 


1 


"I     ARE  dying,  my  friend! 
Yoor  bark  will  go  drifting,  ore  breaking  of  day, 
Toward  the  shores  lying  over  the  shadowy  bay; 

And  at  morn  yon  will  set',  rising  fair  through  the 

mist, 
The  hills  which  the  sunshine  eternal  has  kissed. 


Ynu  are  going  away! 
You  will  meet  on  the  shores,  which  your  vessel  will  And, 
Dear  friends  who  sailed  outward,  and  left  us  behind; 
You  will  know  them,  and  clasp  them,  and  Idas  them  once 

more, 
Qrown  young  again  there,  on  the  beautiful  shore. 

Dear  friend,  when  you  meet 
The  woman  I  loved,  on  the  Bhore  far  away, 

Will  yon  give  her  the  mesas  el       -day? 

You  will  know  her,  I  know,  by  her  face,  that  was  fair 
As  Ma-  race  of  an  angel,  and  beautiful  hair. 


And  her  eyes,  like  a  star, 
In  a  clear  summar  night,  staining 

dew, 


out  through  the 


Falling  down,  like  a  kiss,  from  the  furthermost  blue. 
And  her  voire,  when  Bhe  greets  you,  yoa'11  know  as  of  old. 
Her  voice,  and  her  face  in  its  tresaes  of  gold. 


O,  tell  her,  my  friend. 
That  I  miss  her  so  much  since  she  left  me  that  night, 
When  the  mists  of  the  Bea  drifted  over  my  sight, 
And  hid  her  in  Bhadows,  bo  dense  and  so  deep. 
That,  remembering  the  time,  even  now  I  must  weep. 


And  tell  her  for  me. 
That  I  wait  for  the  morn,  which  for  her  DES  '" 
When  our  ways,  which  were  ae\  ered  on  earth,  shall  be  one; 
I  shall  come  t<>  her,  over  the  wide  solemn  sea, 
And  clasp  her,  and  claim  ber — that  tell  her  for  me. 

Friend,  you  will  not  forget? 
Already  your  bark  i-  afloat  on  the  tide, 
That  shall  bear  you  oat  over  the  waters  so  wide; 
At  morn  yon  will  see  her,  and  tell  her  for  me. 
That  I  love  her,  I  miss  her,  this  side  of  the  sea. 


■  II.   WONDER    NO    MOKE    AT   THE    DIMMED    ETS-LIGHT. 


.  +  *— 


THERE'S    BUT  ONE   PAIR   OF   STOCKINGS 
TO   MEND   TO-NIGHT. 


"+«- 


>-4 

■ 


N  OLD  wife  sat  by  her  bright  fireside, 
Swaying  thoughtfully  to  and  fro, 
In  an  ancient  chair  whose  creaky  frame 

Told  a  tale  of  long  ago; 
While  down  by  her  Bide,  on  the  kitchen  floor, 
Stood  a  basket  of  worsted  balls — a  score. 


The  good  man  dozed  o'er  the  latest  news, 
Till  the  light  of  his  pipe  went  out, 
Ati'l,  unheeded,  the  kitten,  with  cunning  paws, 

Rolled  and  tangled  the  balls  about ; 
Yet  still  sat  the  wife  in  the  ancient  chair. 
Swaying  to  and  fro  in  the  fire-light  glare. 

But  anon  a  misty  tear-drop  came 

In  her  eye  of  faded  blue, 
Then  trickled  down  in  a  furrow  deep, 

Like  a  single  drop  of  dew- 
So  deep  was  the  channel — so  silent  the  stream, 
The  good  man  saw  naught  but  the  dimmed  eye-beam. 

Yet  he  marvelled  much  that  the  cheerful  light 

Of  her  eye  had  weary  grown, 
And  marvelled  he  more  at  the  tangled  balls; 

So  he  said  in  a  gentle  tone: 
"I  have  shared  thy  joys  since  our  marriage  vow, 
Conceal  not  from  me  thy  sorrows  now.  " 

Then  she  spoke  of  the  time  when  the  basket  there 

Was  filled  to  the  very  brim. 
And  how  there  remained  of  the  goodly  pile 
But  a  single  pair — for  him. 
"Then  wonder  not  at  the  dimmed  eye-light, 
There's  but  one  pair  of  stockings  to  mend  to-night. 

"I  cannot  but  think  of  the  busy  feet. 
Whose  wrappings  were  wont  to  lie 
In  the  basket,  awaiting  the  needle's  time, 


I 


F  we  could  leave  this  world  behind — 

ins  and  loss.  nd  blame. 

Nor  seeking  place,  nor  fear! 

- i   li  I  uad  quite  forgotten  find. 

We  might  be  happy,  yon  and  I, 
Ami  Let  t l*i ^  foolish  world  go  by. 

No  paradise  of  love  ami  bliss, 
No  dreams  of  youth  in  Eden  b  >■ 
Bui  some  dear  home  of  quiet  hours, 


Now  wandered  so  far  away; 
How  the  Bprigbtly  steps,  to  a  mother  dear. 
Unheeded  fell  on  the  careless  ear. 

'  For  each  empty  nook  in  the  basket  old, 

By  the  hearth  there's  a  vacant  b<  it 
And  I  miss  the  shadows  from  off  the  wall. 

And  the  patter  of  many  feet: 
'Tis  for  this  that  a  tear  gathered  over  my  eight 
At  the  one  pair  of  stockings  to  mend  to-night. 

"  'Twas  said  that  far  through  the  forest  wild. 

And  over  the  mountains  bold. 
Was  a  land  whose  rivers  and  darkening  caves 

Were  gemmed  with  the  rarest  gold; 
Then  my  first-born  turned  from  the  oaken  door. 
And  I  knew  the  shadows  were  only  four. 

*  Another  went  Forth  on  the  foaming  waves 
And  diminished  the  basket's  store — 
But  bis  feet  grew  cold — so  weary  and  cold — 

They'll  never  be  warm  any  more — 
And  this  nook,  in  its  emptiness,  seemeth  to  me 
To  give  forth  no  voice  but  the  moan  of  th< 

'Two  others  have  gone  toward  the  setting  sun. 

And  made  them  a  home  in  its  light, 
And  fairy  fingers  have  taken  their  share 

To  mend  by  the  fireside  bright: 
Some  other  baskets  their  garments  fill- 
But  mine:  Oh,  mine  Is  emptier  still. 

1  Another — the  dearest — the  fairest — the  best — 

Was  ta'en  by  the  angels  away. 
And  clad  in  a  garment  thai  waxeth  not  old. 

In  a  land  of  continual  day. 
Oh!  wonder  no  more  at  the  dimmed  eye-light, 
While  I  nund  the  one  pair  of  stockings  to-night. 


: 


YOU   AND    I. 


Where  all  of  life  we  would  not  miss. 
But  find  some  daj  sweet  ere  we  die, 
And  let  this  cruel  world  go  by. 

It  will  not  be — we  are  too  weak 

I  itch  from  Tune  and  Life  one  day; 

But,  when  they  both  have  passed  away, 
I  we  n ill  each  other  seek 

deny 
This  world  and  all  it-  woes  gone  by. 


QfrO-SOEk 


:;::        > 


^X^O 


556 


'THE    NIGHT    SETS    IN    OK    A    WORLD    OF    SNOW. 


i 


V 


is  A  fearful  night  in  the  wfnteT  lime, 
a-  cold  as  II  evei  can  be; 
The  roar  of  the  blaei  i*  beard,  like  the  chime 
Of  the  waves  on  an  an:_*r>  Bea; 
lull,  but  her  siWei 
'I'll--  Btorm  dashes  out  with  its  wings  to-night; 
Ami  over  the  sky  from  south  to  north 
Not  :i  Btar  i-  Been,  a-  tin-  wind  comes  forth 
In  tin-  strength  of  a  mighty  gli 

11  dny  had  the  snow  come  down — all  day, 

A-  it  never  came  down  before; 
And  over  the  hills,  at  sunset,  lay 

Some  fwo  or  three  fret  or  more; 
The  fence  was  i"-t.  ami  the  "all  of  stone. 
The  windows  blocked,  and  tin-  well-curbs  gone; 
Ttn-  haystack  had  grown  to  a  mountain  lift. 
And  the  woodpile  looked  like  a  monster  drift, 

A-  it  lay  by  the  farmer's  door. 

be  nighl  sets  in  on  a  world  of  snow, 
While  the  air  grOWC  -harp  and  chill, 

And  the  warning  roar  of  a  fearful  blow 
I-  beard  on  the  dial  inl  hill ; 

And  the  Norther!     See — on  the  mountain  peak, 


<£ 

& 


In  bis  breath  how  the  old  tree"  writhe  and  shriek ' 
He  Bhouts  on  the  plain.  Ho,  bo,  li".  bo! 
He  drives  from  bis  nostrils  the  blinding  snow, 
And  growls  with  a  savage  will, 


ftucb  b  nighl  bg  this  to  be  found  abroad, 
In  the  drifts  and  the  freezing  air, 
sit-  :1  Bfaiverlng  dog  in  the  field  by  the  road; 

With  the  snow  in  his  shaggy  hair: 
He  shots  bis  eyes  to  the  wind,  and  growls; 
He  lifts  his  head  and  moan-  and  Imw  I-  ; 
Then  crouching  low  from  the  cutting  sleet, 
ise  Is  pressed  on  bis  quivering  feet: 
Pray,  what  does  the  dog  do  there? 


•• 


ft 


9 


farmer  came  from  the  village  plain, 
But  he  lost  the  traveled  way: 

ir  hours  be  trod,  with  might  and  main, 
A  path  for  his  horse  and   sleigh; 
Bui  colder  -till  the  cold  wind  blew, 
And  deeper  -till  the  deep  drifts  grew, 
And  hi-  mare,  a  beautiful  Morgan  brown, 
Al  l  ist  in  tier  struggles  floundered  down, 
When-  B  log  in  B  hollow  lay. 


*^ 


&5€ 


TWO    TENDEB    FEET    QPON    THE    ONTBIED    BOEDER 


OF    LIFE  S    MYSTERIolS    LAJTD. 


In  vain,  with  a  neigh  and  a  frenzied  snort, 
She  plunged  in  the  drifting  snow, 
-^While  her  master  urged,  till  his  breath  grew  short, 
With  a  word  and  a  gentle  blow; 
But  the  snow  was  deep,  and  the  tugs  were  tight, 
His  hands  were  numb,  and  had  lost  their  mi^ht; 
So  he  wallowed  back  to  his  half-filled  sleigh, 
And  strove  to  shelter  himself  till  day, 
With  his  coat  and  the  buffalo. 

e  has  given  the  last  faint  jerk  of  the  rein 

To  rouse  up  his  dying  steed. 
And  the  poor  dog  howls  to  the  blast  in  vain. 

For  help  in  his  master's  need: 
For  a  while  he  strives,  with  a  wistful  cry, 
To  catch  a  glance  from  his  drowsy  eye, 
And  wags  his  tail  if  the  rude  winds  Sap 
The  skirt  of  the  buffalo  over  his  lap, 

And  whines  when  he  takes  no  heed. 


T 

T 


<\-\-\-\-\A"VVV\. 


he  wind  goes  down,  and  the  storm  is  o'er: 

"Tis  the  hour  of  midnight  pasl  | 
The  old  trees  writhe  and  bend  no  more 

In  the  whirl  of  the  rushing  blast ; 
The  silent  moon,  with  her  peaceful  light, 
Looks  down  on  the  hills,  with  snow  all  white: 
And  the  giant  shadow  of  Camel's  Hump, 
The  blasted  pine  and  the  ghostly  stump, 

Afar  on  the  plain  are  cast. 


>ut  cold  and  dead,  by  the  hidden  log, 
*     Are  they  who  came  from  the  town: 
The  man  in  his  sleigh,  and  his  faithful  dog. 

And  his  beautiful  Morgan  brown — 
In  the  wide  snow-desert,  far  and  grand. 
With  his  cap  on  his  head,  and  the  reins  in  his  hand, 
The  dog  with  his  nose  on  his  master's  feet, 
And  the  mare  half  seen  through  the  cruste<l  - 
Where  she  lay  when  she  floundered  down. 


5^ 


BT   FLORENCE   PERCY. 


WO  little  feet  so  small  that  both  may  nestle 
In  one  caressing  hand — 
Two  tender  feet  upon  the  untried  border 
Of  life's  mysterious  land; 

Dimpled  and  soft,  and  pink  as  peach-tree  blossoms 

In  April's  fragrant  days — 
How  can  they  walk  among  the  briery  tangles 

Edging  the  world's  rough  trays! 

These  white-rose  feet,  along  the  doubtful  future. 

Must  bear  a  woman's  load; 
Alas!  since  woman  has  the  heaviest  burden. 

And  walks  the  hardest  road. 

Love,  for  a  while,  will  make  the  path  before  them 

All  dainty,  smooth  and  fair — 
Will  cull  away  the  brambles,  letting  only 

The  roses  blossom  there. 

But  when  the  mother's  watchful  eyes  are  shrouded 

Away  from  sight  of  men, 
And  these  dear  feet  are  left  without  her  guiding, 

Who  shall  direct  them  then! 

How  will  they  be  allured,  betrayed,  deluded. 

Poor  little  untaught  feet — 
Into  what  dreary  mazes  will  they  wander, 

What  dangers  will  they  meet! 


Will  they  go  stumbling  blindly  in  the  darkness 

Of  Sorrow's  tearful  shades? 
Or  find  the  upland  slopes  of  Peace  and  Beauty 

Whose  sunlight  never  fades! 

Will  they  go  toiling  up  Ambition's  summit. 

The  common  world  above? 
Or  in  some  nameless  vale,securely  sheltered, 

Walk  side  by  side  in  Love? 

Some  feet  there  be,  which  walk  Life's  track  unwonnded, 

Wbich  find  but  pleasant  ways  ; 
Some  hearts  there  be,  to  which  this  life  is  only 

A  round  of  happy  days. 

But  they  are  few.     Far  more  there  are  who  wander 

Without  a  hope  or  friend. 
Who  find  the  journey  full  of  pains  and  lose 

And  long  to  reach  the  end! 

How  shall  it  be  with  her,  the  tender  stranger, 

Fair-faced  and  gentle-eyed, 
Before  whose  unstained  feet  the  world's  rude  highway 

Stretches  so  strange  and  wide! 

Ah  :  who  may  read  the  future?    For  our  darling 

We  crave  all  blessings  sweet 

And  pray  thai  He    who  feeds  the  crying  r.r. 

Will  guide  the  baby's  feet 


& 


j^^      '  ■ 


iiiHiii; 


WE  I.I.    MEET    NO    MORE    AT    BINGEN— LOVED    BINGEN    OH     llli:    RHINE! 


*  ^Av,  1 


<$&•* 


,a*  w 


*>*:  BINGEN    ON 


SOLDIER  of  the  LegioD  lay  dying  in  Algiers: 

There  was  lack  of  woman's  nursing,  there  was  dearth 

of  woman's  tears ; 
Bat  b  comrade  stood  beside  htm,  while    his  life- blood 
ebbed  away, 
And  bent  with  pitying  glances,  to  hear  what  he  might  Bay. 

\ing  soldier  faltered,  as  he   took  thai  hand, 

And  he  said,  "  I  nevermore  shall  Bee  my  own.  my  native  land. 
i  e  hi  l  a  token  to  Borne  distant  friends  of  mine; 

For  I  was  born  at  Bingen — at  Bingen  on  the  Rhine  I 


"Tell    my  brothers   and 
ipanlons,      when 
they    meet      and 

Crowd  around. 

To    bear    my    mournful 
.  in  the  pleasant 
ard  gronnd, 
That  we  rooght  the  battle 
bravely;    and    when 
the  day  was  done, 
Full    many    B    corse    lay 
ghastly  pale  beneath 
the  setting  sun. 
And  midst   the  dead  and 
dying     wi 
grown  old  In  war. 
Tin-    death  ■  wounds    on 
their  gallant  bre 
the  last  of  many 

were    young, 
and  Boddenly  beheld 
life's   morn  de-  "A  soldier  of  the  Legion  lay  dying  \n     I 

cline; 
And  one  had  come  from  Bingen — fair  Bingen  on  the  Rhine 


"Tell  my  mother  that  her  other  -  mi  shall  comfort  her  old  age. 

For  I  was  -till  a  truant  b 

For  my  father  was  a  Boldier,  and  even  as  a  child 

M  .  heart  leaped  forth  to  hear  bim  tell  of  Btruggles  fierce  and  wild; 

And  when  he  died,  and  left  ds  to  divide  bis  scanty  hoard, 

I  let  them  take  whate'er  they  would— but  kept  mj  father's  Bword; 

And  with  boyish  love  I  hung  it,  where  the  bright  light  used  to  shine 

On  the  cottage  wall  at  Bingen— calm  II  ngeu  on  the  Rhine! 


"Tell  my  Bister  not  to  weep  for  me,  and  gob  with  drooping  head, 
When  the  troops  come  marching  home   again,   with  giad   and  gallant 

tread; 
But  to  look  upon  them  proudly,  with  a  calm  and  steadfast  eye, 
For  her  brother  was  a  soldier  too,  and  not  afraid  to  die; 
And  if  a  comrade  seek  her  love,  I  ask  hei  in  my  inline 
To  lister,  to  him  kindly,  without  regret  or  shami  1 
And  to  hang   the   old    sword    in    its    place,  my    father's  sword   and 

mine, 
For  the  honor  of  old  Bingen — dear  Bingen  on  the  Rhine  1 

44  There's  another,  not  a 
sifter:  in  the  happy 
days  gone  by 
You'd    have    known    her 
bj  the  merriment  that 
sparkled   in  her 
eye; 
Too  Innocenl  for  coquet- 
ry, too  fond  for  idle 
scorning; 

0  friend!  I  fear  the  light- 
est heart  makes  some- 
times      hea\  lest 

mourning. 

Tell  her  the  last  night  of 

my  life  (for  ere  this 

moon  he   risen, 

My   body  will  he  out  of 

pain,  my  soul  he  out 
of  prison), 

1  dreamed   I   stood  with 
her,    and    saw     the 

yellow    sunlight 
shine 
On  the  vine-clad  hills  of  Bingen — fair  Bingen  on  the  Rhine  I 


"  I  saw  the  blue  Rhine  sweep  along;  I  heard,  or  seemed  to  hear. 
The  German  songs  we  nsed  to  sing,  in  chorus  sweet  and  clear; 

\iui  down  tie-  pleasant  river,  ami  up  the  slanting  hill, 
The  echoing  chorus  sounded,  through  tin-  evening  calm  and  still; 
And  her  glad  hlne  eyes  were  on  me,  as  we  passed,  with  friendly  talk 

Down  many  a  path  beloved  of  yore,  and  well -remembered  walk; 

And  ber  little  hand  lay  lightly,  confidingly  in  mine: 

But  we'll  meet  no  more  at  Bingen — loved  Bingen  on  the  Rhine!'" 


'ALL    SIGHTS    WERE 


ALL    SOUNDS    SL'UDL'LI). 


His  voice  grew  faint  and  hoarse — his  grasp  was  childish  weak; 
Hla  eyes  put  on  a  dying  look — he  sighed,  and  ceased  to  speak; 
His  comrade  bent  to  lift  him,  but  the  spark  of  life  had  tied: 
The  soldier  of  ihe  Legion  in  a  foreign  land  was  deadl 


And  the  soft  moon  rose  up  slowly,  and  calmly  she  looked  down 
On  the  red  sand  of  the  battle-field,  with  blood;  corpses  Btrown. 
Yes,  calmly  on  that  dreadful  scene  her  pale  light  seemed  to  shine, 
As  it  shone  on  distant  Biugen — fair  Binge n  on  the  Rhine ! 


->#    THE    CLOSING    SCENE.    **■ 


EY   T.    BUCHANAN    READ. 


■p jgfiflTHTN  the  sober  realm  of  leafless  trees, 

The  russet  year  inhaled  the  dreamy  air; 

:  tanned  reaper,  in  his  hour  of  ease, 
When  all  the  fields  are  lying  brown  and  bare. 

5?\\   The  grav  barns  looking  from  their  hazy  hills, 
^../'■"t  O'er  the  dun  waters  widening  in  the  vales, 

i  tfSX/"^"^     Sent  down  the  air  a  greeting  to  the  mills, 
On  the  dull  thunder  of  alternate  flails. 

All  sights  were  mellowed,  and  all  sounds  subdued, 
The  hills  seemed  further,  and  the  stream  sang  low, 

As  in  a  dream  the  distant  woodman  hewed 
His  winter  log  with  many  a  muffled  blow. 

The  embattled  forest,  crewhile  armed  with  gold, 
Their  banners  bright  with  every  martial  hue, 

Now  stood  like  some  sad,  beaten  host  of  old, 
Withdrawn  afar  in  time's  remotest  blue. 

On  sombre  wings  the  vulture  tried  his  flight; 

The  dove  scarce  heard  his  sighing  mate's  complaint; 
And,  like  a  star  slow  drowning  in  the  light, 

The  village  church  vane  seemed  to  pale  and  faint. 

Tlic  sentinel  cock  upon  the  hill-side  crew — 
Crew  thrice — and  all  was  stiller  than  before; 

Silent  till  some  replying  warden  blew 
His  alien  horn,  and  then  was  heard  no  more. 

Where  erst  the  jay,  within  the  elm's  tall  crest, 

Made  garrulous  trouble  round  her  unfledged  young; 

And  where  the  oriole  hung  her  swaying  nest. 
By  every  light  wind,  like  a  censer,  swung. 

Where  sang  the  noisy  martins  of  the  eaves 

The  busy  swallows  circling  ever  near — 
Foreboding,  as  the  rustic  mind  believes, 

An  early  harvest  and  a  plenteous  year; 

Where  every  bird,  that  waked  the  vernal  feast, 
Shook  the  sweet  slumber  from  its  wings  at  morn, 

To  warn  the  reaper  of  the  rosy  east; 

All  now  was  sunless,  empty,  and  forlorn. 


Alone,  from  out  the  stubble,  piped  the  quail; 

And  croaked  the  crow  through  all  the  dreary  gloom; 
Alone  the  pheasant,  drumming  in  the  vale, 

Made  echo  in  the  distance  to  the  cottage  loom. 

There  was  no  bud,  no  bloom  upon  the  bowers; 

The  spiders  wove  their  thin  shrouds  night  by  night. 
The  thistle-down,  the  only  ghost  of  flowers, 

Sailed  slowly  by — passed  noiseless  out  of  sight. 

Amid  all  this — in  this  most  dreary  air, 
And  where  the  woodbine  shed  upon  the  porch 

Its  crimson  leaves,  as  if  the  year  stood  there, 
Firing  the  floor  with  its  inverted  torch; 

Amid  all  this,  the  center  of  the  scene, 

The  white-haired  matron,  with  monotonous  tread. 
Plied  the  swift  wheel,  and,  with  her  joyless  mien, 

Sate  like  a  fate,  and  watched  the  flying  thread. 

She  had  known  sorrow.      He  had  walked  with  her, 
Oft  supped,  and  broke  with  her  the  ashen  crust. 

And  in  the  dead  leaves  still,  she  heard  the  stir 
Of  his  thick  mantle  trailing  in  the  dust. 

While  yet  her  cheek  was  bright  with  summer  bloom, 
Her  country  summoned  and  she  gave  her  all; 

And  twice  war  bowed  to  her  his  sable  plume — 
Re-gave  the  sword  to  rust  upon  the  wall. 

Re-gave  the  sword  but  not  the  hand  that  drew, 

And  struck  for  liberty  the  dying  blow: 
Nor  him  who,  to  his  sire  and  country  true, 

Fell  'inid  the  ranks  of  the  invading  foe. 

Long,  but  not  loud,  the  droning  wheel  went  on. 
Like  the  low  murmur  of  a  hive  at  noon ; 

Long,  but  not  loud,  the  memory  of  the  gone 

Breathed  through  her  lips  a  sad  and  tremulous  tune. 

At  last  the  thread  was  snapped — her  head  was  bowed; 

Life  dropped  the  distaff  through  her  hands  serene. 
And  loving  neighbors  smoothed  her  careful  shroud. 

While  death  and  winter  closed  the  autumn  - 


^PS5T 


■ill K    STiiol)    AMONG    llli:    KOSES. 


St- 

xx  «x  «y  1<X< ."  . 


*">>  ■  5  ■  •  ■  s>  •>  •> 


PASSED  before  ber  garden 

She  stood  among  ber  roses. 
Ami  stooped  :i  little  from  the  atate 

In  which  ber  pride  reposes. 
To  make  hi  r  Bowers  a  graceful  plea 
For  luring  ami  delaying  me. 

"When   summer   blossoms    fad-'    so 
Boon/1 

sh,-  said  wiiii  winning  sweetness, 
"Who  does  not  wear  tin-  badge  of  June 

Lacks  something  of  completeness. 
My  garden  welcomes  yon  to  day, 
<     in'-  in  and  gather,  while  you  may." 

I  entered  in:  she  led  me  through 

A  maze  of  leafy  arches, 
Where  velvet-purpli   pansies  grew 
Lib  the  sighing  larches, — 

A   Shadowy,  Still,  and  COOl  nil       l 

Thai  gave  excuse  for  lingering  feet 

She  pansed;  pulled  down  a  trailing  vine; 

And  twisted  round  her  Anger 
It-  starry  sprays  of  jessamine, 

A-  one  who  seeks  to  linger. 
But  I  Bmiled  lightly  In  her  face, 
And  passed  on  to  the  open  space. 


MIGNONETTE. 


Passed  manj  b  Bow  er-bed  fltlj  si  I 
In  trim  and  blooming  order, 

And  plucked  at  last  some  mignonette 

Thai  Btrayed  along  the  border; 
A  simple  thing  that  had  no  bloom, 

And  but  a  faint  ami  far  perfume. 

She  woinl'Tfd  why  I  would  not  choose 

That  dreamy  amaryllis, — 
11  And  COUld  1  really,  then,  refuse 

Those  heavenly  \\  bite  lilies ! 

And  leave  unfathered  on  the  slope 

This  passion  breathing  heliotrope?" 

She  did  not  know — what  need  to  tell 

So  fair  and  fine  a  creature! — 
That  there  was  one  who  loved  me  well 

Of  widely  different  nature; 

A  little  maid  whose  tender  youth, 

And  innocence,  and  simple  truth. 

Had  won  my  heart  with  qualities 

That  far  surpassed  her  beauty, 

And    held   in-'   \\  ittl    lllienn-einl]-   -  :i-i* 

Enthralled  of  love  and  duty ; 
Whose  modesl  graces  all  were  met 
And  symboled  In  my  mignonette. 

I  passed  outside  hi  i  garden  gate, 

And  left  her  proudly  smiling! 
Her  roses  bloomed  too  late,  too  late 

She  saw,  for  my  beguiling. 
I  wore  Instead — and  wear  it  yet — 
I  h       little  spray  of  mignonette. 

Its  fragrance  streets  me  unaware, 

A  vision  clear  recalling 
Of  shy,  sweet  eyes,  and  drooping  hair 

in  girlish  tresses  falling, 

And  little  hands  so  white  and  fine 
That  timidly  creep  into  mine; 

As  «he — all  iirnorant  of  the  arts 
That  wiser  maids  are  plying — 

Ha-  crept  into  my  heart  of  hearts 
Past  doubting  or  dem  ing  | 

Therein,  while  Buns  Bhall  rise  and  set. 

To  bloom  unchanged,  my  Mignonette! 


I 


'NOT    A    BONNET    IX    CHL'KCH    BUT    SHE    KNOWS    IT    WELL. 


561 


HOC  knowest  her,  the  thing  of 
laces,  and  silk, 
And  ribbons,  and  gauzes,  and 
crinoline, 
jrWith  her  neck  and  shoulders  as 
--■  white  as  milk, 

And  her  doll-like  face  and 
conscious  mien. 


A  lay-figure  fashioned  to  fit  a 

dress, 
All  stuffed  within  with  straw 

and  bran ; 
Is    that  a  woman  to  love,    to 

caress? 
that  a  creature  to  charm  a  man? 

Only  listen  I  how  charmingly  she  talks 
Of  your  dress  and  hers — of  the  Paris  mode — 

Of  the  coming  ball — of  the  opera  box — 
Of  jupons,  and  flounces,  and  fashions  abroad. 

Not  a  bonnet  in  church  but  she  knows  it  well, 
And  Fashion  she  worships  with  downcast  eyes; 

A  marchande  de  modes  is  her  oracle. 
And  Paris  her  earthly  paradise. 

She's  perfect  to  whirl  with  in  a  waltz; 

And  her  shoulders  show  well  on  a  soft  divan, 
As  she  lounges  at  night  and  spreads  her  silks. 

And  plays  with  her  bracelets  and  flirt-  ber  fan, — 

With  a  little  laugh  at  whatever  yon  - 

And  rounding  her  "  No"  with  a  look  of  surprise, 


And  lisping  her  "  Yes  "  with  an  air  distrait, 
And  a  pair  of  aimless,  wandering  i 

Her  duty  this  Christian  never  omits: 
She  makes  her  calls,  an  -  her  cards. 

And  enchants  a  circle  of  half-fledged  wits. 
And  slim  attaches  and  six-foot  Guards. 

Her  talk  is  of  people   who're  na-ty  or  nice. 

And  she  likes  little  bonbon  compliments: 
While  she  seasons  their  sweetness  by  way  of  spice. 

By  some  witless  scandal  she  often  invents. 

Is  this  the  thing  for  a  mother  or  wife? 

Could  love  ever  grow  on  such  barren  rocks? 
Is  this  the  companion  to  take  for  a  wife! 

One  might  as  well  marry  a  mcsical  box. 

Yon  exhaust  in  a  day  her  full  extent; 

'Tis  the  same  little  tinkle  of  tunes  always; 
You  must  wind  her  up  with  a  compliment. 

To  be  bored  with  the  only  airs  she  plays. 


562 


'FULL    .MANY    A    II.nWKH    IS    BOBN    TO    BLU8H    UNSEEN. 


■ 


_fi  3 


&SL- 


ELEGY  WRITTEN  IN  A  COUNTRY 


■**&&&£  i 

CHURCHYARD. 


BY    TUOMAS    GRAY. 


! 


HE  cnrfew  tolls  tbe  knell  of  parting  day; 
The    lowing    litrd   winds  slowly  o'er 
the  lea, 
The  plowman  homeward  plods  his  weary 
way, 
Ami  leaves  Hie  world  to  darkness  and 
i"  up'. 

Now  fades  the  glimmering  landscape  on 
the  Bight, 
And  all  the  air  a  Bolemn  Btlllness  holds, 

Save  where  the  heetle  wheels  his  droning 

And  drowsy  tinklings  lull  the  distant 
1  folds; 

Save  that,  from  yonder  Ivy-mantled  tower. 
The  moping  owl  does  to  the  moon  complain 

Of  such  as,  wandering  near  her  secret  bower. 
Molest  her  ancient,  solitary  reign. 

Beneath  those  nigged  elms,  that  yew-tree's  shade, 
Where  heaves  the  turf  in  many  a  mouldering  heap, 

Each  in  his  narrow  cell  forever  laid, 
The  rude  rorefathera  of  the  hamlet  sleep. 

The  breezy  call  of  Incense-breathing  mom, 
The  swallow  twittering  from  the  straw-built  shed, 

Tli'  cock's  shrill  clarion,  or  the  echoing  horn. 
No  more  shall  rouse  them  from  their  lowly  bed. 

For  them  no  more  the  blazing  hearth  shall  burn. 

Or  busy  housewife  ply  her  evening  care; 
K"  Children  run  to  |[sp  their  sire's  return, 

Or  climb  his  knees  the  envied  ki-s  to  --hare. 

Oft  did  the  harvest  to  their  sickle  yield, 
Their  furrow  oft  the  stubborn  glebe  has  broke: 

How  jocund  did  they  drive  their  team  afield! 

How  bowed  the  woods  beneath  their  sturdy  stroke! 

Let  not  Ambition  mock  their  useful  toll, 

Their  tn>niely  joy-,  and  destiny  obscure; 
Nor  Grandeur  hear,  with  a  disdainful  smile, 

The  short  and  simple  annals  of  the  poor. 

The  boast  of  heraldry,  the  pomp  of  power. 
And  all  that  beauty,  all  that  wealth  e'er  gave. 

Await,  alike,  the  Inevitable  hour— 
The  paths  of  glory  lead  but  to  the  grave. 

Xor  you,  ye  proud,  impute  to  these  the  fault. 
If  memory  o'er  their  tomb  no  trophies  raise, 

Where,  through  the  long- drawn  aisle  and  fretted  vault 
The  pealing  anthem  swells  the  note  of  praise. 

Can  storied  nrn,  or  animated  bust. 

Bach  to  it-  mansion  call  the  fleeting  breath? 

Can  Honor's  oke  the  silent  dust, 

Or  Flattery  soothe  the  dull,  cold  ear  of  death? 


Perhaps,  in  this  neglected  spot,  u  laid 

Borne  heart    a  pregnan.  with  celestial  fire — 

m         that  the  rod  of  empire  might  have  swayed, 

<tr  waked  t..  ecstacv  the  living  lyre: 

Hut  Knowledge  to  their  eyes  her  ample  page, 
Kich  with  the  spoils  of  time,  did  ne'er  unroll; 

Chill  Penury  repressed  their  noble  i  .. 
And  froze  the  genial  current  of  tiie  soul. 

Full  many  a  gem,  of  purest  ray  serene, 
The  dark  unfathomed  caves  of  ocean  bear; 

Full  many  a  dower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air. 

Some  village  TTumpden,  that,  with  dauntless  breast, 
The  little  tyrant  of  his  fields  withstood— 

Some  mute,  Inglorious  Milton  here  may  r< -t. 
Some  Cromwell,  guiltless  of  his  country's  blood. 

The  applause  of  listening  senates  to  command. 

The  threats  of  pain  and  ruin  to  despise, 
To  scatter  plenty  o'er  a  smiling  land, 

And  read  their  history  in  a  nation's  eyes, 

Their  lot  forbade;  nor  circumscribed  alone 

Their  growing  virtues,  but  their  crimes  confined  /— 

Forbade  to  wade  through  slaughter  to  a  throne. 
And  shut  the  gates  of  mercy  on  mankind; 

Tbe  struggling  pangs  of  conscious  Truth  to  hide. 
To  quench  tbe  blushes  of  ingenuous  Shame, 

Or  heap  the  shrine  of  Luxury  and  Pride 
With  Incense  kindled  at  the  Muse's  flame. 

Far  from  the  maddening  crowd's  Ignoble  strife. 
Their  sober  wishes  never  learnt  to  stray; 

Along  the  cool,  sequestered  vale  of  life 
They  kept  the  noiseless  tenor  of  their  way. 

Yet  even  these  bone6  from  insult  to  protect. 

Some  frail  memorial  still  erected  nigh, 
With  uncouth  rhymes  and  shapeless  sculpture  decked, 

Implores  the  passing  tribute  of  a  sigh. 

Their  names,  their  years,  spelled  by  tb'  unlettered  Muse, 

The  place  of  fame  and  elegy  supply; 
And  many  a  holy  text  around  she  -trews, 

That  teach  the  rustic  moralist  to  die. 


For  who,  to  dumb  forjietfulness  a  prey, 

This  pleasing,  anxious  being  e'er  resigned, — 

Left  the  warm  precincts  of  the  cheerful  day, 
Nor  east  one  longing,  lingering  look  behind? 


f 


\ 


■-•'->>>^?Mkm<<- 


"BUT    HOW    WE    SI'EAK    TO    THESE    LITTLE    ONES    LET    EACH    OF    US    BEWARE. 


563 


^b^4sm£m4$^^%M 


\i^# 


On  sonic  fond  breast  the  parting  sou]  n  lids, 
Some  pious  drops  the  closing  eye  requires; 

Even  from  the  tomb  the  voice  of  Nature  cries, 
Even  in  our  ashes  live  their  wonted  fires. 

For  thee,  who,  mindful  of  th1  unhonored  dead, 

Dost  in  these  lines  their  artless  tale  i<  !  u 
If  chance,  by  lonely  contemplation  led, 

Some  kindred  spirit  shall  enquire  thy  fate- 
Haply,  some  hoary  headed  swain  may  say, 

"  Oft  have  we  seen  him,  at  the  peep  of  dawn. 
Brushing,  with  hasty  steps,  the  dews  away, 

To  meet  the  sun  npon  the  upland  lawn. 

"There,  at  the  foot  of  yonder  nodding  beech, 
That  wreathes  its  old,  fantastic  roots  so  high, 

His  listless  length  at  noontide  would  lje  stretch, 
And  pore  upon  the  brook  that  babbles  by. 

"  Hard  by  yon  wood,  now  smiling,  as  in  scorn, 
Muttering  his  wayward  fancies,  he  would  rove; 

Now  drooping,  woful-wan,  like  one  forlorn. 
Or  crazed  with  care,  or  crossed  with  hopeless  love. 


"One  morn  I  missed  him  on  th*  accustomed  hill, 
Along  the  heath  and  near  hit*  favorite  tree; 

Another  came, — nor  yet  beside  the  rill, 
Nor  up  the  lawn,  nor  at  the  wood  wat>  he. 

"The  next,  with  dirges  due,  in  Bad  array. 
Slow  through  the  church-way  path  we  Baw  bim  Itorne; 

Approach  and  read  (for  thou  canst  read)  the  lay. 
Graved  on  the  stone  beneath  yon  aged  thorn. " 

EPITAPH. 

Here  rests  his  head  upon  the  lap  of  earth, 
A  youth  to  fortune  and  to  fame  unknown; 

Fair  Science  frowned  not  on  his  humble  birth, 
And  Melancholy  marked  him  for  her  own. 

Large  was  his  bounty,  and  his  soul  sincere; 

Heaven  did  a  recompense  as  largely  send: 
He  gave  to  misery  all  he  had, — a  tear; 

He  gained  from  heaven — 'twas  all  he  wished — a  friend. 

No  farther  seek  his  merits  to  disclose, 

Nor  draw  his  frailties  from  their  dread  abode, — 

(There  they,  alike,  in  trembling  hope  repose,  i 
The  bosom  of  his  Father  and  his  God. 


,<•  ..-<-  t 


TWO  LITTLE  PAIRS. 


*E 


^I^EEjil 


BY    MRS.    SUSAN  TEALL  FERUT. 


T 


WO  little  pairs  of  boots,  to-night, 

Before  the  fire  are  drying; 

Two  little  pairs  of  tired  feet 

In  a  trundle  bed   are  lying; 

The  tracks  they  left  upon  the  floor 

Make  me  feel  like  sighing. 

Those  little  boots  with  copper  toes! 

They  run  the  livelong  day; 
And  oftentimes  I  almost  wish 

They  were  miles  away: 
So  tired  am  I  to  hear  so  oft 

Their  heavy  tramp  at  play. 

They  walk  about  the  new-ploughed  ground 

Where  mud  in  plenty  lies; 
They  roll  it  up  in  marbles  round. 

They  bake  it  into  pies, 
And  then,  at  niL'ht  upon  the  floor, 

In  every  shape  it  driea  ' 


To-day  I  was  disposed  t<»  scold, 

But  when  I  look  to-night 
At  those  little  boots  be  fore  the  lire 


With  copper  toes  so  bright, 
I  think  how  sad  my  heart  would  be 
To  put  them  out  of  sight. 

For  in  a  trunk  up  >t;nr-  I've  laid 
Two  socks  of  white  and  blue: 

If  called  to  put  th"-''  boots  away. 
Oh  God,  what  should  I  do? 

I  mourn  that  there  are  not  to-night 
Three  pairs  instead  of  two. 

I  mourn  because  I  thought  how  nice 

My  neighbor  'cross  the  way. 
Could  keep  her  carpels  all  the  year 

From  getting  worn  or  L'ray; 

Yet   w.11   I  know   she'd  Millie  to  OWD 

Some  little  boots  to  day. 

We  mothers  weary  get,  and  worn. 

Over  oar  load  of  l 
But  how  we  speak  to  these  little  ones 

Let  each  of  ii-  beware; 
For  what  would  our  fireside  be  to  night. 

If  no  little  boots  were  there 


564 


'  ll\|i    l:l  .1  \     BE  A  PING    FIELD    ANH    IIIi-IIWAY    WITH    A    SILENCE    DEEP    AND    WHITE. 


r.Y    J  vmk-    RUSSELL    LOW  ill. 


/'UK  snow  had  began  in 
tin-  gloaming, 
Ami    busily,  all    the 

Had  been  heaping  field  and 

away 
With  a  Bllence  deep   and 
white, 

Every   pine    and    flr     and 
hemlock 

i  rmtne  I i  -  - :  i  r   for 

an  earl, 
And   tbe   poorest   twig  on 

the  elm-tree 
Was  ridged  Inch  deep  with      Q 

pearl. 

Prom     Bhede     new- roofed 

with  earrara 

leer's  muffled 

crow ; 

The  still  rails  were  softened 

tu  .-w  an's-don  □ ; 

And    still    wavered    down 

the  snow. 

I  stood  and  watched  from 
my  window 

Tin-    noiseh-s^  work   of   the 

sky, 
And  the  sadden  (tarries  of 

hirds, 
Like    brown    leaves    whirl- 
ing by. 

lit    of    a    mound     in 
Sweet  Anhurn 

Where  a   little    beai 

stood : 
How  the   Hakes   were   fold- 
in-  it  gently, 
[d  robins  tlie  Babes  in  tin-  Wood 


•  F>- ft  fin,-   and  Jlr  </"</  hemlock  "">■'  'mm,-  too  dear  for  an  earl 


I  |i    BpOke    our   own    little 
Mabel, 

Saying,        »  Father,        who 

makes  it  -now'' " 
And  i  told  -i  the  good  All- 
father 
Who    cares    for    as    here 
below. 

Again  I  looked  at  the  -now 

fall. 

And  thought  of  ih.  leaden 
Bky 

T..at  arched  o'er  our  tirst 
-real  sorrow 

When      that       mound      was 

heaped  bo  high. 

I  remember    tin-    gradual 
patience 

That    fell    from    that    clond 

like  snow, 
Flake  by  Sake,  healing  and 

biding 

The    scar    of    our    bui  U  d 

woe. 


And  again  to  tin-  child  I 

whispered 
"The   snow   that    bushetb 

all, 

Darling,   tbe    merciful 

Father 

Alone  can  bid  it  fall '  " 


Then  with   eyes  thai   saw 

not  I  ktSSed  her. 

And      she,     kissing'      bark, 

could  not  know 

Thai  my  kiss  was  given  to 
her  Bister 


Folded  close  under  deepening  -now 


HY    JAMES    ALDR]     El 


SB  Buffering  ended  with  the  day; 

Yet  lived  she  at  its  close, 
And  breathed  the  l"n_*.  long  night  away. 
In  statue-like  repose. 


Hut  when  tin-  sun,  in  all  his  state, 

Illumed  tin'  eastern  Bkles, 
She  passed  through  glory'J  morning-gate, 

And  walked  in  Paradise. 


"l'ERHAl'S    SOME    LoVKK    TROD    THE    WAY,    WITH    SHAKING    KNEES    ANIi    LEAPING    HEART." 


561 


THE    CROOKED    FOOTPATH 


^''fr^yf^ryryyrfSj^y^j^TT^^jxJ^Ti-j-^r:^^^^-^^^ 


['II,  here  it  is!  the  slidin 
Thai  marks  the 
old     remem- 
bered spot, 
The  gap  that  struck  our 

schoolboy  trail, 

The  crooked  path  across 

the  lot. 


It  left  the  road  by  school 

and  church: 
A      pencilled        shadow, 

nothing  more. 
That  parted  from  the  sil- 
ver birch 
And  ended  at  the  farm- 
house door. 

No  line  or  compass  traced 

its  plan; 
With  frequent   bends    to 

left  or  right, 
In       aimless,       wayward 

curves  it  ran, 

But  always  kept  the  door 

in  sight. 

The    gabled    porch,  with 

woodbine  green, 
The   broken  millstone  at 

the  sill, 
Though     many    a     mini 

might  stretch  between, 

The   truant    child    could 

see  them  still. 

No  rocks  across  the  path- 
way lie, 

No  fallen  trunk  is  o'er  it 
thrown ; 


rail 


BT    OLIVER    WENDKLL    HOLMES. 


--^fr— 


And  ij' t  U  wtndSi  turns  as  if  '■■ 


-^m*~ 


And  yet  it  winds,  we  know  not  why. 
And  turns  as  if  for  tree 
or  stone. 


Perhaps  some  lover  trod 
the  way, 

With  shaking  knees  and 
leaping  heart; 

And  so  it  often  runs 
a -tray. 

With  sinuous  sweep  or 
sadden  start. 

Or  one,   perchance,  with 

clouded  brain, 
From  some  unholy  ban- 
quet r 
And    since,  our    devious 

steps  maintain 
His  track  across  the  trod- 
den tield. 


Nay,    deem    not    thus: — 

no  earth-horn  will 
Could  ever  trace  a  fault- 
leas  line; 
Our     truest      steps      art- 
human  still, — 
To  walk  unswerving  were 
divine. 


Truants    from     love,   we 

dream  of  wrath ; 
i),  rather  let  us  trust  the 

more ! 
Through  all  the  wander- 
ings of  the  path 
Wf    still    can     see    our 
Father's  door! 


THE    OLD    LOVE. 


— ««K- 


k 


i^T^ 


7   MET  her,  she  was  thin  and  old. 

She  stooped  and  trod  w  ith  tottering  feet ; 
Her  locks  were  gray  thai  once  were 

Her  voice  was  harsh  that  OW  G 

Her  cheeks  were  Bonken,and  hei 

Robbed  Of  their  girlish  light  of  joy. 

Were  dim:  I  felt  a  strange  surprise 
That  I  had  loved  her  n  hen  a  boy. 


Ami  yet  a  something  in  Iht  air 

Restored  to  me  mj  youthful  prime: 
My  heart  grew  young  and  seemed  to  wear 

The  impress  "f  thai  long-lost  time; 
I  took  her  wilt.d  hand  in  mine. 

Its  touch  awoke  a  w orld  <>f  i 
I  kissed  her  will]  a  reverent  sigh. 

For  I  had  loved  her  when  a  boy! 


4;5gg8g§8 


566 


TILL   i  1 1  \  Kl  1  \     WENT   TO    111}.    1 R-MABTEB,   A.N*    I'l   I    Ml.    OM    THE    TOWN." 


-!«!*•■ 


OVER  THE  HILL  TO  THE  POOR-HOUSE. 


mi 

-:>        :.   - 


I'.V   will,    M.    CABLETOK, 


v 


•  ■ 


s 

s 

s 

s 

V 
V 

s 
\ 

V 
V 

s 


VER  the  hill  le  poor-house  I'm  trodgin'  m 

way — 
I,  ii  woman  of  seventy,  and  only  a  trifle  gray — 
I,  who  am  smart  an'  chipper,  for  all  the  years  I've 

told, 
A-  many  another  woman,  that's  only  half  as  old. 

Over  the  hill  to  the  poor-house — I  can't  make  it 
quite  clearl 
Our  the  hill  to  the  poor-house — it  seems  so  horrid 
qoeer! 

Many  a  Btep  I've  taken  a-toilln'  to  and  fro, 
Hut  this  le  a  j-ort  of  jonrney  I  never  thought  to  go. 

What  i-  the  nee  of  heapin'  on  me  a  panper'a  shame! 
Am  I  lazy  or  crazy!  am  I  hlind  or  lame? 
True.  I  am  not  BO  supple,  nor  yet  so  awful  stout, 
But  charity  ain't  no  favor,  if  one  can  live  without 

I  am  willin'  and  anxious  an'  ready  any  day. 

To  work  for  a  decent  llvln',  an'  pay  my  honest  way; 

ii  my  victual-,  an'  more  too,  I'll  be  hound. 
If  anybody  only  is  willin'  to  have  me  round. 

Oni  -    I  was  yonng  and  han'some — I  was,  upon  my  soul — 
Once  my  cheeks  wa  coal; 

And  I  can't  remember,  In  them  'lays,  of  hearin'  people  say, 
For  any  kind  of  reason,  that  I  was  in  tbeir  way. 

Taint  no  use  of  boaslin",  or  talkin'  over  free. 

But  many  a  OOUBe  an'  h was  open  then  to  me; 

i  han'some  offer  I  had  from  likely  men, 
Iv  ever  hinted  that  I  was  a  burden  then. 

And  when  to  John  I  was  married,  sure  he  was  good  and  smart. 
But  be  ami  all  the  neighbors  would  own  I  done  my  part; 
For  life  was  all  before  lie  [was  young  an'  strong. 

And  I  worked  the  best  that  I  could  in  tryin'  to  get 

And  so  we  worked  together;  and  life  was  hard  hut  gay. 
With  now  ami  then  a  baby,  for  to  cheer  us  on  our  way- 
Till  we  had  half  a  dozen,  an'  all  growed  clean  an'  neat, 
An'  went  to  school  like  others,  an'  had  enough  to  i 

So  we  worked  for  the  childr'n,  and  raided  'em  every  one: 
Worked  for 'em  Bummer  and  winter,  just  as  we  ought  to 've  done; 

Only  perhaps  we  humored  'em,  which  some  •: I  folks  condemn. 

But  every  couple's  childr'n' 8  a  heap  the  best  to  them. 

bow  much  we  think  of  our  blessed  little  on.  -  I— 
I'd  have  died  for  my  daughters,  I'd  have  died  for  my  sons; 
And  God  he  made  that  rule  of  love;  hut  when  we're  old  and  gray, 
■iced  it  sometimes  somehow  fails  to  work  the  other  way. 


.  another  thing:   when  our  hoy-  an'  irirl-  was  grown, 
Ami  when,  exceptln'  Charley,  they'd  left  ne  there  alone; 
When  John  he  nearer  an'  nearer  conic,  an'  dearer  seemed  to  he. 
The  Lord  of  I1..-I-  in-  come  one  day  an'  took  him  away  from  me. 

Siill  I  was  bound  to  struggle,  an'  never  In  cringe  or  fall — 
Still  I  worked  for  Charley,  for  Charley  was  now  my  all: 

And  Charley  was  pretty  good  to  me,  with  scarce  a  word  or  frown, 
Till  at  last  he  went  a-courtin',  and  brought  a  wife  from  town. 

She  was  somewhat  dressy,  an'  hadn't  a  plea-ant  -mile — 

She  was  quite  COnCCity,  and  carried  a  heap  o'  style; 
Bui  if  ever  I  tried  to  he  friend-,  I  did  with  her.  I  know; 
Bui  she  was  hard  and  proud,  an'  I  couldn't  make  it  go. 

She  bad  an  cdication,  an"  that  was  L'ood  for  her; 
Hut  when  she  twitted  me  on  mine  'twas  carryin'  thiiiL.'-  too  fur; 
An"  I  told  her  once  'fore  company  (an'  it  almost  made  her  sicki, 
That  I  never  swallowed  a  grammar,  or  et  a  'rithmetic. 

So  'twas  only  a  few  day-  before  the  thing  was  done — 
They  was  a  family  of  themselves,  and  I  another  one; 
And  a  very  little  cottage  for  one  family  will  do, 
But  I  have  never  seen  a  house  thai  was  big  enough  for  two. 

An'  I  never  could  speak  to  suit  her,  never  could  please  her  eye. 
An'  it  made  me  independent,  an'  then  i  didn't  try; 
But  I  was  terrihly  Btaggered,  an'  felt  il  like  a  blow, 
When  Charley  turned   '-'in  me,  an'  told  me  I  could  go. 

I  went  to  live  with  Snsan,  but  Susan's  house  was  small. 

And  she  was  always  a-hintiti"  how  Bnng  it  was  for  u-  all: 

And  what  with  hcrliu -hand's  si-tcrs,  and  what  with  childr'n  three, 

'Twa-  ea->  to  discover  thai  there  wasn't  room  for  me. 

An'  then  I  went  to  Thomas,  tie-  oldest  -on  I 

For  Thomas'  buildings   d  cover  the  half  of  an  acre  lot: 

But  all  the  childr'n  was  on  me— I  couldn't  stand  their  sauce — 
And  Thomas  -aid  I  n lu't  think  I  was  comin'  there  to  i 

An    then  I  wrote  to  Rebecca, — my  '-'irl  who  live"  out  West, 
And  lo  Isaac,  not  far  from  her — one'  twenty  mile-  at  best; 
And  one  of  'em  -aid  'twas  too  warm  there,  for  any  one  so  old. 
And  t'other  had  an  opinion  the  climate  was  too  cold. 

So  tiny  hue  shirked  and  Blighted  me.  an'  shifted  me  about — 
have  well-nigh  soured  me,  an'  wore  my  old  heart  out: 
lint  -till  I've  borne  up  pretty  well,  an'  wasn't  much  put  down. 
Till  Charley  went  lo  the  poorina-tcr,  an'  put  me  on  the  town. 

i  Iver  the  hill  to  the  poor-bouse — my  childr'n  dear,  good-bye! 
Many  a  night  I've  watched  you  when  only  God  was 
And  i.od   11  judge  between  us;  hut  I  will  al'ays  pray 
That  yon  shall  never  suffer  the  half  I  do  to-day. 


Publl.-hed  hy  Harper  &  Brothers. 


tti    x.mn    ".:      .: 


VWW  W W,in^*.nrfWaitfiiri 
Tin 


WW 

:■■  t»J  * 


BBS 


■■-■■"■^■■^■■nass^mrrBW 'Mi 


.MY    GOOD    OLD    CHRISTIAN    MOTHER,  YOU  LL   SEE,   WILL    BE    SL'RE    To    STAXD    RIGHT    UP    FOB    ME.         567 


HILL  FROM  THE 


_3 


■ 


w 
w 

•  ■ 

•  • 

w 

-    ■ 

s/ 

•  • 


-    • 

v/ 

•    • 


■ 


BY    WILL    M.    CABLETON. 

who  was  always  counted,  they  Bay, 
Rather  a  bad  stick  any  way. 
Splintered  all  over  with  dodges  and  tricks, 
Known  as  the  "  worst  of  the  deacon's  six;" 
I,  the  truant,  saucy  and  bold, 
The  one  black  sheep  in  my  father's  fold, 
"Once  on  a  time,"  as  the  stories  say, 
Went  over  the  hill  on  a  winter's  day — 
Over  the  hill  to  the  poor-bouse. 

Tom  could  save  what  twenty  could  earn; 

But  givin'  was  somethin1  be  ne'er  could  learn; 

Isaac  could  half  o'  the  Scriptures  speak. 

Committed  a  hundred  verses  a  week; 
Never  forgot,  an'  never  slipped; 
But  "  Honor  thy  father  and  mother"  he  skipped* 
So  over  the  hill  to  the  poor-house. 

As  for  Susan,  her  heart  was  kind 

An'  good — what  there  was  of  it,  mind; 

Nolhin'  too  big  an'  notbin'  too  nice, 

Nothin1  she  wouldn't  sacrifice 

For  one  she  loved;  an'  that  'ere  one 

W  i-  herself,  when  all  was  said  an'  done. 

An'  Charley  an'  'Becca  meant  well,  no  doubt. 

But  anyone  could  pull  'em  about. 

An'  all  our  folks  ranked  well,  you  see. 
Save  one  poor  fellow,  and  that  was  me; 
An*  when,  one  dark  an'  rainy  night, 
A  neighbor's  horse  went  out  of  sight. 
They  bitched  on  me  as  the  guilty  chap 
That  carried  one  end  of  the  halter-strap. 
An'  I  think,  myself,  that  view  of  the  case 
Wasn't  altogether  out  o'  place: 
My  mother  denied  it,  as  mothers  do, 
But  I'm  inclined  to  believe  'twas  true. 

Though  for  me  one  thing  might  be  said — 

That  I,  as  well  as  the  horse,  was  led; 

And  the  worst  of  whisky  spurred  me  on, 

Or  else  the  deed  would  bave  never  been  done. 

But  the  keenest  grief  I  ever  felt, 

Was  when  my  mother  beside  me  knelt. 

An'  cried  an"  prayed  till  I  melted  down, 

A-  I  wouldn't  for  half  the  horses  in  town. 

I  kissed  her  fondly,  then  and  there, 

An'  swore  henceforth  to  be  honest  and  square. 

I  served  my  sentence — a  bitter  pill 
Sum.-  fellows  should  take,  who  never  will; 
And  then  I  decided  to  "go  out  West," 
Cinicludin'  'twould  suit  my  health  the  best; 
Where,  how  T  prospered,  I  never  could  tell. 
But  Fortune  seemed  to  like  me  well. 
An'  BOmehOW,  every  vein  I  struck 
Wa-  always  bubhlin'  o\vr  with  link ; 

tter  than  that,  I  was  steady  an'  true. 
An'  put  my  good  resolutions  through. 
But  I  wrote  to  a  trusty  old  neighbor,  an'  said, 
"Yon  tell  'em,  old  fellow,  thai  I  am  dead, 
An'  died  a  Christian;  'twill  please  "em  more 
Than  if  I  had  lived  the  same  as  before." 


POOR-HOUSE. 

— ^5- 


But  when  this  neighbor  he  wrote  to  me, 

"  Your  mother  is  in  the  poor-bouse,''  says  he; 

1  had  a  resurrection  straightway. 

An*  started  for  her  that  very  day; 

And  when  I  arrived  where  I  was  grown. 

I  took  good  care  tbat  I  shouldn't  be  known; 

But  I  bought  the  old  cottage,  through  and  through, 

Of  some  one  Charley  had  sold  it  to; 

And  held  back  neither  work  nor  gold, 

To  fix  it  up  as  it  was  of  old; 

The  same  big  fire-place,  wide  and  high, 

Flung  up  its  cinders  toward  the  sky; 

The  old  clock  ticked  on  the  corner-shelf— 

I  wound  it  an'  set  it  a-goin'  myself; 

An',  if  everything  wasn't  quite  the  same. 

Neither  I  nor  Manly  was  to  blame; 

Then — over  the  hill  to  the  poor-house! 

One  bloomin',  hlusterin'  winter's  day. 

With  a  team  an'  cutter  I  started  away; 

My  fiery  nags  was  as  black  as  coal; 

(They  some'at  resembled  the  borse  I  stole;) 

I  hitched  an'  entered  the  poor-house  door — 

A  poor  old  woman  was  scrubbin'  the  floor; 

She  rose  to  her  feet  in  great  surprise 

And  looked,  quite  startled,  into  my  i 

I  Baw  the  whole  of  her  trouble's  trace 

In  the  lines  that  marred  her  dear  old  face; 

"Mother!"  I  shouted,  "your  sorrows  are  done! 

You're  adopted  along  o'  your  horse-thief  - 

Come  over  the  hill  from  the  poor-house  I1 

She  didn't  faint;  she  knelt  by  my  side, 

An'  thanked  the  Lord  till  I  fairly  cried. 

An'  maybe  our  ride  wasn't  pleasant  and  gay, 

An'  maybe  she  wasn't  wrapped  up  that  day; 

An'  maybe  our  outage  wasn't  warm  and  bright; 

An'  maybe  it  wasn't  a  pleasant  sight. 

To  see  her  a-f  i  enin's  tea, 

An'  frequently  stoppin'  and  kissin*  me; 

An'  maybe  we  didn't  live  happy  for 

In  spite  of  my  brothers1  and  sisters1  sneers. 

Who  often  said,  as  I  have  heard, 

That  they  wouldn't  own  a  prison  bird 

(Though  they're  gettin1  over  that,  1  g 

For  all  of  them  owe  me  more  or  I 

But  I've  learned  one  thing,  and  it  cheers  a  mau 
In  always  a-doin'  the  nest  he  can: 
That  whether,  on  the  big  book,  a  blot 

over  a  fellow's  name  or  not. 
Whenever  lie  does  a  deed  that's  white 

I  ro  him  fair  and  ri^bt. 
An'  when  you  hear  the  great  bugle's  notes. 
An'  the  Lord  divides  hi-  sheep  and  goats; 
However  they  may  settle  my  i 
Wherever  they  may  fix  my  place, 
My  good  old  Chrislian  mother,  you'll  -     . 
Will  be  sure  to  stand  right  up  for  me. 

-     over  the  hill  from  the  DOOr-hoUE 


'"^ 


-. 


§5 


^ 


BY   ETUEL    LYNN. 


MANY  pounds  doe*  the  baby  weigh, — 
Baby,  who  came  but  a  month  ago; 

How  many  pounds  from  the  crowning  curl 
To  the  rosy  point  of  the  restless  toe? 

Grandfather  tits  the  handkerchief's  knot, 
lerly  guides  the  swinging  weight. 
And  carefolly  over  ins  glasses  p  i  rj 
To  read  the  record,  "  Only  eight!  " 


Softly  the  echo  goes  around. 

The  father  langhs  at  the  tiny  girl; 
The  fair  young  mother  sings  the  words, 

While  grandmother  smooths  the  golden  curl. 

thing, 
Nestles  s  kiss  within  a  prayer; 
Murmuring  softly,  "Little  one. 

Grandfather  did  not  weigh  you  fair." 

;hed  the  baby's  "mile. 
Or  the  love  that  came  with  the  helpless  one; 


Nobody  weighed  the  threads  of  care 

From  which  a  woman's  life  is  spun. 

No  index  tells  the  mighty  worth 

Of  a  little  baby's  quiet  breath! 
A  soft,  unceasing  metronome, 

Patient  and  faithful  unto  death. 

Nobody  weighed  the  baby's  soul. 

For  here,  on  earth,  no  weights  there  be 
Thai  could  avail.      God  only  kla.u- 

Its  value  in  eternity. 

Only  eiL'ht  pounds  to  hold  a  BOUl 

rii. it  seeks  no  angel's  silver  wing. 
But  shrines  it  in  this  human  guise — 

Within  so  fair  and  small  a  thing. 

Oh,  mother,  laugh  your  merry  note, 
Be  gay  and  glad,  but  don't  forge) 

From  baby's  eyes  looks  out  a  soul 
That  claims  a  home  in  Eden  yet. 


-  + 


JUDCE    NOT. 


■;--:^-:- 


■\  -V— i  c*.  .- 


i:  tint!     The  workings  of  his  brain 
'         Anil  <>f  his  li«*:irt  thou  canst  nut  l 
What  looks  to  thy  dim  eyes  a  stain, 

In  God'S  PUTS  liL'tit  may  only  be 
A  Bear,  brought  from  souk-  well-won  field. 
Where  thou  wouldn't  only  faint  and  yield. 

The  look,  the  air,  thai  frets  thy  ^ight. 

May  be  a  token,  that  i" 
The  soul  has  closed  in  deadly  light 


With  some  infernal,  fiery  toe, 
Whose  glance  would  srorch  thy  smiling  grace. 
And  cast  thee  shuddering  on  thy  face. 

The  fall  thou  darest  to  despist — 
Perchance  the  slackened  angel's  hand 

Has  sufferrd  it,  that  lie  may  rise 
And  take  B  Aimer,  surer  -rami: 

Or,  t r i .  I  ':■  things, 

May  henceforth  learn  to  use  his  wings. 


"i    SHALL    HI88    HIM,    WHEN    THE    FLOWERS    COME,   IX    THE    GARDEN    WHERE    HE    PLATED. 


)69 


BY    JOSHUA    D.    ROBINSON. 


AM  all  alone  in  my  chamber  now, 

And  the  midnight  hour  is  near, 
And  the  faggot's  crack,  and  the  clock's  dull  tick. 

Are  all  the  sounds  I  hear; 
And  over  my  soul  in  its  solitude 

Sweet  feelings  of  sadness  glide; 
And  my  heart  and  my  eyes  are  full  when  I  think 

Of  the  little  boy  that  died. 

I  went  home  one  night  to  my  father's  house — 

Went  home  to  the  dear  ones  all, 
And  softly  I  opened  the  garden  gate. 

And  softly  the  door  of  the  hall; 
My  mother  came  out  to  meet  her  son. 

She  kissed  me,  and  then  she  sighed, 
And  her  head  fell  on  my  neck,  and  she  wept 

For  the  little  boy  that  died. 

And  when  I  gazed  on  his  innocent  face. 

As  still  and  cold  he  lay. 
And  thought  what  a  lovely  child  he  had  been. 

And  how  soon  he  must  decay; 
"O  Death,  thou  lovest  the  beautiful!" 

In  the  woe  of  my  spirit  I  cried, 
For  sparkled  the  eyes,  and  the  forehead  was  fair. 

Of  the  little  boy  that  died. 

Again  I  will  go  to  my  father's  house — 

Go  home  to  the  dear  ones  all, 
And  sadly  I'll  open  tfae  garden  gate, 

And  sadly  the  door  of  the  hail; 
I  shall  meet  my  mother,  but,  nevermore, 

With  her  darling  by  her  Bide; 
And  she'll  kis<  me  and  sigh,  and  weep  again 

For  the  little  boy  that  died. 


I  shall  miss  him,  when  the  dowers  come, 

In  the  garden  where  he  played; 
I  shall  miss  him  more  by  the  fir' 

When  the  flowers  have  all  decs 
I  shall  see  his  toys  and  his  empty  chair. 

And  the  horse  he  used  to  ride; 
And  they  will  speak,  with  silent  speech. 

Of  the  little  boy  that  died. 

I  shall  see  his  little  sister 

With  her  playmates  about  the  door, 
And  I'll  watch  the  children  at  their  sports. 

As  I  never  did  before ; 
And  if,  in  the  group,  I  see  a  child 

That's  dimpled  and  laughing-eyed, 
I'll  look  to  see  if  it  may  not  be 

The  little  boy  that  dipd. 

We  shall  go  home  to  our  Father's  hone   — 

To  our  Father's  honse  in  the  skies, 
Where  the  hope  of  our  souls  shall  have  no  blight, 

And  our  love  no  broken  ties; 
We  shall  roam  on  the  banks  of  the  River  of  Peace, 

And  bathe  in  its  blissful  tide; 
And  one  of  the  joys  (.f  our  Heaven  will  be 

The  little  boy  that  died. 

And  therefore,  when  I'm  Bitting  alone. 

And  the  midnight  hour  is  n< 
And  the  faggot's  crack  and  the  clock's  dull  tick 

Are  the  only  -.Minds  I  hear, 

■  et  o'er  my  soul  in  its  solitude 

Are  the  feelings  of  sadness  thai  glide. 
Though  my  heart  and  my  eyes  are  full  when  I  think 

Of  the  little  boy  that  died. 


mm 


I 


v 


m 


I 


! 


1       1/      •-. 


J/0      "IF   I    8HOOLD    DIB    TO-NIGHT,   KVKN    HBABT8    E8TBANOBD    WOULD    TUBS    ONOB    MOBE    TO   MB. 


BY    BELLE 

If  I  Bhonld  die  to-night, 
v  friends  would  look  upon  my  quiet  face 
Before  they  laid  it  in  Its  resting-place, 

Ami  deem  thiit  death  had  left  it  almost  f;iir; 
And,  laying  snow-white  flowers  against  my  hair. 
Would  smooth  it  down  with  tearful  tenderness, 
And  fold  my  hands  with  lingering  can--: 
Poor  hands,  so  empty  and  so  cold  to-night t 

If  I  ahonld  die  to-night, 

lly  frimds  would  call  to  mind,  with  loving  thought, 
iVl      Some  kindly  deed  the  icy  hand  had  WTOUght; 

gentle  word  the  frozen  lips  had  said; 
V         Errands  od  which  the  willing  feet  had  sped; 
The  memory  of  in.v  Belflshness  and  pride, 
My  hasty  words,  would  all  be  put  asi 

And  so  I  Bhonld  be  loved  and  mourned  to-night 


Recalling  other  days  remorsefully. 
«T    The  eyes  thai  chill  me  with  averted  glance 
Would  look  upon  me  as  of  yore,  perchance, 
And  -often,  in  the  old,  familiar  way. 
For  who  could  war  with  dumb,  unconscious  clay? 
So  I  might  rest,  forgiven  of  all,  to-night. 

%  Oh,  friends,  I  pray  to  night, 

kreep  not  your  kisses  for  my  dead,  cold  brow. 
XV  The  way  is  lonely,  let  me  feel  them  now. 
\        Think  gently  of  me;  I  am  travel-worn; 

My  faltering  feet  are  pierced  with  many  a  thorn. 

Forgive,  ob,  hearts  estranged,  forgive,  I  plead! 

When  dreamless  rest  is  mine  T  shall  not  need 

The  tenderness  for  which  I  long  to-night 


1 1-    80    SWEET    TO    L.VliOK    FOB    THOSE    WE    I.oVE. 


."■71 


ET   MART   CLEMMER. 


HAT  shall  I  do,  my  dear, 
n  the  coming  years,  I  wonder, 

hen  our  paths,  which  lie  bo  sweetly  near. 

Shall  lie  so  far  asunder? 
O,  what  shall  I  do,  my  dear, 

Through  all  the  sad  to-morrows. 
When  the  sunny  smile  has  ceased  to  cheer. 

That  smiles  away  all  sorrows? 

What  shall  I  do,  my  friend. 
When  you  are  gone  forever? 

My  heart  its  eager  need  will  send, 
Through  the  years  to  find  you,  never. 

And  how  will  it  be  with  you. 
In  the  weary  world,  I  wonder? 

Will  you  love  me  with  a  love  as  true. 
When  our  paths  lie  far  asunder? 


■■■'  rer,  sadder  thing, 
My  life  for  having  known  yon; 

Forever,  with  my  sacred  kin, 
My  eoni'e  sonl,  I  must  own  you; 
Forever  mine,  my  friend, 

From  June  till  life's  D-c.-mher; 
Not  mine  to  have  and  bold, 

Mine  to  pray  for,  and  remember. 

The  way  is  short,  my  friend, 

That  reaches  out  before  ns; 
God's  tender  heavens  above  us  bend. 

Hi-  love  i>  smilingo'er  us. 
A  little  while  is  ours, 

For  sorrow  or  for  laughter; 
I'll  lay  the  hand  yon  love  in  yours, 

On  the  shore  of  the  hereafter. 


k 


LOVE  LIGHTENS    LABOR. 


GOOD  wife  rose  from  her  bed  one  morn, 
■£&■    And  thought,  with  a  nervous  dread, 
*  Of  the  pile  of  clothes  to  be  washed,  and  more 
Than  a  dozen  mouths  to  be  fed. 
Then'-  the.  meals  to  get  for  the  men  in  the  field. 

And  the  children  to  fix  away 
To  school,  and  the  milk  to  be  skimmed  and  churned 
And  all  to  be  done  this  day. 

fig 
fetijrt  had  rained  in  the  night,  and  all  the  wood 

^    Was  wet  as  it  could  be; 

There  were  paddings  and  pies  to  bake,  besides 

A  loaf  of  cake  for  tea; 
And  the  day  was  hot,  and  her  aching  head 

Throbbed  wearily  as  she  said: 
"If  maidens  but  knew  what  good  wives  know, 

They  would  be  in  no  haste  to  wed." 

•A 

"Jennie,  what  do  you  think  I  told  Ren  Brown?" 
Called  the  fanner  from  the  well; 
And  a  flash  crept  up  to  hi-  bronzed  brow, 
And  his  eyes  half  bashfully  fell. 


i^t 


"It  was  this,"  he  said — and  coming  near. 
He  kiss'd  from  her  brow  the  frown; — 

"*Twas  this,"  he  said,  "that  you  were  tie 
And  the  dearest  wife  in  town,  " 

Sflthe  farmer  went  back  to  the  field,  and  the  wife, 
"*"      In  a  smiling  and  absent  way, 
Sang  snatches  of  tender  little  - 

3h<  'i  not  -uiil'  for  many  a  day. 
And  the  pain  in  her  head  was  gone,  and  the  clothes 

Were  white  as  the  foam  of  the  sea; 
Her  bread  was  light  and  her  butter  was  sweet. 
And  as  golden  as  it  could  be. 

"T  u-t  think."  the  children  all  called  in  a  breath, 
CO 

"Tom  Wood  ha-  run  ofl  to  -ea  ' 

II     wouldn't,  1  know,  if  he  only  had 

A-  happy  a  home 
The  oight  came  down,  ami  tin-  good  wife  smiled 

To  berself  a-  she  softly  said: 

"Ti-  -.-  BWeet  to  labor  for  those  we  love, 
[VS  DOl  ^triii.v  that  maid-  will  wed!" 


^i^i^^L-  ^  ^.^  ^  ^  ^^^.  j^  - 


^3— 


mmmm 
Mmmm 


ORP'  n:  Ai.  Green  I  "  the  orderly  cried ; 

••  Here !  "  waa  1 1 1  *  -  answer,  loud  and  clear. 
Prom  the  lips  of  a  soldier  who  stood  near, 
And  "Here I"  was  the  word  the  next  replied. 

■  ■  <  ■■.  rna  Drew !  "—then  a  alienee  fell — 
This  time  ii"  answer  followed  the  call; 
■  it-  rear  man  had  seen  htm  fall. 
Killed  "r  wounded  he  could  not  tell. 

There  thej  Btood  In  the  failing  light, 

i  h<  Be  men  of  battle,  with  grave,  dark  looks, 
\-  plain  i"  be  read  as  open  hooka, 
While  riowly  gathered  the  shades  of  night 

The  fern  on  the  hill-aide  was  splashed  with  blood, 
And  dow  n  in  the  corn,  where  the  popples  grew, 
Were  redder  stains  than  the  poppies  knew; 

And  crimson-dyed  was  the  river's  flood. 

For  the  foe  had  crossed  from  the  other  Bide, 

That  day  in  the  fa.'..-  of  a  murderous  fire, 

That  -w.pt  them  down  in  its  terrible  Ire; 

And  their  life-blood  went  to  color  the  tide. 


V 


"Herbert  dine  I  "     At  the  call,  there  came 
Two  Btalwarl  soldiers  into  the  line, 
Bearing  between  them  this  Herbert  Kline, 

Wounded  and  bleeding,  to  answer  hi-  d 

11  F.zra  Kerr!  " — and  a  voice  answered,  "  Here! " 

11  Hiram  Kerr!  " — but  no  man  replied. 

They  wen-  brothers,  t^ese  two,  the  sad  winds  sighed. 
And  a  shudder  crept  through  the  cornfield  near. 

"  Bpfaraim  Deane!  " — then  s  soldier  spoke: 

11  Deane  carried  our  Regiment's  color;*,"  he  said; 
"Where  our  Ensign  was  shot,  I  left  him  dead, 

Just  after  the  enemy  wavered  and  broke. 

"Close  to  the  roadside  his  i„„|\  lies 
I  paused  d  moment  and  gave  him  to  drink. 
lb-  murmured  bis  mother's  name,  I  think, 

And  death  came  with  it  and  Closed  bis  eye-." 

'Twasa  victory;  yes,  but  it  cost  us  dear, — 
For  that  company's  roll,  when  i  died  at  night, 
Of  a  A  i  who  went  Into  the  fight, 

Numbered  but  tutenty  that  answered  "  Here :  " 


4 


> 


BMBM 


^MMM 


(HI.    WHY    SHOULD    THE    SPIKIT   OF    MORTAL    BE    PBOUDS 


"%&. 
M 


S-€£J*®-^ 


UP-HILL. 


«*,, 


BY    CHRISTINA    G.    ROSSETTI. 


TOES  the  road  wind  up-hill  all  the  way? 
sicj  Yes,  to  the  very  end. 

ySTv         Will  the  day's  journey  take  the  whole  long  day? 
^***  From  morn  to  night,  my  friend. 

Bui  is  there  for  the  night  a  resting  place? 

A  roof  for  when  the  slow,  dark  hours  begin? 
May  not  the  darkness  hide  it  from  my  face? 

You  cannot  miss  that  inn. 

Shall  I  meet  other  wayfarers  at  night? 

Those  who  have  gone  before. 
Then  must  I  knock,  or  call  when  just  in  sight? 

They  will  not  keep  you  standing  at  the  door. 

Shall  I  find  comfort,  travel-sore  and  weak? 

Of  labor  you  shall  find  the  sum. 
Will  there  be  beds  for  me  and  all  who  seek? 

Yea,  beds  for  all  who  come. 


/"•*  /-*,/-*,-*  /\A.'» 


'*./-J".i*. /«./•. 


OH,  WHY  SHOULD  THE  SPIRIT  OF  MORTAL  BE   PROUD?       •        -  f^i — - 


*^3hX.< 


BY   WILLIAM   KNOX. 


V 


H,  why  should  the  spirit  of  mortal  be  proud? 
Like  a  swift-fleeting  meteor,  a  fast-flying  cloud, 
A  flash  of  the  lightning,  a  break  of  the  wave, 
Man  passes  from  life  to  his  rest  in  the  grave. 

The  leaves  of  the  oak  and  the  willow  shall  fade, 
Be  scattered  around  and  together  be  laid; 
And  the  young  and  the  old,  and  the  low  and  the  high, 
Shall  moulder  to  dust  and  together  shall  lie. 

The  infant  a  mother  attended  and  loved. 

The  mother  that  infant's  affection  who  proved; 

The  husband  that  mother  and  infant  who  blessed, 
Each,  all,  are  away  to  their  dwellings  of  rest. 

The  maid  on  whose  cheek,  on  whose  brow,  in  whose  eye. 
Shone  beauty  and  pleasure — her  triumphs  are  by; 
And  the  memory  of  those  who  loved  her  and  praised. 
Are  alike  from  the  minds  of  the  living  erased. 

The  hand  of  the  king  that  the  sceptre  bath  borne, 
The  brow  of  the  priest  that  the  mitre  hath  worn. 
The  eye  of  the  sage  and  the  heart  of  the  brave. 
Are  hidden  and  lost  in  the  depth  of  the  grave. 

The  peasant,  whose  lot  was  to  sow  and  to  reap; 
The  herdsman,  who  climbed  with  hie  goats  up  the  steep; 
The  beggar,  who  wandered  in  search  of  his  bread, 
Have  faded  away  like  the  grass  that  we  tread. 

Phe  sain    who  en  amanion  of  heaven, 

The  sinner  who  dared  to  remain  nnforgiven, 

The  wise  and  the  foolish,  the  iruilty  and  just, 
Have  quietly  mingled  their  bones  in  the  dust. 


So  the  multitude  goes,  like  the  flowers  or  the  weed 
That  withers  away  to  let  others  succeed; 
So  the  multitude  comes,  even  those  we  behold. 
To  repeat  every  tale  that  has  often  been  told. 

For  we  are  the  same  our  fathers  have  been; 
We  see  the  same  -ights  our  fathers  have  seen. — 
We  drink  the  same  stream  and  view  thr  same  sun, 
And  run  the  same  course  our  fathers  have  run. 

The  thoughts  we  are  thinking  our  fathers  would  think, 
From  the  death  we  are  shrinkim:  our  fathers  would  shrink 
To  the  life  we  are  clinging  they  also  would  i 
But  it  speeds  for  us  all,  like  a  bird  on  the  ■■ 

■  ed,  but  the  story  we  cannot  unfold; 
-rued,  but  the  heart  of  the  haughty  is  cold; 
They  grieved,  but  no  wail  from  their  slumbers  will  come; 
They  joyed,  but  the  tongue  of  their  gladness  is  dumb. 

They  died,  aye!  they  died;  and  we  things  that  are  now. 
Who  walk  on  the  turf  that  lies  over  their  brow. 
Who  make  in  their  dwellings  a  transient  abode. 
Meet  the  thing-  that  they  met  on  their  pilgrimage  road. 

Yea!  hone  and  despondency,  pleasure  and  pain. 
We  mingle  together  in  sunshine  ami  ram: 
And  tin-  -mil's  and  the  tears,  the  son^  and  the  dirge. 
Still  follow  each  other,  like  surge  u| 

*Ti-  the  wink  of  an  eye,  'tis  the  draught  of  a  breath: 
From  the  blossom  of  health  to  the  paleness  of  death. 
From  the  gilded  saloon  to  the  bier  and  the  shroud, — 
Oh,  why  should  the  spirit  of  mortal  be  proud? 


I     1 


JL 


;T4 


'GODS    PLANS   GO   o.N    AS   BEST   FOB    YOD    AND    ME. 


Q^TIL   DE4Tlf 


AKK  me  no  vows  of  constancy,  dear  friend, 

To  love  me,  tbongfa  I  die,  thy  whole  life  long, 
And  love  no  other  LIU  thy  days  shall  end, — 
N;iy,  it  were  raefa  and  wrong. 

If  thou  canal  love  another,  bo  11  bo; 

I  would  not  reach  out  of  my  qulel  grave 
To  bind  thy  heart,  if  it  should  choose  to  go; — 

Love  should  not  he  :i  slave. 

My  placid  ghost,  I  trust,  will  walk  serene 

In  clearer  light  than  gilds  these  earthly  morns, 
Above  tin-  jealousies  and  envies  keen, 

Which  sow  this  life  with  thorns. 

Thon  wouldsl  not  feci  my  shadowy  caress, 
If,  after  death,  my  sou]  should  linger  here; 

Mi-u's  hearts  erave  tangible,  close  .nderness. 
Love's  presence,  warm  and  near. 

It  would  not  make  tin-  sleep  nior.'  peacefully 
Th  it  thou  wert  wasting  all  thy  life  in  woe 


t 


^ 


■>EC 


For  my  poor  sake:  what  love  thou  hast  for  me. 
Bestow  it  ere  I  go! 

Carve  not  upon  a  stone  when  I  am  dead 

The  praises  which  remorseful  mourners  give 

To  women's  graves — a  tardy  recompense — 
Hut  speak  them  while  I  live. 

Heap  not  tin-  heavy  marble  on  my  head 
To  shut  away  the  sun-bine  and  the  dew, 

Lei  small  blooms  grow  there,  and  let  grasses  wave, 
And  rain-drops  tiller  through. 

Thou  wilt  meet  many  fairer  and  more  gay 
Than  I;  but,  trust  me,  thou  canst  never  find 

One  who  will  love  and  serve  thee  night  and  day 
With  a  more  single  mind. 

Forget  me  when  I  die!     The  violets 
Above  my  rest  will  blossom  Jual  as  blue, 

Nor  miss  thy  tears;  e'en  nature's  self  forgets; 
But  while  I  live,  be  true! 


.<& 


■ 


SOMETIME. 


,  OMETIME.  when  all  life's  lessons 
have  been  learned. 
And  sun  and  stars  for  ever- 
more have  set, 
The  things  which  our  weak 

judgments  lure  have  spurned. 
The   things  o*er  which  we 
grieved  with  lashes  wet, 
Will    Hash   before    us    out   of 
life's  dark  night, 
As  -tars  -bine  mosl  In  de.  per  tints  of  blue; 
And  we  shall  see  bow  all  God'fl  plan-  were  right, 
And  how  what  seemed  reproof  was  love  most  true. 

And  we  shall  sec  how,  while  we  frown  and  sigh, 

plans  go  on  as  best  for  you  and  me ; 
How,  when  we  called,  He  heeded  not  our  cry. 

Because  Hi-  wisdom  to  the  end  could  see. 
And  e'en  a-  prudent  parent-  disallow 

Too  much  of  Bweel  to  craving  b.ibyhood, 
So  God,  perhaps,  is  keeping  from  us  now 

Life's  sweetest  things  because  it  -eem.th  good. 

And  if,  sometimes,  commingled  with  life's  wine, 
We  find  the  wormwood,  and  reoel  and  shrink, 


Be  BUM  B  wiser  band  than  yours  or  mine 
Pours  out  this  portion  for  our  lips  to  drink. 

And  if  Borne  friend  we  love  is  lying  low, 
Where  human  kis-es  cannol  reach  his  face, 

oh,  do  not  blame  the  loi  Ing  Father  so, 

But  wear  your  sorrow  with  obedient  grace! 

And  you  shall  shortly  know  that  lengthened  breath 
Is  not  the  sweetest  gift  God  sends  His  friend, 

And  that,  sometimes,  the  sable  pall  of  death 
Conceals  the  fairest  boon  His  love  can  send. 

If  we  could  pn-h  ajar  tfae  gates  of  life, 

And  stand  within,  and  all  God's  workings  see, 

\V [Id  Interpret  all  this  doubt  and  strife, 

Ami  for  each  mystery  could  find  a  key: 

But  not  to-day.      Then  be  content,  poor  heart! 

God's  plan-  like  liti<--  [Hire  and  white  unfold; 
We  must  not  tear  the  close- shut  leaves  apart, 

Time  will  reveal  the  calyxes  of  gold. 
And  if,  through  patient  toil,  we  reach  the  land 

Where  tired  feet,  with  sandals  loose,may  rest, 
When  we  shall  clearly  know  and  understand, 

I  think  that  we  will  say,  "God  knew  the  best!'* 


I'ls    A    JOY    TO    PEE88    THE    PILLOW    OF    A    COTTAGE    CHAMBER    BED. 


1#^ 


*  lifjfe 


BY    COATES    KINNEY. 


HEN  the  humid  shadow:*  hover  over 

all  the  starry  spheres, 
And  the  melancholy  darkness  gently 

weeps  in  rainy  tears, 
'Tis  a  joy  to  press  the  pillow  of  a  cot 

tage  chamber  bed, 
And  listen  to  the  patter  of  the  soft 

rain  overhead. 

Every  tinkle  on  the  shingles  has  an 

echo  in  the  heart, 
And  a  thousand  dreary  fancies  into 
busy  being  start; 
And  a  thousand  recollections  weave  their  bright  hues  into  woof, 
As  I  listen  to  the  patter  of  the  soft  rain  on  the  roof. 

There,  in  fancy,  comes  my  mother,  as  she  used  to  years  agone, 
To  survey  the  infant  sleepers  ere  she  left  them  till  the  dawn; 


I  can  see  her  bending  o'er  me,  as  I  listen  to  the  strain 
Which  is  played  upon  the  shingles  by  the  patter  of  the  rain. 

Then  my  little  seraph  sister,  with  her  wings  and  waving  hair. 
And  her  bright-eyed  cherub  brother — a  serene,  angelic  pair, — 
Glide  around  my  wakeful  pillow,  with  their  praise  or  mild  reproof. 
As  I  listen  to  the  murmur  of  the  soft  rain  on  the  roof. 

And  another  comes  to  thrill  me  with  her  eyes'  delicious  blue. 
I  forget,  as  gazing  on  her,  that  her  heart  was  all  untrue; 
I  remember  that  I  loved  her  as  I  ne'er  may  love  again. 
And  my  heart's  quick  pulses  vibrate  to  the  patter  of  the  rain. 

There  is  naught  in  art's  bravuras  that  can  work  with  BUCD  a  spell. 
In  the  spirit's  pure,  deep  fountains,  where  the  holy  passions  swell, 
As  that  melody  of  nature, — that  subdued,  subduing  Btrain, 
Which  is  played  upon  the  shingles  by  the  pattei  of  the  rain. 


■^r- 

.''•■^s*. 


i^n". 


ON  THE  OTHER  SIDE. 
g> — ■ ii^in ■ —  • 


(V 


-^4^- 


E  GO  our  ways  in  life  too  much  alone; 

We  hold  ourselves  too  far  from  all  our  kind; 
^  Too  often  we  are  dead  to  sigh  and  moan; 
r^  Too  often  to  the  weak  and  helpless  blind; 

Too  often,  where  distress  and  want  abide, 
We  turn  and  pass  upon  the  other  side. 

*T*he  other  side  is  trodden  smooth,  and  worn 
By  footsteps  passing  idly  all  the  day. 

Wh«re  lie  the  bruised  ones  that  faint  and  mourn, 
Is  seldom  more  than  an  untrodden  way; 

Our  selfish  hearts  are  for  our  feet  the  guide, 
They  lead  us  by  upon  the  other  side. 


^;*i0j<-;- 


AMBITION. 


BY    LORD     BYRON. 


He  who  ascends  i->  mountain  lops  shall  find 

The  loftiest  peaks  most  wrapt  in  clouds  and  snow; 

He,  who  BUrpassea  or  subdues  mankind. 

Must  look  down  On  the  hale  of  those  below. 

Though  high  above  the  sun  of  glory  glow, 

And  far  beneath  the  earth  and  ocean  spread, 
Round  him  are  icy  rocks,  and  loudly  blow 

Contending  tempests  on  bis  naked  head; 
And  thus  reward  the  toils  which  to  those  summits  led. 


^^^ 


It  should  be  ours  the  oil  and  wine  to  pour 

Into  the  bleeding  wounds  of  stricken  ones; 

To  take  the  smitten,  and  the  sick  and  Bore, 

And  bear  them  where  a  stream  of  blessing  runs; 

Instead,  we  look  about — the  way  is  wide. 
And  so  we  pass  upon  the  other  side. 

rjh,  friends  and  brothers,  gliding  down  the  years, 

Humanity  is  calling  each  and  all 
In  tender  accents,  born  of  grief  and  tears ! 

I  pray  you,  listen  to  the  thrilling  call; 
You  cannot,  in  your  cold  and  -elfish  pride. 

Pass  guiltlessly  by  on  the  other  side. 


BLESSED  ARE  THEY  THAT  MOUS- 
EY   WM,    C.    BRYANT. 

There  is  a  day  of  sunny  rest 

For  every  dark  and  troubled  night; 

And  grief  may  bide  an  evening  ^uest. 
But  joy  shall  come  with  early  light 

For  God  hath  marked  each  sorrowing  day 
Aud  numbered  every  secret  tear. 

And  heaven's  long  age  of  bliss  shall  pay 
For  all  His  children  suffer  here. 


"HER    LITTLE    HAND    OUTSIDE    HEK    MUFF TO    KEEP    IT    WARM    I    HAD    TO    HOLD    IT. 


-^^ 


THE    DOORSTEP 


BT    EDMUND    CLARENCE    STEDMAN 


HE  conference  meeting  through  at  last. 
We  boys  around  the  vestry  waited, 
To  see  the  girls  come  tripping  past 
Like  snow-birds  willing  to  be  mated. 

Not  braver  he  that  leaps  the  wall 

By  level  musket-flashes  litten, 
Than  I,  who  stepped  before  them  all 

Who  longed  to  see  me  get  the  mitten. 

But  no,  she  blushed  and  took  my  arm! 

We  let  the  old  folks  have  the  highway, 
And  -tarted  toward  the  Maple  Farm 

Along  a  kind  of  lovers'  by-way. 

I  can't  remember  what  we  said, 

'Twas  nothing  worth  a  song  or  story. 

Yet  that  rude  path  by  which  we  sped 
Seemed  all  transformed  and  in  a  glory. 

The  snow  was  crisp  beneath  our  feet, 

The  moon  was  full,  the  fields  were  gleaming 

By  hood  and  tippet  sheltered  sweet, 

Her  face  with  youth  and  health  was  beaming 

The  little  hand  outside  her  muff — 
O  sculptor,  if  yon  could  but  mold  it ! 

So  lightly  touched  my  jacket-cuff, 
To  keep  it  warm  I  had  to  hold  it. 

To  have  her  with  me  there  alone — 

"Twas  love  and  fear  and  triumph  blended: 

At  last  we  reached  the  Foot-worn  stone 
Where  that  delicious  journey  ended. 

She  shook  her  ringlets  from  her  hood. 

And  with  a  "-Thank  you,  Ned,"  dissembled, 

But  yet  I  knew  she  underf 

With  what  a  daring  wish  I  trembled. 


A  cloud  passed  kindly  o\erh' 

The  moon  was  slyly  peeping  through  it, 

Yet  hid  it-  face,  as  if  i'    - 

"Come,  now  or  never,  do  it,  " 

My  lips  till  then  had  only  known 

The  kiss  of  mother  and  of  si>ter, 
Bui  somehow,  full  upon  her  own 

et,  rosy,  darling  mouth — I  kissed  her! 

Perhaps  'twas  boyish  love,  yet  still, 
0  listless  woman    weary  lover: 

To  feel  once  more  that  fresh  wild  thrill, 
Iii  givt — But  who  can  live  youth  over. 


fr^vfr; 


^ 


i<: 


■M--& 


/ 


K> 


578 


SCATTER  THE  GERM8  OF  THE  BEAUTIFUL  IN  THE  DEPTH 8  OF  THE  HUM.  N  SOUL. 


::  -: 

• 


LITTLE    BOY    BLUE. 


^#*   ^ 


BY    AKTIY    SAGE    ItU  HAllt'-oN. 


i  >\HEK  ihe  haystack,  little  Boy  Blue 
U        Sleeps  with  hla  bead  on  hie  arm, 
3      While  voices  of  men  and  voice*  of  maids 
Are  calling  him  over  the  farm. 

p  in  the  meadows  are  running  wild. 
Where  a  polaonoae  herbage  grows, 

Leaving  white  tufts  of  downy  fleece 
On  the  thorns  of  the  sweet,  wild  rose. 

Out  in  the  fields  where  the  silken  corn 
[ts  plumed  head  nods  and  bows, 

Where  the  golden  pumpkins,  ripen  below. 
Trample  the  white-faced  cows. 

Bui  no  load  blast  on  the  shining  horn 
Calla  back  the  straying  sheep, 


KXTK.UT  Hum   "Till  tHMIi-HHIi.' 


And  the  cows  may  wander  in  hay  or  corn. 
While  their  keeper  lies  asleep. 

His  roguish  eyes  are  tightly  shut. 

His  dimples  are  all  at  real ; 
The  chubby  band  tacked  under  his  head, 

By  one  rosy  cheek  la  pressed* 

Waken  him!     No!     Let  down  the  bars 

And  gather  the  truant  sheep, 
Open  the  barn-yard  and  drive  in  tin-  cows, 

But  let  the  little  boy  sleep. 

For  year  after  year  we  can  shear  the  fleece, 

And  corn  can  always  be  sown; 
But  the  sleep  that  visits  little  Hoy  Blue 

Will  not  come  when  the  years  have  flown. 


nv    w.    C.    BRYANT. 


yRi'Tii  crushed  to  earth  -ball  rise  again: 

The  eternal  years  -t  God  are  hers; 
It ii t  Krror,  wounded,  writhes  with  pain, 
And  dies  among  nla  worshipers. 


-J3-  KEEP  PUSHING 

Kkki"  pushing!  'tis  wiser  than  sitting  aside. 
And  blghing  and  watching  and  waiting  the  tide; 
In  llfe'B  earnest  battle  they  only  prevail, 
Who  daily  march  onward  and  never  say  fail. 


KXTK.UT  UtOJI   »J  rsu.*  OK  LI 


Ii V    II.    w.    LONOPELLOW, 


Lives  of  great  men  all  remind  us 
\\  «■  can  make  our  lives  sublime, 
And,  departing,  leave  behind  us 

Footprints  on  the  sands  of  time. 


7 
WM0M 

WSSBB 


C" 


SCATTER  THE  GERMS  OF  THE  BEAUTIFUL. 


^2 

*$& 


ICATTKR  the  germs  of  the  beautiful, 

'  By  the  wayside  lei  them  Tall, 

"     That  the  rose  may  Bprtng  by  the  cottage  gate. 
And  the  vine  on  the  garden  wall; 
>    i . -r  the  robgfa  and  the  rude  of  earth 

With  a  veil  of  leaves  and  flowers, 
And  mark  with  the  opening  bud  and  enp 
The  march  of  summer  hours! 

Si  Utter  the  germs  of  the  beautiful 

In  the  holy  -brine  of  home; 
Let  the  pure,  and  the  fair,  and  graceful  there 

In  the  loveliest  lustre  i    i 
i  not  a  trace  of  deformity 

In  the  temple  of  the  heart. 

Its  hearth  the  gems 

Of  nature  and  of  art 


Scatter  the  germs  of  the  beautiful 

In  the  temples  of  our  God — 
The  lioil  who  starred  the  uplifted  sky. 

And  dowered  the  trampled  sod ! 
When  be  built  a  temple  for  himself, 

And  a  home  for  his  priestly  race, 
He  reared  each  arm  in  symmetry, 

And  covered  each  line  in  grace. 

Scatter  the  germs  of  the  beautiful 
In  the  depths  of  the  human  soul! 

They  shall  bud,  and  blossom,  and  bear  the 
While  the  endless  ages  roll; 

Plant  with  the  flowers  of  charity 
rtals  of  the  tomb, 

And  the  fair  and  the  pure  about  thy  path 
In  paradise  shall  bloom. 


rrui 


mmmm 


"we  rise  by  the  things  that  are  under  oub  feet." 


.M'.' 


k8^ 


t     * 

.   ♦    . 


580 


EACH    TINI     l'l   wr    FULFILLS    ITS    HBAVKN-TAUGHT    MISSION. 


^F 


WHICH  SHALL  IT  BE?  -->•<<-:- 


BY    ET1IKL    LYNN    111  I  K- 


lid  II  shall  it  be!  which  shall  it  be? 
I  looked  at  John — John  looked  at  me 
I  Dear  patient  John,  who  loves  me  y»-i 
A-  well  as  though  my  locks  were  Ji  t,) 
And  when  I  found  that  I  must  speak, 
M,  voice  MvmrJ  strangely  low  and  weak. 
-Tell  me  again  what  Robert  said;  " 
And  then  I  listening  bent  my  head. 
"This  Is  hi-  letter:  " 

"I  will  give 
A  house  :hh1  land  while  you  shall  live. 
If.  in  return,  from  out  your  seven, 
one  child  to  me  for  aye  is  given.  " 
I  looked  at  .John'*  old  garments  worn, 
l  thought  of  all  that  John  had  borne 
in  poverty  and  work  ami  care, 
Which  l,  though  willingi  could  not  share; 
I  thought  of  seven  mouths  'o  feed, 
of  seven  little  children's  need. 
And  then  of  tins. 

"  Come,  John."  said  I, 
''We'll  choose  among  them,  a-  they  lie 
Asleep;  BO  walking  hand  in  hand, 
li.ai  John  and  i  surveyed  our  band. 

First  lo  the  eradle  lightly  stepped 

Where  the  new.  na leas  baby  Blept 

•■shall  n  in-  baby?"  whispered  John. 

I  took  hi-  hand,  and  hurried  on 

To  Lily's  crib.     Her  sleeping  grasp 

Held  her  old  doll  within  it-  ela-p; 

Her  dark  eurl-  lay  like  gold  alight, 

A  glory  'gainst  the  pillow  white. 

Softie  her  father  Btooped  to  lay 

Hi-  rough  hand  down  in  a  loving  way. 

When  dream  or  whisper  made  her  -tir, 

And,  huskily,  John  Bald,  "  Not  her — not  her.' 

Wr  Btooped  beside  the  trundle-bed, 
And  one  long  ray  of  lamp-light  -tied 


Across  the  boyish  face-,  three, 
In  Bleep  BO  pitiful  and   fair; 

I  bsw, ramie's  rough,  red  cheek, 

A  tear  undried.      Ere  John  could  -peak, 
"  He's  leit  a  babj  too,''  -aid  1, 
And  kis-ed  him  a-  we  hurried  by, 
Pale,  patient  Robbie     angt  I  race, 
still  in  Bleep  hore  Buffering's  trace. 
"No,  for  a  thousand  crowns,  not  aim," 

We  Whispered  while  our  eve-  were  dim. 
Poor  Dick!  had  Dick:  our  wayward  son, 
Turbulent,  reckless,  idleoni — 

Could  he  he  spared?      "Nay,  He,  who  gave, 

Pids  us  befriend  him  to  his  grave; 

Only  n  mother's  heart  can  he 

Patient  enough  for  such  as  he; 

And  so,"  said  John,  "  I  would  not  dare 

To  send  him  from  her  bedside  prayer." 

Thru  -toir  we  softly  up  above, 

And  knelt  by  Mary,  child  of  love. 

"  Perhaps  for  her  'twould  better  he," 

1  said  to  John.     Quite  silently 

He  lifted   up  a  eurl  tint   l:iv 

Aero--  her  cheek,  In  willful  way, 

Anil  he  si k  his  head,  "  Nay,  love,  not  thee,' 

The  while  my  heart  beat  audibly. 
'i,]'    nie  more,  our  oldest  lad, 
Trusty  and  thoughtful,  good  and  glad- 
So  like  hi-  father       "  No.  John,  no— 
I  cannot,  will  not,  let  him  go." 

And  so  we  wrote,  in  courteou-  way. 
We  could  not  give  one  child  away; 

And  after  that,  toil  lighter  seel I. 

Thinking  of  that  of  which  we  dreamed, 
Happy,  iu  truth,  that  not  one  face 

Was  missed  from  its  accustomed  place; 

Thankful  to  work  for  all  the  -even. 
Trusting  the  re-t  to  One  in  Heaven. 


Ih<HB=*- 


WEEDS. 


E  call  them  weeds,  the  while  with  slender  fingers, 

Earth  trs  they  seek  to  cover  o'er; 

on  Bterile  sand-,  win  re  scarce  He'  raindrop  lingers, 
row  and  blossom  by  the  briny  Bhon 

them  weeds;  did  we  their  form  hut  study, 
We  many  a  Becret  might  unfolded  find; 

ny  plant  fulfills  its  1 I  mght  mission, 

And  bears  the  impress  of  Immortal  Mind 


We  call  them  weeds;  the  while  their  nses  hidden 
Might  work  a  nation's  weal,  a  nation  • 


Send  thro'  each  wasted  frame  the  halm  of  healing, 
And  cause  the  blood  with  youth's  quick  pulse  to  flow. 

-yet  they  hold  in  bonds  tic-  mighty  oi  ,:m  ' 
Their  -lender  thread-  hind  linn  the  sandy  Bhon  ; 
Navies  may  --ink  amid  it-  wild  commotion, 

bumble  tollers  ne'er  their  work  give  o'er. 

And  who  shall  Bay  the  feeblest  thought  avail-  not 
To  hind  the  shifting  -and-  upon  life'-  beach) 

may  treasure  what  we've  long  forgot. 
The  faintest  word  some  soul  with  power  may  reach. 


-J 


I    SHALL    KNOW    THf:    LOVED    WHO    HAVE    GONE    BEFORE. 


581 


:^.  ■ 


OVER  THE  RIVER. 


BY    NANCY    AMELIA    PRIEST. 


VER  the  river  they  beckon  to  me, 

Loved  ones  who've  crossed  to  the  farther  side; 
The  gleam  of  their  snowy  robes  I  see, 

But  their  voices  are  lost  in  tin   dashing  tide. 
There's  one  with  ringlets  of  sunny  gold. 

And  eyes,  the  reflection  of  heu\<-tf>  i>wn  blue; 
He  crossed  in  the  twilight  gray  and  cold, 

And  the  pale  mist  hid  him  from  mortal  view. 
We  saw  not  the  angels  who  met  him  there. 

The  gates  of  the  city  we  could  aot  see; 
Over  the  river,  over  the  river, 

My  brother  stands  waiting  to  welcome  me. 


"Over  the  river  the  boatman  pah   carried  another^  tkt  r  yet.* 


]ut  the  river  the  boatman  pale 

Curried  another,  the  household  pet; 
Her  brown  curls  waved  in  the  gentle  gale, 

Darling  Minnie!  T  see  ber  yet 
She  crossed  on  her  bosom  her  dimpled  hands 

And  fearlessly  entered  the  phantom  bark; 
We  felt  it  glide  from  the  -ii\  er  sands, 

And  all  our  sunshine  grew  strangely  dark. 
We  know  she  Is  safe  on  the  farther  side, 

Where  all  the  ransomed  and  angels  be: 
l  >v<  i  the  rfr  er,  the  mystic  river, 

My  childhood's  idol  is  waiting  for  me. 


*nd  I  sit  and  think,  when  the  sun  Bet' s  gold 
[a  Bushing  river,  and  hill,  and  shore, 

I  shall  one  day  stand  by  the  water  cold. 

Anil  list  for  the  sound  of  the  boatmai 
I  shall  watch  for  a  gleam  of  the  dapping  sail. 

i  shall  h-'ar  tli-'  boat  as  it  L'ains  the  strand, 
I  shall  c  'it.  with  the  boatman  pale. 

To  the  better  shore  of  the  -pint  land. 
I  shall  know  the  loved,  who  have  -j^u--  before, 

And  joyfully  sweet  will  the  meeting  be. 
When  over  the  river,  the  peaceful  rher. 
The  angel  of  death  shall  carry  me. 


,v 


In  ail  tfarts  of  nje  |\ 
Qnitrt  States 


Co  iAfprrsent  tfjr 
Intftrsts  of 


<£**• 


J  HIS  Book  is  attaining  an  immense  circulation, 
the  printing  of  the  twenty-seventh  edition  having 
been  called  for  within  a  short  period  from  the 
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stantly increasing  with  unparalleled  rapidity,  the 
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every  household  in  the  land. 


SPECIAL  feature  of  this  book  favorable  to 
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first.  For  terms  to  agents,  address  Hill  Standard 
Book  Co. .  Publishers,  103  State  St. .  Chicago,  HI. 


COMMEXTDATIOITS-    jl> 


The  following  are  brief  extracts  from  hundreds  of  similar  notices  received  from  the  press  and  the  people 


WHAT  NEWSPAPERS  SAY. 


From  the  "  Statesman,"  Austin,  Texas. 

"  It  is  a  book  that  no  professional  or  business 
man  ought  to  be  without." 


From  the  "  Churchman,"  San  Francisco, 

<al. 
"The  work  is  having  the  rapid  sale  which  its 
Intrinsic  value  should  inspire." 


From   the  "  Women's   Exponent,"  Salt 
Lake  City. 
"We  view  it  as  one  of  the  best  books  of  its 
kind  ever  brought  to  our  notice." 

From  the  "  Detroit  Free  Press." 
"This  book  disarms  criticism  in  carefully  re- 
fraining from  promising  too  much,  and  as  care- 
fully performing  all  that  it  promises." 


From  the  "Daily  Times,"  Denver,  Col. 

"The  book  is  an  original,  elegant,  and  won- 
derfully comprehensive  volume,  alike  Indis- 
pensable in  every  home,  counting-room  and 
office." 


From  the  "Republican,"  Red  Wins, 
Minn. 

*■  \i<  one  can  Imagine  the  amount  of  informa- 
tion there  is  tn  tins  book  from  its  title.  It  is 
clearly  the  fundamental  principles  "f  a  Com- 
merclal  College,  collated  and  boui  d 
carry  it  home  with  you  to  be  studied  at  your 
leisure." 


From  the  "  Chicago  Tribune." 

"Prof.  Hill  has  done  an  excellent  service  In 
preparing  SO  Splendid  a  work.  With  it  ;it  hand, 
one  nerd  never  he  at  a  loss  for  the  form  to  do  al- 
most anv  ordinary  business  correctly,  or  to 
prepare  a  note  or  an  answer  to  the  many  and 
varied  calls  of  social  life.  We  predict  for  it 
great  popularity  and  an  extensive  Bale.'1 


OPINIONS 


OF    PROMINENT 
MEN. 


From  Hon.  Schuyler  Colfax,  late  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States. 
South  Bend,  1m.. 

MtDeaeSir:  i  have  examined  with  interest 
and  also  wnh  surprise,  vour  •'  .Manual  of  Social 
anil  business  Forms,"  and  find  it  really  an  en- 
cyclopedia of  information  of  ail  kinds' needed 
in  social  or  business  lit,-,  admirable  arranged 
and  handsomely  Illustrated,  forming  the  most 
comprehensive  and  satisfactory  work  of  the 
kind  i  have  ever  seen.  It  ought  to  be  In  every 
library  and  counting-room,  and  the  longer  it  Is 
examined  and  used,  the  more  highly  if  w  ill  be 
appreciated.  Yours  truly, 

sriiCYI.ER  COLFAX 

Prof.  Thos.  E.  Hill,  Chicago,  111. 


From    Prof.  A.  Freese.    formerly   Sup't 
of  Schools,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

"Hill's  Manual    Is   DO  ordinary  affair.     This 

you  will  s.e  after  examining  it  five  minutes. 

For  a  young  man  who  wantB  to  know  how  busl- 

done,  how  to  pnt  things  In  good  shape 

■'I'd    the  tins    book    i-    invaluable. 

He  could  all  ord  to  pay  S50  for  It,  In  case  he  could 

nol  gel  II  for  less.  II  1  cula  have  found  such  a 
work  In  my  boyhood,  mv  blunders  would  liaye 
been  leas,  and  my  i  a\  w  hen 

I  struck  out  Into  this  sharp  and  critical  world" 


From  W.  W.  Chandler,  General   Agent 
Star  I  Line.  Chicago. 

Chicaoo.  III. 
It  is  Indi  i  i  a  w     laryul  production,  and  I  am 

more  and  more  astonished  at  the  great  ron.fi/ 
and  vast  amount  of  practical  information  It 
contains.  No  young  man  can  afford  to  be  with- 
out a  copy,  and  the  Information  it  contains  is 
equally  valuable  and  i:ssi:mial  to  eyery 
i.ai>\  in  niK  i.am,  I,,  of ir  of  a  awtdrsd 
oretH  'i  Iws  limei  th<it  sum, 
nol  buy  it  from  ma  wars  it  oti  fmpossi- 
MUty  10  /.r.'.-urc  .mother  . 

Hill's    Manual   is   emphatically   the 

must  COMPLETE,    comprehensive,     IND    RE- 
WORK of  THE  Kl  M>  ITER  PUBLISHED 
BEYOND  TUB  BHADOWOV  A  DOUBT. 


WHAT   ACENTS   SAY. 


From  J.  s.  Martin.  Gold  Hill,  Nevada. 

"I    have  canvassed    for  Hill's   Manual  seven 
days,  and  taken  127  or. bis." 

From  J.  W.  England.  Plain  City,  I  tali. 

"The   book   lakes   well,    and   the    more    it  Is 
known  the  better  it  Is  liked." 

From  T.  F.  Graber,  Kenosha.  Wis. 

"I  never  saw  a  book  that    I    could  cai. 
with  a  will,  before  I  saw  yours." 

Wm.  H.  Shepard,  San  Francisco.  Cal., 
wntcs:    "imt  canvass  In  Denver,  Colorado. 

'   to  reach  :J5|1  subscriber-    '     I 
the  second  canvass.  si\  months  after  t. 

H.  B.  Mathews.  Aurora.  111., 

Says:    "This  is  the  best  book  In  existence  for 

an  agent  to  sell  In  hard  times,  as  it  enabli 

pie  to  save and    make  money;  hence 

they  cannot  afford  to  be  without  it. 

From  Mrs.  L.  Boas.  High  Forest,  Minn. 

rassloB  after  the  book  has 

been  introduced,  we  can  double  on  our  sub- 

and  we  intend  going  over  the  ground 

tunc  and  again. " 

From  Wm.  Kolph,  Laporte  City,  Iowa, 

"1  like  the  business  of  canvassing  for  Hill's 

Manual  flrst-ral  i-ays.  and  i- 

a  work  as  I  consider  honorable  to  sell,  for  it  is 

equal  DO  all  the  agent  can  sa>  for  It." 

Chas*.  S.  Alliv,  Camp  Brown,  Wyoming, 

Inquires    concerning    the   agency   of    Hill's 
Manual,  swvlng  that  many  w  ho  have  seen  a  copy 
book   in    hi-    '  teslre  it,  and 

adds:  "1  have  been  offered  ten  dollars  for  the 
copy  I  have,  but  would  not  part  for  it  for  double 
that  amount," 

(over.) 


OPINIONS   OF   THE    PRESS. 


The   newspapers  <>t"  the  country  have   been  of  one  voice  in  the  praise  of   Hill's    Manual.      Tiie 
following  testimonials  are  a  few  of  the  hundreds  <>f  similar  character. 


»,t  :->.«= 


IN    NEW    ENGLAND. 


IN   THE   MIDDLE    STATES.   IN  THE  WEST  AND  SOUTH 


Prom  Dm-  Boston  Herald. 

"  \  very  valuable  volume  is  'Hill's  Manual 

Foi  ms.'    It  is  a  i  urge 

imely  produced  as  Tar  as  externals 

1 1  ve  and  desira- 

■ 

■ 
with  all  the  forms  in  general  use, 
everything  that  a  person  should  know  in  this 
practical  age." 

From  the  Naab.ua  (N.  K.)  Telegraph. 
"  '  I  [ill's  Manual '  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  useful  books  ever  published.     It  i 
for  everybody,  man,  child.     No  one 

can  fail  to  find  much  in  it  that  is  both  entertain- 
ing and  instructive,  and  that  can  be  applied  to 
i        ineminei 

\  aluable 
Li. ik  fi ir  study  and   ■  e% ei y  man  in 

r  gotten  up  with  such  exquisite 
taste  m  its  mechanical  execution,  and  certainly 

r  value  to  the  masses 

of  men  and  worn  ind  young,     v. 

purchases  the  hook  will  have  in  it  alone  a  valu- 
able library  at  very  small  cost." 

From  the  Suffolk  < !o.     Haas.)  Journal. 
"Of  its  in'    '  ue  one  cannot  judge 

fully  without  examining  the  work.     Man] 

mi, -it  men  in  our  country  have 
their  unqualified  praise,  having  bo 
it,  and  ti  ttiment  among  them  is,  that 

having  ono  »me  acquainted 

with  its  worth,  thej  i  ould  hardly  be  induced  to 

part  with  it   it  any  pri<  i  Vmon'g  those  in  this 

i  if  country  are  Gov. 
C.  G.  Ai  I  rade,  <  >. 

A.  Somerby,  Esq., and  manyothcrs.  The  lead- 
ing educational  men  ntry  speak  of  it 

in  the  same  terms  of  pr  > ; 

From  the  fail  River    Mass.)  Border 

<  it.v  Herald. 
"•Hi  l  of  Social  and  Business 

Forms,1  -This  is  a  valuable  new  work 
excellence,  and  forms  a  manual  comprehending 
lions  and  examples  to  guide  the  scholar, 
the  man  .  and  the  general 

public  in  every  branch  of  enterprise  over  the  wide 

domain  of  human  effort.     The  work  is  of  the  most 

varied  character,  and  supplies  alike  the  wants  of 
the  old  and  the  demands  of  the  young 
phase  of  human  life.     We  assure  all  who  pur- 
chase  this  work  thai  ant,  useful,  and 

comprehensive  volume  of  instructions  and   ex- 
.  suiting  all  ages  and  conditions  in  life  in 
both  sexes,  has  never  been  laid  upon  our  tables.*1 

Prom  the  Cambridge    Haas.)  Chronicle. 

"  *  Hill's  Manual  ok  Sociaj 

Forms'  IS  One  of  the  most    useful  volumes  ever 
placed    upon    the  desk  of  a   business  Ol 
siqnal  man,  or  upon  the  table  of  a  drawing 
It  is  a  perfect  treasure  of  valuable  and    | 

information  on  social  and  bi 

are  of  immense  importance  to  ' 

items  confined  within  the  limits  of  the  book  em- 
brace instructions  and  gui  v  officer, 
student,  politician,  clergyman,  physician,  clerk. 
'  '.  every  person  who  is  in  business  or 
engaged  in  any  calling  whatever,  will  find  infer- 

r  in  which  to 
write  any  document  entering  into  .he  various 
social  and  business  relations  "t  life." 


iroin  the  Phrenological    N".  1 .)  Journal, 

"This  work  is  exceedingly  comprehensive. 

The  author  hi  r  all  the 

departments  of  practical  life  in  which  thi 

,  and  his  -  i 
has  nol  Faili  d  ■ 

;i   mOSl    Useful    book.      We    have    been    informed 

that  upward  of  50,000  copies  have  been  sold  in 

a  short  time;  and  no  wonder,  as  it  is  such  a 
work  as  an  agent  can   talk   about,  if  talk  be  at 

all  necessary  besides  its  examination." 

I  com    the    Akron   Ohio     ltt-acon. 

"Lei   1!  be  placed  where  young  peo] 
have    access    tO   it;  and    in   the   hands   of   ever] 
family,  where  children  can,  as  it  were.  GROW  UP 

with  it,  so  that  its  principles  may  become  a  kind 

I    nature    tO    them,    and    many  a    stream 

i  which  would  othci  wise  separate 
them  imm  positions  in  both  social  and  I 

nich  by  nature  tin  \  ,1 : e  fitted  ti  1  fill.    The 
1  rtairily  belongs  to  the   li  1   1  •' 
which   should'   be  considered   a   m<  bsstti    in 
every  household,  and  a  timely,  helping  hand  to 
those  of  mature  yeai 

I'nuii  the   Huston  1  IVnii.}   Iiir   Press. 
••  •  1  li  l's  Manual '  is  a  work  of  which  no  writ- 
ription  can   give  a   properly  adequate 

idea.      It  must  be  examined,  that   its   merits  may 

1.      The  author    seems    to    ha\  e 
)   person   and 

intS  than 

.  volumes ;  and 

yet  we  find  it  in  one  compact  book,  which  comes 
within  the  reach  of  all." 

From  the  S3  racnsei  N.TO  Daily  Journal. 

"It    lias    often    been    remarked    of   individual: 

that   'they  have   forgi  in   a   minute' 

than  others  have  learned  in  a  lifetime.    Whether 

the  remark  is  to  to  taken  is  i  :  mnpliment  to  the 
former  or  a  reflection  upon  the  latter,  matters  not 
particularly,  since  it  is  a  well-kn 

■    ■    .  regretti  d  by 
tdy,  that  thousands  of   little  things  that 

contribute     to     dail\  i  \I\\  cniencc    or 

knowledge  are  /bsolutt  ly  forgotten  and 

recall  at  the  verv  mo  most  they  are 

needed.  What  heart  burning,  what  vexation  of 
spirit  would  oc  averted,  what  incalculable  ma- 
terial  benefits,    even,    would  often   accrue   were 

■me  monitor,  visible  or  in- 
visible, embodying  in  its  inexhaustible  resources 
the  tnuftttm  in  pano  which    forgetful    mortals 
■ 

1  a  mentor,  nearlv  if  not  altogether  in- 

h  is  been  provided   in   'Hill's  Manual  of 

l  Guide  to  Correct 

Writing,'  a  copy  of  which  lies  before  us.  and 

the  examination  of  which    suggests  the  fitness 

of  the  above  title.    Its  external  appearance  and 

internal  composition  tit  it.  in  all  respects,  to  be 
le   Of  young   and   old,    male   and    female. 

business  man  of  whatever  trade,  calling  or  pro- 
and  man  of  leisure,  dunce  and  scholar. 

1  Manual*  best  speaks  for  itself,  for  its 

compactness,    brevity  and    comprehens 
brings  within  "\-  severs  thousands  upon  thou- 
sands of  items  of  information  in  daily  practical 
use.  the  topical  enumeration  of  which,   in   the 
ll  index,  occupies  seven  ]>■• 

"The  book  is  a  marvcL-of  patience  and  pains- 
taking care.  It  is  the  work  of  years,  and  a  tri- 
umph at  last.  No  more  useful  book  can  be 
found  in  existence." 


Prom  the  Chicago  Evening  Journal. 
Uarefa  s.  ix;<;. 

"The  people  Of  Aurora,  lll.,ve  Btl 

I  E.  Hill  mayor  of  th<  ii    1  ity,  without 

opposition.  The  press  and  the  people  unani- 
mOUSly    declared    him    to  be    so   cmineiilK    fitted 

;  ilace,  by  n  ealth,  puhlii  ■  pii  it  and  ■ 
prise,  tint  .mi  1  fas  1  -  united  in  i  noosing  him  lor 

■  of  party  or  p 

ing.    Though  u  s,  en- 

'       H       !        latterly  made 

journal  1  sin  Ids  profession.     He  is  best  known  to 

the  world,  however,  as  \\lt  .1    *  Hill's 

Manual  ot    Social    and     B  I 

••,  nich,  though  a  very  large  volume,  hae  had  the 
remarkable  sale  of  over  50,000  copies  in  a  very 

brief  tin 

1  10111  the  Chicago  Evening  Post. 

"One  of  the  most   useful  \ olui 
ever  laid  upon  the  counting 

■   I  ■  "'in  table,  is  *  1 1 1!!'    Manual  ■ 
ni       Forms.1     It  isa  p<  I  knowl- 

edge; a  complete  encyclopaedia  of  practical  in- 
m.    Scanning  the  tabic  o|  contents,  it 
ing  to  conceive  how  so  much  can  have 
led  into  the  c<  igle  book 

impos    !       to  believe  thai  the  half  which  is 

there    promised    can    be    fulfilled.      Hut    turning 

over  the  pages,  one  by  one,  observing  the  freight 

>r    the  method  of  its  arrangement,  us 

Variety  and  completeness,  im  redulitv  is  suc- 
ceeded by  astonishment  and  admiration.  The 
work  is  .1  m  '"l  industry,  a 

Ltient  and  skillful  labor." 

The  Preston  (Minn.)  Republican  says: 

"  I  [ill's   Manual,  as  a  wholi  .  is  th<    outgrowth 

of  many  years  of  preparatio  *  of  the 

author  being  to  give  in  a  concise  form,  and  in  one 
compendium,  much  thai  h  ofore  in- 

: 
elsewhere  only  at  great  cost,  thus  placing  this 
important  information   in  convenient   form  for 
ready  reference,  within  the  reach  of  all.    In  the 
ments  of  prai  '  da>  life, 

it  will  be  found  at  once  the  faithrul  tutor,  tiie 
reliable  guide,  and  the  Bafe  adviser. 
"  1  ■  .1  flu  I  iusiness  man  01  the  pro- 

fessional  man  or  farmer,  for  every  lady,  tin  stu- 
dent,   the   young   or   old,   and    pre -emim  ntlv   for 

work  has  never  had  its  equal,  as 
regards  real  practical  utility. 

"  Meeting  

of  people,  the  salt  of  the  work  at  the  present 
time,  in  proportion  tO  the  population,  has  rarely, 
if  ever,    beet)   equaled    In   an\    other    work,  even 

in  the  most  prosperous  years  ol  tiie  last  decade." 

From  the  Louisville  Commercial. 
" Hill's  Manual.-    We  learn  that  this  useful 
bonk  is  meeting  with  the  favor  it  so  wi 

tt  is  a  peculiar  work,  in  the  respej  t  that 

iption  will    give  a    person  a  true   idea  of 

it,  owing  to  the  diversity  of  subjects  Ln 

inline    the    work    can 

really  appreciate  it.     We  ari  1  extent, 

re  al  tention  to  some 

one  line  of  business  or  study,  leaving  other  mat- 

ipial  importance  but  partially  covered; 

and  just  here  this  work  will  be  found  to  meet  a 
want  which  almost  every  one  has  felt  It  cer- 
tainly belongs  to  the  list  of  article* 

nece  ssity  in  every  office  and  li- 
brary, and  is  a  helping  hand  to  those  of  mature 
years." 


COMMENDATIONS 

FROM 

DISTINGUISHED  EDUCATORS  AND  EMINENT  MEN. 

NO  work  of  an  educational  character,  of  late  years,  has  met  with  such  universal  approval  from 
teachers  and  learned  men  as  this.  While  the  book  is  most  warmly  welcomed  by  the 
illiterate,  it  is  equally  sought  for  by  the  educated.  Hundreds  of  testimonials  from  distinguished 
individuals  miffht  be  given  similar  to  the  following: 


From  Samuel  Fallows,  ex-State  Supt. 
Pub.  Schools,  Wisconsin. 

"I  am  highly  delighted  with  the  plan  and 
execution  ot  Hill's  Manual." 

From  Prof.  J.  G.  Cross,  Principal  of 
the  Northwestern  Business  College, 
Naperville,  111. 

"It  is  a  most  valuable  book,  which  ought  to 
be  multiplied  as  many  times  as  there  are  families 
in  the  United  States.  I  have  adopted  it  as  a 
book  of  daily  reference  for  our  business  stu- 
dents." 

From  Theodore  B.  Boyd,  Principal  of 
the  Louisville  Commercial  College. 

"I  have  examined  'Hill's  Manual  of  Social 
and  Business  Forms.'  and  am  surprised  at  the 
amount  of  useful  information  contained  in  one 
volume.  Prof.  Hill  seems  to  have  studied  the 
wants  »f  everv  one.  It  is  one  of  the  most  use- 
ful books  that  was  ever  laid  upon  the  counting- 
room  desk  or  the  drawing-room  table." 

From  D.  S.  Burns,  Supt.  Pub.  Schools, 
Harrisburg,  Pa. 

"  I  know  of  no  work  that  contains  so  great  a 
variety  of  valuable  information  on  social  and 
business  topics  as  '  Hill's  Manual  of  Social  and 
Business  Forms.'  I  think  it  a  work  of  special 
value  to  those  who  have  not  had  opportunities 
of  an  extended  school  course,  or  becoming 
familiar  by  contact  with  the  conventionalities 
of  society." 

From  Wm.  Cornell.  Supt.   Pub.  Schools 
in  Fall  River,  Mass. 

"  I  most  cheerfully  recommend  "Hill's  Man- 
ual of  Social  and  Business  Forms'  as  a  very  full 
work  on  the  various  *  Forms  '  which  every  per- 
son is  likely  to  have  occasion  to  use  in  his  rela- 
tions with  persons  in  society.  A  thorough  study 
of  the  'book'  by  our  voting  men  ,md  women 
would  repay  them  by  their  acquiring  a  large 
fund  of  verv  valuable  and  practical  knowledge 
from  its  pages.  It  should  meet  with  a  large 
circulation." 


From  ftt,  M.  Ballon,  Distinguished  Au- 
thor, formerly  Publisher  of  ••  Boston 
Globe,"  "  Baliou's  Monthly,"  etc* 

"  '  I  [ill's  Manual '  is  one  of  those  indispensa- 
ble books  of  reference  which  both  business  men 
ami  families  .should  always  have  at  hand.  It  is 
such  a  natural  outgrowth  of  the  spirit  of  the 
age  to  condense  and  put  in  available  form  im- 
portant information  upon  everv  subject,  that, 
while  we  are  much  gratified  to  possess  this  vol- 
ume, we  are  also  surprised  that  such  a  book  has 
not  before  been  produced.  It  is  exactly  what  ils 
title  indicates,  a  book  of  'Social  and    Business 

Forms';  but  it  would  require  too  much  spaci  to 

five  even  a  synopsis  of  this  valuable  com  pen  - 
ium  of  instruction  and  important  know  ledge." 


From  I).  P.  Lindsley,  Author  of  Linris- 
ley's  System  of  Tachygraphy,  Ando- 
ver,  31a--. 

"  '  I  [ill's  Manual '  is  really  the  most  compre- 
hensive, thorough  and  elegant  volume,  treating 
on  'Social  and  Business  Forms,'  that  has  ever 
been  issued  in  this  country." 

From  Gov.  Gaston,  of  Massachusetts. 

"'Hill's  Manual  of  Social  and  Business 
Forms'  contains  much  valuable  and  useful  in- 
formation. I  think  //  well  meets  a  public  want, 
and  can  therefore  be  safely  and  properly  com- 
mended to  public  favor." 

From  President  MrColIistcr.  of  Buch- 
tel  College,  Akron,  Ohio. 
"  '  Hill's  MANUAL '  is  a  timely  book,  meeting 
a  public  want  which  has  not  been  filled  before. 
Every  family  should  own  this  book.  It  contains 
information  important  and  useful  to  all  classes. 
I  feel  all  who  examine  it  will  want  it." 

From  Wm.  M.  Cubcry.  of  Cubcry  &  Co., 
Publishers  of  the  "  Pacific  Church- 
man." San  Francisco,  Cal. 

"'Hill's  Manual  of  Social  and  Business 
Forms'  is  not  only  a  luxurv,  but  a  necessity  — 
eminently  serviceable  in  the  social  circle,  and 
indispensable  to  the  man  of  business  who 
would  save  time  and  money.  I  keep  a  copy 
in  my  counting-room  for  ready  reference." 

From  Stephen  AYalklcv,  Treasurer  of 
the  I'eek.  Stow  &  Wilcox  Co.,  South- 
ington.  Conn. 

"  I  [ill's  Manual  is  remarkable  as  containing  a 
great  variety  of  forms  for  numberless  tittle  things 
which  all  people  have  to  do  at  sometime  in  their 
lives,  but  which  most  pi  ople  do  SO  seldom  that 
they  entirely  forgel  th<  methods  in  oi  dinary  use, 
and  do  tin  in  awkwardly  or  not  at  all.  I  have 
known  even  well-educated  persons  travel  one  or 
two  miles  to  have  a  subscription  paper  drawn, 
just  for  the  lack  of  such  a  book  as  this.  I  am 
surprised  at  the  gre  the  work,  and 

have  yet  to  discover  any  social  or  business 

by  people  in  the  ordinary  walks  of  life 
which  is  not  there  given." 

From  Newton  Bateman,  ex-State  Supt. 
of  Public  Schools,  Illinois. 

"Knox  College,  Galbsburg,  III. 
"  ■  1  [ill's    Manual    i  if   Social    and    8 
Forms'  is  the  best  and  mo  work  of 

the  kind  that  has  vet    fallen   under  m. 
Indeed  I  do  no)  see  how  it  could  well 

comprehensive  and  exhaustive  in  respect  to  the 
matters  of  which  it  treats.      It  contains,  in  com-  ' 
[y  small  compass,  an    immense   amount 

of  useful  information  upon  a  great  variety  o( 

il,   with 

which  everv  person   in  every  community  ought 

to  be  acquainted." 


From   Geo.   Soule.  President  of  Sortie's 
Commercial    and    Literary    Institute, 

New    Orleans. 

"I  am   pleased  to  say  that  I  resrard   'Hill's 

Manual  '  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  works  for 
all  classes  of  society  which  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury has  produced." 


From  Prof.  Worthy  Putnam.  Author  of 
Putnam's  Elocution  and  Oratory,  Ber- 
rien Springs,  Mieh. 

'■    have  bought  Hill's  Manual— I  like  it — I 
admire  it;  and  so  says  my  household.     It  is  a 

little  encyclopaedia  of  use,  ornament,  and  knowl- 
edge for  both  men  and  women.  It  is  a  gem  of 
authorship,  artistic  execution  and  useful:  , 


From  the  venerable  Jared  P.  Kirtland, 
M.I>..  IX.D. 

"  After  a  THOROUGH  AND  CRITICAL  ex  wiina- 
tio.v  of  'Hill's  Manual,'  I  have  subscribed  for 
three  copies  one  u>  accompany  w  i 
bridged  Dictionary  on  my  writing  desk  for  my 
own  use,  the  others  for  my  two  eldest  great* 
ms.  *  *  *  It  should  be  in  the  posses- 
sion of  every  class  of  persons,  from  the  young 
Student  to  the  most  active  business  man  or 
woman."  Jaked  P.  Kirtland. 


President  Grant  Subscribes. 

The  agent  of  Hill's  Manual  at  Long  Branch 
writes:     "  By  ten    \.  M.  I  was  at  the  president's 

Cottage,   tipped    and    doffed    mv    hat,    an: 
tneSS.  when   the  president    ; 

he  did  not  want  to  subscribi  I  tinea  per- 
mission to  show  it  to  him,  and  did  so  verv  hur- 
riedlv.  At  the  conclusion,  he  took  m\  specimen 
Copy,  paid  me  the  cash,  and  added  his  name  to 
-raph  book." 

From  Major  Mem  'in,  Editor  "American 
Journal  of  Education,"  St.  Louis, 

having  given   '  Hill's  Manual'  a  very 

careful  and  thorough  examination,  I  do  not  hesi- 

iy  that  it  will  he  found  one  of  the  most 

Useful SJld  practical  works  to  nut  into  the  schools 

ountry  that  has  ever  been  publisl 

I  tfDISPE  \-  \1U  I    i.  OMPAXI*  'N' 

EONARY  ;  con- 
taining in  a  compact  form  just  those  things  every 

C.  ho    transacts     any    business    needs    to 
now.       There  is  scan  ely   i  subject  which  comes 
within  the  purview  of  any  individual,  either  in 

r  private  lite,  hut  what  is  explained  in 

this  elegant  volume.      It    it  could  he  cons 

the  drawing  up  of  contracts,  nearly  all  the  mis- 
takes which  occur  might  be  avoided,  and  the  ill 

feeling  and  litigation  growing  out  of  misunder- 
standings WOUUl  be  a  thing  of  the  past.  I  wish 
everv  person  in  the  State  could  be  supplied  with 


SOLD  ONLY  BY  SUBSCRIPTION,  and  not  at  Bookstores.     AGENTS  WANTED.     Address,  for  terms, 

HILL  STANDARD  ROOK  CO.,  Publishers, 

No.  103  State  Street,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


v 

0! 


DISTINGUISHED 

iCTOHS, 

\\  LBBIOHK, 

Ml  Nit  H\V 

m  EBimsre, 

■HTEMTOBS, 

KINAM1KKS. 
;  KPI/OBEBS, 

UKI.K.liiMvrs. 


Hill's  Album 


^OF:- 


««■ E 


A  L.Utl.K  X! 


*to 


I: 


!  tt 

;:.'-:•.-:•.::  with  ".-:::::  cf  Portraits  2nd  Embellished 

Thicsjh:5t  wi'.h  Elegiat   EsgriTiigs  Descriptive  of 

::::;:e  ui  Art. 


fe .  -  ■ : 


Pictorial  Volume 

— OF— 

BIOGRAPHY 

L  A.ND  ART.  a 


aht 


POETS, 
1831818, 

OKATOlts. 

UWTEBS, 

WRITKH*. 

STATESMEN, 

I'HYSH  IANS. 
S0TXBEI6N8. 


i 

III 


-**- 


i-*3-0^-.- 


Large  Quarto.  Elegantly  Bound  in  Cloth  and  Gold, 

Half  and  Full  Morocco;   Sprinkled  and 

3 ilt  Edges. 


By  HON.  THOS.  E.   HILL, 

AUTHOR   OP    "HILL's    mam    VL    OF    SOCIAL    AND    BUSINESS    FORMS. 


HE    PUIU'OSE    of    Hill's    Album    has 

I  been  to  present   in  a  condensed 

form   tin-   Leading  and   essential 

onceraing  the  lives  of  the 

mosl   noted    persons   who    have 

ever  lived. 

The  Plan  has  been  followed 
of  arranging  distinct  classes  to- 
gether.  Tim-  the  great  & 
Founders,  tnclnding  Moses,  Bud- 
iiii;i,  Confucius,  Zoroast<  r, 
Christ,  Mohammed  and  others, 
accompanied  by  fine  illustra- 
tions, biographies,  History  and 
-  "f  Denominations,  Dictionary  <>f  !■'  I    rms,  etc,  are 

Included  in  one  chapter.      The  Great   Military  Heroes  at  all   times. 
ling    Wellington,    Bonaparte,    Wa-hington,    Grant    and    many 
others,  together  with  a  li-r  ..f  memorable  battles  fought,  a  i>i. 
of  Military   Terms,    etc.,  form  another  chapter,  and  BO  through  the 
volume. 

The  Lessons  drawn  from  these  biographies  as  they  art-  pn  - 
an-nf  iii-  mselvi  -  a  peculiar  feature  <>f  this  work.    In  Me-  histories  of 
the  Rothschilds,    the   A-tors,  Vanderbilt,    >  \.   T. 

t,  Jay  Gould,  Longworth,  Mackey,  Flood  and  others,  the 
Becrel  "f  their  success  in  money-getting  is  very  clearly  Btated, 
s«.  that  the  reader  desirous  of  making  monej  maj  greatly  profit 
by   the    reading.      And   thns    >'■  rolume    the    causes 

that  Ud  to  success,  in  whatever  direction,  are  very  clearly  pointed 
out.  Much  light  under  this  head  is  given  in  the  chapter  dcvoied  to 
phrenoli 


The   Examples  presented  through  the  struggles  <>f   inventors. 
Including  Howe,  Goodyear,   Stephenson,  Wait,  ami   multitudes  of 
others  celebrated  for  triumphs  in  war,  finance,  exploratit 
literature  and  art.  are  worthy  <>f  careful  study  and  Imitation  by  the 
young  who  aspire  '<>  supremacy. 

General  Matter.  The  chapters  relating  to  the  History  and  Beliefs 
of  the  Great  Denominations;  the  Illustrated  Darwinian  Philosophy, 
showing  the  world's  progress  at  dlfferenl  •  pochs  of  time;  the  depart- 
ment devoted  to  Astronomy,  presenting  the  Bubjecl  in  simple  lan- 
guage, clearly  Illustrated;  the  chapter  relating  to  Phrenology,  accom- 
panied by  views  and  diagrams  of  beads ;  the  portion  concerning 
Household  Decoration  and  thai  treating  of  I,andsi  ipe  Gardening, 
all  profusely  illustrated,  are  each  intensely  interesting  and  instructive. 

The  Scope  of  the  work  it  is  impossible   to  enumerate  here; 
it  to  say  eleven  pages  are  devoted  to  giving  the  table  of  con- 
tenta     The  range  of  the  work  include-  the  men  who  have  formed 
the  religious  beliefs,  thai  have  been  brilliant  lights  in  the  commercial 
world,  that  have  wro  nts,  thai  bave  discovered 

new  continents,  that  have  opened  the  book  of  Bcience,  thai  have 
made  the  people  happy  through  laughter,  that  have  written  our 
sweetest  songs,  that  have  produced  the  most  thrilling  tab  -.  thai  nave 
presented  the  world  the  most  truthful  portraitures  with  the  brush 
and  chisel,  and  that  have  stirred  the  heart-  of  the  people  through 
powerful  oratory. 

The  Typographic  Display  of  the  Album  is  a  distinguishing 

.f  the  book,     in  elegant,  artistic  finish  it  is  without  a  rival, 

retof  its  superior  embellishment  lying  in  the  fact  thai  the 

power  to  produce  the  book  mechanically  reste  with  the  author,  who, 

by  his  knowledge  of  the  artistic,  is  able  to  produce  the  matter  iu 

:  active  form. 


SOLD    BY    SUBSCRIPTION     ONLY.        ACENTS    WANTED. 


:*l 


-' nMjMlK  book   is  published  by  the   Hill  Standard  Book  Co.,  in  Chicago,  111.,  on  heavy  tinted 
super-calenaered  paper,  in  various  styles  of  elegant  binding.     Full  information  concern- 
—        ing  terms  to  agents,  territory  in  which  they  may  sell  the  book,  etc.,  can  be  learned  by 
addressing 

HILL  STANDARD  BOOK  CO..  Publishers. 

lavmM  103  State  Street,  CHICAGO,   ILL. 


-<* 


.*!■:& 


The  following  are  from  papers  published  at  Aurora,  111.,  where  the  author  of  the  Album  resided 
twelve  years,  during  the  last  of  which  he  was  Mayor  of  the  city. 


From  the  Aurora  Beacon, 

*HE  business  career  of  Mr.  Thos.  E.  Hill,  who  was  at 
one  time  a  resident  of  Aurora,  and  mayor  of  the 
city,  has  been  very  successful,  and  some  have 
been  inclined  to  think  it  the  result  of  good  luck.  Every 
enterprise  of  which  he  took  hold  seemed  to  turn  him 
money,  and  schemes  which  would  have  been  abortive  in 
ifi,  -sA?^  tne  hands  of  ordinary  men  blossomed  into  rare  success 
*~  *tS*B3f  under  his  management.  The  same  good  fortune  follows 
him  and  his  enterprises  to  this  day.  There  ia  no 
"luck"  in  it  at  all.  It  grows  first  from  his  intense  industry,  energy 
and  application;  second  from  his  enthusiasm;  and  third  from  his 
keen  appreciation  of  what  the  public  desires,  drawn  from  long  contact 
with  it  and  close  study.  In  his  youth  he  was  eminently  successful 
as  a  canvasser,  as  a  teacher  of  writing  and  lecturer  on  penmanship. 
In  Aurora,  for  a  number  of  years  he  published  and  edited  tht-  /■' 
with  great  success.  When  he  sold  his  newspaper,  and  established  the 
system  of  city  messenger,  which  has  since  become  so  popular  between 
minor  cities  and  Chicago,  he  exploited  new  ground  which  was  for  a  time 
very  profitable;  and  it  was  during  the  hours  when  he  was  passing  be- 
tween Aurora  and  Chicago,  that  he  conceived  and  did  the  first  work 
upon  the  "Manual,"  that  splendid  product'of  the  brain,  of  the  com- 
piler, the  printer  and  the  book-binder,  which  has  made  Thos.  E.  Hill's 
name  familiar  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  oceans,  and  from 
Minnesota  to  Florida. 

"For  two  years  or  more  past,  Mr.  Ilill  has  been  of  opinion  that 
there  existed  room  for  another  work  besides  the  "■Manual,"  which 
should  be  equally  popular  and  useful — and  meet  a  demand  as  uni- 
versal as  that  enjoyed  by  his  first  great  work.  He  has  devoted  a 
large  amount  of  labor  and  inventive  genius  to  the  accomplishment  of 
his  idea),  and  we  now  have  it  before  us  in  "Hell's  Am 
Biography  and  Art."'  It  is  a  large  quarto  volume  of  587  pages, 
printed  upon  heavy  tinted  paper,  with  hundreds  of  fine  portraits, 
miscellaneous  illustrations,  unique,  artistic  and  elegant  designs  In 
its  preparation  he  has  called  to  his  aid  the  most  modern  and  refined 
skill  of  the  type-maker,  engraver  and  typographer,  and  he  has  thus, 
in  the  "  Albcm,"  surpassed,  in  artistic  and  typographical  display,  all 
bis  former  efforts. 

"The  new  work  is  divided  into  eighteen  departments,  as  follows: 
1st,  Religion  and  its  Founders;  2d,  Military  Chieftains  and  Famous 
Battles;  3d,  Discoverers  and  Explorers;  4th,  Sketches  of  Leading 
Inventors;  5th,  History  of  Financiers;  Oth,  Sketches  of  the  Scientists; 
7th,  the  Theory  of  Progression;  8th,  Astronomical  Science;  9th, 
Phrenology  and  Science  of  Mind;  10th.  Hnmorists  and  Caricaturists; 
11th,  Physicians,  Lawyers  and  Sovereigns;  12th,  Orators  and  Si 
men;  13,  Actors  and  Play  Writers;  14th,  Historians,  Novelie 
savists,  etc.;    15th,   Poets   and    Song    Writers;     16th,    Painters   and 


Scnlptors;  17th,  Household  Ornamentation;  18th,  Beautiful  Homes. 
Under  these  heads  are  given  very  many  beautiful  engravings  of  men, 
incidents  and  places,  with  sketches,  biographical  and  pertinent, 
interspersed  with  very  many  things  valuable  to  every  person  who 
would  be  reasonably  well  informed.  We  doubt  if  there  is  any  one 
volume  where  so  much  useful  information  of  the  kind  is  gathered, 
and  certainly  there  is  none  where  it  is  put  in  more  methodical  form, 
or  presented  in  a  manner  so  pleasing  to  the  eye  and  tasl 


From  the  Aurora  Blade. 

"Every  page  of  Hill's  Album  is  a  model  of  typography  and 
originality,  each  differing  from  the  other  in  mechanical  construction, 
and  each  succeeding  leaf  a  surprise  from  an  artistic  standpoint.  The 
question  one  ask-;,  instinctively,  i*.  how  can  a  man  conceive  so  many 
•  designs?  The  contents  of  the  book,  however,  are  what  prove 
its  most  forcible  recommendation.  The  name  of  the  author  of  this 
valuable  work,  Hon.  Thomas  E.  Hill,  is  in  itself  enough  to  recom- 
mend it  to  all.  Our  readers  are  advised  to  examine  the  book  care- 
fully when  they  have  the  opportunity. 


From  the  Aurora  Herald. 

"'Hill's  Album  of  Biography  and  Art,'  is  the  name  of  a  new 
book  by  Hon.  Thos.  E.  Hill,  author  of  »  Hill's  Manual  of  Social  and 
Business  Forms."  It  is  gotten  up  very  much  after  the  style  of  the 
Manual,  but  more  elaborate  and  expensive.  :is  nearly  every  p  e 
some  engraving  especially  for  it.  The  title  of  the  book 
any  adequate  idea  of  the  immense  amount  of  information  it  contains. 
We  suppose  it  Is  called  an  Aabi  y  pictures  it 

contains,  but  in  addition  thereto  it  contains  short  biographical  8k 
of  distinguished  men,  from  the  time  of  Hoses  and  Aaron  down  to 
the  present  3ketchof  Moses,  with  his  portrait,  and  an 

outline  of  his  teachings;  of  Buddha,  portrait  and  doctrines,  also  the 
same  of  Confucius,  Jesus  Christ,  Mohammed,  Swedenborg,  Andrew 
Jackson  Davis,  ph.  Smith,  and  an  outline  of  the  belief  of  the 

different  Christian  denomination-       I  -   sketches  and  por- 

traits of   numerous  warriors,  inventor--,  financiers, 
humorists,   explorers,    poets,    lawyers,    dOCl 

etc. ,  and  gives  as  much  about  each  as  most  people  would 
ear-'  to  remember.  It  is,  in  short,  d  complete  library  in  one  volume, 
and  must  have  been  the  work  of  years  to  gather  the  information  and 
put  it  in  this  condensed  form.  Of  the  typographical  excellence  it  is 
unnecessary  to  speak,  as  all  know  that  whatever  Mr.  Hill  nndi 
in  that  line,  is  done  in  the  best  style  known  to  the  art.  We  know  of 
no  other  book  which  has  so  many  new  and  original  desls 


:c 


(>— 


2a  fjgr 

y*K       The    Universal  Testimony  is  that  Hill's  Album  is  one  of  the   Most  Unique,  Elegant   and    Useful 

Books  in  the  World.    Read  the  Verdict. 


1  One  of  the  Most  Instructive  and  Entertaining  Books." 
[From  Rsv.  m.  W.  Thorns 
l^ft  think  'Hill's  Ubum'  U  timet* 

bookt  I  ever  saw. " 


"Most  Fascinatingly  Interesting." 

ii  rln-  I'.issui,-  |  S.J.  |  If'  in.] 

"We  know  of  no  volume  bo  comprehensive 
in  it-  Information  as  this,  and  arranged  in  each 
a  manner  as  to  be  most  fascinatingly 
ttttno." 


"  The  Most  Beautiful  and  Complete." 

[From  the  Chicago  Inter-Ocean  ] 

11  One  of  the  mo  !  '       books  of  the  year.     Not 

only  Ee  It  wh  i  Imen  of  the  printer's  art, 

.     (  unique  and  deeigi 

m.     Bnt  the  value  of  the  book  is  in  ii  ontents, 

ami  the  admirable  system  and  method  of  its  arrangement.  The 
author  i-  tin-  Hon.  Thomas  E.  Hill,  anthor  of  'Hill's  Hanual  of 
tnd  Bnsineaa  Forms,1  another  of  the  practical  books.  The 
book,  under  many  headings,  gleans  themosl  interesting  and  valuable 
acts  of  history  bearing  upon  the  Buhji 


"  We  Have  Examined  it  and  Were  Captured." 

[From  the  Sdmctvfofl  <  in.  i  Argus.] 
"'Ilil'i-    Allium'  is   a   wonder  of  art   and   industry.      H 
■  !      Mr    Hill  made  a  great  am 
bis  *  Manual,*  and  this  work  _  ■  bis  old-time  industry 

and  thoroughness.     It  is  full  of  information  upon  matters  of  science, 
art,  architecture,  mi  iography,  religion,  etc.,  w 

and  Illustrated  in  the  btghesl  perfection.    The  amount  of  per- 
labor  needed  for  Mr.  Hill  to  accomplish  this  perfect  "Album, ' 
onderful  as  the  Bkil]  shown  in  gathering  in  bo  email  a  compass 
the  pith  of  the  won 


Must  be  Largely  Sought  and  Highly  Prized." 
[Promt  ■    trt  Journal,  Ken  Fork.] 

"Tin  itter  of  the  work,  in  its  extent  and  skillful  man- 

ner  of  presentation,  bears  unmistakable  evidence  of  great  labor  and 
profound  research,  as  well  as  a  liberal  expenditure  of  money  on  the 
part  of  the  author.     The  embellishments  are  upon  i  liberal 

and  excellent  in  taste.     The  work,  as  a  whole,  is  one  that  m 

' '  and  highly  prized  by  all  clast  inaud- 

ible and  interesting  information,  bnt  as  a  beautiful  and 
appropriate  ornament  for  the  parlor  or  drawing-room.  It  is  a  fitting 
Companion  of  *  Hill's  Manual.'  which  has  piw  ed  the  most  popular  and 
ready-selling  work  of  its  day,  having  already  reached  its  thirtieth 
edition,  and  into  tii"  hundreds  of  thousands  of  copies  Bold.  Like 
'  the  new  work  is  to  be  sold  only  on  subscription. 
through 


u  It  is  a  Marvel." 
[From  I  ii    I  "  000  Trtbune*] 
"In  the  preparation  of  a  work  like  tl  mount  of  labor  was 

I  u  it  a  marvel  thai  the  author  i  condense  so 

much  valuable  Information  into  bo  Little  space." 


"  Extreme  Beauty,  Wise  Brevity  and  Charming  Variety." 

...,,  i;.v.  J,    ii.  LooIcm 1.  Hi    .i  13 .  P«   I 

"/■'('/'•/(■•     beOUty^    "  -  •'     fir>  rif/j,    <  ■' 
utility  are  some  of  the  evident  characteristics  of   this  Becond  venture 
ik- making   by   Mr.    Hill.   We  predict    an    immense    demand    for 

the  '  Album.'  In  the  drawing- room  it  will  be  an  elegant  ornament; 
in  the  sitting-room  an  entertaining  companion;  in  the  study  a  handy 
volume   of    biographical    reference.       Like-    its    predecessor  —  the 

'Manual' — it    will    be    B  LCfitOr    in    the    family,    and    will 

largely  aid  in  promoting  Intelligent  citizenship  In  the  community. " 


"One  of  the  Most  Valuable  Works  to  Place  in  a  Family." 
[From  the  Chicago  youths'  Bsamfwr.] 
"We  supposed  when  we  saw  'Hill's  Manual  of  Social  and  Business 
Forms.*  we  saw  as  line  a  work  as  was  ever  Issued  in  this  country, 

and  were  not  satisfied  until  the  work  was  numb,  red  among  Our  book-. 
As  we  examine  the  new  book,  now  before  us,  by  Hon.  Thos.  K.  Hill, 
we  feel  how  unequal  we  are  to  the  task  of  giving  the  work  anything 
like  the  description  it  deserves,  in  a  notice  of  this  character.  Noth- 
ing   but    a    personal    examination    wil!  .    a    fair    idea    of    its 

merits.     \\v  1  ,n   honestly  -i'    thai  it  is  one  of  the  most   valuable 
to   place  in  a  family  that  it  has  ever  been  our  pleasure  to 

in'." 


"  Far  Ahead  of  Anything  Ever  Issued  of  Like  Nature." 

[From  the  Joliet  (111.)  Signal.  I 

"It  is  dedicated  *  to  those  Btrtving  for  excellence  in  the  i 

departments  Of  human  anion,  and  who  would  know  how  other-  have 
won  success.1  ii  comprises  eighteen  different  departments,  ami  it  is 
a  model,  not  only  for  the  vast  number  of  interestii  treated 

upon,  and  the  c :isenesa  and  brevity  of  the  articles  and  amount  of 

11-. ^iii  and  desirable  information  contained,  but  for  the  beauty  "f  its 
iphy  anil  the  charming  manner  in   which  the  Bubjecta  are 
gronped  and  illustrated.     Ir  i-  far  ahead  of  anything  ev» 
Wee  nature,  and  is  an  elegant  and  attractive  volume  for  any  parlor  or 
library. " 

"I  Consider  This  a  Fair  Test." 

J.  J.  Mooiik,// 

"I  have  taken  twenty-seven  orders  in  tin-  place  for  the  'Album,' 
in  four  days       /  '  of  what  I  can  do." 


Chablbs  X.  Thokas,  Gen.  Agt.  in  New  England  "rites: 
"The  agent   I   put  at  work  in   Maine  took  seventeen  orders  for 
1  Album-.'  his  lir-t  week,  working  half  his  time. " 


B.  W.  Kbatbxll,  reporting  from  Lanc<iMt,r,  /'</  , 
"My  fir-  !  roe  ten  -ales  for  the  '  Album.'  " 


[OVER] 


3* 


..0.. 


:--   »*- 


One  Opinion  and  One  Voice  Concerning  the  Album. 


-:. 


•<§> 


♦•; .--  -->- 


^ 


Regardless  of  Time,  Cost  and  Labor." 

[From  the  Chicago  Humane  Journal.  ] 

"The  '  Album'  exhibits  an  immense  amount  of  work  gotten  up  re- 
gardless of  time,  cost  and  labor,  and  is  bound  to  please.  It  is  a  book 
which  every  student  should  possess,  and  which  every  person  with  lim- 
ited time  for  reading  can  refer  to  and  at  once  obtain  almost  any  desired 
information.  At  the  same  time  it  is  so  attractively  illustrated  and  ele- 
gantly bound  that  it  would  constitute  an  ornament  to  any  parlor  table. 
The  book  is  doubly  interesting  because  the  author  is  so  well  known  in 
Chicago  and  vicinity.  Besides  being  a  gentleman  of  exceedingly  fine 
tastes  and  the  highest  culture,  he  is  known  as  oneof  great  kiudness  of 
heart  and  instinctively  humane.  The  Journal,  always  deeply  inter- 
ested in  this  phase  of  a  man's  character,  takes  pleasure  in  recogniz- 
ing this  element  in  thar  of  Mr.  Hill,  and  brings  to  mind  a  bright 
instance  of  it  at  the  time  he  held  the  office  of  Mayor  of  the  city  of 
Aurora,  111.  The  subject  of  kindness  to  animals  had  long  engaged 
his  attention,  and  he  then  and  there  proceeded  to  put  in  practice  the 
principles  he  trad  long  upheld.-  He  made  it  his  business  to  go  around 
tht-  city  daily,  and  '.t  there  was  a  horse  standing  unfed,  exposed  to 
bitter  cold  or  undue  light,  ne  caused  it  to  be  provided  with  food  and 
shelter  until  the  hea  i  had  come  to  reason  and  was  likely  to 

take  better  care  of  his  animal  himself.  The  good  that  one  man  in 
such  a  position  can  accomplish  is  great,  and  if  each  official  in  high 
position  would  openly  censure  and  aid  in  punishing  the  brutal  acts 
which  he  can  scarcely  fail  to  witness  npon  our  streets  daily,  it  would 
do  much  toward  preventing  the  abuse  of  the  dumb  and  patient  ser- 
vants of  mankind. "' 


"A  Condensed  Popular  Encyclopsedia." 

[From  the  Chicago  Evening  Journal.] 
"'Hill's  Album'  is  an  illustrated  compendium  of  biography, 
history,  literature,  art  and  science — in  fact,  a  condensed  popular  en- 
cyclopaedia. One  is  astonished,  on  glancing  through  its  ample  pages, 
that  so  much  and  so  vast  a  variety  of  highly  instructive  and  useful 
matter  could  have  been  crowded  into  one  book,  and  at  the  same  time 
presented  in  a  form  and  style  so  tasteful  and  attractive.  Almost 
every  man  or  woman  whose  name  has  become  conspicnous  in  modern 
times  in  connection  with  great  works  or  great  thoughts  or  great  sys- 
tems is  included  in  the  sketches,  and  many  of  them  in  the  illustra- 
tions of  this  remarkable  '  Album. '  R  sterna  and  leaders, 
wars  and  war  heroes,  great  inventions  and  inventive  geniuses,  sys- 
tems of  finance  and  great  financiers,  the  sciences  and  the  great  men 
of  science,  celebrities  in  the  various  departments  <>f  Literature,  music 
and  great  musicians,  the  drama  and  its  chief  actors,  the  law  and  the 
great  lawyers,  medicine  and  the  great  amanship  and 
politics  and  famous  leaders  in  the  affairs  Of  Stat.',  and  art  and  the 
greal  artists,  are  sketched  in  a  manner  which  gives  the  r 
degree  of  information  regarding  each  and  all;  and  in  addition  to  all 

these,  Mr.  Hill  has  gathered  a  mass  of  facts  and  hints  for  the  benefit 
of  the  housekeeper  and  the  student  which  are  invaluable  and  always 
in  order. 

"  The  people  of  America  are  aware  of  the  great  practi 

*  Hill's  Manual,'  which  can  be  found  in  almost  every  counting-room 
and  household  in   the   land;    and   when   we   assure  them  that  his 

*  Album,*  which  is  published  in  form  and  style  similar  to  that  of  the 
'Manual,'  is,  in  its  peculiar  line,  equally  valuable,  and  that  it  as 
surely  fills  a  popular  want  as  that  did,  they  will  need  no  further  sug- 
gestion as  to  the  desirability  of  possessing  it'' 


"Goes  to  the  Root  of  Everything." 

[From  thePlano  (111. )  Sews.] 

11  Hon.  Thos.  E.  Hill,  once  editor  of  the  Aurora  Herald,  and 
author  of  that  almost  indispensable  volume,  'Hill's  Manual  of  Social 
and  Business  Forms,'  which  has  found  its  way  into  so  many  homes 
in  Kendall  county,  has  just  presented  a  new  volume  to  the  world, 
entitled  "Hill's  Album  of  Biography  and  Art. '  It  is  altogether  one 
of  the  finest  volumes  ever  produced,  besides  being  a  regular  encyclo- 
paedia of  information  that  no  person  in  tbi3  age  should  be  without. 

**  To  those  who  have  read  ■  Hill's  Manual,"  we  need  say  but  little  in 
praise  of  the  'Album,'  for  they  know  that  the  author  of  both  could 
not  but  make  a  success  of  such  a  work  as  is  comprised  in  the  latter. 

"  The  book  treats  not  alone  of  the  biographies  of  men  and  women 
eminent  in  the  world  of  art,  literature,  music  and  the  drama,  but  of 
religion  and  its  founders,  military  men,  discoverers,  lawyers,  states- 
men, physicians,  and  it  also  gives  synopses  of  some  of  the  different 
scientific  theories  that  have  at  once  startled  the  world.  Without 
delving  into  Darwin's  intricacies,  for  instance,  one  may  yet  obtain  a 
clear  idea  of  his  theory  of  progression,  by  the  synopsis  in  this  work, 
which  will  impress  itself  deep  enough  on  the  mind  to  enable  one  to 
comprehend  it  thoroughly;  and  so  with  other  subjects — astronomical 
science,  science  of  mind,  finance,  household  ornamentation,  and  all 
he  touches  on.  The  author  is  not  superficial,  but  where  such  an 
array  of  subjects  is  treated  in  a  work  of  this  magnitude,  the  articles 
must  necessarily  be  brief,  yet  he  goes  to  the  root  of  everything,  dis- 
carding superfluities,  and  telling  facts  in  an  interesting  style  pecul- 
iarly his  own." 


"Gotten  Up  on  the  Same  Elegant  Scale." 

[From  the  PhrenotogicalJournal,  >"ew  York.] 
"  It  is  in  fine  a  cyclopaedia  of  eminent  persons  and  of  the  subje  - 
religion,  science,  art  and  literature  whieh  are  deemed  by  the  world 
of  importance  to  civilization.  Upward  of  six  hundred  and  fifty  his- 
torical men  aud  women  are  sketched,  and  a  large  proportion  of  these 
have  their  portrait-  given.  \N  e  are  informed  of  the  tenets  of  ancient 
religions,  and,  in  contrast  with  them,  a  brief  exposition  of  Christian- 
ity. Bformonism,  Spiritualism  and  other  later  forms  of 
receive  their  share  of  consideration  also.  It  should  be  added  that 
the  prominent  Christian  sects  are  described  as  to  their  history  and 
growth.  Following  the  religious  department,  which  is  very  properly 
put  tirst,  we  have  :i  summary  of  the  great  military  heroes  of  history, 
and  of  important  battles  fought  in  Europe  and  America — the  late  war 
for  the  Union  receiving  a  good  share  of  the  compiler's  attention. 
Then  follows  a  department  of  exploration  and  discovery;  then  a 
very  interesting  (because  fresh  in  most  of  its 

to  inventors  and  invention.      The  rich  men  of  the  world  come  in  for 
a  share  of  the  print  ind  then  science,  politics  and  philan- 

thropy fill  fifty  or  more  of  the  large   pages.      The  author  evidently 
much  confidence  in  the  doctrine  of  Gall  and  Spurzheim,  for  a 
considerable  section  i-  devoted  to  .  I  phrenology,  with 

several    well    -elected   illustrations.      The   humorists  and    the   artists 
who    please    the    public    with    their    facetious    talk    and   dr 
are   well   represented,  and   so  are  the  writers,  es^ayi-ts,  poets   and 
orators   who  direct   attention   to  the  serious  side  of  life.      Th 
tical  has  its  place  in  the  l>ook.  especially  in 

manshlp,  household  decoration  and  architectural  desi>nis.     Mr.  Hill 
has  prepared  a  very  attractive  book,  and  its  so       -      will   probably 
match  that  of  his  *  Manual,'  which  was  gotten  up  on  the  same  - 
scale," 


University  o»  Ca'llomla   FAC|UTY 
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